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36th Conguess, (         SENATE.             s Ex. 1W.
 1st Session.  <j                          ^ No. 52.
         STATISTICAL REPORT


                  ON TIIF.




SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY


                  IN THE



       ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES,


                COMPILED FROM



  THE RECORDS OF THE SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE;


                 EMBRACING



         A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS,


    FROM JANUARY, 1855,  TO JANUARY, 1800.





          PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

     BREVET BRIGADIER GENERAL THOMAS LAWSON,
             SURGEON GENERAL UNITED STATES ARMY.
                   P.V

          RICHARD H.  COOLIDGE, M. D..
              ASSISTANT SURGEON V. S. M1MV
GEORGE W. I10WMAN, PRINTER.
     IRfiO. 
                                                                  In the  Senate  of the United States,
                                                                                                   June 8, 1860.
  Resolved, That the " Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the  United States Army," with the report of the
Secretary of War communicating the same, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, be printed; and that five thousand
additional  copies thereof be printed; three thousand five hundred of which for the use of the Senate, and one thousand five
hundred for the use of Medical Department of the army; with the map.
                              Attest:                                                    ASBURY DICKINS,
                                                                                                      Secretary. 
                                    REPORT

                                          OF

          THE    SECRETARY    OF    WAR.

                                      COMMUNICATING,
In compliance ivith a resolution of the Senate, a copy of the Statistical Report on the Sickness and
               Blortality in the Army of  the United States, for the last five years.
                                                                War Department,
                                                                        June 5, 1860.
  Sir: I have the honor to transmit, herewith, a report of the Surgeon General, communicating
a copy of the paper called for by the resolution of the Senate, dated the  20th  March last, by
which the Secretary of War is requested "to furnish the Senate with a copy of 'the Statistical
Report on the Sickness and Mortality of the Army of the United  States,' embracing the period
of five years, from 1855 to 1860, in continuation of the report of the Surgeon General commu-
nicated to the Senate in 1856."
            Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                            JOHN B. FLOYD,
                                                                     Secretary of War.
  Hon. J. C. Breckinridge,
            President of the Senate.
                                                         Surgeon General's ( )ffice,
                                                                         June 4,  isiiii.
  Sir: In obedience to your instructions I have caused to be prepared, and  herewith  respect-
fully  submit, a Statistical Report on  the  Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United
States, embracing a period of five years from January 1, 1855, to January 1, 1860, in continu-
ation of a similar report communicated  to the Senate, in  1856, by the lion. Jefferson Davis,
Secretary of War. 
4
REPORT OF  THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
  The duty of compiling this report from the  records of this office devolved upon  Assistant
Surgeon Richard H. Coolidge, United States Army, whose letter announcing its completion is
transmitted for your information respecting the general arrangement of the work.
             I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                                  TH. LAWSON,
                                                                       Surgeon General.
  Hon. John B.  Floyd,
               Secretary of War.
                                                Surgeon General's  Office,
                                                       Washington, D. C, June 4, 1860.
  Sir : I have to announce the completion of the Statistical Report on Sickness  and Mortality
in the Army of the United States, compiled from the records of this office, for a period of five
years, from January, 1855, to January, 1860.
  The first  Statistical  Report on Sickness and Mortality in  the Army, compiled under  your
direction, covered a period of twenty years, from January, 1819, to January, 1839,  and  was
published in 1840.  The second report, embracing a period  of sixteen years, from January,
1839, to  January, 1855,  was  published in 1856, by order of the Senate.   The report now sub-
mitted makes the series complete from the first organization of the Army Medical Bureau to the
commencement of the present year.
  The general plan heretofore adopted, viz: that of considering the statistical and topographical
details of the military posts in geographical divisions and regions having similar climatological
features, has been followed in this report.
  This course has enabled me to include, in the abstracts and tables of the present report, the
aggregate results for each region, as given in the report of 1856, thereby enhancing the value
of the statistics by extending them over a  period of twenty-one  years, and  not perceptibly
increasing the size of the work.
  The abstracts for the several regions have  been compiled from the original quarterly reports
of sick and  wounded, required of medical officers on the 31st of March, 30th of June, 30th of
September, and 31st of December, annually, and  are for years commencing on  the 1st clay of
January and ending on the 31st day of December.  The final consolidated abstract, exhibiting
the total amount of sickness  and mortality in the whole army, is compiled from your annual
reports, which are required by law to be rendered for the government fiscal year, commencing
on the 1st of July and  ending the 30th of June.
  In  connection with this report, the results of the meteorological observations taken by the
officers of the Medical Department of the Army from January, 1855, to January, 1860, arranged
in monthly tables and annual summaries, are respectfully submitted.   This completes the  series
of army meteorological observations from 1819 to 1860, a period of forty-one years.
  I have also to submit the accompanying outline map of the United States, designed to show 
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY  OF WAR.
5
the most prominent geographical features of the country, the limits of the military departments,
and the positions of the military stations.  A similar map has accompanied each of the previous
reports on sickness and mortality,
             I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                    RICHD. H. COOLIDGE,
                                                         Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army.
    Brevet Brig. Gen. Th.  Lawson,
                 Surgeon General U. S. Army. 
 
                STATISTICAL   REPORT
                                    ON THE
SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY OF  THE ARMY OF THE UNITED  STATES.
  For the purposes of this report, the military posts of the United States have been arranged
in the following geographical divisions: the Northern Division, which includes that portion of
the United States lying north of the fortieth degree of latitude, and east of the Rocky Mount-
ains ; the Middle Division, that portion lying between the thirty-fifth and fortieth parallels of
latitude ;  the Southern Division, that between the thirtieth and thirty-fifth degrees of latitude.
In addition to these, are the divisions of Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and
Washington Territory and Utah.
  These principal divisions have been subdivided into regions, each distinguished by peculiar
local or climatological features. 
 
NORTHERN   DIVISION.
            NORTH ATLANTIC REGION—COAST OF NEW ENGLAND.

   This region extends from Eastport, Maine,  to New London, Connecticut, and includes the
following  stations, viz:  Fort Sullivan, near Eastport; Fort  Preble, Portland harbor; Fort
Constitution, Portsmouth harbor;  Fort Independence, Boston harbor; Fort Adams, Newport
harbor; and Fort Trumbull, on the right bank of the river Thames, one mile below New
London.
   Brief descriptions of the localities of these forts will be found in the report of 1856.  The only
stations that have been occupied by troops during the period now under review are Forts  Inde-
pendence and Adams.
                                    DISEASES.

   The principal diseases and causes of death among the troops stationed in this region are
exhibited in Abstract  No. 1, for this division.  Following the plan of the report of 1856, no
attempt will be made to analyze the general abstracts,  further  than to present those main
features that are necessary to a comparison of the abstracts from the several regions with  the
view of showing the relative frequency of certain classes of diseases in different climates.  For
this  purpose, summaries will be given of fevers;  of diseases of the organs connected with the
digestive system; and of diseases of  the respiratory system.
   The following table, compiled from the abstract for this region, shows the aggregate mean
strength of the forces, the number of cases of sickness  treated, the deaths, and the ratio of cases
and deaths  for 1,000 of mean strength, for a period of twenty-one years, from January, 1839,
to January, 1860.
TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
Mean strength.
Numher treated.	Deaths.
1,758	11
2,023	12
2,494	10
1,573	7
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Died.
First quarter......
Second quarter...
Third quarter....
Fourth quarter...


   Annual ratio
4,493
4,686
4,630
4,308
391
432
539
365
2.4
2.5
2.2
l.G
4,529
7,*
40
1,755
   It will be perceived from the foregoing data, that the average annual proportion of cases of
disease in this region, to  the  number of officers and men, was 1.75 to 1; that the ratio of
            9_____c 
10
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
deaths to the dumber of troops was 1 in 113, or 0.88 per cent.; and that the proportion of deaths
to the number of cases treated was 1 to 196.20, or 0.50 per cent.
FEVERS.
Quarters.............................

Strength.............................

           Diseases.

Febris continua communis.....
Febris intermittens quotidiana
Febris intermittens tertiana....
Febris intermittens quartana..
Febris remittens..................
Febris typhus et typhoides....
Febris typhus icterodes........


   Total...........................
4,493
4,686
Cases. Deaths.1 Cases. Deaths,
4,630
4,308
4,529
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths.! Cases. Death
3 O
14
23
80
 9
39
 3
 0
10
42
96
 5
32
 9
 0
168
1   194    0   113
10
27
50
 3
18
 5
 0
27
44
 2
 4
 6
 0
 42
119
270
 19
 93
 23
  0
Oin 42
0 in 119
0 in 270
0 in 19
Oin 93
lin 11
0 in  0
 9
26
59
 4
20
 5
 0
91
1  566
1 in 283
125
    Note.—In this, and all similar tables, decimal quantities will generally be omitted, and the nearest whole number
 recorded.
    Although the repetition of the statements made in the report of 1856 will be avoided as far as
 is practicable, it seems necessary to  a proper understanding of the statistics of fever above pre-
 sented, to insert the following extract from that report:
    "It is believed that this table, and  those of the  same form which follow, are sufficiently
 comprehensive not to  require a  statement in detail of the facts  presented.  Unless,  therefore,
 the statistical results  are calculated  to lead to erroneous conclusions, no special analysis will  be
 given ;  nor will  any attempt be  made to  explain or reconcile anomalous results, unless the
 means for so doing are found in the original records.
    "In the present instance  some comment is necessary, as it appears from the table that inter-
 mittent and remittent fevers  are  not uncommon in this region, a  result  not to be expected from
 the medical  topography of the  stations,  and one, too, at variance with a  previously  published
 report.*  On examining the abstract, it will  be  seen  that fevers of intermittent and remittent
 types prevailed principally during the first,  second, and third quarters of 1849 ; in the fourth
 quarter of 1850, and in the  first  three quarters of 1851 and  of 1854.   Turning to the original
 reports, it is ascertained that, in 1849, these diseases occurred  in men who had recently served in
 Mexico ; and in 1850, 1851,  and 1854, in troops  transferred from Florida  to Forts  Adams and
 Independence.   The medical  officers report that those  diseases did not originate at these posts ;
 and  the remark of Assistant Surgeon Sargent, that ' in  thirty-three  years' practice  at Fort
 Constitution,  he had known but one case of intermittent  fever which  was  not of foreign
 origin,' will, as a general rule, apply to all the military stations on the coast of New  England.
    "An examination of the abstract will  suffice to show the certainty with which the liability to
 attacks of intermittent yields to the influence of a residence in this  region, though the fact is
 more conclusively demonstrated  by the original reports.   The troops from Mexico reached the
 New England  stations in September, 1848,  and  in  the  following  month intermittents are
 reported,  disappearing almost entirely within the succeeding  twelve months.   In December,
 1850, troops arrived from Florida, bringing with them this class of fevers, which were eradicated
 within the following year."
    * Statistical Report on  the Sickness and Mortality in  the Army of the United States.  Prepared under the direction of
Thomas Lawson, M. D., Surgeon General, by Assistant Surgeon Samuel Forry, M. D.: Washington, 1840. 
AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.
11
    The statistics of the last five years, as presented in Abstract No. 1, afford additional evidence
of the correctness of the statements made in the above extract.   It will  there  be seen that few,
if any, cases of intermittent or remittent fever are reported, except in the first, second, and third
quarters of 1857; and the original records show that those fevers occurred at Fort Independence,
commencing  in January,  1857, soon  after  the arrival of company L,  second artillery, from
Florida, where it had been serving since August, 1849, and for the latter portion of that time
at Fort Myers, a very unhealthy station.
    Eruptive  Fevers  have been  very rare;   seventeen  cases  of erysipelas and one of  rubeola
constituting the entire number reported in twenty-one  years, in commands averaging annually
215 officers and men.
             DISEASES OF  THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength.
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhoea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica...............
Enteritis.............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
4,493
Cases. Deaths
 0
91
28
15
 0
 1
 1
28
94
4,686
Cases. Deaths
  0
105
 34
 15
  1
  1
  4
 48
132
4.630
4,308   '    4,529      | |
Cases. Deaths.! Cases. 'Deaths.| Cases. 'Deaths.
  0
305
187
 12
  1
  0
  3
 82
255
 0
81
57
7	0
0	0
1	0
o	0
31	o
122
  0
582
306
 49
  2
  3
  8
189
603
Total..................................  258    2   340     1   845     3 |  299  !   3   1,742   9    1 in 193   384
n  0
n 194
n306
n 49
n 189
n 151
u a
.__ c;
c S
■£ o
  0
128
 67
 11
  0.41
  0.66
  1.76
 41
133
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Quarters
Strength.
4,493
Cases. Deaths
Bronchitis acuta ct chronica....
Cartarrhus...........................
Phthisis pulmonalis...............
Pleuritis..............................
Pneumonia..........................
All other diseases of this class
 17
386
  9
 39
 19
 10
4,686       4,630
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths
0	22
1	274
1	6
1	37
0	14
1	14
  7
292
  I
 23
  6
 11
4,308       4,529
Cases. -Deaths. Cases. Deaths.
17	0	63	0	0 in	63	14
271	0	1,223	]	lin	1.223	270
5	1	21	6	1 in	3.5	4.
23	0	122	1	1 in	122	27
10	0	49	0	Oin	49	10
8	0	43	1	lin	43	9
Total...............................  480
367
340
2   334    1  j 1.521    9   1 in  169
336
Rheumatismus
72   0    105    0  |  101 j   0 :  108 I   0    386 ;  0   0 in  386
    The following passages in Assistant Surgeon Kichard F. Simpson's sanitary report from Fort
Adams, for December, 1858, are the only ones of general interest that occur in the reports from
this region,  during the last five years: 
12
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   "The hospital and barrack accommodations are all casemate; they are exceedingly damp, and
it  is necessary, to make them at all comfortable, to keep fires night and morning, even in
midsummer.   The climate, notwithstanding the heavy sea-fogs  in summer, and the frequent
changes of temperature in the fall, winter, and spring, is most healthful,  and if the accommo-
dations for officers and men were any other than miserably damp casemates, Fort Adams would
be more salubrious than any other permanent post in the United States.
   "One peculiarity attending many cases of utero gestation in this section, not only among the
women of the garrison, but also in the city of Newport, is, that it  is frequently prolonged from
two to five weeks beyond the ordinary period, or beyond the  calculations of the woman.   This
is interesting in a medico-legal point of view.  In one case that came under my observation,,
and in which there was no deception, the child was not born until eleven months  after the
last appearance of the catamenia.  It is impossible  to  account for this peculiarity,  but I  have
abundant evidence to convince me that such is the fact."
                NOKTH ATLANTIC REGION—NEW YORK HARBOR.

   Three military posts in this harbor have been occupied by troops during the period embraced
in this report: Fort Columbus, on Governor's Island; Fort Wood, on Bedloe's Island; and Fort
Hamilton, on the southeast corner of Long Island, at the Narrows.
   For the medical topography and diseases of these posts, reference is made to the report of 1856.
DISEASES.
   The following table, compiled from Abstract No. 2 of this division, gives the amount and
ratio of sickness and mortality among the troops stationed in the harbor of New York during a
period of twenty-one years, from January, 1839, to January, 1860:

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
First quarter...
Second quarter
Third quarter..
Fourth quarter
Annual ratio,
Quarters.
Exclusive of cholera.
Mean strength.
12,251
12,630
13,632
12,913
Number treated.
12,856
 8,146
 9,332
14,988
 8,518
40,984
40,899
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Treated.
 63
 43
101
 64
 665
 739
1,099
 659
271       3,188
237       3,181
Died.
5.1
3.4
7.4
5
21
18.4
   The average annual  proportion of cases of disease to the number of officers and men, was
3.18 to 1; the ratio of deaths to the strength of the command was 1 in  47, or 2.10 per cent.;
and the proportion of deaths to the number of cases treated was 1 in 151.23, or 0.66 per cent.
Exclusive of deaths from cholera, the mortality was 1 in 54, or 1.84 per  cent. 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.

                     FEVERS.
13
Quarters..............................


Strength...............................

         Diseases.


Febris continua communis.......
Febris intermittens quotidiana..
Febris intermittens tertiana......
Febris intermittens quartana....
Febris remittens....................
Febris typhus et typhoides......
Febris typhus icterodes...........


     Total..........................
SECOND.
THIRD.    FOURTH.
12,251     12,630     13,632  !   12,913      12,856
Cases. Deaths.! Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths.I Cases.  Deaths
  9
102
351
 12
 37
 15
  0
526
 54
185
519
 23
 42
 15
 25
290
630
 87
 79
 11
14
 11
183
456
 19
 66
  9
  99
  760
1,956
  141
  224
  50
 o
 0
 0
 0
11
21
16
1 in  49
0 in  760
0 in 1,956
0 in  141
1 in  20
1 in   2+
1 in
4.8
 7
 59
152
 11
 17
 4
6
838
7  1,193  20
750   16
3,307
50
lin
66
256.4
   Yellow  Fever.—In the  summer of 1856 yellow fever appeared, for the first time, among the
troops stationed in the harbor of New York.   The disease commenced at Fort Hamilton, in July,
1856.   The first death from it occurred on the 2d day of August;  the  last on the 9th day of
September.   Total number of cases, twenty-seven ;  deaths, five.
   At Fort Columbus the disease prevailed in August and September, the  first death having been
reported on the 14th of August, the last on the 3d of October.   Total number of cases, forty-
seven ; deaths, ten.
   For a detailed statement  of this disease as it occurred at Fort  Columbus, reference is made to
the following report:
                    REPORT ON YELLOW FEVER AT FORT COLUMBUS, N.  Y.
                              Assistant Surgeon La Fayette Guild: 1856.

   Yellow  fever, so long the scourge of the tropics, has, for  the last few years,  been steadily
and  progressively encroaching upon the  temperate regions of our  country.   Although it has
manifested itself, in years past, in our northern cities, yet its visitations had been so few and far
between that the  North was lulled into  a sense of security from its ravages ;  and many, even
after its victims had numbered hundreds, aye thousands, still hesitated to give their own consent
that the destroyer was in their midst.  So fixed, indeed, had the disease become in the southern
or tropical climates, that many of the profession at the North scouted the  idea that it could leave
its accustomed haunts and seek a new field for its operations of death and desolation amongst the
hitherto salubrious towns of the North.  But, alas ! the bereaved city of Norfolk is still shrouded
in mourning, and this vicinage will long bear painful evidence that the deadly visitor has stalked
abroad in uncontrolled license.  Its visitations to the North, rare and unexpected as they have
been, attach to the disease  a new interest, and afford a  more  extended opportunity for the
profession to search for its causes, to study its nature, and from practical observation to adopt
those means, if possible, to stay its unrelenting and devastating career.  No single complaint in
the whole catalogue of diseases has commanded so much attention from the profession  of the
United States ; and, although the combined efforts of the ablest,  the most experienced, and the
most eminent of its members have accomplished but  little, comparatively, towards averting its
evils, yet none, however obscure or humble they may be, should  be  deterred from giving their
assistance to a work so fraught with good to the human race; and if all whose misfortune it is
to witness its ravages would contribute their share to the accomplishment of this much  desired
object, then might we hope  for its  attainment, if it  be within the compass of man.   With the 
14
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
view, then, of contributing my small mite for the benefit of my profession, or that of the human
family at  large, I waive all scruples of modesty or of conscious incompetency, and adopt this
method of arranging  in some tangible form  a few facts of a practical nature which have fallen
under my observation during the prevalence of the epidemic as it appeared on this island.
   Early in the month of September I was ordered to report for duty at Fort Columbus, Governor's
Island, and on the  5th of that month I  assumed the duties pertaining to the medical officer of
this military station.   At this time yellow fever was  prevailing at Fort Hamilton, at Brooklyn
and  its environs, and at Governor's  Island.  Assistant Surgeons Swift, Abbott, and Vollum,
United States Army, preceded me in my duties here, the two latter of whom I relieved.  Assistant
Surgeon Abbott suffered with an attack of the disease, being the only officer at the post who was
attacked.   In the early part of the epidemic these medical officers labored with unremitting zeal
in the discharge of their important responsibilities ; and it is to be regretted that they did not
leave behind them some detailed account of their valuable labors.  The cases which I found on
my arrival here represented  the disease in all its phases—from the very first stage to that of
death or convalescence.  From this time new cases continued to occur until the accession of cool
weather, the last two cases of the disease making their appearance on the 9th day  of  October.
As the epidemic made its appearance previous to my arrival, I will have to rely for my information
of the early part of the epidemic  upon the hospital register and prescription books, which contain
a simple record of the names  of patients, dates of attack, deaths or recoveries,  and remedies used
in their cases, without any comment whatever.
   As the disease was almost exclusively confined to certain localities, very much restricted in
limits, it is proper,  for a full  understanding of the circumstances attending its prevalence, that I
should  give briefly  the topographical and meteorological conditions of the island  during the
epidemic.
   Governor's Island, in latitude 40°  42', longitude 74° 9', is situated in New York harbor, at
the junction of  North and East rivers with the bay,  and is about twenty-two feet  above low-
water mark.   The city of Brooklyn encircles almost one half of the island, and lies in  an easterly,
southeasterly, and southerly direction, separated by an  arm of the bay measuring, in its narrowest
part, not more than a quarter of a mile, and in its widest about one half a mile.   To the north
of the island is the  city of New  York, about one mile distant.   Six or  seven miles distant,  in a
south-southwesterly direction, are  situated Fort Hamilton and the Quarantine grounds.   The
island is almost circular in form, about one mile in circumference, and consists of alluvial soil.
The soil is very fertile, and the growth of vegetables and grass is abundant and luxuriant.   Fort
Columbus, the main  fortification on the island, is  placed upon the northern side, about  two
hundred feet from the water's edge, and from this fort, in every direction, to the water there is a
regular artificial slope, affording so perfect a drainage that pools of stagnant water are never
known upon  any portion of the island.
   The main work  communicates, by a covered way, with Castle Williams, which stands boldly
out upon the extreme northwestern point of the island, and the base of which is washed by the
waves of the bay.   These two works have spacious quarters for the men, and are garrisoned by
a large majority of  the troops stationed here.   On the southern portion of the island is located
another fortification of smaller dimensions, known as  South  Battery, occupied by the  drummer
boys, numbering about seventy,  and by one or two soldiers' families.   Near the South  Battery,
and to its east, stands the hospital, and in close proximity to the hospital is a row of old dilapi-
dated frame tenements occupied by soldiers' families,  and familiarly known as "Rotten Row."
South Battery, the hospital, and "Rotten Row," are located near the water, occupying the nearest
position to the city of Brooklyn, and the most exposed of any other position of the island to the
southeasterly, southerly, and  southwesterly winds.  From this position we have an  extensive
and uninterrupted view of the bay to the south, in the direction of the Quarantine, Fort Hamilton,
and  the southwestern  portion  of the city  of  Brooklyn.  No objects intervene  to  obstruct 
AMONG THE TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN  DIVISION.
15
southerly and southwesterly winds.  The subjoined abstract from the meteorological register of
this hospital will show the climatic condition of the island during the months of July, August,
September, and October, 1856, contrasted with that of the corresponding months of 1855.
METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACT.
Abstract from the Bleteorological Register at Port Columbus, New York harbor, for the months of
                        July, August, September, and October, 1855.
Date.	Monthly mean of thermom-eter.				Monthly mean of barom-eter.	Summary of winds—Direction and number of observations.								c 2	5 o	d S<5	c '3 o
	Sunrise.	9 a. m.	3 P. M.I9 P. M.		Sunrise. 9 a. m. 3 p. m. 9 p. m. N. I 1 1		N.E.	E. j S.E.		S.	S XV.	XV.	N.W.				5
1855. July..........	70.25 66.23 60.05	74.77 70.58 65.09 7 a. m. 50.07	80.90 75.13 71.16 2p. M. 58.02	72.25 69.84 69.15 9 p.m. 53.19	1 30.194 130.237 30.193 3;). 196 5		23 26 33 7	8 12 6 3	17 17* 6	2 5 2 3	44 28 34 25	12 5 13 14	13 21 26 31	11.50 16.50 17.50 16.33	19.50 14.50 12.50 14.66	17 10 8 9	Inches. 6
Septemher___					! 1 i	10 3 3											2.55 1.30
					j7 a. m.:2 P. m.|9 p. m. ........33.028 29.97733.103 i ! 1												5. 50
																	
Bleteorological abstract for the months of July, August, September, and October, 1856.
	Monthly mean		if ther-	Monthly mean of bar-			Summary of winds—				Direction and number of				£	a o	c	'5
	mometer			ometer.						observations.					*£	o		£
Date.																•f	•§'	
	7 A.M.	2 P.M.	9 p.m.	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	N.	N.E.	E.	S.E.	S.	ri.W.	W.	N.W.	6	z	6	s
1856.																		Inches.
July..........	71.77 , 85.19 69.12 76.67		74.58 69.45	33.115 30.04	30.108 33.044	33.191 30.035	3 5	7 2	3 3	9 14	6 4	37 18	6 11	22 36	23 16.33	9 14.63	8 9	2.50
August.......																		7.60
	62.56 72.35		65.06	30.199	30.208	30.218	3	16	1	19	13	27	4	7	16.33	13.66	7	4.00
	49.30 60.39		51.51	30.272	33.240	30.270	5	19	2	7	2	18	12	28	15.66	15.33	8	1.70
   The 18th day of July, as indicated by the thermometer at this post, was the hottest day of the
year.  The  daily mean temperature of that day was  85.66°—the thermometer  standing at 95°
at 2  o'clock, p. m., and at 81° at the hours of 7, a. m., and 9, p. m., respectively.   On the five
days immediately following the thermometer ranged from 77° to 85° at 2 o'clock, p. m., and the
daily mean  temperature  from 73.33° to 76.66°.   However, from the  24th day to the 28th,
inclusive, the thermometer ranged from 93° to-95° at  2 o'clock, and the daily mean from 82.33°
to 85°.   And it was on the 29th day of the month that the first case of yellow fever  occurred.
The  patient was a young  woman, aged eighteen, who resided in "Rotten Row," and just pre-
vious to her  attack had returned from a visit to Fort Hamilton.   She died of black vomit on the
2d of August.   On the 1st of August three other cases occurred,  one in "Rotten Row" and two
from  "South Battery."   And in these two places  the disease fixed its abode, as it were, almost
exclusively, and continued until the number of cases amounted  to  sixty-three,  fifteen of whom
died; a mortality of one  in four.   Very few cases  occurred on other parts of the island besides
"South Battery" and "Rotten Roav," and those  that did thus occur, were, in  almost every
instance, in persons who were in the habit of visiting  "Rotten Row."  In "South Battery" the
disease  continued its  ravages  until early in September, when the  occupants were  removed to
quarters in another portion of the island; only two cases occurring among them after  their
removal.  In "Rotten Row" it lingered until checked by cool weather  on the  9th of October.
From the 1st to the 17th  day of August the daily mean temperature ranged from 70.33°—every
day but one showing a daily mean temperature of over 70°—thw third day of the month being 
16
REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
the hottest day.   For the fourteen remaining days of this month the thermometer on three days
only indicated a mean temperature exceeding 70°.  During the month of September only six
days showed a daily mean temperature exceeding 70°, and those days were the 7th, 8th,  9th,
11th, 12th, and 21st.  In October the daily mean temperature never exceeded 64°; and from the
1st to the 9th, on the latter of which days, the last cases of the disease occurred—the mean
temperature ranged from 51° to 64°.   By comparing the temperature during the months in which
the fever prevailed with that of the corresponding months of last year when no epidemic existed,
I have found  the difference so small  that we may not be justified in  attributing to it much, if
any, influence upon the production or diffusion of the disease.
    As much influence has been attached by some authors to the barometrical condition of  the
atmosphere during the prevalence of epidemic diseases, it may not be improper for me to examine
more fully into the  changes that took place on this  island during the yellow fever,  and to
ascertain, if possible, whether such changes in the pressure of the atmosphere bore any relation
to the production  of the disease.  The maximum pressure of the  atmosphere during the month
of July was 30.290 inches on the 24th  day of the month; the minimum was 29.830 on the 12th;
giving a range of pressure of .460 of an inch for that month.  In  August, the maximum was
30.390 on the  27th; minimum, 29.540 on the 20th, the range of pressure being .850 of an inch.
In September, the maximum was 30.480 on the 3d of the month; the  minimum  29.760 on  the
18th, giving a range of pressure of .720 of an inch for the month.  In October,  the maximum
was 30.630 on the 26th; the minimum, 29.000 on the 15th of the month; the range of pressure
being 1.630 inches.  The barometrical observations for the months of August and September,
1855,  are incomplete; and a comparison of the atmospheric pressure for the months of July and
October, of that year, only can be made with the observations of the  corresponding months of
1856.  The maximum pressure for July,  1855, was  30.440  on the 9th  of the month;   the
minimum was 30.000 on the 28th; range, .440.   In October, 1855, the maximum was 30.950 on
the 18th of the month; minimum, 29.000 on the 24th; range of pressure being  1.950.  Thus,
by comparing  the maximum and minimum atmospheric pressure of the same months of different
years, we find the difference in  maximum pressure to be:  for July, .150, for October, .320; in
the minimum  pressure to be: for July, .170, for  October,  .170; and the difference of range in
the two  3rears to be: for  July, .20, and for October, .320.   By this comparison, although  not
extended into a series of years as might be wished, we discover the difference in the barometrical
conditions of the atmosphere in a healthy and in a sickly year to be so small that it is exceedingly
difficult to ascribe to it any agency whatever.
    Atmospheric humidity  has deservedly received important consideration  as  an  etiological
agent.  It is, undoubtedly, not only an active agent in developing the  efficient cause of disease,
but its effects upon the human system greatly enhance the susceptibility to morbid  impressions.
    To the winds also has been ascribed great agency in epidemic disease; and  they certainly
are most potent  means of  disseminating  the "materies morbi,"  whose subtle and aeriform
particles, we are led to believe, in many instances, are  capable of being wafted from one locality
to another.  It is important then that we should examine more fully into  the  prevalence of  the
particular winds and into the hygrometrical and hyetal  conditions that  obtained here during
the disease.
   The greatest humidity in July was shown to  be on the 20th  day  of that  month, when  the
thermometer and  hygrometer indicated the  same degrees, namely: 73.66°, the wind blowing a
gentle breeze from the N.W. during the whole day.   After the 20th, however, the wind changed
to the S.W., and remained  almost continuously from that direction  until  the last  day of  the
month, when it shifted to N. and N.E.  For about fourteen days preceding  the 29th day of the
month, and during the highest continuous temperature of the season, we had no rain at  all,  the
wind keeping  almost steadily  from  the S.W.   On the morning, however, of the  29th day it
commenced raining slightly, and continued, at intervals, until the afternoon; and during  the 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.                  17
night of that date a very severe thunder-storm occurred, unaccompanied by rain.   For every day
of the month, except the 20th, the  difference  of the  daily mean of the thermometrical and
hygrometrical observations varied from about half of a degree to three degrees.   August was
the rainiest of the four months during which the disease prevailed.   The prevailing winds were
N.W.;  yet, the winds from the S., the S.E., and S.W.,  often blew, and remained from these
southerly directions for several days  consecutively.  The difference in the thermometer and
hygrometer for this month varied from about the half of a degree to three degrees, except on the
26th day, when the daily mean of the two sets of observations was found to be, respectively, 60°. 33'.
In  September, the  daily mean of the hygrometrical observations shows that the atmosphere
for eleven days of the month was completely saturated with moisture;  and on eight of these
eleven days the hygrometer indicated, not only no evaporation from the floss silk surrounding
its bulb, but showed a higher temperature than the thermometer itself.  The winds during  the
month prevailed  from the S.S.E. and S.W. for twenty days out  of the thirty.  For the first
ten days of October the hygrometer ranged daily from about half of a degree  to one degree below
the temperature indicated by the thermometer, and the prevailing winds were from the northerly
directions.
    A comparison of these atmospheric changes during the prevalence of the epidemic with those
of the corresponding  period of the preceding year, when  the health of the  island  was unprec-
edenteclly good, cannot, unfortunately, be fully instituted, on account of the barometrical and
hygrometrical observations of 1855 being incomplete, and the present system of meteorological
observations having  been but recently adopted by the Medical Department of the Army.  It is
to be hoped, however, that the observations of this  year  may yet be  contrasted with those of
succeeding  years; and  if any agency in the propagation  of the late epidemic can possibly be
connected with atmospheric conditions and vicissitudes  as they presented  themselves during its
prevalence, the foregoing facts may not be without their value, either in exposing error or devel-
oping truth.  If  any conclusion can  be drawn from the  foregoing summary of meteorological
observations, we  may, in my opinion, very  justly decide that the  condition of the  atmosphere
could not have exerted any very great agency upon the causation, whatever might have been its
influence upon the dissemination of the disease.
    The etiology of yellow fever has created much discussion,  and in every locality or section of
world where the disease has  prevailed it has attracted the attention of the profession and given
rise to the greatest variety of opinion.
    During the late epidemic many believed that it had a local origin, but the majority attributed
its origin and dissemination to the ships that arrived here from foreign ports with the disease
on  board.   This  difference  of opinion I cannot profess to determine,  as my observations were
confined to Governor's Island.  However, with regard to  its existence in this garrison, there is
satisfactory evidence of its not having been  generated on the island, but  that its origin  was in
our vicinity, either on shipboard or on land, and that  its causes, whatever they are, being thus
eliminated in our neighborhood, were wafted to us by the  winds.   Facts derived from the obser-
vation of simple phenomena have induced me to form this opinion.   However, before considering
these facts, it may be proper to notice the police of this post during  the epidemic, and to examine
the circumstances connected with a belief which was entertained by some that articles of bedding
thrown overboard from the quarantined ships, floated to the  shores of the island, and communicated
the disease.   The want of cleanliness and the non-observance of strict police  regulations unques-
tionably exert great influence on the production as well as  on the promotion  and the diffusion of
disease; and in searching for the causes of yellow fever, particularly when it prevails in a
military  garrison, a consideration of  the police of  the post is of essential importance.  Our
military stations are generally kept in excellent police.   It is the pride, as well as the duty and
policy, of commanding officers to keep their posts in a cleanly condition ; yet I  have never seen
so perfect a system of police instituted at any military station as on Governor's Island.  The com-
             3----s 
18
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
manding officer, Major Backus, seemed  peculiarly fitted for his responsible position.  His long
military service of over thirty years, and his intimacy with the yellow fever at Vera Cruz during
the Mexican war, have rendered him familiar with the requirements necessary to the health and
comfort of his command, particularly during such an epidemic as we have just  passed through.
The only locality within the limits  of  this post at  all suspicious of having given rise to the
disease ab initio is that excrescence of the island "Rotten Row."  It is an old wooden shell of a
building, with many inmates, and affords more filth than all the rest of the island besides; but
the fact of the disease having prevailed  among the occupants of one side of the building, to the
perfect exclusion  of its occupants on  the other side, is full of significance, and entirely dismisses
from my mind the idea that the epidemic could have  had a local origin in  "Rotten Row."
    The building is of an oblong rectangular shape, divided in its longitudinal diameter by a thin
board partition, and on each side of this partition are rooms, the doors and windows  of which on
one side front to the S.S.W., and those  of the other to the N.N.E.  The inhabitants of the side
opening the S.S.W.  suffered most severely—scarcely one escaping an attack, Avhilst those of the
N.N.E. side enjoyed the most perfect immunity.   The habits and occupations of those individuals
were the same, and if the disease had originated in " Rotten Row," they should most assuredly
have been equally liable  to  an attack.  It was entertained by many that  articles, such as mat-
tresses, straw, old clothing, &c, which were thrown overboard from the infected ships lying  in
quarantine, and which drifted to the  shores of Governor's Island, were the means of importation
of the disease.  This opinion gained  much  plausibility in the minds of many, as it was known
that the drummer boys from South  Battery, after bathing  on the beach, were  in the habit  of
standing or sitting upon these old mattresses for the purpose of dressing themselves.   Such a
belief, however, can  only be predicated upon the assumption that the disease is most decidedly of
a contagious nature.  If we believe that the articles of bedding  from the infected  ships at the
quarantine ground could drift so many miles with the tide and spread disease on shore wherever
they touched, then must the contagion be  of the most potent character, and scarcely a single indi-
vidual on Governor's Island could possibly have enjoyed an immunity from the infection, for the
articles not only  drifted to the south side of the island, but lodged upon almost every portion of
its shores.  The  length of time required for these articles to drift from the ships in quarantine
to the island with the ebb and flow  of  the  tide, when we take into consideration the distance
between the  two  places  and the velocity with which the tide flows, necessarily implies a long
exposure of these articles to air ;  sufficiently long, at all events, in my opinion, to dissipate the
effluvia or miasm that was supposed  to  have been hidden in their meshes.  Again,  if articles of
clothing or bedding from the quarantine  could  have imparted the disease to the occupants of
South Battery, why  did the disease cease  among them as soon as they were  removed to another
portion of the island?   They had the disease amongst them, why did they not carry it with them
to their new quarters ?
    The mattresses and other articles, which drifted to the island, and which were alleged to have
propagated the disease, were collected and burned by the police parties of the garrison who were
quartered in  Fort  Columbus and Castle  Williams,  and who escaped the disease.  The police
parties  handled  and otherwise came in  contact with  these  articles—why did they not contract
the disease as well  as  the  drummer boys?   Furthermore, the first case of the disease which
occurred here, was not at South Battery, but in  " Rotten Row,"  and the patient had never been
exposed to the cause which was imagined  to have arisen from the articles that had  drifted from
quarantine.   These  facts carry with  them  conclusive evidence to my mind, that the bedding,
straw, clothing, &c, which drifted to the island, had no connection whatever with the existence
of the epidemic.
    I think I have shown that there was  nothing on Governor's Island  that could have  given
origin to the disease.  And if we assent to the old proverb, " ex nihilo, nihil fit," then must We
search elsewhere  for its causes.  All  agree that yellow fever  can be generated on board of vessels. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
19
Whether the  morbific agency depend upon the decomposing timbers, the bilge water, the
putrifying  cargo,  or  what not, still the fact  is beyond a doubt that the  disease can be so
produced.  The first case that occurred in this harbor last summer was on  board of a vessel;
and not only did one vessel arrive in this port with the disease on board, but several; and they
were all collected and placed in quarantine, whence, in my opinion, the disease was disseminated
throughout the different places along the bay that were not protected from the winds that swept
over this congregation of infected ships, filling the air with their pestilence.   The facts that
substantiate this opinion are, that the epidemic broke out simultaneously in  different localities
on shore, after the ships had been placed in quarantine and the process of unloading and cleaning
them had been commenced; that the disease was confined to the southern portion of Governor's
Island, and to those habitations which  were openly exposed to the winds from  the quarantine;
that the intervention of thin board partitions, trees, shrubbery, and elevated portions  of the
ground, which served to shut off these winds, gave to individuals so protected an immunity, and
that the removal of the inmates of South Battery to a place where  they were protected from these
winds, checked the ravages of the disease among them.
   I believe yellow fever  to be of the same  family of diseases as  ordinary remittent fever, yet
not  the same or an aggravated form of the same  disease.  They are both of malarial origin,
generated by the  decomposition of organic  matter, alike  communicable to individuals only by
their being exposed to the morbific elements as they arise from the prime source of the disease,
and  incapable  of  being communicated  by simple contact with the  patient suffering with the
disease, or with the affluvia arising  from his body or from his clothing.   The  density of the
atmosphere, its humidity and its temperature have, in the two diseases, an  agency in their
diffusion, and in promoting  a susceptibility  of the human  system to their  attack, without
exerting any influence whatever in their production, except in assisting inorganic decomposition,
from which process springs the  "materies morbi."   These doctrinal points  of resemblance
between  the two  diseases are not more  striking,  and are of far  less importance  than their
practical relationship.   In their earliest symptoms the  differential  diagnosis of the two com-
plaints is by no means clear.   As a general thing, the patient has the same  feeling  of malaise,
a sense of weariness, headache, pain and aching in  the limbs and back,  and the  fever is usually
ushered in by a chill, or sense of chilliness.  In yellow-fever  districts,  where we are expecting
the disease, the practitioner may never be embarrassed in forming his diagnosis.   But in other
places, where  the disease is seldom known, much  discussion has arisen and will ever arise  in
fixing upon a line of demarkation in the earliest stages, or in the beginning of an epidemic.
   The ability to  diagnosticate the two diseases is rendered particularly embarrassing, and the
responsibility  which rests upon the  physician of pronouncing an unequivocal opinion as to the
true nature of the disease becomes  incalculably great  when the commercial interests of large
towns and cities are to be jeopardized, or, more than all, when the sick are to be abandoned to
their sad fate  by  their panic-stricken  friends and  acquaintances.  Yet, to the  physician, in  a
practical sense, this  difficult  diagnosis is  of  little  consequence if his  remedies are applied
promptly and  energetically;  for the two diseases,  in  my opinion, in their early  stages,  are
amenable to the  same remedies,  varying only in the  promptness of their application, and
according to the nature of the case.  Cases often occur when the patient is suddenly stricken
down, stunned and senseless, as with a blow from a heavy weight.   Several  such cases occurred
in my practice here during the recent epidemic; yet, the same alarming and sudden seizure is
not at all rare in the bilious  remittent or congestive remittent fevers in  the highly malarious
districts of our southern States.  One patient thus  attacked and brought to  my hospital  was
supposed to be drunk by his  comrades who carried him,  and the appearance  of the man was,
indeed,  sufficient to warrant,  in the eyes of the inexperienced, the opinion that he was a more
fit subject for the guard-house than the hospital.
   Among the principal symptoms which distinguish the two diseases may be mentioned the 
20
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
intense pain in the frontal and orbital regions, the peculiar red, watery, and brilliant appearance,
or,  a dull,  drunken  aspect  of the eyes, the peculiar  odor  emitted from the patient,  (justly
considered, in some instances, as  pathognomonic,) and the condition of the tongue.   In  bilious
remittent fever the tongue  is furred in its earliest stages, and in very many cases is  colored
yellow on the very first visit of the physician.  In  yellow fever the tongue may be, and most
generally is, not furred at all; indeed, I do not believe that I  have ever seen a thickly furred
tongue in the beginning of an attack.   It may be contracted  and pointed, with fiery red edges
and apex, particularly in severe cases, or it may be large, white, and tremulous: when the latter
condition of the tongue exists,  (that is, when it is large, white, and tremulous,) the cases in my
hospital  always assumed an adynamic form, and required  stimulants and nervines in the early
treatment;  whereas,  the red pointed tongue indicated cases of a  sthenic character, and called for
prompt and heroic measures in  the earliest  stages.  However, as I before remarked,  a very
critical and  exact diagnosis between  yellow fever  and bilious  remittent fever is not,  in my
opinion,  very essential to the proper treatment.
    The treatment which I adopted, and which I have every reason to believe the most satisfactory,
was, so soon as a patient reported ill of the fever, to apply  cups to the cervical spine and  epigas-
trium, (for in every case there  was more or less burning sensation of the stomach, with nausea
and vomiting,) and, as soon as convenient, to cover the cupped  surfaces with blisters.  General
blood-letting I never  practised, nor did I conceive it necessary in a single case; topical bleeding,
by  its  counterirritant and depletive action, was found  necessary in equalizing  the temperature
and circulation.  Immediately after the application of cups  and blisters, and when practicable
mustard pediluvia, I administered twenty grains of the mild chloride of mercury and  twenty
grains of the sulphate of quinia, in combination, which was to be repeated every two, three, or
four hours, according to the urgency of the symptoms, and until  full evacuations from the bowels
were obtained.  This combination of  calomel  and quinia is to  be followed by oleum ricini or
sulphate of magnesia; the oil,  if tolerated by the stomach,  was probably in most instances more
certain in its action, yet the sulphate  of magnesia possessed an  advantage in being more easily
retained, and sometimes even appeared to produce the desired effect when the oil  failed.   In a
few cases, however, both of these latter proved unavailing when  the oleum tiglii was resorted to,
and even then, occasionally, enemata of solution of  chloride of sodium had to be given before a
satisfactory condition of bowels could be established.  With regard to this particular, however,
there was no uniformity;  oftentimes the combination of calomel and quinia required no assistance
from any other cathartic to produce free and satisfactory purgation.  The simple act of combining
the two medicines imparted to them an additional efficiency;  verifying a well-established rule in
therapeutics, that by combining  certain medicines, a power of action is attained which they do
not possess  when administered singly and without such combination.  But should irritability of
the stomach continue to such  an extent that the  medicines  be rejected, the  calomel alone in
twenty or thirty  grain doses and large enemata of the solution of sodium  were administered and
perseveringly repeated until the stomach became quiet and retained the mixture of calomel and
quinja.  After frequent and copious purgation, and after three or four doses of the calomel and
quinia had been retained, the calomel was omitted  temporarily,  and  the  quinia alone was con-
tinued until the peculiar and intense pain of the head was changed into a duller pain  wholly
unlike the first, and  accompanied with a buzzing or ringing sensation.   This modified condition
of the head symptoms invariably afforded great relief to the patient's sufferings, and gave assur-
ance to the  physician that the sulphate of quinia was exerting its constitutional effects, and that
the nervous tissue was responding to its curative influence.  When this effect of the quinia was
accomplished, its doses were diminished, but continued in sufficient quantities to keep  up the
quininism.   If the quinia be discontinued altogether, there  is  great danger of reaction, or, in
other words, the  disease will  resume its  tenor ;  and, in  the third or last stage, no remedies
probably can reihstate our patient on vantage ground.  Early in the disease symptoms of mental 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.
21
anxiety, restlessness and nervous irritability prominently  presented themselves in many cases.
These were treated by adding one fourth of a grain of sulphate of morphia to the combination of
calomel and quinia, or by giving camphor julep and liquor ammonia? acetatis.  There were other
auxiliary remedies in the early stages which I must not omit to mention, and which, to  say  the
least, contributed much to  the  comfort of the patient.  These were sponging the whole surface
with cool or tepid water, as was most agreeable to the patient; small lumps of ice taken  into the
stomach and drinks of iced lemonade.   When yellowness of the skin made its appearance early
in the disease, an increased quantity of the calomel was  always, in my opinion, indicated.   It
tended to restore the biliary secretion, to quiet gastric irritability, and to control or subdue the
inflammatory action of the mucous coat of the stomach and upper intestines.   The sulphate of
quinia was not,  probably, of such essential service as in those  cases where yellowness  did  not
present  itself among the  earlier symptoms;  yet, as a general rule, throughout the disease, in
almost every stage, I did not deem it safe to set aside altogether the two great remedial agents,
calomel  and quinia, either in  combination  or separately.  Very often I found it necessary to
discontinue both of them temporarily;  but I did so with the full consciousness that their valuable
services were liable, at any hour, to  be called again  into  requisition before the recovery of  my
patient.   Those cases which, when first seen by the physician, are characterized by much yellow-
ness of the skin, conjunctiva, &c, have,  in my opinion, been neglected or improperly treated in
the accession of  the disease.  Such cases  are less susceptible to the effects of the remedies above
enumerated; and after the  administration of calomel and quinia in large doses, and enemata, if
no beneficial influences are speedily perceived, I am most decidedly partial to the expectant
method of treatment which the French and Spanish so highly extol, and which finds so much
favor in  the eyes of our own Creole population  in the cities on the Gulf of Mexico.  In such cases
I have found that enemata, ptisans, and  the most assiduous nursing are the remedies most
successful in assisting nature in her efforts to effect a cure.
   Early in the disease, and particularly if the quininism  has not been well established,  the
urinary secretion becomes seriously involved.   Not a single case which came under my observa-
tion escaped the unpleasant, painful, and often alarming urinary symptoms in a greater or less
degree, proportionate, in my opinion, to  the  constitutional  influence which has been obtained
from the sulphate of quinia.  In  some  cases, retention of urine  existed for twelve hours, and even
longer.  Many suffered from strangury.  The discharge was often of a bloody character, or of a
brownish red or black color, and  deposited  in a very short time a thick ropy sediment; or it was
of a light color partially possessing or entirely devoid of its healthy odor, and presenting whitish
flocculi or clots floating through it.  The secretion always  became more scanty than  natural,
and often produced intense  suffering  from ardor urinse throughout the  whole extent of  the
urethral canal.   This disordered condition of the urinary organs was. invariably accompanied
with severe pain in the  hypogastric region.   The nitrate  of potassa dissolved in a decoction of
flaxseed, frequently repeated, was highly beneficial in  many cases;  yet it did not afford that
permanency of relief or impart that impetus towards a healthy restoration of the urinary secretion
which resulted from the administration of  the sulphate of quinia.  I found the quinia  a most
powerful indirect diuretic, or, in other words, a potent restorative of the healthy renal functions.
The  nervous system, that  common  chain, by which  the  relations of the vital properties  are
established, becoming interrupted,  the whole machinery became  deranged.   And it  was by
addressing my remedies to  the nervous system, the main-spring of the man, that the other sub-
ordinate functions of the economy were controlled, and healthy action established.  It is thus
that the sulphate of quinia acts  in  restoring the secretions,  and I know of no remedy in  the
Materia Medica so aptly indicated and, when used judiciously, so beneficial in cases such as those
in question.
   Scarcely a case came under my observation that did not show a strong hemorrhagic tendency
In the earliest symptoms hemorrhages  frequently occurred, and sometimes continued throughout 
22
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
the attack.  They took place from the nose, the gums, fauces, stomach, lungs, bowels, and bladder;
indeed, from all the mucous surfaces.  The tinctura ferri chloridi and the plumbi acetas were used
to correct this symptom, but the value of these remedies appeared trifling in my hands ; and the
hemorrhagic symptoms deserved but little attention, if the patient was well treated with calomel
and quinia.  When quinia and calomel,  singly or with their combinations and adjuvants, have
been freely and judiciously employed, and the patient is apparently relieved;  when the severer
symptoms have abated, the surface assumes a more natural temperature, the pulse soft, less
frequent, and natural, and the patient's condition promises well, the case may go on to recovery;
but we must remember that this calm often precedes death  as well as  a restoration  to health.
This period in  the disease always awakened in my mind  the most painful anxiety.   The question
was, had my remedies succeeded in controlling  the disease, or had the monster only relaxed its
hold merely to regain strength to renew its attack with increased vigor ?   In this stage the disease,
instead of abating  permanently, would often remit only for  a few hours, and then multiply its
horrors by presenting itself in the third or last stage, marked by extreme prostration, cessation
of  the  capillary circulation, retarded or  imperceptible  impulse of the heart,  hemorrhage, the
appearance of petechia, clammy skin, black vomit, torpor, and death.   Before these most fearful
symptoms occurred, whether the case was to result favorably or not, the patient almost  invariably
expressed himself relieved, and became importunate in  his demands to leave his bed and walk
about.   Another prominent symptom was restlessness, a desire  to raise  himself and place his
head in that part of the bed where his feet ought to be,  and a continued shifting of his position.
Delirium sometimes supervened; generally, however, confirmed stupor or lethargy was present;
but sometimes the mind remained clear to the very last.   In every fatal  instance I observed that
the patient invariably gave utterance  to the  most mournful sighs, which, to my  ears, were
peculiar, and belonged only to the death scene of a yellow-fever patient.   In that critical period
of the disease, when the fate of its victim is vibrating  between  life and death, it behooves the
physician to watch and to labor assiduously and perseveringly by the bedside of his patient.
Increased doses  of the quinia, with wine or brandy,  ale and  porter, are imperatively  called for,
and must be freely used.   Should the irritable stomach  refuse them, they are to be administered
by  enemata.   As vitality  begins to  wane, the blistered surface, which should be kept open if
possible throughout the treatment, in some cases becomes dry and crusted, and assumes a  black
or dark brown appearance; and at this period coma usually supervenes, and occasionally we will
find that no counterirritant  is capable  of reviving the old blister  or arousing the  cutaneous
surface  into action.   In this low stage Assistant Surgeon Vollum, United States Army, informed
me that he derived  great benefit from the use of nitric acid being freely applied upon the cervical
and dorsal spine.  By this remedy he believed that he aroused the patient, and also obtained its
well-known effects in promoting the biliary secretion.  This remedy was suggested to Dr. Vollum
by  an officer of  the line who had suffered from a severe  attack of the disease, and attributed his
recovery to this acid having been applied through mistake as a dressing to a blistered surface.
One opportunity only presented  itself for me to try the nitric acid, and I derived no  advantage
whatever from  its use.  I, however,  believe it worthy of attention, and would never hesitate to
put it into practise in low comatose condition, which sometimes occurs in the closing scenes of an
attack of yellow fever, when the system would not respond to other counterirritants.
    When black vomit comes on I have been led, from my own experience, to consider the patient
moribund.  Cases in my hospital recovered after ejecting from  the  stomach  brown flocculent
matter,  which precedes black vomit; but none escaped death  after the matter ejected became
purely black in its color.  Cases of recovery after its occurrence are reported, and medical officers
of the Army, of the highest professional standing, and  whose statement I do not doubt for one
moment, have informed me that recoveries have taken  place in their own practice ;  yet I have
never seen one.  However, we should not relax our efforts even after its appearance.
   Yellow-fever patients are peculiarly sensitive to the effects of currents of air, and require the 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.                  23
greatest attention from  their medical attendants  and nurses in protecting them against such
exposure.  In the hottest weather a covering of blankets can not only be borne by them, but is
essentially necessary to  their  comfort.   Free ventilation of the sick-room is  of the utmost
importance; but the patient must be most studiously guarded against sudden chills from currents
of air.   Constant and careful nursing is  absolutely required throughout the treatment, and in
convalescence the most positive restrictions should be enjoined.  Indiscretions in diet or exposure
to fatigue, either  mentally or  physically, are alike injurious.  The diet  should be the most
nutritious and, at the same time, the least offending to a stomach recovering from an  inflamed
condition.  Chicken broth, beef tea, arrow-root, soft-boiled eggs, with ale, porter, wine, or brandy,
as is most agreeable to the patient, are the remedial agents during convalescence.  Little or no
medicine is required.
  From the foregoing synopsis of the treatment of yellow fever, it will be perceived that the mild
chloride of mercury and sulphate of quinia were the only remedies upon which I relied implicitly.
This plan of treatment is, I believe, now generally pursued by the profession, particularly by the
medical officers of the Army, and has been fully and ably laid before the profession by Surgeon
J. B. Porter, United States Army.   In my earliest military service I was associated with this
medical officer, from whose  long experience and  practical knowledge of the disease, I derived
many useful  hints, and  to whom I acknowledge my indebtedness, in a great measure, for the
views I now entertain of the nature and treatment of the  disease, as set forth  in  this brief
summary.
   If I have  established  the fact that yellow fever was  communicated to Governor's Island from
the Quarantine, and that the morbific elements were wafted by the winds seven  or eight miles,
would it not become a question of the most vital importance  to determine  the extreme distance
to which these elements of disease may be disseminated by the wind?  It certainly is a question
that should engage the  studious attention of  boards of health,  and of those members  of  the
medical profession whose  duty it is to to regulate  the quarantine enactments and to guard  the
public health against the pestiferous influences of infected ships that annually arrive in our cities
on the sea-board.

   Eruptive  Fevers are of more frequent occurrence at the stations now under consideration,
than  at other military posts, owing  to  their being garrisoned principally by recruits, among
whom measles are not uncommon, and who  are sometimes attacked with small-pox before time
is afforded for vaccination.   During  the twenty-one years now under review, the number  and
kind  of eruptive fevers reported are  as  follows:  Erysipelas  52, death 1;  rubeola  29, death 0;
scarlatina 5, death 0; variola 45, deaths 6;  varioloides 15, death 0.


  Note.-—There is no report in the Surgeon General's Office respecting the epidemic yellow fever
at Fort  Hamilton, New York harbor, in July and August, 1856.  The  medical officer at that
station, Assistant Surgeon Joseph H.  Bailey, had to defend  his  opinions as to the character of
that epidemic in the public press.  My impression  is, that he believed the disease to have been
communicated by the winds from infected ships, removed from  the usual quarantine anchorage
to a position near the Long Island shore, and within a  mile or two of Fort Hamilton.
                                                                              R.  H. C. 
24
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
											c o c | = ca o ej o c"	o o o .
												>~ si o -
	12,251		12,630		13,632		12,913		12,856			aj to
												6 a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	1 Case*. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o <„ '£ o
Cholera Asiatica......................	0 533 79 5 1 3 0 294 415	0 7 3 2 0 0 1 0 2	3 913 66 8 4 3 3 547 425	1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0	71 4,084 595 19 4 3 1 837 539	28 5 8 5 0 0 0 0 0	11 1,086 249 18 1 0 3 441 284	5 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 3	85 6,616 989 50 10 9 7 2,119 1,663	34 18 16 10 0 1 1 1 5	lin 2.5 1 in 342 1 in 62 lin 5 Oin 10 lin 9 lin 7 lin 2,119 1 in 333	
Diarrhoea...............................												514
Dysenteria acuta......................												77
												4
												0.8
												0.7
Hepatitis chronica...................												0.5
												165
All other diseases of this class ...												129
Total...............................	1,330	15	1,972	1 5 6,153		46 2,093		20	11,548	86	1 in 134	899
												
				i !		|			11,463	52	1 in 220 891	
				1 1 1								
    In the report of 1856, will be found brief descriptions of the cholera Asiatica that prevailed
at Fort Columbus in 1849, 1852,  1853, and  1854.   This disease again  appeared at that post in
the fourth quarter of 1857.   It is thus described by Surgeon Charles H. Laub:
    " The poison of cholera manifested itself on the 1st of November, 1857, the first case  of the
disease having been brought into hospital on  that day, about 4 o'clock, A. M., from  the  castle.
As there had been no recent importation  of cholera from  abroad, I can only attribute  its devel-
opment, in these sporadic cases, to the existence of some local cause.  My impression,  that from
localities in  which the poison of cholera has been once generated, there will be periodical recur-
rences of its manifestations whenever the  collateral causes exist that are necessary to its develop-
ment, is strengthened in the present instance by the facts.  The castle, which is damp and ill
ventilated,  has been the point  or focus from which, on previous occasions, the disease has
emanated, and when the disease appeared this time the sleeping apartments occupied  by recruits
were  over-crowded, sometimes, as a matter of necessity, fifty or sixty men occupying the same
room.  [Dimensions  not  reported,  R. H. C]   In the first three or four cases the  immediate
cause was clearly to be traced to great imprudence in diet, among the most prominent of  which
was eating  frequently and  in  large  quantities, raw clams, or rather muscles, found on the
shore of the island, while in the  later cases, most probably from the increased virulence  of the
poison, these immediately exciting  causes did not appear  to be necessary, some being attacked
suddenly, while apparently in good  health.  The purely local influence of the poison is shown in
the fact that  the  troops  quartered in other parts of the  island were exempt, those only who
occupied the castle were brought under its influence.  The treatment, modified as each particular
case seemed to demand, consisted principally of the mercurial plan in conjunction with  stimu-
lants, astringents of various kinds, and  anodynes, together with counterirritants.  I regret to
add that the result, as shown by the  mortality, only discovers that the disease, in some of its
phases, bids defiance to all the remedial powers of the means yet known and applied for its relief.
In the history and progress of these cases there is not the slightest evidence  of the contagious
character of the disease." 
                 AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.

The statistics of cholera Asiatica at Fort Columbus, are as follows:
25
Years.			Cases.	Deaths.
In 1849................................................................................			19 6 2 44 10	15
In 1852..................................................................................................				4
In 1853......................................................................................................................				0
In 1854.......................................................................................................................				9
In 1855..............................................................................._____________.......... .....				5
	Total...................			
			81	33
				
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
	FIRST.						FOURTH.				Proportion of deaths to cases.	o o o
												Hi c
	12,	251	12,630		13,632		12,	D13	12,856			c o
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths,	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths,	Cases.	Deaths.		O V-
	154 2,136 12 49 71 14	1 0 10 2 7 0	122 1,333 18 24 40 16	1 0 8 1 7 2	76 1,022 32 17 10 22	1 0 11 0 1 2	58 1,512 11 15 27 21	1 1 11 0 3 0	410 6,003 73 105 148 73	4 1 40 3 18 4	1 in 102 1 in 6,003 1 in 1.8 1 in 35 lin 8 lin 18	32
												467
												5.6
												8
												11
												5.6
Total....................................	2,436	20	1,553	19	1,179	15	1,644	16	6,812	70	1 in 97	529
												
	292	1	378	0	361	0	347	0	1,378	1	1 in 1,378	107
												
            NORTH INTERIOR REGION—EAST  OF THE  GREAT LAKES.

   This region embraces that portion of the northern division situated between the Great Lakes
and the Atlantic ocean, and so far removed from either as not to be influenced by those large
bodies of water.  The only station in this region that has been occupied by troops since January,
1855, is West Point;  but for the sake of giving greater completeness to this report, the statistics
of Fort Kent, Fort Fairfield, Hancock Barracks, Plattsburg  Barracks, and Watervliet Arsenal,
will be copied from  the report of 1856, with exception of the "abstracts," for  the  details of
which, as well as for reports on the  medical  topography and diseases of these posts, reference is
made to that report.
                                     DISEASES.

   The command at West Point, until within a few years past, consisted principally of cadets,
students in the Military Academy, "who, when suffering from headache or slight indisposition,
can only obtain respite from  academical studies or military exercises by having their names
registered on  the  sick  report."   During  the last five years the number of enlisted soldiers,
engineers, ordnance, artillery, and dragoons, with  musicians, has nearly  equaled that of the
cadets.  Abstract No. 3, for this division, exhibits the  principal diseases and  deaths  occurring 
26
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
at West Point for twenty-one years, from January, 1839, to January,  1860;  and the following
table exhibits the ratio of sickness and mortality for the same period:

               TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	9,615 8,848 9,411 9,725	10,489 10,151 11,856 10,932	8 11 15 6	1,090 1,149 1,259 1,124	0.8
Second quarter..................................................					1.2
Third quarter...................................................					1.6
Fourth quarter..................................................					0 6
					
	9,400	43,428	40	4,620	4.3
					
Exclusive of cholera..........................................		43,423	37	4,619+	3.9
					
   This  table shows that the annual  proportion of cases  treated to the mean strength  has
averaged 4.62 to 1; that the ratio of deaths to the number of men was 1 in 235, or 0.4 of 1 per
cent.; and that the proportion of deaths  to the number of cases treated was 1 in 1,085, or 0.9 of
1 per cent.
   Exclusive of deaths from cholera, the mortality was 1 in 254, or 0.39 per cent.
   From  1829 to 1838 the sickness at  this post averaged  4.5  to  1, and the mortality 0.3 of
1 per cent.; from  1839 to 1855 the  sickness averaged 4.5 to 1,  and the mortality 0.4  of 1
per cent.; from 1839 to 1860, twenty-one years,  these averages were, respectively, 4.6 to 1,
and 0.4 of 1 per cent.
                                        FEVERS.
											Proportion of deaths to cases.	O
												
	9,615		8,848		9,411		9,725		9,400			
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		n 2 .2 <~ 3 °
	71 10 59 0 1 2 0	0 0 0 0 0 1 0	90 12 218 1 8 5 0	0 0 0 0 1 0 0	) 111 44 325 1 15 1 1	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	95 9 129 7 4 2 0	1 0 0 0 0 0 0	367 75 731 9 28 10 1	1 0 0 0 1 1 0	1 in 367 Oin 75 0 in 731 Oin 9 lin 28 lin 10 Oin 1	
												39 8
												78
												1
												3
												1
												0.1
Total................................	143	1	334	1	498	0	246	1	1,221	3	1 in 407	130
												
 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.
27
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
			SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		rroportioii of deaths to eases.	o o ©
												u. t£
	9,615		8,848		9,411		9,725		9,400			1 ^
												c I o <-S O
Diseases.	Cases.	)eaths.	Cases.	Jeaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		
	0 585 21 4 1 1 0 221 927	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	0 590 19 1 1 0 0 247 856	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1	5 1,930 154 0 0 0 1 271 1,010	3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0	0 824 13 0 0 0 2 206 897	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	5 3,929 207 5 2 1 3 945 3,690	3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1	3 in 5 1 in 3,929 1 in 52 Oin 5 Oin 2 Oin 1 Oin 3 0 in 945 1 in 3,690	0
												418
												22
												0
												0
												0
												0
												100
												392
Total..................................	1,760	0	1,714	1	3,371 8 1,942			0 8,787		9	1 in 976	935
												
				1 1 1					8,782 ! 6		1 in 1,464 ___ ! 11	934
				ill								
	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.											
	FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		V 1'. A R.			o o
												o c
	9,615		8,848		9,411		9,725		9,400			o V.
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.' Cases. |Deaths.			Cases. Deaths.		Cases. Deaths. i		Cases. [Deaths.			~i
	0 2,996 4 30 6 47	0 0 4 0 1 0	0 2,035 4 17 4 69	0 0 5 0 o	1 1,191 4 6 l	0 0 3 0 n	2 2,711 2 37 •>	0 0 2 0 n	3 8,933 14 90 13	0 0 14 0 1	Oin 0 in 8,933 lin 1 Oin 90 1 in 13 1 in 234	o
												950
												1 5
												9
												1 4
				0 | 70 0			48 | 1 1 234 1 i !					25
Total...............................	3,083	5	2,129	5 1,273 3 2,802 3 9,287 ! 16 i 1 i ,							1 in 580 i	988
												
	274	0	289	1	273 0		1 243 0 ! 1.079				1 in 1,079	115
						i		i				
   For  brief remarks respecting the diseases at West Point, reference  is made to the report of
1856.  During the last five years the sick reports from  that station  are  without remarks of
interest, except the following by Surgeon S. P. Moore:
   "It  will  be perceived from the  report  of  sick and  wounded that epidemic  catarrh has
prevailed at this post during the past  quarter, (fourth quarter of 1858.)
   "It  might be said that two epidemics have prevailed, the first occurring in the early part of
October, and the second in the middle of December; the accession and disappearance, in both
instances being very general  and sudden, no cases occurring in the interval between the two
attacks, say in the month of  November.
   "The corps of  cadets was principally affected in both instances.   All  the cases in the lirst
attack, that is, in October,  presented the  following symptoms, viz: the patient was  chilly or 
28
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
had a chill, presently fever followed, fullness about the forehead, in the situation of the frontal
sinuses,  &c.;  in  other words,  presenting all the  symptoms of epidemic  catarrh.   These
symptoms were accompanied by an unusual degree of heat and uneasiness about the throat and
the larynx, the stress of the disease falling upon the fauces, tonsils,  and adjacent parts.   An
examination of the throat showed an extensive erysipelatous condition of the mucous membrane.
This condition was so marked in many cases as to  be apparently the  primary disease;  in three
cases cynanche trachealis was fully developed.
   "The disease in  December exhibited the usual symptoms of epidemic catarrh, the stress of
the disease falling, as it generally does, upon the internal lining of the air passages.
   "In  both forms  of  the disease the symptoms  abated in from two to four days, the  patient
rapidly convalescing.
   "The ordinary treatment was adopted; for the throat affection the application of the nitrate
of silver in  solution  (thirty grains to the ounce) was used with marked benefit.
   "The occurrence of epidemic catarrh may be connected with some particular state or con-
dition of the atmosphere, and, possibly, some such contamination may have been the cause of
the recent outbreak of disease.  The weather has been favorable to the production of disease of
the air  passages;  that is, the temperature  has been very variable, sudden changes from cold to
warm;  but  as every  epidemic  has not been preceded by similar changes, it cannot, perhaps,  be
traced to these atmospheric changes  as a cause.
   "The inhabitants of the neighboring country have suffered much from the prevalence of the
disease  in  October,  many cases proving fatal.  It was named by them 'the  black tongue,'
and 'malignant sore throat,' possibly because the throat was chiefly implicated.
   "The opinion  is, that the two diseases  were one and the same epidemic, with the force of
the first on the  upper  portion of  the  air  passages, the  second being  more  general in its
effects."
   The tables that immediately follow represent the sickness and mortality at posts in the north
interior region, east  of the Great Lakes, from 1839  to 1854, with exception of West Point, since
which time  none of  them have been permanently garrisoned.   The tables  are copied from the
report of 1856.

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
First quarter......
Second quarter...
Third quarter....
Fourth quarter..


   Annual ratio
Mean strength.
3,731
3,706
3,473
3,304
3,553
Number treated.
1,541
1,624
1,852
1,409
Deaths.
13
17
 3
 6
6,426
39
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Treated.
413
438
533
426
U
Died.
3.4
4.5
0.8
1.8+
10.9
   The foregoing table shows that the average annual proportion of cases of disease to the
strength of the command was 1.8 to 1; the ratio of deaths to the number of men, 1 in 91, or
1.09 per cent.; and the proportion of deaths to cases treated, 1 in 164.77, or 0.6 per cent. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.                       29
FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength,
Febris continua communis......
Febris intermittens quotidiana
Febris intermittens tertiana....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens...................
Febris typhus......................
Febris typhus icterodes.........
3,731
Cases.
27
 7
13
 0
 6
 0
 0
Total
53
3,706
3,473
Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.
43	0	41
30	0	28
27	0	58
6	0	3
10	0	4
0	2	0
0	0	0
116	2	134
3,304
40
16
15
 7
 0
 3
 0
Deaths,
3,553
Cases. Deaths.
151
 81
113
 16
 20
  3
  0
0 in 151
0 in  81
Oin 113
Oin  16
Oin  20
3 in   3
Oin   0
81
384
1 in 128
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS  CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
                                                                      -1----
Quarters.
Strength
3,731
Cases.
Deaths,
3,706
3,473
3,304
3,553
Deaths
§ s
Cholera Asiatica........................
Diarrhoea..................................,
Dysenteria acuta.........................
Dysenteria chronica....................
Enteritis...................................
Hepatitis acuta..........................
Hepatitis chronica......................
Obstipatio.................................
All other diseases of this system....
  0
 62
 15
  1
  0
  0
  0
 48
112
  0
119
 25
  2
 14
  1
  2
 53
114
  0
295
 69
  0
  2
 64
180
  0
121
  6
  2
  0
  2
  4
 43
102
  0
597
115
  5
 22
  7
  8
208
508
n   0
n298
n 115
n   5
n  22
n   7
n   8
n208
n508
Total.
238
330
622
280
1,470
1 in 490
DISEASES OF  THE  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
	FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		rroportioii of dcatlis to cases.	o o o
												Z a
	3,731		3,706		3,473		3,304		3,5*53			Z, CJ
												S. s
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		■£ "5
	20 404 7 42 35 1	0 0 3 1 0 0	14 321 2 25 27 6	0 1 4 0 2 0	15 256 4 22 18 5	0 1 1 0 0 0	15 294 4 32 16 1	1 0 2 0 0 0	64 1,275 17 121 96 13	1 2 10 1 0 0	lin 64 1 in 637 lin 1.7 1 in 121 lin 48 Oin 13	12
												358
												4.7
												34
												27
All other diseases of this system....												4
Total...............................	509	4	395	7	320	2	362 i 3		1,586	16	lin 99	446
												
	51 0		92	1	69	0	58 i 0 !		270	1	1 in 270	76
												
 
30
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
                           KEGION  OF THE GKEAT LAKES.
   During the five years under special review only four stations in this region have been occupied,
viz:  Forts Brady, Mackinac, Ontario,  and Detroit Arsenal.   The report of 1856 should be con-
sulted for the medical topography and diseases of those posts, and of  Madison Barracks, Fort
Niagara,  Buffalo Barracks, Detroit Barracks, Forts Gratiot,  Wilkins, and Howard, also situated
in this region, and the statistics of which  are  included in Abstract No.  4, and in  the following
tables.
                                       DISEASES.
   The subjoined table, compiled from Abstract No. 4, for this division gives a condensed view of
the amount of sickness and mortality among the troops in the region of the Great Lakes during a
period of twenty-one years from January, 1839, to January, 1860.
                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Gtuarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	11,464 11,499 10,089 10,029	5,254 6,681 6,326 5,266	44 34 33 37	458 581 627 525	3.8
					2.9
					3.2
					3.6
					
	10,770	23,527	148	2,184	13 7
					
		23,514	142	2,183	13 1
					
   It will be perceived that the proportion of cases of sickness to the number of men is 2.18 to 1;
that the ratio of deaths to the strength of the command is 1 in 73, or 1.37 per cent. ; and that the
proportion of deaths to cases treated is 1 in 159, or 0.63 of 1 per  cent.  Exclusive of cholera,
the ratio of deaths to the number of officers and men  was 1 in 76, or 1.31 per cent., per annum ;
and the proportion of deaths to cases treated was 1 in 165, or 0.60 per cent.
                                           FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength
11,464
Cases. Deaths
SECOND.     THIRD.
11,499
10,089
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths
Febris continua communis..... ......[   45
Febris intermittens quotidiana.......   70
Febris intermittens tertiana...........  190
Febris intermittens quartana.........j   15
Febris remittens..........................   36
Febris typhus.............................    9
Febris typhus icterodes................    0
1	86	1
0	408	3
0	548	0
0	26	0
2	76	0
0	5	1
0	0	0
 49
473
410
 28
292
 13
  0
10,029
Cases. Death
 59
172
347
 16
123
  7
  0
10,770
Cases. Deaths
0	239	3
0	1,123	3
0	1,495	0
0	85	0
4	527	14
1	34	2
0	0	0
lin   79
1 in  374
Oin 1,495
Oin   85
lin   37
lin   17
Oin    0
Total.
365
1,149
1,265
o g
S °
PS
 22
104
138
  8
 49
  3
  0
724
5 i 3,503   22  |  1 in   159
325 
AMONG THE  TROOPS IN  THE NORTHERN  DIVISION.
31
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
duartcrs.
Strength
SECOND.     THIRD
10,999       11,499      10,089      10,029
Cases. Deaths
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhcea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica..............
En teritis..............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
Total.
Exclusive of cholera.
  0
319
 30
  7
 15
  1
  5
 95
261
733
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths.
  1
609
 46
  4
  7
  4
  6
150
325
1,152
  12
1,044
 126
   5
   6
   7
   1
 155
 322
7  1,678
Cases. Deaths
  0
580
 84
  8
  3
  0
  3
110
311
1,099
10,770
Cases. Deaths
11
  13
2,552
 286
  24
  31
  12
  15
 510
1,219
4,662
4,649
 6
13
 3
 1
 2
 1
 0
 0
 7
33
27
1 in  2
lin 196
lin 95
lin 24
lin 15
lin 12
Oin 15
0 in 510
1 in 174
1 in 141
1 in 172
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
237
 26
  2.2
  2.9
  1
  1.3
 47
113
433
431
	FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		c ■5 T3 . O o C u o Q. O £	o o o
												k. fell
	H,	464	11,499		10,089		10,029		10,	770		V CQ
												zj a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o = 3 ° PS
	40 1,031 14 83 92 16	1 0 12 1 4 1	54 1,091 11 83 37 22	0 I 8 0 4 1	24 687 13 42 21 10	0 0 7 0 0 1	36 839 11 56 40 16	0 0 7 1 1 1	154 3,648 49 264 190 64	1 1 34 2 9 4	1 in 154 1 in 3,648 1 in 1.44 1 in 132 lin 21 lin 16	14
												342
												4.5
												24.5
												17.6
												6
Total................................	1,276	19	1,298	14	797	8	998	10	4,369	51	lin 85	406
												
	307	0	339	1	261	0	278	0	1,185	1	1 in 1,185	110
												1
   The reports of sick from this region during the last five years are without noteworthy remarks.
For brief statements respecting eruptive fevers, cholera, and influenza, see the report of 1856.
            NORTH INTERIOR REGION—WEST OF  THE GREAT  LAKES.
    This region includes all that portion of the United States which lies between the Great Lakes
and the Rocky Mountains, and north of the fortieth degree of latitude.   During the period undA
special review, twelve stations have been occupied in this region, viz:  Forts Crawford, Snelling,
Ridgely, Ripley, Abercrombie, Pierre, Randall, Kearny, Lookout, and Camps Platte Bridge and 
32
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
Walbach.  During a portion of the period covered by the general statistics, three other posts
were garrisoned, viz: Forts Winnebago, Atkinson, and Dodge.
   In the report of 1856 will be found reports on the medical topography and diseases of Forts
Winnebago, Crawford, Snelling, Atkinson, Dodge, Ripley, Ridgely, Kearny, and Laramie.
                          SANITARY REPORT—FORT ABERCROMBIE.
                            Assistant Surgeon Asa Wall: December, 1858.
   Fort Abercrombie is situated on the west bank of the Red River of the North, about twelve
miles below the confluence of the Bois des Sioux and Ottertail rivers.   It is also about two hun-
dred miles northwest of Fort Ridgely, Minnesota.  By approximation, it is in or near  latitude
46° N., and longitude 97° W., being in about  the  same latitude as Fort Ripley.   Its true
position has not been, as yet, scientifically determined;  I have  no data in my  possession by
which to approximate its altitude above the sea.
   The quarters at present occupied by the troops, which are merely temporary, are situated in
the woods in a bend of the river.  They were thus placed in order to shelter the command from
the rigors of the approaching winter.   The permanent quarters are to be built upon the adjoining
prairie, several hundred yards distant, which is much higher.
   The present quarters of the officers and men are rude log huts with dirt roofs;  and although
presenting a rather  forbidding  aspect externally, are  quite  comfortable within.   The  greatest
objection to them is that they do not seem to admit of sufficient  ventilation.  Thus far, however,
I have not observed any injurious results arising apparently from this cause.
   The prairie upon which the permanent buildings are to be erected is elevated about thirty
feet above the surface of the river at low water.  This  prairie is  included between the Red and
Wild Rice rivers, which run parallel  to each other for  some thirty or forty miles  in a northerly
direction.  The surface of the  prairie  is level or gently undulating, and  averages four or five
miles  in  width.  The  country on the  east or Minnesota  side of Red river is a flat prairie, its
surface being quite level for many miles in every direction.   The prairie beyond  the Wild Rice
river (four miles distant) is rolling, and becomes more broken  towards the west,  until it finally
becomes merged into the "sand hills."
   x\lthough this country is preeminently lacustrine in its nature, still  there  are no lakes or
marshes in our immediate vicinity; even if there were, however, I do not think that they would
constitute a source of miasmatic vapors, as in all probability the warm weather in  this  high
northern latitude is of too short duration to admit  of such  a result.
   My residence here has been of too  limited duration to allow  me to  advance a reliable opinion
with regard to the  general sanitary condition  of the spot; but  so far as my experience extends,
I am of opinion that no miasmatic  or other endemic  disease exists in our neighborhood.  The
single case of miasmatic  disease  observable  on the "sick  report" was contracted elsewhere.
Since  their arrival here the troops  have been constantly  employed,  without  regard to the
inclemencies of the weather, in the fatigues  and hardships incident  to the building of a new
post.   Consequently the complaints with which they have been most troubled have been those
arising from exposure, such as catarrh and rheumatism.
   These cases, however, were very mild in character,  and yielded readily to ordinary remedies.
As might be expected, under the circumstances, a number of wounds and injuries  have occurred,
though none of them have proved fatal.  A number of cases of diarrhoea are noticeable on the
report.  These may have been produced by drinking the  river  water, which  is somewhat hard,
or, what I think more probable,  by  villainous liquor, which those pests of  all  military posts,
the clandestine liquor-sellers,  have been freely vending to the troops.
1  The only death that has as  yet occurred  in the command, was that of a  soldier who was
frozen to death in attempting to return  to the post from a place where liquor was sold, whilst in
a state of intoxication.  The climate  here  is, in general, rigorous, but  subject to sudden and 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.                  33

extraordinary thermal changes, a difference of thirty or forty degrees  of temperature being
sometimes witnessed in the  course of as many hours.  These climatic vicissitudes, fortunately,
do not seem to impair the health of the men.  But little snow has fallen since the cold weather
set in—in all not more than six or eight inches.
   It is said that much less snow falls here on an average than at points  in  more southern
latitudes.   This is probably attributable to the dryness  of the air in this section of country;
the absence  of moisture in the air itself being doubtless owing to a low temperature and great
height above the sea level.
   The first frost, I am told, occurred about the middle of August,  a few days after the arrival
of the first  detachment of troops.   The first snow fell on the 17th October.  The  river froze
over on the 8th of November, and has remained closed ever since.  The ice, at present,  is from
a foot to eighteen inches thick.
   Some doubt and anxiety exist in the command as to the liability of the post  to an overflow.
We have been informed by old voyageurs that our present quarters, and even  the ground upon
which the permanent buildings are to be constructed, are alike subject to  this important  objec-
tion.   The  presence of debris high up in the limbs of the trees, and of drift-wood high  and dry
upon the surrounding  prairies would seem strongly to confirm their statements. Their expla-
nation of this matter, which is quite rational, is as follows: Forasmuch as the Red  river flows
towards the north, the ice and snow at its sources  are first melted,  and the water is forced to
flow through the channel of a river already much diminished from being  frozen  over, so that in
cases of sudden and great thaws the overfloAv of its banks is rendered exceedingly probable.  It
is said that  such an occurrence does not happen oftener than  once in ten or twelve  years; but
the bare probability of such an event  detracts greatly from its eligibility as a military  post, as
such an accident would, in  all probability, be attended by very serious  consequences,  as there
is no high land near us to which we could retreat.
    As this  post has been  but recently established, a slight description of the country, &c, may,
perhaps, be acceptable to the department.  I shall, therefore, proceed to give a brief account,
hoping that my remarks (which will not be strictly within the province  of a sanitary report)
may prove somewhat interesting if not instructive.
    The Red River of the  North is formed by the confluence of the Bois  des Sioux and Ottertail
rivers.  The origin of the former  is in Lake  Travers, near Big Stone lake; this last-mentioned
lake being the source of the Minnesota or St. Peter's river.   The origin  of the latter  is  com-
monly assigned to  Ottertail lake,  though I am  told that its  true source  is in Elbow lake, near
Itasca lake, the source of  the Mississippi; these  two lakes being separated merely by a narrow
strip of elevated land called Hauteurs des Terres.  It is thus observable that the ultimate sources
of rivers flowing on the one hand to the distant  '-'Sunny South," and on the other to the glacial
regions of the  North, have almost a community of origin.  Furthermore, I am informed that,
although at ordinary stages of the water a portage of about two miles has to be made  between
Lake Travers and  Big Stone lake, yet it occasionally happens that at  high water boats can
freely pass from one lake  to the other.  If such be the case, we are made  acquainted with one of
the most remarkable and  interesting facts appertaining to the physical history of our continent,
which is the feasibility of traveling by water from Hudson's  Bay to the  Gulf of Mexico by an
inland passage.
    The general course of the Red river is towards the north.  One of the most remarkable pecu-
liarities of the river is its surprising tortuosity.  A person  may walk for miles upon its  frozen
surface, and upon ascending the hank is surprised to find that he is  very  close to the point from
which he  started.   It  is said to be not more than 160 miles from this post  to  Pembina by  the
land  route, whereas  by way of the river  the distance  is estimated at  more than 400 miles.
There are no falls or rapids in the river that I have seen; the river moving along with  a steady
and tolerably rapid current.  The term red, as applied to this river, is singularly inappropriate,
              5----s 
34
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
inasmuch as the bluish-black soil through which the stream flows imparts its color to the water.
Opposite the post it is not more than thirty yards in width and from two to  three feet in depth
at low water, and these general dimensions it preserves for many miles, both above and below the
post.   As regards its navigability, I think  that any other than the smallest single steamers will
have great difficulty in ascending as high as the post, except at periods of high water.   As is
usually the case with water courses in this country, the banks of Red river are overgrown with trees,
the principal varieties  being the oak, ash,  maple, elm, and boxwood.  The timber in general is
large, some of the trees attaining a stately magnitude, a circumstance indicative of the richness
of the soil from which they spring.  As might be inferred from its alluvial character,  no pines
grow in the Red River valley.  The nearest are at Ottertail lake, forty-five miles  east of the
post in  a direct line.
    The  valley of the  Red river  is  a  flat  alluvial prairie with a subsoil of bluish-black clay.
There are no rocks in our vicinity, save those mysterious boulders, which, scattered here and there
over the face of the country, form  so interesting a feature in the geological history of our country.
This valley is both fertile and beautiful; at the proper seasons of the year it is covered with a most
luxuriant growth of excellent grass.  I am told that at Pembina most of the cereals and esculent
roots are successfully cultivated, though, in general, the seasons are too short to justify the extensive
cultivation of corn.  The greatest drawbacks  that the farmers experience are the occurrence  of
early frosts and the devastations  committed by grasshoppers.   I am told that these insects are,
at times, so numerous  and destructive as to utterly lay waste every green shrub or plant in their
route, not even excepting the leaves of the tallest trees.   It is  probable that localities combining
the advantages of wood and water will soon become settled; but I am  of opinion that the extreme
rigor of the  climate,  coupled with the  comparative scarcity of wood  and the remoteness of a
market, will, for a long time, debar the ingress of a large population into this valley.   In all
probability these prairies will only become densely populated when railroads are made throughout
the country;  when the agriculturist, in exchange for  the products of  his farm, will be able to
procure a sufficiency of coal for fuel.
    From time immemorial the regions of  country watered by the Red river  and its tributaries
have been celebrated for the  abundance of its game, and its animals prized  for their furs.  In
former  times the  Hudson's Bay  Company drew from this region many of their most valuable
peltries.  The buffalo, elk, and antelope are still abundant upon the  prairies, and  the beaver,
otter, fisher, mink, and muskrat, in  the  streams.  At present,  these  regions  constitute the
hunting and battle-grounds of the Sioux and Chippewa tribes of Indians.  Wild fowls are also
numerous, being  attracted, in a  great  measure, by the wild rice which  here flourishes luxuri-
antly.   Among these I have  noticed the American swan, (Cygnus americanus,) and varieties of
geese, viz: Anas canadensis;  A. hyperborea;  A. bernicla.   As to the ducks, among many others
of less note, I have observed  the mallard and blue-winged teal, (Anas  boschas, and A.  discors.)
Three of the most prized species of duck found on the Atlantic sea-board  I have never seen
here, viz: The canvasback, red-head, and American widgeon  or bald-pate, (A. valisneriana, A.
ferina,  A. americana.)
    As regards the fish, they are quite abundant in the river.  Among them I have been able to
identify the great northern pickerel, (Esox lucivides.)  I was told that the white fish (Coregonus
albus) was an inhabitant of the river, but a specimen exhibited to me as such was a species of
fresh-water herring, (C. artedi.)  I  have not, as yet, seen the American pike (Esox estor) here,
though both the  pike (or muskellunge as it  is commonly called)  and the white fish may be
natives  of the river, inasmuch  as  I have not yet had time to make  the proper investigation.
The bird called the grouse  here is not a true grouse, (Tetrao,) but a species of ptarmigan,
(Lagopus;) they are very abundant and of excellent flavor. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.                  35
      SANITARY REPORT—CANTONMENTS OF SIXTH INFANTRY, NEAR FORT PIERRE, N. T.
                           Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely :  July, 1856
   This cantonment is situated immediately upon the left bank  of the Missouri  river, twelve
miles above Fort Pierre,  Nebraska Territory.  It is  located in a beautiful cottonwood grove,
from three to five hundred yards in breadth and five  miles in length.   The  undergrowth was
originally very dense, but  has now been so thinned out as to permit  a free and  unobstructed
circulation of air.   The trees remaining are very large and tall, and afford most excellent shade
to the cantonment.   The houses are based upon a soil which is elevated about twelve feet above
the ordinary stage of low water in the river.   The ground bears evidences of having been subject
to an occasional overflow,  but  I think that a long time has elapsed since this has occurred, and
deem it very probable that it will never happen again.  The soil is very sandy in its character,
and  consists of the deposits from the river when high, of sand blown  from the bars when the
water is low, and of some  vegetable mould, which has been here formed.   Immediately without
the timber (which extends along  the river bank) is a  bench of land about six hundred yards in
breadth,  and raised six or eight feet above the site of  the cantonment,  covered chiefly with the
short buffalo grass.  Upon the outward side of this bench is a low range of bluffs, which rise
abruptly to the height of  about sixty feet above the plain below, and  then form a very gently
undulating plateau, which gradually slopes upwards to  the main bluffs, about three miles from
the river.  The first range of  bluffs  approaches to the water's edge about two miles above us,
whilst  below us the bench of land between the bluffs and the timber widens, becomes lower and
more moist, and is covered  with longer grass.  There are no ponds in our vicinity. During a
continuance of rains, early in the month of May, a considerable portion of the valley from  three
to four miles below us was covered with water to the depth of a  few inches; but  this  has not
since been the case.  The  Missouri river is about three fourths of a mile in breadth  at this place.
Upon the opposite bank there  is no river valley from a point seven miles below this to one several
miles above.
   The climate of this region is cold in winter and hot in summer.  The mercuiy ranges during
the year  from —27° to 106° Fahrenheit, and,  perhaps, in  some instances the extremes  are still
more widely separated.   During the recent  hot weather the temperature has been suddenly
considerably reduced upon a few occasions; but I have only observed one or two cases of disease
which  appeared to be induced  thereb3r.
   Whilst the cold season continued the troops were  much exposed  in procuring  fuel  for the
fires, cottonwood  bark  for the mules to eat,  &c.   The mules were not permitted to be used at
all for  the transportation of  these supplies, and the men were compelled to attach themselves to
the wagons.  Since the opening of spring these duties have almost ceased to be required,  and a
moderate amount of drilling, with a light guard duty, have composed the chief employment of
our soldiers.
   The officers' quarters,  the  soldiers'  quarters, and the hospital, are similar structures.   They
are built of cottonwood logs, filled  in  and roofed with earth.   As the buildings were erected
long after the ground had become frozen  in the autumn, they could be but imperfectly constructed;
they were consequently cold in winter.   Upon the  occurrence of the spring rains Ave found that
the roofs Avere no protection against the Avater.  It became necessary for the hospital department,
for the companies, and for the officers, to pitch tents adjacent  to the buildings, in  AA'hich to take
refuge  upon the approach  of a storm.  Window-glass Avas alloAved to the hospital, although at
first refused by General Harney; none Avas permitted to the officers or companies.  The  rooms
Avere attempted to be heated by large open  fire-places  ; so  unsuccessful  Avas  the effort, hoAveA'er,
that it Avas sometimes impossible  to Avrite, in  consequence of the freezing of the  ink in the pen.
The houses  are tolerably  cool in summer, but because of the arrival of camp-women, recruits,
and detachments, a large  portion of the command is noAv in  tents.   From past  experience, I 
36
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
should apprehend the prevalence of dysentery and diarrhoea among those in tents, Avere it not
that they are so very much protected from the heat by the shade of the trees.
    The diet has consisted mainly of the regulation ration.  During the early portion  of the
quarter the men partook largely of the bulb of the wild artichoke, and of the tops of  various
esculent herbs that are here found.
    I believe that Ave are indebted to the use of the artichoke for the disappearance of scorbutus
in the command.   As soon as Ave commenced using it neAv cases of scurvy ceased to sIioav them-
selves,  and those already sick  began to get Avell.   ToAvards the end  of May  the  men were
furnished Avith a small  supply of potatoes, but the necessity for them  had almost ceased.  The
artichoke had preceded it, and appeared  to have  accomplished the work  as effectually and
as speedily.   The  neAv cases of  scurvy which  have originated during this quarter did not arise
here.   They occurred in the persons of recruits who were sick Avith  the disease when  landed
from the steamboat.   The  water in use by the  command  seems to  be good and wholesome.
Until recently Ave have been using the Avater of the Missouri, which, I believe, bears  a very fair
reputation, especially in the West.  Since  the  prevalence of the  very hot weather Avells have
been made  near the river.  The Avater is much cooler than  the river  water, and is  grateful to
the taste, yet,  it evidently contains some foreign element which is not perceptible in the latter.
Whatever may be the nature of this foreign  principle, no evidences of its insalubrity have yet
manifested themselves.
     With regard to cleanliness and clothing the men have been about upon a  par with soldiers
 Avith Avhom  I  have usually served.   With  respect to  their  clothing they have been someAvhat
 more fortunate than  their companions most frequently are.  In consequence of there not being
 a supply of uniform caps on hand they have been permitted to consult comfort and convenience
 in  the covering of their heads, and  have  been  enabled  to protect themselves to  this  extent
 against the frost of Avinter and  the burning rays of the sun of summer.
     During the present quarter the command has been  remarkably temperate, if not in  all
 things, at least in the use  of intoxicating  drinks.  In fact, there has been almost total absti-
 nence prevailing in this respect.  It Avould  afford me great pleasure to  suppose that this abste-
 miousness Avas dependent upon  moral considerations.  I fear, hoAveArer, that it Avas chiefly owing
 to  the difficulty of obtaining the means of intoxication.
     Upon the Avhole,  the command has  enjoyed excellent  health during the quarter.  I do not
 see anything in our  locality calculated to bring disease upon  persons circumstanced as Ave are.
 Were we more exposed to the sun I should  apprehend a somewhat larger sick  report. I should
 not anticipate the development of malaria  in this neighborhood.  Of the eight men Avho have
 suffered from fevers during the quarter, seven arrived from the LoAver Missouri on the  sixth of
 June.   At the end of the first  quarter of 1856 there Avere thirty-eight  men on the sick report;
 at  the end of the  second quarter, with a command more than fifty per cent, larger, there remain
 but fourteen men  sick, and more than half of these are from  among those Avho have  recently
 arrived.  Should the battalion  be permitted to remain where it is, I think that there will be a
 small sick list until the approach of winter.

                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT LOOKOUT.
                          Assistant Surgeon David L. Magruder: October, 1856.

     Fort Lookout, Nebraska Territory,  latitude 44° N., longitude 99° W., (?) noAv in course of
 construction, is situated on the  right bank  of the Missouri river, upon the loAver extremity of a
 Ioav plain, six miles  in length  and two wide,  with an average le\'el near the post, of  perhaps
 twenty-five feet above high water.  Immediately in the rear of this plain, to the southwest  and
 northwest, abruptly rises the  high  prairie,  extending as far  as the Black hills, the  average
 eleAration of which is nearly two hundred feet. 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.                  37

   The site of the garrison  is quite a salubrious one, there being no dense forests, high grass,
or marsh lands  in its  proximity, to  give rise to unhealthy miasms.  It is true that  upon an
island directly in  front  of the post,  there are, at Ioav Avater, several  small lakes, but as  they
never become isolated  until  late  in the season, near the setting in of frosts, I apprehend no
danger  from them.  The soil of the  garrison plain is a dark clay, strongly impregnated Avith
iron and salts of magnesia and soda.   A thin substratum of broAvn hematite  ore is observed to
underlie it, at about six feet from the surface, and directly beneath it again are horizontal strata
of a soft friable cretacious  limestone, which  appears to be of no  particular Aralue,  either for
building purposes  or making lime.
   The only forest trees in the vicinity, and  they not at  all abundant, are the cottonwood, a
species of elm, the ash, and box-elder, all of Avhich are confined exclusively to the river bottom
and  the ravines making up into the plain from it.
   The shrubbery in the  same localities affords  rather a greater variety.   The  most useful are
the Avild plum, a dAvarfed Avild cherry, the buffalo berry, two varieties of currant, the gooseberry,
and grape.   None of them, however, bore fruit during the past summer, except the last, but an
abundant yield is  expected the coming season.
    The climate thus far, since  my arrival, has been  remarkably dry, even for the country Avest
of the ninety-ninth parallel; and although, at times, quite A^ariable in temperature, not colder
than to be expected at this particular season in so high a latitude.
    From the beginning of August to about the first of September,  the Avhole available force of
the  command Avas engaged in  transporting and putting under cover the quartermaster's and
commissary's stores which  had been  deposited from steamboats  upon the river bank, in two
different  places, five miles distant.  Since the time last  specified, the  collecting of building
materials and the  erection of quarters have  been the chief employment  of the troops.  Should
the Aveather continue favorable for out-door work, the rank and file of the command will doubtless
be under cover by the middle, or at furthest, by the  last of the present month, and the  officers
Avill be able to move into quarters early in the next.
    The quarters  under construction for the men are to be  of logs,  heAvn on all four  sides, and
strongly  framed  together,  and when completed, will  be  one story high, Avell  ventilated and
lighted;  will afford ample room for  the occupants, and, on the Avhole, present quite a neat and
comfortable appearance.   For  the Avinter, they will  be  heated by stoves.   It is not yet decided
of Avhat material the officers' quarters ■will be constructed.
    The diet of the troops consist of the ordinary soldiers' rations, with an occasional extra issue
of molasses  and  dried  fruit  superadded,  as  preventive  of scorbutus.   No  fresh  vegetables
having been grown here this year, I have  represented to  the commanding officer  the urgent
necessity for sending to the settlements  as early as possible for potatoes, or other fresh vegetables,
for use during the coming winter.  I believe it is his present intention  to dispatch a train for
the  purpose  early this month.   Should it, hoAvever, have  happened,  by any accident, that no
fresh vegetables be brought up this  fall, I apprehend  that it will  be again my misfortune to
witness another scorbutic epidemic before the return of vegetation in the spring.
    The men of this command are remarkably neat in personal appearance, and cleanly in their
habits,  and for sobriety I have never seen them excelled by any set of men; in fact, I  have yet
to see a drunken man at Fort Lookout.
    During August and September no cases of disease have occurred which presented unusual or
decidedly severe symptoms.

                            SANITARY REPORT—FORT RANDALL.
                               Surgeon T. C. Madison : September, 1857.
    Fort Randall  is  situated on  the  right bank of the Missouri  river,  and in the Territory of
Nebraska;  latitude 43° 01'  N., longitude 98°  12'  W.,  altitude above  the sea  1,245 feet, 
38
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
and  above  the  river  about 50  feet.  The post is 146 miles  above Sioux  City,  Iowa,  by
odometer measurement, on the  Minnesota side, and 40 miles above L'eau qui Court, or Running
Water.  The country in the  immediate  vicinity is very  hilly; but, after you ascend these
eminences or bluffs t\vo miles to the southAvest, presents an expansive level prairie.   From the
summit of any of these hills you have a most  picturesque vieAv of the surrounding country, the
Missouri river and Minnesota Territory.   The plateau on which, the post  is built is  about one
fourth of a mile from the river, the Avidth of Avhich  at  this point is about the same distance.
There is no other Avater in the vicinity, if you except a creek, Avhich enters the Missouri river, a
few hundred yards  south, and which, from  the fact  that it is dry three fourths of the year, has
been  denominated the Dry Ravine.   The river bottom is not extensive, and the only timber to
be found is along it and the Dry Ravine, (Avhich latter extends about fifteen  miles,) and  is suitable
for fuel only.  The logs from Avhich our first quarters Avere constructed Avere rafted across from
the Minnesota side  of  the river.  After the abandonment of Forts Pierre  and Lookout, much
better quarters were constructed from the lumber brought from those posts.  There are several
cedar islands from fifteen to thirty miles above,  from Avhich the best  lumber can be procured,
and either floated doAvn in summer or hauled down  upon the  ice in winter.  The soil is chiefly
silicious, and productive only in small localities.  Our gardens Avould haA*e succeeded better, but
for the inadequate supply of rain, and the myriads of grasshoppers, which made their appearance
about the 1st of August,  continued throughout the  month,  and almost annihilated everything
possessing verdure.  There  is a sulphur spring on the opposite bank of the riA^er.
   Forest Trees.—Cottonwood, elm, (two varieties,) ash, scrub oak, box-elder, cedar, hickory.
   Fruits.—Plums, (yelloAv and red,) buffalo and service berries, choke cherries, wild raspberries,
Avild gooseberries, and winter grapes.
   Plants.—Polar or magnetic plant, (Indian guide,) sunflower, Avild artichoke, Avild onion, and
and a great variety of  others entirely unknoAvn to me, but perhaps not to botanists.   The  Avild
rose is most abundant, and a Aveed, called  rattlesnake Aveed, the root of which  is said to  be a
specific in the cure of the bite of that snake.   The root is chewed and applied  directly to the
part;  it is hot, pungent, penetrating.  I had a quantity gathered and preserved in the hospital,
but no opportunity occurred for testing its reputed properties.
   Mammals.—Buffalo, elk, black and Avhite tail deer, wolves, prairie  dog,  fox, squirrel, (red,)
beaver, mink, otter, badger,  and  prairie ground  squirrel.  Buffalo, elk, and  deer  are  not
abundant, though three  of the first were recently killed in Minnesota Avithin five miles of us.
There is an extensive dog-toAvn within two miles of the post.
   Birds.—Wild turkey, Washington, bald, and Avar eagle, oavI, (large and screech,) raven, croAv,
grouse, quail, blackbird, bluebird,  swalloAv, hawk, (large and small,)  sparrow, killdeer.  The
grouse  are  quite numerous, but it is very rare to see  a quail; some  few Avere reported a  feAv
miles above here, and a  bevy  Avas frequently seen on Ponca  islands, twenty-five miles below.
None have ever been discovered as high up the river as Lookout or Pierre.   There are also  Avild
pigeons, doves, ducks,  larks, robins, woodpeckers, and Avhippoorwills.
   Fishes.—Buffalo and cat; some of enormous size  abound in  the Missouri; it is very rare to
catch any other kind.
   Reptiles.—Rattle-snake, buffalo-snake, garter-snake, toad.
   Meteorology.—The climate is uniformly cold in winter, and not unpleasantly hot in summer.
The lowest thermometrical observation Avas —26°, on 17th of January, at 9, p. m., and the highest
104°, at 2, p. m., on the 11th of August.  The latest frost Avas on the 15th of May, and the earliest
Avas on the 28th of September, Avhen the thermometer, at 6, a. m. , Avas 34° Fahrenheit.   Frosts are
not unfrequently much  later  in  spring  and  much earlier in  autumn, sometimes in August.
There Avas no rain from the 24th of October, 1856, to the 4th of March of the present year.  The
annual  precipitation of rain from October 1, 1856,  when meteorological observations Avere first
commenced, up to the  present  time, September 30, 1857, was 11.64  inches; and that of melted 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.                  39
 snow, 4.23 inches;  total, 15.87 inches.  It rarely rains between the 15th of November and 15th of
 March of any year.   The Avind blows almost incessantly, and most frequently from the north in
 winter, and south  and southeast in summer.  The siioav storms  are  quite frequent and most
 violent.   The dragoons Avere stationed one mile beloAv, and I was required to attend them reg-
 ularly every  day, a duty almost insupportable  on the  coldest and windiest days.   Individuals
 frequently are lost in going a distance of one hundred yards only.   The Missouri river Avas frozen
 over on the 2d of December, and remained blocked till the 21st of March. It, hoAvever, requires much
 time after the river opens before its safe navigation, owing to  floating ice.   The first boat arriAred
 from St. Louis about the 20th of May.  The navigation of the Big Muddy can only be depended
 on between the 15th of May and 30th of August.  Boats have ascended later and returned to  St.
 Louis in safety, but instances are rare.   Private  boats  cannot incur  the risk.  A public boat
 (the Grey Cloud) remained blocked in the ice at Ponca island, twenty-five miles beloAv this point,
 Avinter before last,  and the J. D. Morton, another public boat, at the mouth of James m^er,
 (Riviere Jacques,) about one hundred  miles  beloAv.   Suitable boats,  of Avhich, hoAvever, none
 have as yet been constructed, might  readily ascend and descend as late as the 1st of November.
 Later in the season the channel is better defined, and sufficiently washed out.   The meteors, or
 falling stars, Avere  rather more numerous on the night of the 10th of August, though they had
 been frequently observed for a month previous.  They were also  numerous on the  night of the
 7th of September.
    Diseases and Deaths.—The accompanying abstract will sIioav the number of cases and deaths
 for the past year.   The post since  its  establishment has been garrisoned by six companies;  at
 first, four of the second infantry and two of the second dragoons; and afterAvards, and at present,
 six companies of the second infantry.   There Avere five deaths—tAvo  occurred  among rejected
 recruits;  one had hydrothorax and heart disease on his arrival, and died soon afterAvards; the
 other Avas far gone  Avith tubercular phthisis.  He contracted  the  disease at Fort Columbus, and
 was sent out with the hope that the trip, change of scene, and change of air might  benefit him.
 Of the other three, one died of  typhoid dysentery from  drinking  stagnant Avater Avhile herding
 horses, and being better than the generality of men, adhered to his duty, Avhen  he  should  have
 reported sick.  Another had haemoptysis from, scorbutic diathesis.  The  fifth, and last, received
 a severe punctured  wound in the head from  an iron pitchfork; the particulars of  Avhich Avere
 reported at the end of the quarter.   I do not believe that a single case of genuine  intermittent
 fever has  originated at the post.  We have, at present, one and the only case of febris typhoides,
 Avhich might have occurred  in the healthiest parts of Virginia.  An officer's  child  Avas brought
 here with scarlatina anginosa, but the disease  Avas only communicated  to one of  his brothers
 who had  been some months previously with  us.  The other Avho came Avith him  escaped
 altogether.  I tried the belladonna pretty generally as  a prophylactic.  Nearly all the cases of
 dysentery and diarrhoea Avere scorbutic.   The climate is certainly unfavorable to the  development
 of phthisis and affections  of the chest generally.  I treated twro cases only for  pneumonia,
 though some others might have  been  reported as such; just as Ave  sometimes register a pleuritic
 stitch—pleuritis.  Consumption, from obvious reasons, must be more frequent among the Indians
 in the vicinity Avho  are more exposed to  atmospherical vicissitudes and not as Avell clothed and
 fed as soldiers.   Besides, Avhen they become sick they receive no treatment  likely to  benefit
 them.  No case of delirium  tremens has been reported;  the men are the most temperate I have
ever seen, because they cannot get  liquor.   The  case of strictura urethras, or  retentio  urina?,
occurred in the same individual, and Avere repetitions of the same attack.   I have not treated a
case of syphilis or gonorrhoea  that originated at the post.   This great immunity  may  he
attributed to the great virtue or inaccessibility of the  neighboring Avomen.  A large number of
cases of pernio, frost-bitten  toes, fingers,  heels,  and ears occurred  from  the  great  exposure  to
 which  the men  Avere subjected  during  the severity of Avinter—such as cutting Avood, hauling
Avater, getting ice, and escorting trains between this post and James river; yet, excepting some 
40
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
nails, no other loss Avas sustained.  The  case was far worse, hoAvever, Avith deserters; many of
Avhom  froze to death.  I have  not treated a severely acute case of rheumatism, owing to the
great Avant of humidity  of  the Avinter  atmosphere.  The numerous cases of hemeralopia  I
attributed to solar light strongly reflected from ice and snow.   They Avere soon cured by constant
confinement in a perfectly dark ward.
   The only disease about which Ave need feel the slightest apprehension is scorbutus;  the chief
disease from Avhich the troops have suffered from the commencement of the Sioux expedition up
to the present time.   During the last Avinter the whole command Avas more or less affected before
Ave received the Irish potatoes, which had left St. Louis in the fall, and had to be deposited one
hundred miles beloAv, and afterAA'ards hauled up, frozen, in Avagons.   They did not reach us
before the first week in January.  As soon as a liberal issue Avas fairly commenced, and the men
compelled to eat them raw as Avell as cooked, their convalescence Avas most rapid and  recovery
complete.  After the potatoes  gave out, the supply of Avhich Avas not  abundant, the disease
shoAved a strong disposition  to  return.   I then  commenced with the Avild  artichoke—a  most
excellent antiscorbutic and substitute for  the potato.   They were edible from the 1st of April to
the middle of May.   They make a most palatable pickle.   They were generally  eaten raw Avith
vinegar, sliced or  grated.   It and the raAv potato should always  be  grated when the mouths of
the patients  are  tender, and their gums ulcerated and bleed from the slighest touch.   The
artichokes  are most abundant  about here;  the  wild onion  rather  scarce compared Avith the
vicinity of Lookout and Pierre.   Later in the season the Avild nettles made excellent greens, and
were liberally consumed by both sick and well.   During the whole of this time fresh beef and
the ordinary commissary antiscorbutics, such as  lime-juice, pickles,  dried fruits, and molasses,
were being issued.  I most positively assert that the above articles will  not prevent, much less
cure scurvy  after its full development.   Whether  a more liberal alloAvance AA'ould  effect the
desired object, remains to be ascertained.  After an experience of more than two years in the
treatment of scurvy and its  complications, I am compelled to believe  that  the  consumption of
too much salt meat is the true cause.  The disease was unknown to the Fur Company's men prior
to our  expedition.  Since, hoAvever, their consumption of salt provisions, procured from the
commissary,  they have been similarly affected  with the  soldiers.  The Indians eat nothing
save fresh game  or dried buffalo meat, and put up for Avinter quantities of dried plums, buffalo
berries, choke berries, &c.;  hence their  immunity.  I believe that  almost  any neAv vegetable
Avill cure scurvy;  the neAv Irish potato,  (raAv,) cultiA^ated onion, wild  onion, artichoke, &c.   I
haAre never derived the slightest appreciable benefit from citric acid.
    The hospital is a common log building with two Avards, twenty feet square, and a dispensary
ten by twenty, and a small  kitchen and store-room adjoining.   The only inhabitants in the
vicinity are the Yanktons, the only band of Sioux recognized as friendly at the commencement
of the Sioux expedition.   The Poncas are about the mouth of the L'eau qui Court.  They plant
a  little corn,  but depend almost  exclusively on  Avhat game they chance to kill.  I have not
much  acquaintance  Avith  their  diseases.  They, together with  all the tribes on  the Upper
Missouri, have suffered at times from small-pox and cholera.  I  have  met with some consump-
tives among them.   They have very little or no acquaintance Avith syphilis and gonorrhoea.
The squaws are  Arery virtuous or very inaccessible, and are not pretty.   The men do not differ
essentially  from the  generality of Indians.  I  cured two cases  of  paralysis Avith strychnine,
occurring in a AAroman and her daughter.   The mother had been affected six months, according
to her  ipse dixit, and the  daughter, four years.  The  latter had  not been able  to  make
moccasins,  nor do other sewing, for several  years prior to the exhibition of the  medicine.  She
also walked Avith considerable difficulty.   A case of stricture of the urethra Avas brought to me
a feAv weeks since from Fort Pierre.  The patient, a half-breed Frenchman, had had gonorrhoea
a year before; stricture near the neck of the bladder.   Before being  brought to me he had
suffered, at times, the intensest agony from inability to urinate, and had given an Indian  doctor 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.
41
his only horse in order to effect micturition.  This was  brought about, I am credibly informed,
by suction, Avith the  lips applied  to the penis.   After a feAv mouthfuls of bloody urine, the
bladder was relieved of its enormous distention Avithout further difficulty, for the time being. I
found it almost impossible,-at first, to introduce the  smallest sized bougie or catheter, but he is
now  perfectly well, and can himself introduce a large catheter without difficulty.   I  mention
the above for  the novel Indian modus curandi.
   Veterinary.—A very  fatal disease manifested itself among the dragoon horses, which is
supposed not  to have been described  in works on veterinary  surgery.  Four  companies of
the second dragoons arrived at this post about the  10th of August, 1856, one squadron from
Fort Lookout and one from Big Sioux river, the latter accompanied by a number of new or
remount  horses.  The four companies  encamped on the east or lower side of the dry ravine,
separating the dragoon and infantry camps.   About the 20th of August the disease commenced
simultaneously in all four companies, and many horses died, not, hoAveArer, until after the lapse
of weeks and months.   The following symptoms were observed: first, that, among the remount
horses from below, there was  a  sort of catarrh, or  distemper, with running  at the nose, and
among all the horses a swelling of the skin of the throat and jaAV; also, inflammation, swelling,
and suppuration of the sheath, tenderness and inflammation of the feet, followed by suppuration
at the  point where the hoof joins the skin, the hoof, in a measure, detaching  itself, and a new
one forming in its place.   These were  also accompanied by loss of the  manes and tails.   The
appetite  was  uniformly good; but, from extreme tenderness of the feet,  they were unable to
move about in search of food, and it appears that  at  that time they were entirely dependent
upon grazing, there being no forage at the  post for issue.  Sorrel horses appeared to suffer
most, but no color  escaped.  The private horses of officers shared the fate of the public animals.
A few mules and Indian ponies  were similarly affected.  The acclimated suffered equally with
the unacclimated.   No  treatment was effectual, or afforded permanent  relief.   Bleeding in the
feet  was tried, but its  effect was merely temporary.   Every case of disease originated on the
lower side  of the  dry ravine,  above alluded to.   After  forage was  provided  for  the horses no
new cases occurred, and hence, it is fair to infer that a liberal allowance of forage in the begin-
ning  might have  rendered the  disease much less fatal, or have prevented it.  Whether the
disease was caused by eating any poisonous herbs, or propagated in any manner  by contagion,
could not be  satisfactorily determined,  the origin  and progress of the malady being something
entirely new even to the Indians and half-breeds of the country.   One post mortem was made
of a horse  that died late in the  winter, but developed nothing important; one lung was much
diseased, about one-third of the  stomach was denuded of its inner lining, and contained botts,
and the large  intestines inflamed.  It is well to remark, that we have no veterinary surgeons in
our service, and, consequently,  Avhen these noble animals become  seriously  sick, they almost
invariably  die.
                                     DISEASES.

   The following table, compiled from Abstract No. 5 of this division, represents the aggregate
amount of sickness and mortality  among the troops serving in the region west of the Great
Lakes, during a period of tAventy-one years, from January, 1839, to January, 1860.
6----s 
42
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OP SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	14,185 13,233 13,200 14,956	6,763 6,897 9,180 8,748	50 48 57 39	476 521 695 585	3.5
					3.6
					4.3
					2.6
					
Annual ratio............................................	13,892	31,588	194	2,274	14
					
		31,470	166	2,265	12
					
   An examination of this table shows that the annual proportion of cases to the mean strength
of the forces is 2.27 to 1; that the corresponding ratio of deaths is 1 in 71.60, or 1.40 per cent.;
and that the proportion of deaths to the number of cases treated is 1 in 162.82, or 0.61 per cent.
Exclusive of cholera, the deaths were 1 in 83.68, or 1.19 per cent.
FEVERS.
											o &> O % a ca .2 u o a, o £	o o o •
												>. 3)
	14,185		13,233		13,200		14,956		13,892			vi H V to
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o £ i °
Febris continua communis............	52 190 175 16 14 4 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	37 363 474 11 41 11 0	1 0 0 0 0 1 0	97 730 552 19 189 40 0	0 2 0 0 3 4 0	74 456 493 10 40 18 0	0 1 1 0 1 3 0	260 1,739 1,694 56 284 73 0	1 3 1 0 4 8 0	1 in 260 1 in 580 lin 1,694 Oin 56 lin 71 lin 9 Oin 0	18 125 121 4
Febris intermittens quotidiana....... Febris intermittens tertiana...........												
Febris intermittens quartana.........												
												20 6 0
Febris typhus et typhoides...........												
Febris typhus icterodes................												
												
Total................................	451	0	937	2	1,627	9	1,091	6	4,106	17	1 in 241	295
												
   For remarks relative to fevers in this region prior to January, 1855, reference is made to the
report of 1856.  During the last five years  no remarks of special interest respecting  this class
of diseases are to be found in the sanitary reports.  Fevers  of an intermittent type were most
frequent at Forts Eidgely and Kandall.
* 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
43
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
					THIRD-						c a -a r. o | s a .£ ° 3 c. p	o o
												-3
	14,185		13,233		13,200		14,956		13,892			7- '""
												w S3
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		° E o £ '5 °
	1 332 80 6 0 2 6 198 284	0 7 1 4 1 0 1 0 0	31 717 169 2 3 9 43 282 395	15 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0	86 1,862 388 16 5 12 3 321 381	13 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0	0 1,041 181 18 7 6 6 264 337	0 4 1 1 1 0 1 0 5	118 3,952 818 42 15 29 58 1,065 1,397	28 16 4 9 2 0 3 0 5	lin 4 1 in 247 1 in 202 lin 5 lin 7 Oin 29 lin 19 Oin 1,065 1 in 279	
												284 59 3 1 2 4 76 100
												
Dysenteria chronica....................												
												
Hepatitis acuta...........................												
Hepatitis chronica.......................												
												
All other diseases of this class.......												
Total...............................	909	14	1,651	18	3,074	22	1,860	13	7,494	67	1 in 112	539
												
Exclusive of cholera....................									7,376	39	1 in 189	531
												
   Asiatic Cholera is reported by Surgeon T. C. Madison as  having occurred in a detachment
of the second infantry on board the steamer Arabia, while ascending the Missouri river to Fort
Pierre,  in June and July, 1855.  Fifty-two  cases and  nine deaths are reported.  The report
gives nothing of special interest in regard to the symptoms or treatment;  nor is anything said
about its exciting cause.   This disease also appeared in a battalion of the sixth infantry, en route
from  Jefferson  Barracks to Fort  Kearny, in April,  May, and June, 1855.  Twenty-four cases
and  fourteen deaths are reported by Assistant Surgeon A.  T. Kidgley, who  states that the
soldiers had been exceedingly intemperate while at Jefferson Barracks. All the cases were treated,
in part at least, with  calomel.   All who  recovered were ptyalized, but  one patient who was
salivated did not recover.   For accounts of Asiatic  cholera, as it appeared in this region prior to
January, 1855, see the report of 1856.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
											o ss a ■a .. o % C a o o o a, o £	o o © .
												.-T xi
	14,185		13,233		13,200		14,956		13,892			— S
												a a o a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o £ o <« '5 °
	96 1,396 9 69 37 30	3 0 9 0 7 1	134 636 10 51 43 33	1 0 6 2 1 0	44 560 14 28 12 55	1 0 8 0 1 0	104 1,401 11 49 42 26	0 0 4 1 6 1	378 3,993 44 197 134 144	5 0 27 3 15 2	1 in 75 0 in 3,993 1 in 1.6 lin 66 lin 9 lin 72	27 287 3.1 14
												
												
												9
												10
Total...............................	1,637	20	907	10	713	10	1,633	12	4,890	52	lin 94	352
												
	379	2	443	0	416	1	483	0	1,721	3	1 in 574	123
												
 
44
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   Epidemic Catarrh prevailed  at Fort Kipley in the fourth quarter  of 1855, and in the first
quarter of 1856.  Assistant Surgeon E. J. Baily remarks that  "the disease was characterized
by great severity and obstinacy,  and its almost invariable complication with  either acute  bron-
chitis, pneumonia, or pleurisy.  In  some instances  there was every indication that the entire
contents of the thoracic cavity were implicated, not excluding the heart."   During this epidemic
almost all the principal diseases  were impressed with it, and assumed the typhoid type.
    In the report of  1856, it was stated that the ratio of cases  of phthisis pulmonalis, in this
region, to the mean  strength of the forces, was  4.1 per 1,000.   The  more  extended series of
statistics now given  shows the ratio to be 3.1 per 1,000.

                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT RIDGELY.
                           Assistant Surgeon N. S. Crowell: December, 1857.
                                         [Extract.]

    "About the first of November diseases of the throat and  respiratory organs began to prevail,
 and  a marked  predisposition to them continued throughout the month.   In but  few  cases,
 however, were the lungs  affected; the principal  seat of the disease appearing  to be the throat
 and  bronchia.  Many cases of these disorders occurred  simultaneously, and from the univer-
 sality with which it afterwards prevailed, not only among the troops and others exposed to the
 inclemency of the weather,  but also among children, it is probable that the origin of the disease
 was due to some peculiar condition of the atmosphere.  Disorders of this nature prevailed also,
 as I afterwards learned, at St. Paul  and its  vicinity, to a considerable extent.  During the
 continuance of the disease,  but few persons at the post escaped Avithout a sore throat  or catarrh,
 though in many  instances so slight  as  not  to  require medical interference.   The quarterly
 report does not exhibit the  full  extent to which the disease  prevailed in the command, as  many
 cases occurred in which the attack was so mild as not  to disqualify the subject of it for duty;  a
 slight cough or hoarseness only, continuing for a few days, and passing away without materially
 affecting the health.  In the majority of the cases which  came under my inspection  the tonsils
 were more or less inflamed, and sometimes enormously swollen.  The inflammation  in  many
 cases was intense, and not confined to the tonsils, but  involved the uvula, velum palati,  and
 posterior fauces generally, and in a few instances extended even to the salivary glands, occasion-
 ing a disagreeable spontaneous  ptyalism.  When the inflammation of the tonsils was so  slight
 as to present a  mere blush  over the parts, the affection was recorded  as catarrhal or  bronchial,
 as the symptoms of the one or the  other predominated.   Cephalalgia, difficult deglutition, and
 high inflammatory  fever  (the pulse  sometimes rising as high as 130 beats in a minute) accom-
 panied the severe attacks of tonsillitis.   The average duration of the disease was about six days,
 the local inflammation terminating in  every case, both among children  and adults, by resolution.
 In the fatal case of pleuritis, recorded, the patient was admitted  into the hospital in consequence
 of a phlegmonous  inflammation  of the  front of the neck, implicating  the submaxillary and
 parotid glands.   The true condition of the interior of the throat could not be learned by inspec-
 tion, as the jaws could barely be separated, but it was undoubtedly much involved in  the disease.
 An insidious and typhoid form  of pleuritis supervened on  the fourth  day, and the patient  died
 on the eighth from  his admission.
     "The weather, during the prevalence of these disorders, though unusually mild, was exceed-
 ingly damp and unwholesome, from frequent though not heavy falls of rain and  snow; the
 meteorological register for November showing twelve days of  wet weather, yielding  only 2.84
 inches of water."
         ***********
     The troops at  many stations in  this region, and especially at  Forts Laramie,  Pierre, and
 Lookout, and at Camps Walbach and Platte Bridge, have  suffered from scorbutus.    From the 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
45
various reports on this subject, the following from Fort Laramie have been selected as embracing
all the points  of special interest:

                             SANITARY REPORT, FORT LARAMIE.
                           Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns : December, 1858.
   There is but little of interest to report, with the exception of what relates to scorbutic disease,
the tendency to and practical development of which was observed last quarter.   The condition
of the entire command during this quarter was scorbutic, although only fourteen fully developed
cases were recorded on the report.   So strongly pronounced was  the scorbutic condition  that  I
deemed it advisable to recommend to the commanding officer the  administration to the command
not on the sick report of the same preparation of the cactus used  in the hospital.
   The desiccated vegetables  seemed unavailing, though most useful otherwise as additions to
the food of the men; no other vegetables could now be provided, and a long winter was to be
passed through.
   For the  information of the department, and to show what measures I have taken and  recom-
mended, I respectfully inclose the following copies  of communications made by me to the adjutant's
office of this post.
   With respect to the use of the juice of the cactus, (made by  cutting the leaves in slices after
slightly cooking the outside by holding them a  brief period  over  fire, and  then steeping  the
pieces in water until a thick greenish-brown mucilaginous mixture is obtained,) I would remark
that great benefit has attended its administration, as at the end  of the quarter all the cases were
convalescent.   No other remedy appeared to have the slightest effect upon the disease.
    I have long since ceased to place any reliance on citric acid, and have seen no good results
from the preparations  of potash.  All the  cases were proceeding  from bad to worse, until  I
commenced the use of the cactus, which I had previously employed in Texas.
    But amendment was soon apparent under the use of the cactus, though not so rapid  as was
desirable; still, in the absence of the potato, (the best antiscorbutic,) the  cactus was most useful.
    In consequence of my  recommendation, the commanding  officer caused to be procured also,
in the last  week in December, a supply of  wild  celery, growing twelve  miles  from this post,
superintending the search for it himself.  It is contemplated to make the celery a regular article
of diet for the companies  during  the  winter, should it be found  in sufficient quantities  for the
purpose.   In the hospital I intend using both  the  juice of the cactus and celery, and look for
good results.  I have  omitted to mention that  the dose of the juice of the cactus is nearly a
tumblerful  mixed with half a gill of whisky, (bought  from the commissary department out  of
hospital funds, as the hospital liquors would otherwise be expended,) and flavored with  extract
of lemon.
    My observation of scorbutus leads me to conclude :
    I.  That the primary cause of scurvy is the absence of material furnished to the blood by fresh
vegetable matter.
    II.  That from the primary cause the disease is developed by,
    1.  Depression  from exposure to cold, particularly during guard duty at night, and  the long
continued cold of winter.
    2.  Depression  from fatigue.
    3.  Insufficient ventilation, and crowding a number of men in a restricted place, whether  in
company quarters or on shipboard.
    4.  Too great a preponderance of salted food.
    III.  With respect to prevention and treatment.
    1. That citric acid alone has but little effect upon the disease, and the same with respect to
 potash.
    2. That the first step is to procure fresh vegetable matter. 
46
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   3. To issue stimulant and tonic remedies.
   4. To supply a sufficient number of cubic feet of pure air for respiration, and the  avoidance
of the radiated and confined heat and air of rooms heated by stoves.
   5. The diet should be full, nutritious, digestible, and chiefly of fresh meat, and boiled meat,
if possible.
   6. To encourage amusements and counteract the mental depression attendant up>on the disease.
   In conclusion, officers do not have the disease developed, because they have more pure air to
breathe, much less exposure, better diet and clothing.
   The mountain men of this country do not have scurvy, because they are not crowded, have
plenty of fresh air, are subjected to no continued labor or exposure, being  strongly inclined  to
lead a lazy Indian life, and live chiefly on unsalted fresh meat.
   The quartermaster's employes do not have scurvy, because they are not exposed to night
duty; their pay being better than that of the soldiers, they can afford more luxuries in the way
of diet,  and their daily duty and exposure are not excessive.
   On the other hand, I have seen a command liberally supplied with fresh venison, and  saving
their meat ration, yet have scurvy badly, vegetables being entirely wanting; I have also seen a
bad  case of scurvy occurring in the lime groves of Florida, though  it was the only one.
   After nearly two years' observation of scurvy, I have come to the  conclusion that scurvy is a
blood disease with certain alteration of tissue, consequent, dependant primarily upon the absence
of certain principles (to me unknown, nor does any writer seem to be particularly clear on this
point) furnished by fresh vegetable matter.   That this disease  exhibits different grades, from a
positive development to what might be called only, apparently, a tendency, or rather a scorbutic
condition or predisposition.   That the primary condition may proceed at once to full development,
but that ordinarily it receives its most rapid and favorable development from the circumstances
mentioned above, and principally from bad ventilation and insufficient respiration, exposure  to
long continued and  depressing  cold, depressing fatigue, and loss  of regular nightly rest, and
insufficient and badly-cooked food.

   The communications referred to by Assistant Surgeon Johns are  two in number, dated
November 27 and December 29, 1858.   In the first, he reports the presence of scurvy among the
troops, .and recommends the daily issue of desiccated vegetables;  the issue four times in each
week of pickles, dried apples, molasses, and  vinegar; attention to  ventilation of the men's quar-
ters, especially at night; personal cleanliness of the men; good cooking; and mental and physical
amusements and recreations.
  In the second, Assistant Surgeon Johns recommends, in addition  to the measures  above stated,
the daily administration of the juice of the  cactus to all the companies, and the use of  water-
cresses.  He also expresses the opinion that desiccated vegetables will not remove or cure scurvy,
and  that to prevent it, they should be issued daily and in much larger quantities than at present.
Assistant Surgeon Johns also animadverts upon the action of the Commissary General of Subsis-
tence in declining to furnish the potatoes called for by the commanding  officer at Fort Laramie,
and  states that they were brought to that post by private individuals after  the time when it was
deemed impossible to do so by the Subsistence Department.
   This report was referred to the Commissary General, with the following abstract of the cases
of scurvy  that had occurred among the troops stationed at Fort Laramie, Camp Walbach, at
Platte Bridge, and in Utah, in 1857 and 1858: 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.
47
Abstract of cases of sickness from "scorbutus," in Utah forces, Fort Laramie, Camp Walbach, and
                              Platte Bridge, in 1857 and 1858.
UTAH FORCES.
Month.
Cases of
scurvy.
Strength of
command.
FORT LARAMIE.
Month.
Cases of
scurvy.
Strength of
command.
1857. November..............................
    December................................
1858. January .................................
    February ................................
    March....................................
    November..............................
    December................................


                 CAMP WALBACH.


1858. November...............................
    December................................
1,624
2,069
1,838
1,887
1,723
3,387
3,387
97
95
1857. November.............................
    December..............................
1858. January ...............................
    February ..............................
    March.................................
    November.............................
    December..............................


                PLATTE BRIDGE


1858. November............................
    December..............................
 0
 2
 6
13
21
343
329
324
318
316
223
216
75
77
                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT LARAMIE.
                             Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns: March, 1859.
    The health of the command, as contrasted with its  state in the preceding quarter, shows a
marked improvement, and is now, at the end of the quarter, remarkably good.   The measures
detailed in my last report as adopted to redeem the command from the scorbutic  condition in
which it had fallen, were attended with success.   The  effect of remedies was most marked and
satisfactory.
    The juice of the cactus leaf,  as prepared for the  cases of scurvy, proved particularly well
adapted to their treatment, as, under its use, the first set of scorbutic patients were convalescing
before other remedies were additionally employed.   Afterwards, in consequence of my recom-
mendation to that effect, the commanding officer caused, weekly, six or eight barrels of water-
cresses (improperly called  here wild celery) to be obtained from a point  twelve miles  from
the post.   These were put in  charge  of an officer, and  issued to the companies  as part of
their daily food.
    In most  cases it was relished by the men, and its use in  this way (although the cases in
hospital were all convalescing under  the use of the cactus, before the cresses were obtained)
prevented the development of further general scorbutic diathesis  in the command.   Individual
cases of slight importance, particularly towards the end of the quarter, occurred;  but in each
instance the disease was the result of the carelessness of the patient to his  own interests, in the
neglect of the vegetable matter thus provided for him.
    These cases rapidly recovered under the combined effect of the  cactus treatment, cress diet,
and exhortations to do all duty they could find to do.
   In conclusion, I would remark upon the  satisfaction felt from the readiness of the Colonel
commanding  to  listen to,  and act in  general  accordance with, the official and professional
suggestions made with regard to measures to be adopted for  the removal of the scorbutic
disease so prevalent last quarter.  In addition to other means, two new wards have been added
to the hospital.   These are  worthy of remark from the excellent working of the  arrangement
for ventilation which I requested might be made, and which are  exceedingly simple, believing,
with Mr. Calvert Vaux, architect, "that one quarter of the whole secret (of ventilation) lies in
the hole in the bottom, and the remaining three quarters in the hole in the top." 
48
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
    Into these new wards fresh air is introduced by a wooden pipe, six inches square in capacity,
carried from the outside of the building, under the floor, to the side of the chimney, from which
it enters the room just above the floor, the bottom of the opening resting on the floor.
    This inner opening of the pipe can be reduced to an inch in diameter when a wind storm on
that side of the building renders it  necessary.
    In the center of the ceiling of each ward another wooden  pipe of the same capacity springs
up and  projects  through the roof several feet.  There is an arrangement at the top by which
the wind, striking a slanting surface, according  to its direction, pumps, as it were, the air from
the room below.
    The opening in the ceiling is never contracted, and there  is always a sufficient upward draft
to carry up any light object placed at the opening, while there are no objectionable drafts with
respect to the results of this ventilation.
    The difference between  the old and new wards is most marked.   In the  new wards there is
a total absence in the morning of that indescribable,  stale, matutinal odor which neither care
nor cleanliness  will  prevent, when, as is  the  case  with the old wards,  there  is no  proper
ventilating apparatus.
    In speaking  of these means of ventilation,  as  to  their manner of working, it  should  be
understood that the period just after the completion of the  new wards is the one referred to, as
at that time the walls and windows were much more impervious  to external  air than  at the
present, when, from the  shrinking of green timber, additional ventilation is obtained, and more
than is desirable.  There was not the proper material for filling in the walls, which, at present,
are only composed of the frame-work, boarded and battened externally.
    As soon as the season shall be sufficiently advanced, it is proposed to  finish the walls by
filling in with adobes.

                                                          Surgeon General's Office,
                                                                       Blarch 23, 1859.
    Sir :  I am instructed by the Surgeon General to inform you that your sanitary report for the
fourth quarter of 1858 has received his  special attention, and has been referred to  the Commis-
sary General, a copy of whose reply is herewith transmitted for your perusal.
    While  the Surgeon General approves  and commends your official course in relation  to the
prevalence of scurvy among the troops  at Fort Laramie, he directs me to invite your attention
to a few points connected with the development of that  disease, concerning which more specific
and detailed information is desirable to give completeness  to your report.   Your  report states
that  the officers  and quartermaster's men at the post,  and the mountain men of the adjacent
country, are exempt from scurvy.   Making due allowance for the different conditions, as to diet,
clothing, &c, &c, of officers  and enlisted  men, and  confining the comparison  to  the three
classes, mountain men, quartermaster's  men, and soldiers, the conclusion, from the data in  this
office, is that in  all respects, except fresh air, and perhaps the mode of cooking food, the soldiers
should be the least liable to scurvy; that is, provided they used the means which the officers
could command  for them.  It is  usually the case that quartermaster's men, at military posts,
have harder work, and are more constantly exposed in the open air than the soldiers, and that
they dwell in tents, while the troops are comfortably housed.  The  only duty of the soldier  in
garrison which would constitute an exception to this rule, is guard duty at night.   On referring
to the commissary's abstract of issues to the  troops at Laramie for the fourth quarter, 1848, it
is ascertained that the issues of fresh meat to quartermaster's men, was much less in proportion
than to the troops, and that while desiccated  potatoes and  mixed vegetables were  issued to the
soldiers,  in what might be  considered large proportions, none were  issued to  the quartermaster's
men.
    Your report states that  the mountain men subsist "chiefly on unsalted fresh meat."   If they 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.
49
do not eat the "wild celery," or pulp of cactus, or other vegetable food, how is their condition,
as regards scurvy, better than that of the troops at a post where the commissariat had 520 head
of beef cattle;  7,138 rations of mixed desiccated vegetables;  8,706 rations of desiccated potatoes,
and large quantities of dried apples, pickles, vinegar, sugar, and molasses?
   The impression left by a  careful  perusal of your report  is, that the scurvy at Laramie is due
chiefly to the following causes:
   1. To want of sufficient ventilation of the quarters allotted to the troops.
   2. To want of a due proportion  of regular exercise in the open air.
   3. To the manner in which their food is cooked.
   These impressions may be erroneous.  You, however, have the opportunity for stating facts
of much value in relation to the etiology of scurvy, and it is expected that you will cheerfully
respond to this call for information.  You are, therefore, requested to report upon the following
subjects:
   1. The kind of buildings occupied by the troops at Laramie; the dimensions of their dormi-
tories ; the number of men  occupying them;  the  mode of heating those rooms;  the manner of
cleaning them, whether  by  scrubbing with much or little water, or with  dry sand; how often
cleaned; the provision made for ventilation, and  if the ventilators can be or  are closed by the
soldiers at night.
   2. The manner of cooking the food; whether the fresh beef is ever broiled, roasted, or baked;
whether the desiccated vegetables are first soaked in  cold water, and then slowly boiled in  the
same water.
   3. The duties of the troops; the average period of guard duty for each soldier; the length
of time on post at night.  Is coffee saved from the company kitchens, and served to the guard at
night ?
   4. The  duties of  the quartermaster's  men;  their  habits as to  clothing, exercise,  food;
whether  living in tents or in quarters; if- the latter, the size of the rooms and the same particu-
lars  as requested concerning the dormitories of the soldiers.  Do the quartermaster's men live
upon their rations, or do they habitually buy other kinds of food?
   The object  of these inquiries is to arrive, if possible, at the true cause or causes of this disease
in troops at Laramie, for  there would seem to be some local cause operating to produce scurvy
at that post.  In five months, from November 1, 1857,  to March 31, 1858, there were only
seventeen cases of scurvy reported in the army in Utah, averaging 1,800 officers and men,  while
during the  same period forty-two cases are reported  at Fort Laramie  in a command averaging
325  officers and men.  During that time the troops in Utah were much exposed in  tents, were
without vegetables, and  did not  have some of the component parts of the regular ration with
which the commissariat at Laramie  was fully supplied.
   Very respectfully,  your obedient servant,
                                                                    R. C.  WOOD,
                                                                   Surgeon U. S. Army.
   Dr. E. W. Johns,
           Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army, Fort Laramie, Nebraska.
                                           Office Commissary General Subsistence,
                                                        Washington, February 19, 1859.
   Sir: Herewith are returned Assistant Surgeon John's sanitary report from Fort Laramie for
the fourth quarter, 1858, and the abstract of sickness from " scorbutus" in the Utah forces, Fort
Laramie, Camps Walbach and Platte Bridge.
   Inclosed, also, is a copy of a letter from this office to Brevet Major Waggaman, declining to
             7---s 
50
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
send potatoes to Fort Laramie, in compliance with a  requisition from Lieutenant  Mendenhall,
acting assistant commissary subsistence, at  that point.   The date of Lieutenant  Mendenhall's
requisition is unknown at this office.
   The comparison of the number of cases of scurvy in the Utah forces  and Fort Laramie, in
the winter of 1857 and 1858, presents a remarkable contrast, and when taken in connection with
the far greater  exposure of the Utah  forces, and  their want  of several  of the articles  of food
furnished by the commissariat at Fort Laramie, would lead to the belief that other causes than
exposure and want of fresh vegetable food had produced so much of this disease at Fort Laramie.
   The fact that the mountain  men,  officers, and  quartermaster's employes at  that post,
have been free from scurvy, would go far to show that the use of fresh potatoes was not essential
to prevent scurvy, and if closely examined into might  perhaps point out a mode of life by which
this disease among the troops could be prevented.
   When the approach of this disease was  seen at an early period  of the autumn, it is to  be
regretted that recourse was not sooner had  to the fresh vegetables around the post, and which
could have been procured at so little  expense, viz: the wild  celery, cactus, and perhaps other
plants; and the use of fresh meats instead of salted provisions, with other attention to the venti-
lation, &c, &c, as pointed out in Assistant Surgeon John's communication to the commanding
officer, of December 29, 1858.
   Attempts have on  several occasions been made by this department to forward potatoes  (fresh)
to Fort Laramie from Fort Leavenworth, but the loss and decay has been so great as to make
the expense for the benefit conferred, very heavy.   On  this occasion it was deemed the less
necessary, as that post was  liberally supplied with desiccated mixed vegetables, and  desiccated
potatoes.
   Herewith is also inclosed a list  of stores on hand on the last of December, 1858, at Fort
Laramie, which will show the varieties of food at that post.
   Very respectfully,  your most obedient servant,
                                                              J. F.  TAYLOR,
                                                Acting Commissary General Subsistence.
   Brevet Brigadier General T. Lawson,
                 Surgeon General.
                                          Office of Commissary General Subsistence,
                                                          Washington, August 31, 1858.
   Major: Yours of the  27th instant, transmitting  a requisition  of Lieutenant Mendenhall,
fourth artillery, acting commissary subsistence at Fort Laramie, upon the commissary of subsist-
ence at Fort Leavenworth, for potatoes, is received.
   Under the circumstances of the case, particularly the fact that it will be almost an impracti-
cability to furnish the matured potato at Fort Laramie, except in a frosted condition, and that
an ample supply of desiccated vegetables are at  that post, it  is deemed  unadvisable  to comply
with this requisition.
   Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                          A. E. SHIRAS,
                                         Captain, Acting Commissary  General Subsistence.
   Major G. G. Waggaman,
            Commissary Subsistence, St.  Louis, Blissouri. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  NORTHERN  DIVISION.
51
Return ofp?wisions on hand at Fort Laramie, Nebraska Territory, December 31, 1858.
Beef cattle.......................number      526
Bacon.............................pounds   85,543
Bacon hams......................pounds    9,588
Flour .............................pounds  185,254
Hard bread......................pounds  271,561
Tea................................pounds      737
Rice................................pounds    5,928
Beans.............................bushels      624
Whisky..........................gallons      203
Candles...........................pounds     2,916
Soap...............................pounds    15,560
Salt...............................bushels      454
Vinegar..........................gallons     3,587
Coffee.............................pounds    20,073
Sugar.............................pounds    53,170
Molasses.........................gallons      653
Pickles...........................gallons      110
Apples............................pounds    12,462
                                  DESICCATED VEGETABLES.
Mixed, rations...............................................................................................   7,138
Potatoes, rations............................................................................................   8,706
SANITARY REPORT—FORT LARAMIE.
Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns: December, 1859.
   The reinforcement of the command at this  post by the two companies from Cheyenne Pass
and the two companies from  Platte Bridge, ordered here upon the breaking up of the  posts at
those points, brought to my hospital an additional number of cases of scurvy:  eight cases from
Camp Walbach and six cases from camp at Platte Bridge.   A new command, with the exception
of one company, was also to form the garrison during the coming winter, and new circumstances
in the history of scurvy might arise to throw light upon some of the  perplexities attending the
subject.  It therefore seems proper to have deferred reporting until the result of these additional
cases should be known, in order that further information, if any of interest should be developed,
might be attained.  The  last two cases, nearly recovered for duty, left the post with their com-
panies, which was one of the four companies en route for Fort Randall, under Colonel Monroe's
command.
   Before particularizing the points upon which  I am directed to report, I would premise that
in the comparison between the three classes, mountain men, quartermaster's men, and soldiers,
that, while the gravest point of distinction in the commemorative circumstances of soldiers and
of quartermaster's employes  is the guard duty of the  soldier at night, there  is also, I think,
another derived from the  guard duty during  the day; and this opinion is  formed from  an
analysis of  guard duty and its influences, physical and mental, and from contrasting it witli
the mental and  physical conditions of the quartermaster's men.
   In the topography of a sentinel's post the chief characteristic is the  ubee line."  This is the
straight and narrow  path—from it there  is turning neither to the right  hand nor to the left.
Longitudinally "thus far  and  no further" is the fiat;  and.thus, for two  mortal hours, or any
given more  or less mortal time, according to the  exigencies of the service or thermometer, the
military pendulum vibrates his monotonous existence until the  twice-blessed  "relief" releases
him from the effort to keep his falx cerebri in and parallel to the same plane of direction as that
of his post.
   Thus,  there  is necessarily a monotony of mental action, depressing in its  character, too,
from this very monotony affording no stimulus to resist the morbific effect of  exposure.   Of
course, I particularly refer to the garrison duty of a peace establishment, when there is little to 
52                      REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY

put the soldier on the qui vive  of mental  and physical  vivacity—and in ten years 1 have
never known a sentinel but twice  to have a good excuse even to cry  "fire."
   Now, add  to this hopeless mental monotony the effects of depressing cold, particularly at
night, after a day of monotonous pendulistic fatigue, and it would  seem that no better reagent
could be desired for either producing diseases characterized by debility, or for developing such a
disease from a germ derived from other causes.  This is, of course, as before  remarked, more
noticeable  as  connected  with  guard duty at night, but the same causes of mental  monotony,
physical monotony, fatigue monotony,  are  also at work "in the day-time, though in  a less
degree.
    The same holds good as to the other  duties of the soldier.  Drill is also another  effort  to
keep  the falx in the plane of certain directions and to produce pantographic results with bodies,
limbs, and muskets or other  weapons.  Police duty is a daily funeral procession  around the
garrison with twig brushes instead  of cypress boughs for the mourners.
    And so with the individual  action of the soldier, when left to himself, after  the various
processes above  have been duly gone through with.  Little temptation does he seem to feel to
do aught but vegetate in his bunk,  with some occasional spasmodic effort at foot-ball  or other
game—possibly to hunt or fish a little; when, perhaps, there is additional inducement in the shape
of a cask in the bushes somewhere  near his  garrison* whereby, he  superadds to any other bad
physical and mental  influences  those  derived  from the depression  attendant upon alcoholic
stimulants most villainously adulterated.
    The labor of quartermaster's employes is theoretically greater than that of the soldier, but it
is regular.  It is not attended by that monotonous routine and confinement which the soldier is
subjected to in the performance of his duties.   Each quartermaster's man is an individual, under
general supervision, indeed, but exercising  his powers, mental and physical, according  to the
requirements  of the particular work he may have to do.  Does he drive a team?  He does not
drive it up and down over a distance  geometrically described as being the shortest between two
given points, but he  has the management of his  animals  and varied scenery to  employ  his
thoughts.   If he is a carpenter, wheelwright, or blacksmith, his mental motives and physical
employment are those of an individual working with forecast, and not by rote.  Add to these
influences,, good pay and regular nightly rest, and the wholesome conviction that his employment
depends upon his restraint, to  at least a great degree, of whatever vicious tendencies he may have,
and the sum shows a balance greatly  in favor of the quartermaster's man.
    The mountain men of the country are  even in  still better commemorative circumstances.
 They are not at all crowded in  their accommodations; have plenty of fresh air; do but little labor;
 and  just enough to give them  wholesome, but not fatiguing exercise, and to enable them to
 provide for their families.   They have generally domestic relations, of not very elevated degree,
 indeed, but regular domestic connections with the  Indian women, recognized throughout the
 country.  It is true that their diet  is chiefly unsalted meat,  but it is easy for them  to procure,
 and many of them do procure from  the trading stores, many comfortable additions to this diet.
 And I am credibly informed that they have used the cactus  and whatever greens they can or are
 not too lazy to get.   They can even  obtain desiccated vegetables from the stores, and have been
 seen  to purchase them.  Onions  are also brought by traders occasionally from New Mexico.
    The mountain men then have this favorable conjunction of circumstances.   They live a free,
 open Indian life, crowded neither as to quarters nor as to communities.   They have a sufficiently
 good diet apparently; also  sufficiently mixed and varied.   Their employments are such as  not
 to fatigue  them  particularly, nor  to expose them, except occasionally, to severe weather, for they
 love  a lodge fire as much as an  Indian, and when they are exposed they are well protected  by
 clothing of furs,  buckskin, blankets,  or ready-made clothing.
    With respect to the apparent advantages of the post over the mountain men, as to the items
of 526 head of cattle and the abundant supply of desiccated vegetables, the reality is this: that 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE NORTHERN  DIVISION.                  -53

the post cattle (tough and stringy as they are)  are more than overbalanced by the unnumbered
deer and antelope furnished from nature's commissariat.  It has also been seen that the mountain
men can and do procure vegetable matter fresh and desiccated.   In addition, the desiccated
vegetables  in the  commissary department were  next to  being useless, from the very limited
quantities allowed to be issued.   To be of any  use the  desiccated vegetables should be used in
large quantities, of daily issue, as prophylactics.   Carefully stored  up in boxes  and issued
homeopathically the vegetables can, and my  observation has taught me do, exercise not the
slighest effect in raising  a command from a scorbutic condition.  They would be most valuable
as agents for varying the diet of men, which, physiologically, is almost as important as the  most
substantial parts of food.  It would not seem  good policy to store up material until the time in
which it could be advantageously used shall have passed and the good effect be negatived by the
exceedingly diminutive "portions" issued.  The  other articles of the commissariat, dried apples,
pickles, vinegar, sugar, molasses, &c, can all be  obtained in the country at trading stores; and,
although the diet of the mountain men is "chiefly unsalted fresh meat," it is also possible, and,
indeed, easy for them to  obtain other additional varieties  to  their food, while, also, it has been
shown that  even leaving out of consideration these additions to their  food, they are still in a
better case than soldiers, on account of differing  and superior conditions, mental and domestic.
Thus, the condition of the soldier shows  little,  if  any, superiority over that of the mountain man
as to the desiccated vegetables, while at the same  time the superiority as to the meat is decidedly
in favor of the mountain man by as much as the difference is between wholesome, fat, rich,  wild,
venison, supported by jerked buffalo  flesh; and  tough, stringy, indigestible beef, followed up
with a due  proportion of the salt provision, furnished by decimated multitudes of the species
"sus scrofa."
    As to this point of difference, the comparative value of dried meat of the Indian or voyageur
(jerked  meat) and the dried meat  of the soldier, (salt meat,) it should  be  observed that the
jerked meat loses merely the watery portions, while, in meat dried by salt or in salt brine, in the
words of Dr. Ure,  "it happens that, as kreatine is soluble in brine, but  little of this valuable
element remains in the contracted and solidified  mass known as salt junk, which may either be
of  beef  or pork, and employed as food upon  much the same principle as that ascribed to
alligators, who swallow stones to appease the cravings of an empty stomach.
    "Kreatine has  evidently a singular connection with muscular energy, as it exists in greatest
quantities in the flesh of animals most remarkable for muscular power and activity.   To exclude
it, therefore, is to introduce an element of weakness in the dietary of our seamen that cannot
fail, in the  long run, to show itself, and  hence the  enormous prostration of strength  which
accompanies the sea-scurvy."
    In the Encyclopasdia of  Chemistry by Booth and Morfit it is very judiciously observed that
 "the brine of salted meat abstracts and retains  all the phosphates, acids, kreatine, &c,  neces-
sary to the formation of blood,  and hence its  scorbutic action, owing to a partial reduction by
this process to a mere supporter of respiration; and hence, also, its inability to effect the perfect
replacement of the wasted organism."
    And the same and more with respect to "land-scurvy," which is the same thing, with this
shade of difference, that land-scurvy is said  to be, by  Dr. Wood, (page 243, vol. 2,)  "more
obstinate under treatment,  probably, because the constitutional tendency must be stronger to
have led to the disease under circumstances so much less favorable."   And  again,  "when the
causes  upon land  are as powerful as  at  sea (and there is  great approximation to these in
 garrison) the ravages of the complaint are  not less fearful."
    The conflicting commemorative circumstances in  the history of scurvy seem  to me to be
 better understood by regarding this disease as being a blood disease, dependent upon both lesion
 of nutrition and lesion of respiration,  resulting from imperfect supply, in a natural or recent 
54
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
state, of the nitrogenous compound.s of the starch  group, and of the saline and earthy matters
entering into the tissues of the body and rejected by various outlets.
   This imperfection of supply is not only with respect to quantity, but also to the ratio of the
supply afforded by the components derived from each class.
   Two great divisions of the kingdom of nature, the animal and the vegetable, furnish, in their
respective quotas of food-material, components analogous, if  not identical; as,  for  instance,
gluten corresponding with coagulated albumen; vegetable albumen with albumen of the egg;
casein with  avenaceous and leguminous forms  of vegetable  casein.   Both supply nitrogenous
food, and it is by many physiologists thought that both furnish material  for respiration,  "that
the carbon given off is partly derived from  the gluten or flesh of the food  as well as from  the
starch or fat."  (Johnson's Elmts. Ag. Chemistry, p.  340.)
   The way in which food furnished from the animal kingdom  in, as it were, a preserved state,
by salt or otherwise,  is insufficient for the purposes  of renewal of  tissue,  and thus tends to
the development of scurvy, has  been already indicated.
   Food furnished by vegetables in the winter season is also more or less prepared vegetable food
destitute, to a great degree,  of what the human organism evidently needs to repair  its  waste and
rebuild tissue.   That is to say, that while the main principles of sustenance are furnished, some
of the components of vegetable food in its natural state are necessarily, from the course of prepara-
tion, lost; as, for instance, in the desiccation of vegetables, the  extracting of lime-juice from the
fruit, the alteration from fresh  to  dried peas,  beans, apples, or other  fruits.  Then the way in
which the food is presented seems all important.  It may seem to some very practicable to  arrive
at such a pitch of knowledge as to be able to extract proximate principles to meet certain sup-
posed conditions ;  but why should death ever put a term to existence, animal  or vegetable, or to
such reasonings ?   The human organism is not alone a crucible for producing purely chemical
results; nor, as Surgeon Tripler justly remarks,  in his pamphlet on scurvy, is lemon-juice all citric
acid ; nor are potatoes all potash.  And Dr. Carpenter, with equal justice and great delicacy,
suggests, with reference to Dr. Garrod's theory for the cure of scurvy by the use of alkaline
remedies alone, that "a much larger induction is necessary for the establishment of this position."
   Thirty-six parts of carbon by weight, with forty-five of water, ought apparently to form one
and   the same substance; yet, how different are  the  starches, cellulose,  gums, mucilages, and
sugars  from each  other, though belonging to the same group, and,  in composition,  identical.
And in household chemistry every matron knows, though not able, perhaps, to explain why,
that  given certain cupfuls of this and tablespoonfuls of that,  it will not do  to  mix them indis-
criminately, but it is necessary to  be  "sure" and first "beat up" and then "add"  and then
"stir," as the case may be, in a certain definite order of sequence; sometimes even carrying this
particularity of prescription to the apparently superfluous direction of  "serve while hot."
   I believe that were animal and vegetable food resolved  into their  ultimate components, and
these applied individually, or even in combination of many of them, to produce  results such as
are aimed at in attempting to remove scurvy, or any disease depending upon  lesion of nutrition,
whether respiratory or digestive, that nothing satisfactory would be established.
   Potash may be given; I and others have found it not to be depended upon;  "larger induction''
is still necessary.   Citric acid may be prescribed; and, as far as experience for several years in
Texas and at this post has enabled me to observe, it has not the slightest value.   Even vegetable
matter  restricted to one form may not  prevent  scurvy; as in the  case of scurvy I saw occurring
amongst the lime  groves at Fort Dallas, Florida, where the  parade was  covered  with lemons,
limes, and oranges.  With reference to this case, however, as well as my recollection now serves
me,  the troops at that time at Fort Dallas were without fresh beef, and the flour was bad.
   It is food in its  most perfect  adaptation as to quantity, quality, and the  proper ratio  of the
components—in other words, food afforded  in  its most natural state—that is needed  in  scurvy
and  to prevent it. 
                     AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE NORTHERN  DIVISION.                  ->0

   And herein appears to consist in great measure the superiority of the  potato in its natural
state—that is, undesiccated.  The covering of the potato is cork, and it is by this protected in a
much greater degree from changes that take place in most other vegetable substances put away
for winter use.
   Now, the imperfection which causes scurvy would seem to be  found in insufficient ratio of
fresh vegetable matter to the other constituents of blood and  tissue-forming substances.  Not
that deficiency in other departments of food is not of great importance; but, primarily, scurvy
would seem to result from  this imperfect  ratio of fresh vegetable matter to the rest of the diet,
much in the same way that the excess of albuminous  components favors the  arthritic diathesis,
and the excess of farinaceous matters tends to  the production of  the rheumatic diathesis.  (Car-
penter's Physiology, page  383.)
   I am not certain whether I so express  myself as to make my meaning clear, but the view of
the subject that seems to approach nearest the truth is, that food presented to the human economy
in its most perfect adaptation to the latter in supply, kind, and proportion, is necessary to prevent
scurvy; but the point de depart of the disease is primarily to  be found  in the deficiency of the
vegetable components, and with respect to these, not only of the materials considered  as so many
items which they should furnish the blood and tissues, but of the vegetable admixture as a whole,
combined, in all its parts, in a fresh, natural, and, as far as possible, recent state.*
   This I take as the rule.  But it no more follows, given the primary conditions of the disease
that scurvy should always  result, than that an individual living in a malarious district should
have periodical fever, or exposed to the poison of yellow fever be attacked by it, or unprotected
by vaccination  be necessarily obnoxious to small-pox when within the sphere of contagion.
   Thus,  generally, nothing further is necessary to produce the disease than these primary con-
ditions ; but the apparently anomalous non-occurrence of scurvy when they are present in force,
seems to me to be explained by the existence of developing causes additional.   Where these  are
most noticeable, is in the comparison of the classes of persons affected with respect to the com-
memorative circumstances in  which they respectively stand;  and also in  other cases where
scurvy apparently ought to follow, but does not.   In these, the conditions primary of  the disease
exist;  but they are either counteracted by other influences, or the developing circumstances  are
wanting—as in the case of officers, of quartermaster's men, of the troops in Utah.  The first two
classes have already been  referred to; yet I may remark  in connection, that even officers may
sometimes have scurvy, and I have often seen among them a scorbutic tendency, showing that the
primary conditions of the disease were acting to a certain extent, and only needed the  developing
causes to make them fully  apparent.  And it has been seen at this post that where the primary
causes, which failed to produce any result as to the quartermaster's men in the early and middle
parts of last winter, had become sufficiently intensified by long continuance that several cases of
scurvy occurred amongst them late in the spring.  These  cases did not increase in  number, as
just about the same time the wild onion began to make its appearance.
   In  accounting for the absence of scurvy in the troops in Utah, mental influences may well be
taken into consideration.   These troops went into winter quarters in vigorous health from  the
wholesome march across the plains.  As to the circumstances going to favor  their morale, they
were in a state  of excited expectancy; to vary the dull drudging of a peace establishment, with
its attendant and harrassing Indian police duty, they had actually the prospect of something
like  real war  in the  land of the  saints, just over the mountain.   They seem to have been
cheerful; and if the songs (as songs are said to show the animus of a people) which the muse of
the expedition prompted are to be taken as indications, they appear to have fully adopted Mark
Tapley's philosophy, and even to have been "jolly."   In the history of all armies in all times,
their  safety and  exemption from disease and defeat have largely  depended upon their morale,
'It has been seen that the potato can be preserved longi comparatively, in this state. 
56
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
and under no circumstances are mental influences of greater importance than in  the prevention
and cure of  scurvy.
   I have now the honor to report upon points indicated in the communication from the Surgeon
General's Office, of March 23,  1859, and in the order in which they occur in that paper:
   I. "The kind of buildings occupied by the troops at Laramie, &c."  These are substantia ,
but, in my opinion, too small.   *For the better information of the department, the following
plans are given, as they will show at a glance the dimensions of the rooms.   The quarters were
cleaned by scrubbing with a  moderate supply of water, and generally once a week.  No provi-
sion is made for ventilation, except in the adobe buildings, which have the windows arranged so
as to admit air at the top if desired.  These were, however, seldom or never opened, and only,
perhaps, a  window  occasionally,  in  fine  warm  weather,  so that the ventilation  practically
amounted to nothing.
    II. "The manner of cooking, &c."  This was by cooks detailed in turn from their compa-
nies, entirely ignorant of M. Soyer and his principles.  The fresh beef was  always boiled and
never cooked otherwise, as far as I have been able to ascertain.   The  desiccated vegetables were
first soaked in cold water and then boiled,  whether slowly or not, I cannot ascertain.
    III. "The  duties of the troops" were the usual duties of the soldier,  guard, police, and
when the weather permitted, drill.  The following official statement from  the Adjutant's office
will show the average period of guard duty for each soldier, and the length of time on post:

Statement of the number of guards performed by each private of the companies of the fourth artil-
   lery stationed at Fort  Laramie, Nebraska  Territory, from the 1st  of  September, 1858, to the
   31st Blay, 1859.
Y>ar.
1858
1859

E rt —
2 E
September
October__
November
December.
January ..,
February.
March.....
April.......
May.......
o a -
k. to o
64	11	5
64	14	6
59	14	7
45	14	9
50	14	8
64	14	7
67	14	6
84	14	5
138	18	4
3 3
• Each relief of the guard remained twp hours on post and four off.
              H. A. HASCALL,
Second Lieutenant Fourth Artillery, Post Adjutant.
    I am unable to state whether coffee was served habitually to the guard at night.
    IV.  "The duties of the quartermaster's men" were such as are usual in  a quartermaster's
depot.  Some of the men were employed  in the carpenter's shop and in the blacksmith's shop,
others as teamsters and herders.  All were well protected from the weather, and none liable to
injury from excess of fatigue.   They had  quarters in  garrison, not as well furnished as those of
the soldiers, but affording adequate shelter.  A large new building was erected for them in the
course of the winter.  Small parties  may occasionally have  been in tents  while  on temporary
'Plans omitted. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
0 1
duties, such as hauling wood or hay, though I am not aware of the fact.  Their position with
respect to shelter was  no worse than that of the soldiers, while it was much better as regards
their food and duties.  They  not  only had their rations and quarters, but, their pay being
much better than that of the soldier, they were enabled to avail themselves of other diet which
could be  purchased;  and I am informed  by the sutler that they bought  largely and habitually
of fresh can fruits, oysters, and other luxuries.
   They had a Mormon woman to cook for their mess a great part of the time.   Their clothing
was  good, though albeit not of the  most fashionable cut.  In  the matter of exercise they had
decidedly, in my opinion, the advantage over  the soldiers.  I never observed that any of them
seemed likely to injure themselves by overwork; and the more favorable nature of their employ-
ment as to mental influences I  have already commented upon.  The  greatest and most overbal-
ancing point in their favor in comparing  their circumstances  with those of soldier's  is found in
their exemption from guard or  any duty at night.  Good, wholesome, unbroken  nocturnal rest,
with better pay, better food, and practically as good clothing and  quarters  make the sum of
circumstances in  their favor, circumstances all tending to prevent or retard the development of
scorbutic  disease.  It  has  already  been observed  that later towards spring a  very few cases
occurred amongst the quartermaster's men.
   During the past quarter nothing new as to the character  of the  disease has  been observed,
and  the same measures and treatment for its prevention  and cure  were adopted as hitherto.
There is one  point in the history of  scurvy this winter, however, of interest.   It is, that the
disease was entirely confined to  the two companies  (D and  F) of second dragoons, while the
infantry entirely  escaped.
   These two  dragoon companies  suffered greatly from scurvy last winter,  the one at Fort
Bridger and the other  at this post, and have  had no further  benefit  from fresh vegetables than
the wild onions could afford.
   The infantry came  here in  good vegetable  health,  having  had the benefit of  fine gardens at
Fort Bandall, so that  their  previous good health, together with the means adopted in the fall
and  through the winter, have been sufficient to repress, thus far, the development of scorbutic
disease.
   The troops have not been so crowded as in last winter—F company,  second dragoons, occu-
pying a new set of quarters—and the  guard duty this winter has  been lighter as to the  period
of time on post,  the sentinels having  been relieved every half  hour  in severe weather at  night,
and  when the mercury was much below zero  the  sentinels were taken off entirely and  patrols
substituted.
   In the third quarter of 1859 I recommended to the commanding officer that the companies
should take daily the cactus juice, prepared as in hospital.  And to obviate the difficulty and
impossibility of getting the  men  (as was the case the  autumn before) to take the cactus juice, I
recommended that  whisky should be given with it, literally,  as  a  placebo.   The cactus juice
thus went down in  more senses than one, and to this  early supply of fresh vegetable matter I
ascribe the immunity of the infantry, their previous good health largely assisting to prevent
the development  of the disease.  In the  case of the  dragoons the scorbutic tendency was  too
strongly pronounced to be repressed.   It required a more certain antiscorbutic.   Potatoes would
have afforded adequate means, I believe  from experience, for the  preservation of these compa-
nies  from  scorbutic disease.
   During the past quarter the cases in hospital have been treated entirely with the wild cress
given at meal times as a salad, and  by half a tumbler full of cactus juice, flavored with citric
acid  and sugar.   Whisky was added when it could  be obtained without making a draft upon the
hospital liquors.
   The cases are  all convalescent, and  unless the supply of cress fails, the sick  report bids  fair
soon to be nearly a blank.
             8----g 
58
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
   The companies have had every week also a supply of the above fresh vegetable matter issued
to them.
   But there is  difficulty to be apprehended from  the probable failure of this  supply, as it  is
even now obtained with difficulty.  Last year I did not commence  using the cress until the
middle of winter, and the supply gave out before the onions came.
   And in this connection, before concluding, I am led to a consideration of the communication
of the Acting Commissary  General  of Subsistence  in his letter to  the  Surgeon General, dated
February 10, 1859, wherein he regrets that recourse was not had earlier in the autumn (of 1858)
to the cactus and wild celery.
   An acquaintance with the resources of this post as to the supply of this vegetable matter will
show this to have been impracticable.  It was impossible to get the companies, as such, to use
the cactus  juice.  I had  no power to control this matter in the company,  and all I could do was
to administer it when the men became sick and came on my report.  It was then only a remedy,
not a preventive.  And this year it was only practicable to get the men in  their companies, not
on the sick report, to take the cactus juice when mixed  with whisky.  Unfortunately the whisky
gave out, and so yielding up the cactus except for hospital, I commenced upon the cress, or celery
as it is locally called, which I had held in reserve for fear that there would not be  enough fresh
vegetable matter to last until spring.
   Now the celery was exhausted last year before spring, when I did not commence using  it
until about Christmas, and this winter being compelled to use it earlier, the supply is  reported
to be nearly exhausted; and I fear that although now my sick list is rapidly decreasing, before
the onions  can be had in the spring, scurvy will again increase, and will probably not be confined
to the dragoons, but  may extend to the infantry. Now had we a full  supply of potatoes for
winter use, I believe that my sick report would exhibit a very happy exoneration from scorbutic
disease, and would show but few other cases, as the climate being naturally very healthy, and
the scorbutic condition removed, the men would be seldom sick.
   It would seem, at least  so it appears to me, that it would be less expensive, and indeed better
policy, to afford to frontier posts, such as this, a sufficient supply of such an undoubted antiscor-
butic as is  the potato, when it is taken into consideration that,  being in the heart of an Indian
country, the troops  at such a post are liable any year to engage in expeditions against the
Indians.   Now by just so much as they are affected with a scorbutic condition throughout the
winter, will they be less able to do  efficient service.   They are  liable,  I believe, even in the
summer war-path, to have scurvy developed if their  physique has been impaired during the
winter from this cause, and the difficulty in obtaining vegetable food in the wilderness remaining
about the same as in winter.   Thus an expedition can be hampered with a large sick report, and
for the want of a thousand or two bushels of potatoes  may be  shorn of the best results, when,
perhaps, thousands of dollars may have otherwise been expended in preparing  it.  I do not
mean to say that scurvy  results from a want of potatoes only, or that nothing else than potatoes
will prevent and cure scurvy; but  I desire to be understood  as meaning that  scurvy results
primarily from  the imperfect  supply  of fresh vegetable matter to the human system, although
developing conditions may  be necessary to establish the disease ; and the best, the  most reliable,
and  eventually the cheapest form in which to obtain this vegetable matter, is the potato.
   Towards the latter part of last October, being on detached service at Fort Kearny, I pur-
chased and sent up for  my family several bushels (at $1 50 per bushel) of potatoes from the
market wagons which were frequently coming into that post with potatoes, apples, onions, and
other vegetables.  These potatoes, without the loss of a single potato from freezing or other-
wise, reached Fort Laramie very early in November, being on the road at a time when the cold
was  so severe that the  Platte was frozen over, as I found  it when I crossed  it.  Potatoes also
purchased  and sent to officers and some by the  sutler were  transported at the same  time from 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
59
Kearny in an ox-train, and they reached Fort Laramie in good condition, and with  only a few
of the outside ones frosted.
   In conclusion, I would respectfully remark, that I hold the proposition to be true that scurvy
results primarily from imperfect supply and  ratio of supply of the three kinds of material  for
the body, azotized, non-nitrogenous, and earthy—the point de depart being the want of fresh
vegetable matter ;  I believe, also, that the greatest developing cause, in the case of the soldier,
is guard duty at night. 
 
             ABSTRACTS





                OF THE
         »





PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS




       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS




                IN THE





         NORTHERN DIVISION. 
62
         REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		3,927.		90.		87.		96.		142.		151. 4,493.			
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.'Died. 1		Cases	Died.	1 Cases.!Died. Cases. Died. j			
	1 Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	14 18 45 1 39 3										|		14 23 80 9 39	
					| i			5 35 7				1			
					1 1							1			
			.		......i..:::j......					1		1			
												|			
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		1		1 !									1 1	1
(.					i |										
		3 1			.....l.."i...:"'									3 1	
					.... i										
															
															
						......1......									
															
		81 24 15	2			4		3 1		2 2		1 1		91 28 15	o
															
Diseases of the organs				......											
															
gestive system.		1 1 19 84 12 351 7 33 18 9 17												1 1 28 94 17 386 9 39 19 10 18 7 15 2 13 36 3 17 17 10	
															
				3		1 1		1 2 3 7		3 2 1 6 1 1		1 5			
															
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica		1 1	1 1 1											
Diseases of the respira-tory system.					i	6	......					15			1 1
						1	. .. 1.. !					3			1
							!.. 1								
			1			......I.... 1.....						1			1
				1		1									
	Delirium tremens......... 7				'.. i '.										
Diseases of the brain and		15 2 13 31 2 15 17			i. i i i i										
nervous system.			1		......i......i.....			1							
			1		......i......i......			..........::							]
r				l	......	2 1		i				1			
			1							1					
Diseases ot the urinary]			i									2			
and genital organs.			1			........		i							
[			......1..					i		1		1			
			|												
and exhalent vessels. X		1 3 5 62 4 61 9 12	1				i			1				1 4 5 72 4 14 16	
				1				i							
						i I		i '"i......							
lures. [ r Abscesses and ulcers___■{ I r				1				............		6		3			
					1	1		i							
			::::::!	3 1	•is1 1......			2 ! 1		1 2		3 1......			
					......1.....1.....			2				2			
			: 1												
		119	1			1	!			9					
		10 8	1 :				! 1							10 10	
			"l......1 I"""							2		I j			
			i		\ i I							1			
		34 48 16 6 3	I		1	'!.....		3		1 0				39	
			......i *		1										
					i			3				2 : 1		21 7	
			M '		i i 1										"'
					i 1										
(					......							!			
		47 10 3 14 25	...... i			1				1		■		49 12 3 14 27 1	"i
						l									
												|			
					1		I								
			......]......1...			l	j 1			1 1		1			
					1		I i					|			
					......i::::::!::::":!""".!:::""!							1			
i		127 1 | 1						i !......|		5		! |		134 1	
												' "\			
		1,537 | 10 1 20 1 1 i 24 ^......! 77 |......! 54 ! ! ! i ! 1 .! ]										46 !...... 1,758 ! 11 1 1 i			
 
                   AMONG  THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN  DIVISION.                 63





THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION.—COAST OF NEW ENGLAND.
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		4,096.		84.		84.		133.		141.		148.		4,686.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	I | Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1 1 1 1 !						| : Cases.'Died. Cases. Died. i !			
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	10 32 70 5 31 8				|						1		i 10 ......	
					......I .			7 24		2		1 2		42 :......	
														96 ......	
														5I......	
				1					......:......		1 !			32 ......	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..						i			1	1			9 ......	
															
		3					'■ 1							3 ......	
							......i!........								
									1 i i ! i						
			1					......	...!..... 1......!......1......'......						1
									Ill						
									; ' 1 ! 1						
		94 32 13	1			4		7	! ' i					105 34 15 1 1 4 48 132 22 274	1
										1		1			
Diseases of the organs								2							
connected with the di- ^ gestive system.			■							i		1			
		1 4 30 119 16 254 6 30 14 12 6 17 15 4 20 47 1 11 10 12							......						
											1				
				5 1		4 2 2 5		5 8 1 8		3 1 3 2		1 1			
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			2	2								3			
Diseases of the respira-														6	0
tory system.						1		2				4		37 14 14 9	
															
						2 1									
f								2							
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.														17	
												I		16 4 20 55 4 14 10 17	
						......		......							
[					1				......1"						
f						1		5		2 3 1					
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.											........				
				1		1									
															
1				1				1		2		1			
Diseases of the serous (															
		4 1 5 90 1 131 18 8	1											4 1 5 105 1 151 20 10	1
Diseases of the fibrous f					1				......			......1'"			
					1*							1			
				3		3		2		4		3 ......			
f Abscesses and ulcers....■{															
				3	1			3 1		8 1		6 |...... i			
															
			1									2 ......			
			|												
		129 10 6		1 1				3		11 1		3 j.....		147 .....	
														12 ......	
												......1......		6 ......	
Wounds and injuries.... J												1			
		51 41 19 8				2		4	...... 1			1 1......		59 41 31 9 2 6	
															
						2		6		3		1 ...... 1			
				1											
								1 1	......		1				
.		5 42 11 4 4 43										1			
			...... 1			2						1 1......		46 ......	
				1						1 1		1		13 ....	
	H						i				......I i i......			6 ......	
	M b' t"		1 i				!				i i			4l 46 1......	
			: 1					1 1		1 1......i 1					
		1	1 I											2	
			1 1 I						......1. . 1...			1 2	1	ll	
.	All other diseases..........	215 | 4 | 1 ......| 1					1	3 1......! 3 !......					i ; •»-, c		
		1,774	9	23		33	1	98		57	1......	38	o	2,023	12
 
64                    REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





              No. l.-ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG
		THIRD QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
EASES.		4,037.		79. 89.				143.		141.		141.		4,630.	
				1											
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases. Died. [Cases			Died. jCases.'Died. Cases.) Died.					Cases	Died.	Cases.' Died.		Cases.(Died.	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	10 23 36 3 15 4	......1 ... i											10 27 50 3 18 5	
								4 11							
			i									3			
															
								2		1					
			1 1												
															
f |		4												4	
										1					
															
J							j								
I															
				......1"			l								
		265 175 12 1	1	9 1		5 1	! 8 '			6		12 3		305 187 12 1	
							......1 ~ 1								1
Diseases of the organs										.... L...					
connected with the di- -j			1	1											1
gestive system.							i			i					
		3 67 233 5 264 1 21 4 11 21 29 11 3 10 36		I i										3 82 255 7 292 1 23 6 11 21 30 12 3 13 44 5 21 11 31 1	
			1	4 4		2	___ s			4 6 1					
								,				7			
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica				I			1							
						1		s>n				7			
	Phthisis pulmonalis........ Pleuritis..................		2	1											2
				i '■			-'			2					
			1					2							
			; :												
r			1 i												
			i 1							1					
Diseases of the brain and 1			............i......1.....									1			
nervous svstem.							1								
1			1	;		1				1		1			
				2 1......		1 2		3		2 2					
			............__									1			
Diseases of the urinary)	Syphilis primitiva..........	21 11 23 1													
and genital organs.	All other diseases..........		1												
			i			1		1		5		1			
Diseases of the serous <															
and exhalent vessels. (			i												1
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc--{		1 83 3 134 19	i				...:*■							1 101 3 148 22 11 3 178 21 8	
			......1 5 ......			2		5 1......		3		3			
r	Fistula....................														
Abscesses and ulcers.... ^ {			...... 6 !...... 1			2		1		2		3 3 3			
r		;	i 1												
			1 1												
		149 17	i i i ;., ! 4 ......: i ......1 i					6 1		7		11 1			1
															
		8 1							|						
Wounds and injuries.... •			! 1					......L							
								4 1 2 2				2 1 2		53 54 18 10 2 13 52 23 3 2 52	
		49	......1......1......			1 1				2					
		13 2 13 45 16 2 2		..... 1.....1											
				1	I					1					
					1					1					
(										i					
			1 2 ......S 1		::::::	1 1				1		3 1 1			
1								4							
										......1......					
			1		.... !.					1					
		49	......I"l" 1				i			2					
							.....!......t......								
															
		212	2 3					6 I 1						222	2
*■						'									
		2,203 | 10		42		29		101	...... 49 ...... 1 '			70 ■		2,494	10
 
                   AMONG  THE TROOPS IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.





THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION.—COAST OF NEW  ENGLAND.
Go
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859. Total.			
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		3,794.		91.				130.		150.		143.		4,308.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.! Died.		Cases.' Died.		Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	8 26 44 2 2 5												8 27 44 2 4 6	
				1						' 1 ' 1 1					
										1.....1......					
									!						
			1	1 1				1	; |						
	Febris typhus et typhoides..											1			1
															
r		7												7	
1			1							"					
		.1								::::::					
		......1......													
		1								1					
I															
		69 53 7						7 1		2 3		3		81 57 7	
															
												!			
Diseases of the organs												1			
connected with the di- ■		1									......			1	
gestive system.															
		07		2				1 1		1 2 1 12		1		31 122 17 271 5 23 10 8 6 4 14 6	
		118 16 228 5 23 8 8 6 3 12 6 18 2G	3									1 |......			3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
								27				4 I. 1			
Diseases of the respira- j tory system.			1												1
												:...:.......			
								1				1			
1															
r						1									
												1			
Diseases of the brain and I								1		1					
nervous system.											;				
						i 1					i			is!......	
1 r				2				2		1	, 1			31! 1 !.....	
												11......			
Diseases of the urinary j		16 6 13	j |					3		2	......	......!...... 21 i......			
and genital organs.			I i									;		6 14 !...... 1	
				1				1	......1......			1			
Diseases of the serous S and exhalent vessels. ' Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- {				1											
		1 1 2 103 2 74 13 9												1 !...... 1 2 1...... 108 ...... 2 |...... 83 1...... 17! 10 ......	
									1			j			
										!		......1.....			
								2		2 I...		1 j......			
r Abscesses and ulcers.... j	Fistula....................				...... ......1......										
				3	......1..... 1			2 2 1		2		2 2 ;....			
I					1					......i______		!			
					......1......1......										
		108 10 1 1 34 49 16 3 1	......	4	| 1			14	...... 7			2 ......		135 11	
					1 j					1 ......					
			!		|									1 1 36	
Wounds and injuries.... .j					......1......1......										
			...... 1	1 1 3	| j			I	1						
					.............j......				i					50 ! 1	
						|				2 . ! 1				22 4 3 7 32 14 5 2	
			......1 1												
			......1.....		......	I 1 : I									
			1 ! 1 ' '												
		29 14	j i i ' 1 ; : :									3 ......			
			i ■ 1 ' 1 ■												
		5 0 29 1	......i............'......1......i......!......'............												
			1 •		:							•■			
			1 2		1			1 j !						31 1......	
					1 1							i		1 1......	
			......1......i......1......				1 ' ,					1			
I		141 j 1 i 1					......1......1......					|		142 1 1	
	Total..................									"' "1......1""					
		1,421	7 23					68		39	......1 22 1......U.573				7
■ — ■ ■					1 i									1 '	
 
66
        REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855. | 1856.				1857. 1858.				1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		8,806.		668. | 654.				658.		706.		759.		12,	251.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.'Cases.			1 1 ! i 1 Died.,Cases. Died.'Cases. Died. Cases.						Died.	Cases.	Died.
.	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	4 69 226 4 37 9		1 ......!____' 9.						3	i			9 102 351 12 37 15	
				15 3 5	......	4 35		9 63 2		4 11 1		1 13			
					1										
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		5	6 2											7
						!									
f		16 3 1 15	1	1 2				1				1		19 6 1 23 8	1
					i			1	1 :						
					1				"						
			3	1	"\"'					2		5			3
[							'								
															
		376 48 3 1 3	1 1	43 8	1	19 3	S7		1	44 5		14 4		533 79 5 1 3	7
							1	11							
Diseases of the organs	Dysenteria chronica.......					i		2							2
connected with the di-J estive system.															
			...... L.			!									
			i i 8 2 7	......1......											1
		189 347 23 1,700 9 41 50 12 .10 10 22 4 25 193 5 152 28 47		0 i...... 12 2 25 ...... 144 j......		30 20 64 101	15 i			28 10 18 62 1		23 6 5 63 1	1	294 415 154 2,136 12 49 71 14 17 16 32 5 32 290 10 220 42 62	
								20 19 66 1	1						2 1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-															10
tory system. ■{				« !...... 10 1 1		2 2 1									2
								3 1				6			7
															
												7 2 1			
Diseases of the brain and			1 3			3 2		1 2							1
				2 1						3	1				1
nervous system.				1 o											
						3 18 2 19 5 7				1 21 1 15 1 3		1 16			
r				22 i...... 1 ...... 7 i...... ...... ......				20 1 17							
Diseases of the urinary 1															
												10 8 2			
and genital organs.															
			2	2				1							
Diseases of the serous c															2
and exhalent vessels. 1		1 33		!			1							I 49	
				1 '.			......	13	1			2			1
					1										
		194 8 140 115 16	1	12		11	......	27	l	22 |......		26		292 8 304 149 26	1 ]
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... j I r	Ulcus......................			30 4		44 ! 14		21 7 1		41 3		28 6 5			
						4									
															
		173 13 6		12 1		20		19 j 1		11 1		18		253 15 6	1
							■*'l......i......								
Wounds and injuries.....				1 ! ' 1 :											
		71 57 6 13 2 17 54 35 1? 115 3	......	4 i...... l		ia j......		9 3 2	......	u!......		7 3 3 2		115 63 12 23 2 44 66 43 19 61 140 3	
			...... .. ......	1	:				[ i						
				2		i;.		A							
1						!.......;......				i					
			......	7 3						4 | 3 ...		4 3 1 1 12 8			
f					......	3 1	! j .....								
							____! 4 !. .								
1			...	1 1 3				1							
						13 3				18					
							___ i 5		......						
!															
t				| ' 1 i i i i											
		1,282	6	12 ...... 17 j......i 19 .......| 19 i......| 28 |......1,377											6
i	Total.................! 1														
		6,076	50	422	5	487 j 1 i 439 | 5				376 J 1 j 346 j 1 ; 8,146					63
 
AMONG THE TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.
67
THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION—HARBOR OF NEW YORK.
	!			SECOND QUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. 1858.				1859.		Tot	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		8,986.		903. 659.				627.		840.		615. i 12,6			30.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	i i Died. Cases. Died. Cases. 1 1 1				Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. III]!'						Died
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	10 122 342 19 42 11		36 10 13				5 6 57 1	1 j 2 ]...... 1 ......' 54						1
					...... 23 .... j 57		......I		......j 19 J...... ...... 28 ......			5 21 4		185 519 23 42 151	
			2 2	j ; j					I 1						n
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			3	2				1	1	......!......i......				4
						|					......i......!......				
f		16 19 1 3		......1	i"					1	!			17 19j 2 1 12	
			.........								I |				
			1	1 1	1 !					.....1......1"					
					......;......;......!......j......					5 i......| 3 j......					1
					|										
		3 692	1							......1'" '!......f				3 913 66 8 4 3	1
				67 i......		65 ...... 32			......	45 3	12 , . 1				
		45 1		9				8							1
Diseases of the organs		8 4 3 1 367 357 62 1,100 15 18 20 14 22 7 26	1												1
						...........		1			'.....1......				
gestive system.			1 1 8 1 4 2					i ] '							1
				9 32				......i ' !......1......i......\'"						3 547	
					......1 88			24 1......		23 16 12 28 2		13 1......			1
				8 16 61	...... 21 1 13 ......; 79		......					11 ......1 425 '			
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							15 ;...... 48 ......				4 19 1	......j 122 ......|l,333 ____1 18		1
Diseases of the respira-tory system.					i 1										8
				4 10	......1 2 1 1			1						24 40	1
							l 3 ;......			3		3 1 3	1		7
						1							...... 16		.>
					............				. i !					25 10 36 8 29 300 8 217 41 95	
			2	2 4 3						1 2					o
Diseases of the brain and					...... 4										
nervous system.		2 ...... 24 i 4 202 1......				1 1 25		1				1			
				1						4					4
r				30				18 L		17		8			
	Strictura urethra)..........	156						1 8							
Diseases of the urinary 1				17 '...... 10						13 |......1 13 I...... 3 1......1 6 |...... 5 1......1 5 !......					
and genital organs. 1		23 ...... 61 |. 3| 1		4	...... 5 ......: 12			4 |...... 8 !......							
Diseases of the serous (					i i ! 1										1
					II;						'				1
Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- -j					i i !										
					1 1					'			......I""		
		275 ......		20	...... 43 ......1 17 i......					12 | , , 111				1 378 6 354 154 23 1 268 15 12	
r		6 219 127 16 1 204 10 10													
Abscesses and ulcers.... \ 1			1	24 2	......| 32 ...... 4		......; 27 '...... ......j 6 |...... ...... 1 ......			36 ......1 16 j...... 11 1......1 4 ...... 3 '......1 2 !......					1
						1									
															
				17		! 10 3 1	i......i 14 1...... 1 i !			13 2	,......j 10 ......1......				
				1	"		!				1				
Wounds and injuries.....															
		127 |.....		2 6	...... 14 !......' 7 '<......1 14 !...... 7 1...... 171 ......' 4 1...... 7 I......'> 2 ......1 1 1......1 95										
															
		4 8 2 1 67		i				2 i......' " :......1 4 '___ 12							
								i !		7	......i 2 !......1 20				......
											1 i			! 2 ! 99 105 1 35 1 °7 65	
				7 '......' 4 I......' 7 !......						12	......1 2 1..... j !				
		98 .....		1	1			1 b							
		27 27 11				3			|	2	1	.j 3 j.....			
				i !			' 1				I				
				10 !...... 17 ...... 16 i.....						8 1	i	.: 3 '.....			
		202 ;..... *>\.....		: 9 ! 2 1	...... 15 ......1 8 1..... 1							.1 2 i......1 237			
														44	
					1 1 1 l										
1		1,889 2		i 18	...... 67 |...... 24 |...... 15						1	.j 11 '......[2,024			o
	Total................														1
		7,274 ! 35		452	4	628	1	394 ! 1 1 371 1 . aia 1 ! 9.332							43
			i		i				|	!		1 ,			
 
68
         REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854		1855.		1856. 1857. 1858. i 1859.								Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		10,402.		837.		665. ! 563. 771.						394.		1 13,632.	
													Died		
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	1 Cases.! Died		Cases	Died	I i i i 1 Cases.tDied. Cases., Died. Cases. Died. Cases 1 | !								Cases.! Died. ! 1	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	12 '......		5 61 75 7 2 1				1 L....		5 ;...... o i......; 25 ......					
		181 390 73 75 8	...... 5 1			9 21 6 1		15 86 1 1		16 41	.....	8 17	......	i 290 630 87 79 11 71 10 3	
									l						5
	Febris typhus et typhoides..								1......	2					1
						71	14	!......1......							14
		10 3													
						1 !									
Eruptive fevers..........•			1			'"i......i;:;::j.:.									
		2 2 71 3,293 471 18 2 3 1 566 430 10 802 24 12 6 10 28 16 19 3 33 287 5 211 11 67 2 1 1 1 283 6 319 123 18 2 266	1			:::..i......i......i......								2 o 71 4,084 595 19 4 3 1 837 539 76 1,022 32 17 10 22 40 27 34 5 39 368 6 274 42 89 2 1 1 1 361 6 482 159 24 2 367 11 20	1
							1 i i								
			28 5 7 5												28
				276 30 1	1	235 57		93 21		106 11		81 5			5
															8
Diseases of the organs															5
connected with the di- •						1		1							
gestive system.			i 1												
			I												
			1 8 1 2 2 1 2 1	154 20 23 51 4 1		55 31 9 51 1 4 1 5 1		29 24 26 62 I	1	14 7 7 41 o	1	19 27 1 15	1		
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															11
															
								1 1		1 1 8 3 9	1	1 3 2 4			1
				2 1 3 4 1 3 34 1 23 2 8											2
f															
Diseases of the brain and J								1 2 1 1 16							3
															1
															
1						1						1 9	1		3
r										22					
Diseases of the urinaryl and genital organs. i															
						13 18 3	......I 8 ::::::! 1			6 3 4		13 1 4			
															1
			1												
			1				\					1			
			! 1				i i								
			t......i '				i				I i				
			......j 15j......			24		17 ...... 1		10	......! 12 |......				
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... j			......|	1 4		34 21		20 1...... 4 .		42 3		19 I...... 1 1...... 1			
r								|		2					
								......1......i							
				31		28 1		16 1...... ift				8			
		9| 20 |						1		1					
			1					S 1				-			
Wounds and injuries.....								[ |					1		
		96 1, . , 10 110 |......1 7 4 ......' 6 9 j......! 3				16 1		1 1......i 8 4 !......I i				11			
															
								l 5 ...... 1 ......		10 9					
															
		o ' 50 1	1			1 9 4 1 1 21 8	i							3 \,	
			" "i...... 1 1 5		.....		...... i			6 3 1					
		103 ...... fi						2 3 1							
		48 1 19													
			i											21 1.....	
		21 221 3		13 10 6	.....			27 !		6 I 1st					
										6 1					
'														9!......	
							1	1			| !				
		!,913 9		90 |		45	1 j 29 |			29					
1	Total................ 1														
		1805	80 1	,054 1 1		816	15 1 550		1	464					101
				1 i						! 1 1					
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS  IN THE  NORTHERN DIVISION.                 69





THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION.—HARBOR OF NEW YORK.
				FOURTH QUARTER.										
		1839 to 1854.		1855. 1856. 1857. 1858.								1859.	Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-														
EASES.		9,353.		707. 570. i 932. 1 1,007.								344.	12,913.	
														
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	ii i i ; ■■ i i ' | Cases. Died. Cases.: Died. .Cases.' Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. ! i ' I									Cases.| Died. 1	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febra intermittens quartana	5 114 310		i ! ... ! i			Is:, ......1 7 ; ..... ......i 56 :......					1 ' ... 2 10 '	11 183 456 19 66 9 6 6 1 2 8 5 11 1,086 249 18 1	1
				43 45 14	1 H ......i 13 2					6 22 3				
		65 6	3 7				1					1 1 1 : 1		4
	Febris typhus et typhoides.,				i					2 I 1 |				9
						6	2							0
f		5 1 6 4 1 806 207 11						i				1 1		
						.....i......I.......... "i......								
	Cholera Asiatica............					i i ■ ' : i								
Lrupnve fevers..........j				1	.1	......1......i............				1				1
						i					!			
								10 5 79 .... 17 !...						5
			6 4 2	78 3 1		43 13				54 :...... 6 |......		26 . 3		6
														4 o
Diseases of the organs								i				1		
connected with the di-														
gestive system.		3 241 228 22 1,185 8 13 13 16 22 8 29 6 18 203 6 205 19 34 5 2					......i......,'						3 ..	
			3 1 1 11 1 1	64 11 13 78 1 1 1 1 2 1		28 5 4 46 1		49 ,...... 24 ......		46 4		13 , 12 ...... 1 1 20 '...... l	441 284 58 1,512 11 15 27 21 29 16 33 11 23 310 9 278 38 54 5 2 17	
														3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							18 99						1
Diseases of the respira--lory system.										84 1 1 6				1 11
											1			
								7 1			1			3
						4								
^										1	......			
						1		2 .,,. 2 j...,		i i				1
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.												l		
			3	4 2 21								i		
						1 15 2 19 2 2		1 1 1 27 '......				1 !..., 13 ,		4
f										31 !......				
								1 15						
Diseases of the urinary!				21						7 ...... 12 '...... 7 1		'i i...... 4 ......		
and genital organs.								2 ., 3 ,						
1			1	4										1
Diseases of the serous J and exhalent vessels. ' Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc--{ tures. i r Abscesses and ulcers---■{ [ r										i				1
										I				
						7		2 !......		1	1 I			
											' i 1			
	Rheumatismus............	260 4 146 107 19 1 214 13 5		11		20 o 19 2		23 27 1		22 1 27 5 2		11	347 270 122 24	
				32 5 2							......	19 2 , 1		
														
						...'...							1 !......	
				18 1......i 13 !......! 20 '......						20 ......! 8 .....			293 !......	
				1		1 1.....				1	.		1 14 1......	
	T			1 ......		1	...i......'.....				.... 1..... i ..		1 7 !......	
										1 i			'	
Wounds and injuries---*		76 53 5 4 5 25 61 26 10 19 112 1		12 !, 3 I 3 ....		9 1...... 12 1......				12 '......! 16 '.....			137 ]......	
						3 2	3					•-> !	64 i......	
										3 .....			is;......	
								i !■		1	;.....i......'.....		1 6 ......	
						2 13 o 4 1 26					i	j		
			1	11 ;.....			...... 1" '	10 '■_____1 fi			I "	i::.:::.:::::		
								3 5 1 39	1			i ..... 11.....	74 j 1	
				1	......								.1 37 ......	
									|.....	|			.1 12 '......	
Miscellaneous..........-										9 ;.....		i.....	.' 97 l......	
				4 i......! 11			...... 18 j.....						.1 158 !......	
						2	1 '			1 , 1			3 1 .1.418	
				......i......				1 1 1 1 26 l.....		l 1				1
		1,315	2	33 ...... 16 .....						17 1......1 11 .....				2
														
		6,317	47	566	1 375		2	614 9 !		436	3 j 210 2 i i 1		8.518 64	
 
70
  REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 3.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		'1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To-	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,855.		490.		507.		762.		495.		506.		9,6	15.
															
	1 SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	1 Died. jCases.		Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.| Died. JCases.			Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
r	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	71	1					. i......						71 10 59	
		10 25	1						!						
			.....! 9			4		5		9		7			
		1 1												1 2	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		i	!						1					1
				..... i......											
r		3 4 4 3 6	...... i ......			1						1		6 4 8 3 6	
															
Pl			............i_______							4					
			i	i											1
[															
			i												
		402 14 2 1 1	...... 18			22 6 2		24		80		39		585 21 4 1 1	
				1											
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di- ■							!								
gestive system.							i								
															
		194 C24		3 30		10 60		5 84		4 85		5 44		221 927	
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
		1,967 2 17 4 23 1,186	2 1	216		305		220 2 3	2	135		153		2,996 4 30 6 47 1,436	
Diseases of the respira-															4
■l tory system.				1 2 21 34		3				5		1			
															
						3 39									
							_____i :«			78		63			
															
Diseases of the brain and j		7 8 12 15 3 2												7 25 12 21 3 5 1 20	
nervous system.						3	......1 5 !...... I			5		4			
1															
				3	......1 •							1			
							1								
Diseases of the urinary						1	......1....			1 1		1			
■ ■ and genital organs.						1 4									
		10					..... 2			1 i		3			
Diseases of the serous <															
and exhalent vessels. X							......i......!....::			■					
Diseases of the fibrous {		4			......1			6		1				10	
and muscular struc-<															
lures.		201 |___ '' 8 ! :								19		13		274 1 581 14 18 1 779 11 30 1 228 128 8 12 1 6 4 36 148	
								1							
Abscesses and ulcers.....	Phlegmon et abscessus....	308 10 11 1 489 26	'."■."	64	...... 44			59		42 4		64			
						1 i.. ■ 1						4			
			1												
			...... 36 ...... 2		50		......1 57			71 2 1		76 1......			
						3									
Wounds and injuries.... <				1			;								
		178 '......		12	......: 13		13 Q o !								
		95 I......i 9 _____I ft Q								I 1 1*1					
		5 7	; i i ! i					1		2					
			............ ...... 2					3							
										1 1	i 1				
		4 ...... ...... ...... 1 43 ......'......!...... 1					' 1				1				
							1 j				1				
							......i'"'4'		i......!. . 1 '						
		! '' 1 ! !								1					
		16.................. 6 i......! 3 1										4			
		96 !......1 6 '......! 3 j i 16								13 '					
									l......	III					......
															
		1,201 | 1 122 ......! 119 ......i 58 !......! 50 !.. ' 48 1												1,598	
	1														1
			6 : 599 '......j 738 1...... 633 | 2 l 633 ,									| 561	......JL0489		i 8
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.




AMONG THE CADETS AND TROOPS AT WEST POINT, NEW YORK.
71
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856. ! 1857. 1858. 1R59-									
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,565 447				494		448		417		477		8.848	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died.'Cases.I Died. Cases. ■ ! ' 1							Died. ;Cases,		Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1				
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	90	1 i I											90 12 ____	
		8 157	......i 2 ......[ 2								!				
				22 1	1 ......1 13		! 13		......1 8		......' 5 I...... 1			218 1 8	
		8 1 1 3!......			i :				..............						1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			1						'	!			5|......	
							,								
				1 !......		1 1								2 ...... 4 ......	
		3									'. ..				
											1......i				
			1						......r" '"i......i"-						
		1	1 j				i '							1 j......	
			.. 1...				! 1							1	
		465 18	......| 20 j......			18 1	...... 15		...... 35 1......' 37					590 !...... 19 .	
															
Diseases of the organs				1	......									] ......	
					I		1			1				1	
gestive system.															
			i				|								
		195 558	......i 14 1...... .... ; 32 i 1			13 53	......\"V ...... 95		...... 12 ......i 59 ......1		...... 11 ...... 53			247 | 850 1 1	
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
		1,543 1 5 4 62 1,304 1 9 12 28 19 3 4 1 10	on '. lift					120 1						2,035	
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.	Phthisis pulmonalis........		3	i i					2			2 1			5
				ft ! Q						1					
			i ! 1											4 69 1,551 1 11 25 35 32 3 5 2 15	
			::::::rri::::::i'"i" ! .19 1 I d\				......	1	......! 1 ...... 58		......| 3 ......j 54				
			1												1
Diseases of the brain and								1 2 1	......] 1 0 i						
nervous system. 1 [			2	3 I 1		1 4					......	5 2			2
				fi i. ...		4 1....... 2						1			
															
Diseases of the urinary			1 :									1			
and genital organs.										1 1					
			i 1			1	......, 2					1			
			...... ......1......												
		2	] | i ! ;								....			2	
			1								......1... |...				
					i '				1		1 !............				
tures. 1 r		201	1 26			19 ...... 91									1
						1		1 46						1	
I		395 42 12		72	......	41	......			36	......j 49 ...... ! °			639 ; 49 , , 12 |...	
							1								
							......1......		1		1 ' "■				
		510 4 27	32			29 1	......1 30		......; 66					737 5 27	
															
											1				
Wounds and injuries.... -											1				
		221 151 8 6 1 34 1 52 4 24 103	......I '? 1			11 11 1 0	...... ' 23 ..... 1 15		......1 12 ...... 5 1		...... 24 ... 3		___ ana		
														192 9 15 1 46 1	
															
					......		......; 4		......I 2		.,., : 1				
I															
			1 °		____ 5				! 1						
											!				
			;			3			......i 5		......; 9 '...... 1			74 7	
			1 ' 3 2					2 1							
					! 3 ......! •				...... 1		......1 1 1...... ......1 7 !......			33 136	
							......' 11								
											1 i			1	
		1,316 .....,135			......! 80 ...... 56 ...... 78 ...... 44 1......									1,709 ......	
	Total.................														
		7,626 8 539			1	488 ...... 525 0 4«rt I....._' 4S.-i ......								10151 11	
															
 
72
  REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 3.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		1855. 496. | Cases.iDied. 1		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
EASES.		7,035. Cases.| Died.				489.		478.		457.		496.		V	HI.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.					Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	Ill 44 252 1 15 i 1 4		: j										Ill 44 325 1 15 1 1 6	
					1										
				22	1 17			12		13		9			
i															
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														
															
f			1			2									]
									1						
							'								
															
1										2				2 5 1,930 154	
		5 1,524 144	3 1 4												3
				68 2		122 8	. ,1 78 1			89		49			1 4
															
															
gestive system.															
		1 230 620												1 271 1,010 1 1,191 4 6 1 70 1,067	
				9 74		16 103		11 104		1 49		4 60 1 56			
f	Bronchitis,acuta et chronica														
		880 2	3	81 1 4		47 1		64	......	63					
Diseases of the respira- ]	Phthisis pulmonalis.......														3
tory system. 1								1		1					
1		1 60 847			1										
[				1 32	"!'"			3 57		5 55		1 30			
r						46									
															
Diseases ot the brain and]		3 4 25 54 3 9 3 12 1 1		"7:...		1								4 13 32 95 3 15 4 21 1 1	
nervous system.			o	i				3	...... a			2 4 9			
[						1				3 6					
				n ......		9		6							
Diseases of the urinary J						1				1		4			
and genital organs.								1 1							
				4 ■...... 2 !								2			
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. ( Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc-*i tures. 1 c							...... ......								
				!			i								
				ill!											
			j I ; ; j												
		156	...... 14 ......1 30 !......1 38							27		8		273	
															
	Ulcus......................	362 39 11 1 530 3 17		71 ......i 48 1......				45 3 2		37 1		29		592 43 14 1 833 6 17	
						1 '									
												......1"			
				42 1...... 58 ......				72		71 1	♦	60 1			
				...... ...... 1											
															
				......i......!......											
		242 139 94 31 1 63 _ 42 5 37 93		12 ......1 16 12 ......'' 4			......j 4 ......' 8			16 5 12 2		5 4 1		295 172 108 53 1 78 9 71 10 AQ	
				............ 1 ......i......; i											
							...... 19								
,				4 1......' 8 ...... 3						1		2			
				2 2 2											
					...... 3 j...... ...... 1 1......			13 2		4	_				
				4 i......i 2 1 '......' 4						1 j......! 5					
							......1 8 1......			8 1...... 9 ! ' 1OD					
															......
															
.	All other diseases.......... Total................	2,190	1	137 !......; 97 !......1 101 1...... 123 I......1 51 !......0.702											1
		8,918	15	613		650		659		603		413		11858	15
 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  THE NORTHERN DIVISION.
73
AMONG THE CADETS AND TROOPS AT WEST POINT, NEW YORK.
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		7,149.		509.		500.		527.		523.		517.		9,725.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES. (	}ases.	Died.	Uases.	Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.iDied. Cases.iDied.			
	Febris continuacommunis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus ettyphoides..	95 9 70 7 4 1	1									|		95	1
														9 129 7 4 2	
				9		11		20		12		7			
															
				1											
						|									
*■		6				2								8	
															
		1 2 3												1 2 3	
															
.									1						
												1			
		527 11		65 2		45		60	58		.... j 69			824 13	
															
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-gestive system.									1						
								. r_							
															
		1 180 495		1 12 59					1		1			2 206 897 2 2,711 2 37 2 48	
						10 70		1 118	o ...... 71		1 1 .... 84 ...... 1				
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica									1					
		1,960 1 21 1 45 1,168		128		153	1	182 12	1	180 ......■ 108					
Diseases of the respira-										1 1	1				2
tory system. 1				1		2									
1												1			
						1 49	1	1 107		1 54					1
f				75								43		1,496 ......	
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.		7 11 24 18 2 6 4 15		\										7 |.....	
				2 1				21 3 4		9 1 1		13 2 2	1	56 ......	
^						1								31 I 1	
f				2		* !.....								32 |......	
														2 1......	
Diseases of the urinary!	o , hi' "■ f					i	1		1			1		8 ......	
and genital organs.							......I'"							4 1......	
(			1	1		i	.....	3	...... 1 ..... i......			2		23 ......	
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. ( Diseases of the fibrous 1 and muscular struc--j															1
		1 1		1										1	
							|							i!......	
	P			1 j			......1......					1		;	
		161		13 ......		17		30		8		14	|......	243 1......	
f Abscesses and ulcers----j															
		378 4 21		32 t .... 1		43 1 1		51 7 3		60	...... 50 ......			614 !...... 12 ......	
				1							!			25 I...... 1 ....	
											......1......1.....				
		456 4 8		38 !......		72		55	57		...... 40 :......1 718 !......				
													1	4 9	
				1							j		1		
Wounds and injuries----j									i"						
		287 110 44 10 2 17		15 18		2 4		6 5 3	......' 3 !......i 19 !.....					! 332 ......	
									4		1			141	
											1 '			i 47 1 15	
						2		1	1...... 1 !......! 1 .....						
															
				3		1		2	i			.1 1		i 24	
		1 ..... 1							1 , '					1 o	
		26 .....		3		1		5 '......' 3 ......1 3 . ' 1 ■ 1						. 41 ......	
		1		1										. 46	
Miscellaneous...........-		19 102		......I 1 1..... 6 .....		6 1.....		6 !.....		. 2 1......1 6 . 11 j...... 8					
						9 ......1 31 .....							......1 167		
										I ! i					
	• "d'			|		i I 1									
		1,423 !.....		144 .....		79 '...... 72 I......' 62 ...... 45 '......1.824 1......									
	Total..................														
			2	640	1 588 1 2 1 809 j 1 604 i 1 1 1 1							. 521 1 1 10932 ] 6			
		1 '										1			
10- 
74
 REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 4.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
							FIRST QUARTER.								
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		10,999.		164.		243.						58.		11,464.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana.. Febris intermittens quartana	45 70 188 15 36 8"	1											45 70 190 15 36 9	1
															
				2											
															
			2												2
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			1											
															
I		21 1 36 9 4	2	2		1			i					24 1 37 9 4	2
															
1												1			
			2												2
															
	Cholera Asiatica...........														
		304 30 7 15 1 5 90 257 39 1,013 14 83 89 16 48 52 25 25 10 211 5 103 25 33 1	4	11		4								319 30 7 15 1 5 95 261 40 1,031 14 83 92 16 49 54 25 26 10 212 5 104 25 33 1	4
															
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di-.			1												1
gestive system.															
															
			1 1 12 1 4 1 3	1 2		3 1 1 11						1 1			
															I
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
				6								1			
Diseases of the respira-	Phthisis pulmonalis........														12
tory system.															
				1		2									4
															1
Diseases of the brain and j				1 1											
	Delirium tremens..........											1			3
															
						1									
[															
f 1				1											
															
Diseases of the urinary ]						1									
and genital organs.			1												1
[															
															
															
		■ 57 2 293 2 184 154 43 3 325 24 22 14 85 178 36 17 7		4		2								63 2 307 2 195 159 45 3 331 24 22 14 88 181 43 18 7	
															
				5		6						3			
r I															
				6 4 1		1 1 I						4			
															
															
															
			2 1	3		2						1			2 1
															
															
Wounds and injuries___■															
				1 3 3		2									
															
						2						2 1			
															
															
									1						
		114 18 12 43 98	3	3 1		1			1			1 I		119 20 12 43 98	
															
															
															
															
			......												
								1							
I		444	2	15		5		......1......				1		465	
							I								
		5,109	44	78		48	1 1					19		5,254	44
							1 1								
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE REGION OF THE GREAT LAKES.
j	SECOND QUARTER.														
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		10,949.		150.		134.		145.		68.		53.		11.4	99.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus et typhoides..	86 390 541 26 75 5	1 3											86 408 548 26 76 5	1
				3 1		2 3		10 3		o		1			3
															
			1	1											
															I
															
		23 34 4 1 5 1 594 45 4 7 3 5 137 314 48 1,061 9 83 35 21 86 53 34 29 16 168 8 83 34 53 2 3 3 3 329 8 197 148 30	1									1		24 35 4 1 5 1 609 46 4 7 4 6 150 325 54 1,091 11 83 37 22 92 54 34 31 17 172 9 84 34 58 2 3 4 3 339 8 206 151 31	1
								1							
															
															
															
			1 3 1 1												1
				9		3		1		1		1 1			
															1
															1
															
gestive system.						1									
								1 6 4							
			1 1 8	4 2 4 15		2 2						1 3			
															1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica									2 1					
						3		8 1				3 1			1
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															8
															
			4 1 2	1				1 1							4
[															1
				2		3				1					
												1			2
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.						1 1		1							
															
f								3 1 1				1			
															
Diseases of the urinary j															
and genital organs.															
[			1	3				2							1
															
															
				1											
															
			1	5		4						1			1
f															
	Ulcus......................			4 2 1		3		1				1 1			I......
i															
															
															
		282 18 10		10		3		1 1						296 19 13	
															
			1			3									1
Wounds and injuries___■{															
		107 163 19 18 9 14 90 42 16 91 160	1	3 2 2 1		2 1 3 1						3		115 166 27 21 10 14 97 44 16 1 92	
															
								2		1					
												1			
								1	i						1 i
									'		1				
			1	4 1		1		1 1	I			1 1			1
									1						
							i		I		1 1				
				1 5	... j...		1		1		......I. . 1				1
					......1 2				1		......I. . .1			.' 167 l	
									i			I 1 i			
		l													1
	Total................	543 |.....		12	......! 4 i.....			3							
															i"
		6,426	34	j 99		. 48 1.....		76 1......' 8 '...... 24 |..... 6.0S1							1 31
															
 
76
   REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 4.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND  DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		9,681.		152.		137.				67.		52.		10,089.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died. (	Dases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
|	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	48 469 404 28 292 13	1		I		1							49 473 410 28 292 13	1
				4											
						3				3					
															
			8												8
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														
															
f		8 5 1												8 5 1	
															
															
															
		8 12 1,017 116 5 5 7 1 150 309 24 679 13 42 21 10 58 45 16 8 16 151 2 89 12 30 1 1												8 12 1,044 126 5 6 7 1 155 322 24 687 13 42 21 10 63 45 17 9 18 164 2 91 12 34 1 1	
c			5 2					......1"							5
				18 4		7 1		1"		2 2					
								1				3			2
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di-.										1					
gcstive system.					!										
															
			1	1	......	2 fi				2					
															1
,	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica				i										
			6	o	1	1				2		3			
Diseases of the respira-															7
tory system.															
															
			I												1
f				4		1									
															
Diseases of the brain and						1 1 1									
nervous system. l															
[										1					
[ Diseases of the urinary j and genital organs. j				12								1			
															
			1 1 1	1	1					1					
	Syphilis consecutiva.......				|										1
1				3	!							1			1
Diseases of the serous (					1										1
and exhalent vessels. £															
Diseases of the fibrous {				1											
and muscular struc--{		1 255 4 183 124 19 6 287 10 9 12 115 178 20												1 261 4 195 132 20 6 307 10 10 12 118 187 25 18 9 29 83 39 16 66 111	
tures. I				4		2					!				
Abscesses and ulcers.... J											i				
			1	6 5						4 1	...... 2				
1						2 1									
							........				1				
															
			1	5		7				7	...... 1				1
															
				1	j					I					
Wounds and injuries.....										! !					
					1					2 1 ■ i i					
				3	......1 3		i					3			
							......1......i......								
		18 9	1		1 ; i I I										
			I		' i :										
		28 80 38 16					I			|		1			
				............		3 1	1								
										i 1					
			1				■			1 i					
	.............	66 104	1				|			; I					
			...... 2			5	i			1 i 1					
		!								■					
					!		1 ;			1 i					
		437 1 2		4	......j 7		i i ' ii							448 ; 2	
															
		6,135	31	91 1 1 1 56				I		■ 28					
												1		| '	
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE REGION OF THE GREAT LAKES.
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1857- 1858.						1859. To			
CLASSES OF DIS-								!							
EASES.		9,755.		149.						65.		60. 1 10.099.			
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases., Died.			Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.,Cases.			Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	57 169 347 16 123 7		2 1					!			'		59	
												2 ....		172 347 16 123 7	
															
									I : I						
			4 1	J			......i .								4
	Febris typhus et typhoides..						i								1
							1 1 !				'				
,		8	1	1			i				......!......1......			9	1
							......:.....i......i......i......i":::y" ..:								
		7 1 6	1							1	!			8 1 6	
															
						1									
!								i |							
		571 84 8 3	6	5						4				580 84	G
								1							
Diseases of the organs								:						8 3	
			1		!			......1.....i......			,				
gestive system.											I i				
		3 106 294 35 824 11 55 40 16 40 65 24 15 26 173 5 92 24 40 1 4 22 1 266 4 169 164 24 2 254 14 6 12 65 163 10 10 3 6 74 27 18 23 113												3 110 311 36 839 11 56 40 16 41 66 25 16 26 174 5 93 28 43 1 4 22 1 278 4 176 165 24 2 260 14 6 12 70 166 1°	
			4 7 1 1 1	1 7 1 4						3 2					
												8			4
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
										8		3			
Diseases of the respira-															7
tory system. *i										1					
															
I															1
										1					
			4	1		1									4
Diseases of the brain and \						'.".':x.:.'.'.:..;..						1			
nervous system.			1	1											
						i					I 1				1
						i				1	1				
						i					I 1				
Diseases of the urinary				1							!				
and genital organs.						i						2			
				2		i				1					
Diseases of the serous (					i										
					< 1 , 1										
Diseases of the fibrous f			'		' i" l......i......I...........										
					......!......1......1......i......i......1 . . .										
				3	1 :					7	, ! 2				
					i										
				1 1	1 ;					3					
Abscessesan ucers....|					1 I i										
					1 i 1"										
					1 I i										
			2	3		■				2	......! 1				
															
						i j i i"									
Wounds and injuries						.; i									
				1 1 1				1		1 ...... a					
												2			
							i			1					
														10 3 28 18 23 nq	
	Dcbiiitas..................								......1......i.						
			'							1 1 1					
				ill							...... 2 ......				
															
											■				
															
				5								! 1 1...			
															
			......1...												
		389	3	8	1......1......i......!......'.....										3
					1 1										
		5,139	37	51		i									37
						i									
 
78
             REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 5.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG THE
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	AL.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		7,308.		544.		2,284.		1,621.		967.		1,461.		14,1	85.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. 1		Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quolidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	34 111 124 14				15 54 12 7		1 5 10				2 7 17 1		52 190 175 16 14 4	
				8 6 1					,	5 6					
							......								
			::::::r:			1				1		2			
															
f		6		2		2		1		1				12	
															
		1												1	
															
I															
										1 25 4				1 332 80 6	
		116 18 4	3 4	38 3		93 12 1	2	44 16	I		1 1	16 27 1			7
															1
Diseases of the organs															4
connected with the di-.							1								1
estive system.		] 6 67 146 20 656 7 49 21 9 29 25 11 10 8 54 1 14 5 15						1						2 6 198 284 96 1,396 9 69 37 30 90 30 19 26 15 99 3 32 11 36	
											1				1
			3 5 2	5 9		56 64 49 334 2 7 6 10 43 3 1 6 3 9	1	13 32 1 159		12 14 3 79		45 19 23 113	1 1		
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														3
				55 3 5 4	2										
Diseases of the respira-															9
tory system.												10 2 5 9 1 2 2 1 8 2 4 2 3			
							4 1	1	1	2 2 2 1					7
															1
c								7							
															1
Diseases of the brain and]			1	3 5 1 11				2 1 1 6		1					
nervous system.										2 ...... 1 ...... 11 ;......					
|															1
															
															
Diseases of the urinary						8 1 8	1	3 2 7		'Tl " > !...... 2 I...1					
and genital organs.															1
				1											1
															
	All other diseases..........	2 165				1 108						1	1	4 399	
				33			1	82	1	n					3
											1				
		238 2 197 54 15 2 195 18 9 14 63 136 26 23 4 1 49 21 5 24 65 41	2	15		51		32		12	...... 31			379 2 384 102 41 2 424 22 12 14 134 205 106 39 5 11 64 33	2
1 Abscesses and ulcers.... \															
				23 5		75 23 10		40 8 11		23 '..... ! 26 7 '...... 5 2 :.,,, i 3 1					
															
															
			...... 25 ......|......			76 2 1	.... 1 63 ......! i		......I 32 ..... 33						
												1 1			
			1 1 1												
Wounds and injuries.... •															
			......! 13 1 6 ! 7 1 3 1			22 15 22 2	I 22 ..... ! 23 ......! 29 1 4 ;		......1 6 ...... ......i 15 1...... ......! 9 1...... ......i 2 !......			8 10 13 5			
															
															
									1 I						
f						6 4 4 2 15 20 157	..... ..... i 2	4 2 3 3 7 24 1 87	......1......'......1.....J......						
				1						4 l.... 4 2 1...... 3					
															
			2	i 1 4 i...... 6					i I 1					1 10 fin	
									...... 2 1......j 8 ......I 8 '......| 16 ...... 45 ...... 30						
													..... 139 2 1 360		
															4
				1				! 1							1
	All other diseases..........	168				79		87	...... 36 ...... 36 j......| 441						2
		3,126	22	338	2	J 1,502	14	845	3	394	4	i 558	5	6,763	50
 
                    AMONG  THE TROOPS IN THE NORTHERN DIVISION.





TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH INTERIOR REGION.—WEST OF THE GREAT LAKES.
79
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. 18.">8-				1859.		Tot	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,970.		913.		2,052.		1,408.		1 778. 1.112.				13,	>33.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	1 Cases.iDied. 1		Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	22 201 347 7 39 6		2 40 23		7 83 31 1 2 2		2 11 4 3		4 9 11	1			37 363 474 11 41 11	1
												19 58			
															
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		1					1				2			1
															
r		8 2	1	1				2 2				1		12 5	1
1						1									
															
		1												1	
{															
		7 369 60 1 1 8 5 102 178 20 475 9 47 33 11 51 27 8 10 11 71	1 1	24 138 52 1	14 ........									31 717 169 2 3 9 6 280 329 45 729 10 51 44 33 119 30 15 23 15 96 5 25 14 52	15
						88 29	1	65 6		12 6		45 16			
															1
															1
Diseases of the organs								2							
connected with the di-*			1 1 5 2 2 1	1 1 39 26 12 31											
gestive system.															1
						64 38 5 65		37 39 5 94 1 1 1 19		12 19 1 8	1	26 29 2 56			
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.															6
										2		1 1			2
				7 2 13	1	2 1 48									]
1															
										2 2	1	5 1			
															3
Diseases of the brain and				1 3 2 1		6 6 2 6 2 3 3 6									
nervous system.								2		2					
															1
f Diseases of the urinary!								6 2		5		7 1 3 6 2			
															
		9 3 30		8						2					
and genital organs.							1	2 9							
				3						2					
1 Diseases of the serous < and exhalent vessels. ' Diseases of the fibrous ( and muscular struc- \ tures. (. f Abscesses and ulcers.... J															1 2
		5 5 1 291 2 182 74 14 2 253 9 14 9 69 112 14 21 25 8 69 21 8 26 120 20	1					3 5		1			1	9 10 1 443 4 376 100 26 4 436 18 25 10 145 181 66 43 29 26 91 43 17 51 194 171	
															
															
				25		56		41 1 44 13 2 1 68 4		18		12 1 25 3 3	1		
															
				54 2		59 6 4 1 49 2 9 1 16 15 17 6 2 3 11 8 2 9 33 33				12 2 2					1
I f				1 ...											
															
				.13						22 1 1		31 2 1			
															
															
Wounds and injuries.... -j															
			...... 1 1	19 9 4 6			2	17 25 15 2 1 8 6 4 3 8 16 63	1	4 10 3 6		20 10 13 2 1 2 1 4 3 6 15 25			
															
															
															1 1
															
				4 2 3 1 2 8 18						1 2 3					
															
															
															
M' ell															
.........										2 12					
															3
															
L		283	2	82		65	2	92		24		or.		571	
	Total..................														
		3,836	21	684	15	908	6 1 758		1	225	3 | 486				
													!".—		
 
80                    REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY





          No. 5.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG THE
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		7,306.		1,195.		1,694.		830.		1,037.		1.138.		13,	200.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	jCases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febra intermittens quartana	61 556 411 6 178 3	2 2	19 62 20 12		8 50 12 1		2 11 10		4 34 59		3 17 40		97 730 552 19 189 40	2
								3 1	1	1 7	1	7 4	1		3
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			24 2		1									4
		4 1		!										4 1	
				i											
															
..........1															
[															
		33 974 247 10 5 7 3 162 224 38 419 21 8 23 59 22 21 2 21 73	3 3 1	53 337 8	10 1 1									86 1,862 388 16 5 12 3 321 381 44 560 14 28 12 55 110 24 33 20 23 120 4 42 30 75 1 9 2 1 416 5 494 90 27	13
						219 30	1	73 10		110 43 3	1 1	149 50 3			5 1
															
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-gestive system.															3
															
				3		1		1							
															
			1	43 30		36 40		33 18 3 17 1 1 1	1 1	26 31 3 65 1 4 2 3 8		21 38			
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
						36 2 1					1	23			
Diseases of the respira-			5 1 1 2	3 1 1 28 9	1										8
tory system.															
											1				
												3 4 1 1 1 1 9 1 9 7 10	1 1		
						22 1 7 8	1	8							
															3 1
Diseases of the brain and				3 5						1 1 1 14 1 13 6 6					
nervous system.								........ 3							
															3
				___		10		14 1 4							
				1 6											
Diseases of the urinary		9 9 39 1 8 2 1 270 3 273 49 15				1 4									
and genital organs.				4 ......											
				6		7		7							
Diseases of the serous \															
and exhalent vessels. '				!		1 1		;							1
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-^								i							
tures. [ f			1	28		40		22 1 34 3		31		25 1 29 18 2			1
															
Abscesses and ulcers.... <				55 9 4		62 11				41					
								1 I		1					
															
		229 18 13 4 76 186 14 38 19 23 91 26 19 ' 23 108 6	1	46 1				54 I 2 !		33 3 1		32 7 1 4 5 16 11 3 3 20 3 2 2 14 12 a		469 35 15 9 113 281 63 60 34 65	
						4									
															
						1 13		1							
			2	9 20 5						10 14 7 5 3 3 5 3					
								n ! 6 5 2 3 4 2 1 5 4	1 1						
						20 i 4 1...... 1 \...... 8									
				4 -											
				3 9 6 8 4 8 14 117											1 3
													......' 49 ......1 26 ......| 177		
															
						19 !			|						
						27 9				12 7					
												8 ......; loU			
		259		42		90	...... 28 ;...... 33 ......					49	1 498		
															1
	Total..................	5,430 o.i		1,068	15	936	3			664	5	669	4	9,180	
															57
 
                    AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  THE NORTHERN DIVISION.                 81





TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE NORTH INTERIOR REGION.—WEST OF THE GREAT LAKES.
							FOURTH QUARTER.								«
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	
															
		7,335.		2,030.		1,631. 1,023.				1,487.		1,450.		14, <	(56.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1 1				Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. 1		Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ '.Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	34 309 411 8 36 1	1 1	34 98 26		2 ...... 16 j...... 3 !......		1 3 10 1		2 16 30 1 1 1		1 14 13		74 456 493 10 40 18	1 1
				3 14	1 3							i			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					2					..... 1 ...'......				3
1											! ,				
r		7		2		1		2		1	I			12	
						>					1				
						"'I					: j				
rUI"VeeVerS.........|															
i		1												1	
r						1 1									
		429 51 12 1 4 5 93 165 30 628 7 36 25 12 38 21 14 9 14 " 8 45	1 1 1	320 40 1 I 1	2						1 j 43			1,041 1S1	4
															]
Diseases of the organs					...... O		!			2 3	...... 1 ...... 18 ......' 1 1______ 7				1
						1	!								1
gestive system.								1						6 fi	
									:			1 1			1
			I 2 1 1	121 49 53 310 3 2 6 3 55 2 2 14 1 9 1 3 3 15 1	3 3	13 37 4 186	......: 5 i......; 9 ...... rm l i is					oa i ... Qfi4			
1											...... 38 ..... 337				-
Diseases of the respira- j tory system.	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica						1	11 95 1 2	...... 5 ......: 97		......' 1 '<...... ......i 85 ...... j			104 1,401 11 49	4
									1	4 5 6	...... 5 . .				1
					1	2 1 12	1	2 1...... 1			3 i 2 , . \ 42 ......i A ______' 2fi				6
															1
1								-		Sl.... A 101					
						1 ...: 5			1			1 1 1 1 18 1 17		30 19 33 17 101 30 29 78 1 5 255 1 483 5 462 131 57	1
						2 4			| \						1
nervous system.										1 1 3 1 3 6 •)					
1															
f						7	..... a !......								
								1 '.....							.....
Diseases of the urinary ,															
and genital organs.					1	2 9	......' 3 !......				..... 0				
															1
		1 75 1 259 4 244 88 24				.. . . .. !				3 ...... l					
				84 ......		48 1.. ,, •		3				45 j......			
															......
				62 ......		55 I		23 ! 1 58 1			...... OK				
|												i ! 39 1 Q			
Abscesses and ulcers.... -j				61 16 9		56 6		26 .....j 36 2 !...... 10 5 _____ fi							
						4 _____					......[ 9 1......				
					......1......'........										
		275 14 14 2 88 178 21 22 9 23 86 32 8 17 65 13	1	90 3 2 2 39 15 26 4 7 14 1 8 2 10 16 37	...... 93 !...... 1 o			34 3		45 2 3	...... 41 '...... ...... 3			581 29 no	1
Wounds and injuries.....											1			4 194	
					...... 12 ...... ...... 41 ......			12 12	...... 16		...... 27 '......				
											......i is ...... aas				
					...... 17 ...... 13					20 1 3	.....1 17 | ......1 5 1...... ..... ! fi i			114 35 29 43 i 103 R4	
								3 ■							,
					.,, 1 4 ...... 2										
							o					1 1 1____			
					...... 1 ...... 13				...... 1 .....						
					......1 12 ......			5	......> 4 :..... 3 1.						
												i 2 1, 12 fi '......i Sfi			
						7 ...... 11 1 20 i......		8 2 0	...... 8 '•.....						
									1 ,5 ...... 21		...... 7 '■■...... 116 ...... 25 i......| 118				
		225	2	90		64 .20			...... 49 | 2 32 i......1 480						; 4
		4,313	13	1,791	14	939 | 3 420 2				624 | 6 1		661 I 1		S.748	39
11- 
 
MIDDLE  DIVISION.
MIDDLE  ATLANTIC REGION.
   This region includes that portion of the Atlantic coast which lies between the thirty-fifth and
fortieth  degrees of north  latitude, comprising not only those stations that are  immediately
contiguous to the ocean, but those also that are situated upon the bays and rivers not sufficiently
removed from the sea to have decidedly an inland climate.
   During the period under special review only three stations in this region have been garrisoned
with troops,  viz:  Forts  McHenry and Monroe and Washington Arsenal.  The statistics in the
abstract for this region,  and in the tables that more immediately follow, embrace, in addition to
the posts above named, the diseases occurring at Forts Mifflin, Severn, and Washington, and
Frankford Arsenal, since January, 1839.
  For sketches of the medical  topography and diseases of these posts, reference is made to the
report of 1856.
                                   DISEASES.
   The following table compiled from Abstract No. 1, for  this division, gives a condensed view
of the amount of sickness and mortality in the Middle Atlantic Region, from January, 1839, to
January, 1860, a period of twenty-one years :
              TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	7,465 7,826 9,262 9,074	3,585 4,349 6,544 4,291	21 23 76 21	480 555 706 472	2 8
					2 9
					8 2
					2 3
					
	8,407	18,769	141	2,232	16.8
					
   From the foregoing data it appears that the proportion of cases of sickness to the mean
strength of the command is 2.23 to 1 ; and  that the ratio of deaths to the number of troops is
1 in 59.6,  or 1.68 per cent.  The proportion of deaths to cases treated is 1 in 133.11,  or 0.75
per cent.
   In reference to this high ratio of sickness and mortality the following explanation was made
in the report of 1856 :
   "The cause of this high ratio of sickness and death is explained by reference to  the original
report for Fort Monroe, for  the third quarter of 1848, which shows a total of 132 cases of remit-
tent fever, 42 cases of yellow  fever, 328 of diarrhoea, and 42 of acute dysentery, occurring in 
84
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
troops which  arrived  during that quarter, either direct from Vera Cruz, or by the way of New
Orleans.  An examination of the abstract shows that in the third quarter of 1848 the  ' mean
strength' was 736;  the number of cases treated, 848; and  the deaths, 56.  If we leave out
altogether the statistics for that quarter, we have the following as the mean results for this
region for a period of fourteen and three fourths years :
    " Annual ratio.—Mean strength, 6,115 : cases treated, 13,414 ; deaths, 61.   This makes the
proportion of cases to  the number of troops 2.19 to 1, and that of deaths 1 in 100, or 1 per cent.
The ratio of deaths to cases treated would be 1 in 219, or 0.45 per cent."
    Assuming the same premises, that is, excluding the statistics for  the third quarter of 1848,
the ratio of sickness and mortality in this region for a period of twenty-one years  are as follows:
Mean  strength, 7,671 ;  cases treated, 17,921 ; deaths, 85.   The  proportion of cases of sickness
to the number of troops is 2.33 to 1 ; and the  deaths 1 in 90, or 1.11 per cent.  The ratio of
deaths to the  number  of cases treated, is 1  to 211, or 0.47 per cent.
    In the general summaries for this region  these last ratios will be given, as  most correctly
exhibiting the true proportion of sickness and mortality.

                                           FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength
Febris continua communis......
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana.....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens...................
Febris typhus et typhoides.....
Febris typhus icterodes.........
FIRST.      SECOND.
7,465
Cases. Deaths
Total
296
5	0	17	0
37	0	72	0
18	0	389	0
9	0	20	0
19	1	41	0
5	0	3	0
3	0	2	0
7,826      9,262
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths
 32
185
500
 28
270
  8
 47
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
39
544
0  1,070  42
9,074
8,407

Cases. |Deaths.! Cases. Deaths.!   c
 13
 90
417
 21
 57
  4
  1
603
67	0
384	0
1,524	0
78	0
387	5
20	0
53	40
2,513	45
Oin  67
Oin 384
0 in 1,524
Oin  78
1 in  77
0 in  20
4 in   5
lin   56
<= S
Z o
 45
181
  9
 46
  2.3
  6.3
299
The only report of interest respecting fevers in this region during the five years under special
review, is the following :
                       SANITARY REPORT—FORT McHENRY, MARYLAND.
                             Surgeon Charles McDougall:  September, 1858.
    From the 16th to the 26th  of September ten cases of yellow fever have occurred at Fort
McHenry ; four fatal, six convalescent.
    Private Mullen, K company, First Artillery, taken on the 16th, died on the 19th; had black
vomit and yellow skin.
    Sergeant Donnelly, K company, First Artillery,  taken  sick on the 17th, died on the 21st;
had black vomit  and  yellow skin.
    Mrs. Dawson, laundress, taken on the 20th, died on the 23d; had black vomit and  yellow
skin.
    Ordnance Sergeant Wilson, attacked on the 24th, died on the  28th; yellow skin.
    All  who have convalesced had more  or less discoloration of the skin.
    The symptoms  of the  disease  were  slight chills ;  intense pain  in the head, eye-balls, and 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  MIDDLE DIVISION.
85
 back ; injected conjunctiva ; tenderness of the epigastrium ;  incoherency of speech ; confusion of
 intellect; temperature slightly increased ; average pulse 80.
    Treatment mainly with calomel, quinine, and opium, with the usual adjuvants.
    We give the case of Sergeant Wilson in detail.   Reported sick on the morning of the 24th ;
 had a chill in the night;  reaction complete ; complained of  intense pain in the head ;  pulse 90,
 with unusual  impulse ; eyes red, face flushed ; is a large, robust man, of great muscular force ;
 nervo-sanguineous temperament.   Took two pounds of blood from the arm with immediate relief
 to his sufferings.  Ordered twenty grains of calomel and  sulphate of magnesia in six hours
 after.   Ice water to head, crushed ice for thirst.  Calomel  and salts operated well.   Spt: nit:
 et vin: ipec: febrifuge for  the night.
    25th.  Symptoms better.  Ordered calomel, grs. ten, quinine, five, every three hours during
 the day.  Complains of nausea in the night; apply mustard plaster over  the stomach.  Con-
 tinue calomel and quinine, reducing former to two grains, with half grain of opium.  The same
 on the 26th, with mustard plaster to spine.   Complains of the specific effects of the calomel and
 quinine on his mouth and head, discontinue calomel and mustard.
    27th.  Nausea and vomiting continue; brandy and water ordered and medicine discontinued.
 Pulse feeble ;  had two convulsions in the night, and hemorrhage  from the bowels.  Moribund
 in the morning, died at 2  p. m.  Skin very yellow.
    We confess to disappointment at the termination of the case.   Wilson had been fairly and
 energetically treated from the onset of his attack, with special reference to the timely exhibition
 of calomel and quinine.   His constitution responded to the specific action of those medicines,
 but  the fatal indication of " coffee-ground-colored specks," observed in the matter ejected from
 the stomach prior to the hemorrhage from the bowels in the night,  forbode the sad result.
   Sergeant Wilson was a gallant soldier, and possessed all the elements of a gentleman.
   After a careful and critical examination of Fort McHenry and its immediate localities nothing
 could be  found which  would predispose to or engender disease.   The police was perfect; the
 drainage as  complete as could be desired. No standing water.  Clothing and diet of the soldiers
 excellent; the general habits of the command perhaps better than at most of our military posts.
 How, then,  could the yellow fever originate, or  whence contracted?  All of the cases but one
 occurred in  the row of frame shanties northeast  from the fort, some eighty yards.  Five of the
 inmates were attacked by  the fever about one time, and all within a period of eight days.  The
 shanties were clean and well  whitewashed,  but  old and deficient in sub-ventilation.  We can
 imagine that the sweepings and washings of years might have produced a condition like that of
 defective sewerage, which  would favor or induce disease.  But most unlikely in regard to those
 shanties.  We  believe that the yellow fever at Fort  McHenry came from vessels infected with
 the disease at  quarantine, near by; that the  infecting poison was carried by the winds to the
 frame shanties facing the  bay ; and those who inhaled the  poison, being in condition, took the
 disease.  The command in the fort were protected by the ramparts ;  not one of them sickened.
 Why their immunity from an attack?   There seems to me not a doubt that the materia morbi of
yellow fever is portable, and where it finds favoring conditions will reproduce itself and extend
its dreadful ravages,
   The inclosed report was made to the commanding officer at Fort McHenry.
                                                     Hospital, Fort McHenry, Md.,
                                                                   September 28, 1858.
   Major : The disease prevailing at this post is undoubtedly u yellow fever."  Sergeant Don-
nelly,  Private  Mullen, and  Mrs.  Dawson have fallen victims,  and several cases  are under
treatment. 
86
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
   How generated,  or  from whence contracted, after a careful and searching examination,  I
have not been able to find out.   The hygienic condition of Fort McHenry, including everything
that could contribute to the health of the  command, could not be better.  During the entire
summer season it has had more than an ordinary exemption from the common sicknesses of the
country.
   As all the cases of the disease  have occurred in the row of one-story frame buildings east of
the fort, and  occupied  by the laundresses and soldiers' families, a thorough examination of the
premises was made to discover, if possible, any cause which would be likely to affect injuriously
the health of the post.  None could be found.   The buildings, which are mere "shanties," were
erected many years  ago for the accommodation of the employes of the Engineer Department
when constructing the fort.   They are old, much decayed,  and without proper ventilation under
the floors.
   If there are any local agencies or emanations which would predispose to or generate disease,
it must be the confined  and inquinated air under those houses.   Exteriorly and within they are
cleaner and in better condition for occupancy than houses of a similar class in the city of Balti-
more ; and what adds to the suspicion that causes of disease do exist in or about them, is the fact
that the worst forms of  disease which have heretofore prevailed  at this post, have first appeared
in them.
   In consideration of all above stated and after mature reflection, the undersigned deems it his
imperative duty respectfully to recommend that those buildings be consumed by fire.
           Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                             CHAS.  McDOUGALL,
                                                                   Surgeon U. S. Army.
   Major W.  H. French, First U. S. Artillery,
                                     Commanding post.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters,
Strength
Diseases.
Cholera Asiatica..................
Diarrhoea............................
Dysenteria acuta..................
Dysenteria chronica..............
Enteritis............................
Hepatitis acuta....................
Hepatitis chronica................
Obstipatio...........................
All other diseases of this class
Total
FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.			o o O J
										"5 32	i-, fci
7,	465	7,826		9,262		9,074		8,407			
										1° c	o rt
Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		O C o <_ "3 C
										^	«
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Oin 0	0
153	0	443	0	1,209	15	313	1	2,118	16	1 in 132	252
65	0	220	0	363	2	141	3	789	5	1 in 158	94
6	0	22	1	12	2	4	0	44	3	lin 15	5.2
0	0	0	0	0	0	9	0	9	0	Oin 9	1
7	0	15	0	1	0	4	0	27	0	Oin 27	3.2
2	0	8	0	2	0	5	0	17 0		Oin 17	2
123	0	241	0	254	0	128	0	746 0		0 in 746	88.7
194	1	291	1	487	1	226	0	1,198 3		1 in 399	142
550	1	1,240	2	2,328	20	830	4	4,948	27	1 in 183	588
 
AMONG THE TROOPS  IN THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.

    DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
87
Quarters
Strength.
7,465
7,826
Dcatlis.1 Cases. Deaths.
9,262      9,074
8,407
Cases. IDeaths. Cases. Deaths.' Cases. Drat
Bronchitis acuta et chronica__
Cartarrhus...........................,
Phthisis pulmonalis...............
Pleuritis..............................
Pneumonia..........................
All other diseases of this class
 15
846
  5
 25
 34
 21
     Total....

Rheumatismus
946
197
 18
521
  4
 33
 21
 10
 16
706
 11
 29
  8
 15
 21
759
  8
 19
 14
 12
70	1
2,832	0
28	19
106	0
77	7
58	2
607    7   785 ,   5  j  833   11  3,171 ,  29   lin  109
        ■           !     .
224    0   229
1 I  225   0  i  875    1   lin 875
                          MIDDLE  INTERIOR REGION-EAST.
   This region includes all that portion of the United States lying between the  immediate
Atlantic slope and the Mississippi river, and within nearly the same parallels of latitude which
defined the northern and southern boundaries of the Middle Atlantic Region.
   Although only three stations are located  in this district, it has been found  advisable to
present the diseases in two abstracts,  on account of the dissimilarity between those prevailing in
the region of the Alleghanies and in the valley  of the Ohio.
   The first  abstract will,  therefore,  present the diseases occurring at Carlisle Barracks and at
Alleghany Arsenal; the second,  those at Newport Barracks.
   For brief descriptions of these military stations  the reader is referred to the report of 1856.
DISEASES
   Following the  order heretofore  pursued in  this report, the aggregate  amount of sickness
and mortality at Carlisle Barracks and at Alleghany Arsenal, for a period of twenty-one years,
from  January, 1839, to January, 1860, are presented in the  following  table, compiled from
Abstract No. 2  for this division.
                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	3,171 4,068 4,332 3,645	2,831 2,751 4,123 2,405	18 11 20 11	892 676 952 GGO	5.6
					2.7
					4.6
					3
					
	3,804	12,110	60	3,183	15.7
					
		12,098	57	3,180	14.9
					
 
88
REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
    An analysis of this table shows that the proportion of cases treated to the mean strength of
the forces  is 3.18  to 1 ; and of deaths 1 in 63.4, or 1.57 per cent.  The  ratio of deaths to  the
number of cases  treated is 1 in  201.83, or 0.49 per cent.   Exclusive of cholera, the  ratio of
deaths to the number of men is 1 in 66.7, or 1.49 per cent.
FEVERS.
					THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		o	o o o ■
											■5 ( 11 be	
1 Strength.................................i 3,171 1			4,068		4,332		3,645		3,804		tionof d cases. )f eases p lean stre	
! | j Diseases. , Cases. Deaths. Cases. i !				Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	1 ! °-| £ -	
	16 0 48 | 0 79 0 6 0 18 0		17 86 118 7 43 16 ft	0 0 0 0 0 2 0	8 174 140 1 103 3 0	0 0 0 0 1 0 0	29 29 98 1 37 17 0	0 0 1 0 3 0 0	70 337 435 15 201 45 0	0 0 1 0 4 3 0	Oin 70 0 in 337 1 in 435 Oin 15 lin 50 1 in 15 Oin 0	18
Febris intermittens quotidiana....												88 114 4 53
Febris typhus et typhoides........	9 0	1 0										12 0
												
Total............................	176	1	287	2	429	1	211 4		1,103	8	1 in 138	289
												
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters
Strength.
3,171
Cases. Deaths. Cases.
4,068
4,332
Deaths.
3,645
3,804
Deaths
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhoea............................
Dysenteria acuta....................
Dysenteria chronica..............
Enteritis.............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica................
Obstipatio...........................
All other diseases of this class
Total.
Exclusive of cholera
1	0
243	0
17	0
1	0
1	1
0	0
0	0
91	0
255	0
  0
392
 62
  2
  0
  0
  1
116
191
  11
1,099
 219
   2
   4
   0
   0
 158
 296
  0
406
 48
  0
  1
  0
  0
 84
141
   12
2,140
  346
    5
    6
    0
    1
  449
  883
in     4
in 1,070
in   346
in     5
in     6
in     0
in     1
in   449
in   221
609 !   1  i  764 i   1   1,789
7    680
3,842   11
1 in  349
3,830    8
1 in  479 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE MIDDLE DIVISION.
89
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Quarters....................................											Proportion of deaths to cases.	o o
												h. tc
Strength.....................................	3,171		4,068		4,332		3,645		3,804			O. £
												u C3
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		% o
	153 525 4 27 26 1	0 0 4 0 3 0	29 276 3 10 30 6	0 0 0 0 3 0	49 216 2 11 14 1	0 0 1 0 1 0	36 329 2 20 9 1	0 0 1 1 0 0	267 1,346 11 68 79 9	0 0 6 1 7 0	0 in 267 0 in 1,346 1 in 1.8 lin 68 lin 11 Oin * 9	70
												353
												2.8
												17.8
Pneumonia.................................												20.7
												2.3
Total....................................	736	7	354	3	293	2	397	2	1,780	14	1 in 127	468
												
	106	0	117	1	105	0	71	0	399	I	1 in 399	104
												
   The tables that immediately follow are compiled from Abstract No. 3 for this division,
embracing one station only, Newport Barracks, Kentucky ;  and covering a period of thirteen
years, from 1847 to 1860 :
TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
			Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
Mean strength.	Number treated.			
			Treated.	Died.
2,609	1,645	23	630	8
2,398	1,717	27	711	11
2,367	1,887	23	797	10
2,526	1,637	15	648	6
2,475	6,886	88	2,782	35.5
	6,655	72	2,692	29.3
				
First quarter....
Second quarter.
Third quarter..,
Fourth quarter.
Annual ratio.
Exclusive of cholera,
   An analysis of this table  gives the following results :  The proportion of cases of sickness to
the number of troops is 2.78 to 1;  and that of deaths 1 in 28.12, or 3.55  per cent.  The ratio of
deaths to the number of cases treated is 1 in 78.25, or 1.27 per cent.
   Exclusive of cholera, the proportion of cases to the number of troops is 2.69 to 1; and that of
deaths, 1 in 34.57, or 2.93  per cent.  The ratio of deaths to cases treated is 1 in 92.43, or 1.08
per cent.
             12----s 
90
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
FEVERS.
Quarters.
FIRST.   I   SECOND.
Strength....................................    2,609       2,398       2,367
2,526
Cases. Deaths.1 Cases. Deaths.i Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths
Febris continua communis............    3
Febris intermittens quotidiana.......   205
Febris intermittens tertiana...........:    70 j
Febris intermittens quartana.........'    0
Febris remittens..........................    14
Febris typhus et typhoides...........;    33
Febris typhus icterodes................j    0
Total................................I  325
  0
273
 69
  0
 37
 23
  0
402
0	0	0
273	0	346
69	0	35
11	0	3
60	0	20
20	1	24
4	0	1
437	1	429
2,475
o v
Cases. Deaths.
   3
1,097
 243
   14
 131
 100
   5
3   1,593
Oin     3
Oin 1,097
0 in   243
Oin
lin
lin
Oin
 14
131
 12.5
1 in   177
a c
o ta
° s
  1
443
 98
  5.
 53
 40
  2

643
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
2,609
2,398
2,367
2,526
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths
______'_______'_______I______
Cases. Deaths.! Cases. Deaths.
2,475
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhoea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica..............
Enteritis..............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
0	0
149	3
15	1
1	0
2	0
0	0
3	0
63	0
99	0
 95
322
 22
  1
  3
  2
  1
 76
109
119
462
 63
  1
  6
  0
  0
 74
128
10
 5
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 17
258
 28
  0
  2
  1
  0
 36
 77
      Total................................   332     4  i  631     8   \  853    16     419     G
                                           '      '      !
                              1       |      '■      '      !
Exclusive of cholera....................'■...........................,..................'......
 231
1,191
 128
   3
   13
   3
   4
 249
 413
2,235    34
Deaths,
16
 9
 4
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
2,004
18
n  14
n 132
n  32
n   3
n  13
n   3
n   4
n 249
n 103
lin  65
1 in 111
i-T ^
= S
481
 51.7
  1.2
  5.2
  1.2
  1.6
100
167
903
809
    The  cases  of cholera Asiatica,  reported in  the abstract  for Newport Barracks,  and in  this
table, occurred in the years 1849, 1850, 1851, and 1852.   For remarks respecting  those cases
and their treatment, reference  is made to the  report of 1856. 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE  MIDDLE DIVISION.
91
	DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.											
	FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		Proportion of deaths to cases.	
Strength....................................	2,609		2,398		2,367		2,526		2,	175		C o
												Z 3
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases. Deaths. i		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		'Z "c
	35 322 2 27 80 4	0 0 2 0 6 0	13 70 4 19 32 4	0 0 3 0 2 0	I 8 "		18 212 1 14 33 5	0 0 o	74 644 9 74 146 18	0 0 6 1 8 0	Oin 74 0 in 644 lin 1.5 lin 74 lin 18 Oin 18	30
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................					40 2 14 5	0 1 0 0 0						260 3 6
								1				30
								0 0				60
												7.2
Total...............................	470	8	142	5	70 1		283	1	965	15	lin 64	390
	42 n		44 n		36 ft		34	0	156	0	0 in 156	63
												
                         MIDDLE  INTERIOR REGION—WEST.

   The region thus designated, for the purposes of this report,  embraces that portion of country
lying between the Mississippi and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and the thirty-sixth
and fortieth parallels of north latitude.
   The military stations which have been or are now occupied  in this region are six in number.
viz:  Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis Arsenal, Forts Leavenworth, Scott, Atkinson, and Riley.
   Jefferson Barracks  having been  occupied as a depot for  recruits, and  being also peculiarly
located in reference  to  its medical topography,  it has been determined to present the diseases
occurring there, and at St. Louis Arsenal, which is in its vicinity, in  a separate  abstract, and
to classify the diseases of the remaining four posts together.
                                      DISEASES.

   For remarks relative to the medical topography and diseases of Jefferson Barracks and St.
Louis  Arsenal,  the report of 1856 may  be consulted.   The following table,  compiled from
Abstract No.  4  for this division, exhibits the amount  of sickness and  mortality at  these two
stations during a period of twenty-one years, from January, 1839, to January, 1860.

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
First quarter....
Second quarter.
Third quarter...
Fourth quarter.
Quarters.
     Annual ratio...


Exclusive of cholera.
Ratio per 1,000 ok mean strength.
Mean strength.	Nu	nber treated. 5,737	Deaths. !	Treated.	Died.
7,743			104	741	13.4
5,699		6,140	129	1,077	22.8
7,195		7,473	15:2	1,038	21
7,188		6,356	S4	884	11.6
6,956		1 25,706	469	3,695	67.4
25,062
304
3,603
43.7 
92
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
    It is here shown that the annual proportion of cases of sickness to the mean strength of the
commands at Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal is 3.69 to 1;  and that the corresponding
ratio of deaths is 1 in 14.83 or 6.74 per cent.  Also that the proportion of deaths to the number
of cases treated is 1 in 54.81, or 1.82 per cent.
    Exclusive of cholera, the proportion of cases treated to the number of men is 3.60 to  1 ; and
that of deaths, 1 in 22.88, or 4.37 per cent.  The ratio of deaths to cases treated is 1 in 82.44, or
1.21 per cent.
                                               FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength
Febris congestiva..................
Febris continua communis......
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana.....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens....................
Febris typhus et typhoides.....
Febris typhus icterodes..........
     Total..........................
7,743
Cases. I Deaths,
1,089
7	7
2	0
392	0
612	0
8	0
51	1
17	3
0	0
11
5,699
Cases. Deaths
  1
  7
579
545
 18
 54
 19
  3
1,226
7,195
Cases. Deaths
   6
  12
 777
1,006
   2
 184
  14
   1
2,002
 6
 0
 2
 0
 0
10
 4
 0
22
7,188
Cases. Deaths
  6
661
993
  8
100
 19
  2
1,797
14
6,956
Cases. Deaths.
  22
  27
2,409
3,156
  36
 389
  69
   6
6,114
20
 0
 2
 2
 0
20
 9
 1
54
lin    1.1
Oin   27
1 in 1,204
lin 1,578
Oin   36
lin   19
lin    7.6
lin    6
1 in  113
° £
'Z o
  3
  3.
344
453
  5
 56
 10
  1
879
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength.
7,743
Cases. Deaths
5,699
Cases. Deaths
7,195
Cases. Deaths
7,188
Cases. Deaths
6,956
Cases. Deaths
o B
O <H
B o
Cholera Asiatica.........................    81
Diarrhoea...................................   718
Dysenteria acuta.........................   177
Dysenteria chronica....................    58
Enteritis...................................     1
Hepatitis acuta...........................i    1
Hepatitis chronica......................     0
Obstipatio.................................   251
All other diseases of this class.......   261
39
 7
 0
 2
 0
 0
 0
 0
 2
 271
1,251
 349
  89
   0
   4
   2
 233
 170
68
 8
 2
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 281
1,759
 575
  32
   0
   4
   2
 285
 201
50
38
 9
 2
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
  11
1,141
 267
  16
   1
   0
   8
 211
 187
11
 8
 2
 1
 0
 2
 0
 2
  644
4,869
1,368
  195
   2
   9
  12
  980
  819
165
 64
 19
  7
  1
  0
  2
  0
  6
1 in
lin
lin
lin
lin
Oin
lin
 3.8
76
38
28
 2
 9
 6
Oin 980
1 in 136
Total.................................. 1,548   50
Exclusive of cholera
2,369
80  !3,139
100
700
196
 28
  0.3
  1.2
  1.7
142
117
1,842
34  ;8,898  264  | lin  34   1,279
,254   99   lin  83  I  1,186
    It appears from the records of the Medical Bureau that the cholera has prevailed at Jefferson
Barracks in the years 1849,1850, 1851, 1852, and 1855.   The report of 1856 contains brief notes
relative to this disease,  and to it the reader is referred. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  MIDDLE  DIVISION.
03
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
					THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		Proportion of deaths to eases.	|
												%■ It.
	7,743		5,699		1,	195	' 1	188	6, Cases.	)5G Deaths.		I |
												o r:
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Dcatlis.				"5 ^
	55 1,016 7 56 66 7	1 0 5 4 15 1	35 542 4 43 36 8	3 0 3 3 14 0	4 516 10 17 4 8	0 3 10 1 0 0	41 793 5 51 59 7	1 0 6 3 11 1	135 2,867 26 167 165 30	5 3 24 11 10 2	lin 27 1 in 956 1 in 1.08 lin 15 lin 16 lin 1.5	19 412 3.7 24 23.7 4
												
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................												
Pleuritis.....................................												
												
												
Total...........................	1,207	26	668	23	559	14	956	22	3,390	85	lin 40	487
												
	203	0	204	0	123	0	141	0	671	0	0 in 671	96
												
   We now proceed to the statistics of disease at the remaining  posts in this region.   Of the
several posts situated in the region now under consideration, Forts Scott and Atkinson have not
been occupied during the  period  under special review;  that is, since  January, 1855.  The
report of 1856 may be consulted for sketches of the medical topography and diseases of each of
those stations, and also of Forts Leavenworth and Riley.
                                     DISEASES.
   The following table has been compiled  from Abstract No. 5 for this division.   It covers a
period of twenty-one years, from January, 1839, to January, 1860.

               TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	10,910 10,006 7,225 10,582	7,922 8,875 8,839 10,010	70 124 85 54	726 886 1,223 946	6.4 12.3 11.7 5.1
					
					
					
					
	9,681	25,646	333	2,649	34.4
					
		25,384	217	2,G22	oo 4
					
   It is here shown that the annual proportion of cases of sickness to the mean  strength of the
command in this region is 2.64 to 1, and that the corresponding ratio of deaths is 1 in  29, or
3.44 per cent.   The proportion of deaths to the number of cases treated is 1 in 77, or 1.3 per cent.
   Exclusive of cholera, the ratio of cases to the number of men is 2.62 to 1, and that of deaths
1 in 44.61, or 2.24 per cent.  The ratio of deaths to cases  treated is 1 in 117, or 0.85 per cent. 
1)1
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
FEVERS.
Quarters,

Strength.
10,910
10,006
Ca<es. :Deaths.' Cases. Deaths
7,225
10,582
9,681
Cases. I Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases
Febris congestiva........................     1    0      1    0      7   3
Febris continua communis............    12    0     25    1     61   0
Febris intermittens quotidiana......   370    0  '  682:  0   1,601   0
Febris intermittens tertiana..........   651 J   0   1,160  j  0    950   1
Febris intermittens quartana.........     4    0     10    0     31 i  0
Febris remittens.........................    28 [   0     88;  1  \  209   3
Febris typhus et typhoides...........    13    2      8  I  4  !   14   4
Febris typhus icterodes...............     0 J   0      0  J  0  i    0 |  0
Total............................... 1,079
1,974
6  12,873   11
1,414
1,117
  14
  79
  31
   0
2,703
   9
  146
4,067
3,878
  59
  404
  66
   0
8,629
Deaths.
		o
		
71		o •
		
		
		
		
o		c i;
		
		
	V	
		
		a c
		
B		= E
c		3 I— B O
 3
 3
 0
 1
 0
 5
15
 0
1 in    3
1 in   49
Oin 4,067
lin 3,878
0 in   59
lin   81
lin    4.4
Oin    0
27
1 in  319
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
Cholera Asiatica.....
Diarrhoea...............
Dysenteria acuta.....
Dysenteria chronica.
Enteritis................
Hepatitis acuta.......
Hepatitis chronica...
Obstipatio..............
All other diseases of this class.
Exclusive of cholera.
10,910      10,006      7,225   j   10,582
Cases, iDcatlis. Cases. Deaths.. Cases. Deaths,
  6
567
105
  9
  4
  8
  3
269
317
Total................................  1,288
 156
1,087
 167
   3
   6
  14
   2
 393
 345
14   2,173
69
 4
 3
 0
 2
 0
 0
 0
  91
1,418
 333
  10
   3
   7
   3
 317
 388
43
 0
 4
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
   9
1,279
 204
  10
   4
   7
   4
 247
 304
78  2,570
50
2,068   15  8,099  157
9,681
 262
4,351
 809
  32
  17
  36
  12
1,226
1,354
116
 18
 10
  1
  5
  0
  0
  0
  7
O o
1 in 2.25
lin 242
lin
1 in
lin
Oin
Oin
 8+
32
 3.4
36
12
Oin 1,226
lin  193
1 in  51
7,837 I  41     1 in  191
    During  the  twenty-one years covered by this  report—that  is,  from January, 1839, to
January,  1860, the Asiatic cholera has prevailed, as  an  epidemic, in  1849, 1850, 1851, 1852,
1854, and 1855.  The  report  of 1856  contains the  following  brief note  of  this  disease as  it
appeared at Fort Leavenworth:
    '"'The  only station in the class now under consideration, which has been visited to any extent
by cholera during the period embraced in this report, is Fort Leavenworth, where the first case
is reported in  January, 1849.   Surgeon  McDougall, in transmitting his report of sick  for the
third quarter of 1848,  remarks  that ' the whole command has been more or less affected with
diarrhoea, which  has prevailed  extensively throughout the country ; perhaps more owing to an
epidemic  constitution of the  atmosphere than to the usual  causes.'   In the  next  quarterly 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN THE MIDDLE DIVISION,
05
report, December, 1848, the  same surgeon comments upon the marked exemption of the troops
from miasmatic diseases, which he attributes  to the limited inundations of the Missouri river,
and upon the prevalence of diarrhoea.   He also notes the fact that all diseases are of a marked
asthenic character ; which is again stated  to be the case in  the  next report, (that for the first
three  months of 1849,) when cholera  made its appearance, and continued, some cases being
reported each month, till some time in  August.  In the spring of the next year (1850) Surgeon
McDougall  again comments upon the evident disposition to diarrhoea, or typhoid prostration,
although no epidemic prevailed.  In July  of that year  cholera cases are again reported; and
once more this disease  reappears in  May, June, and July,  1851.   Two cases  are reported  in
May,  1852, and  seven  in June, 1854.   The  original reports contain  no notes respecting the
character  or treatment of this disease.   In explanation of the frequent recurrence of cholera at
this post, it may be remarked  that it is used as a general depot of supplies, and as a starting-
point or rendezvous for troops on the march to New Mexico and to the stations on the Great
Plains.   The reports show that the disease was brought with troops  from St. Louis; most of the
commands having suffered from this disease in  ascending the Missouri."
   Cholera  again appeared at Fort Leavenworth  in April, 1855, and continued to prevail in a
greater  or less degree till October following.   The first  death is reported on the 24th of April,
the last on the 3d of  October.  Total number of cases, 115 ; deaths,  47.  This disease  also
appeared at Fort Riley, Kansas, in July, 1855.  That fort was then garrisoned by a very small
detachment of the Sixth Infantry, numbering forty-seven only.   In this  small  force there were
twenty-one cases of cholera, and nine deaths.  There were at the fort some hundreds of citizens,
mechanics, employed in the construction of the buildings, who also suffered from this disease,
but the  files of this office exhibit nothing in relation to the numbers who sickened or died.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
GLuartcrs.
Strength
10,910   :   10,006
,225
10,582
Total
Bronchitis acuta et chronica..........  175 !  2   139 :  2
Catarrhus..................................11,207   0  i 563   1
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................j    6  13    10   2
Pleuritis....................................   75   2    83   2
Pneumonia.................................'   58   7    54   8
All other diseases of this class.......j   43   0  j  22   0
9,681
Cases. Deaths,
19	0	130	0	463	4
431	1	1,237	0	3,438	2
13	4	7	2	36	21
36	0	67	1	261	5
30	2	67	7	209	24
6	0	11	0	82	0
1,564 ;  24 l  871
Rheumatismus..........................|  392   0    346
535
7 [1,519   10  4,489  56
s °
s3
1 in  116 I  47.8
1 in 1,719  355
lin    1.7|   3.7
1 in   52   27
1 in    8.7  21.5
Oin   82    8.4
1 in   80  463
0   204    0 !  363    0  1,305   0    0 in 1,305   134
   The following remarks of Surgeon J. J. B. Wright, in relation to the troops serving on the
Kansas boundary survey, under  the command  of Lieutenant Colonel J. E.  Johnston, First
Cavalry, in the summer of 1857, are copied from that officer's report of sick and wounded for
the third quarter of that year:
   "This command  left Fort  Leavenworth with  a decided  scorbutic diathesis,  which developed
itself more fully during the first month of the campaign.  New cases continued to occur until
late in September.   Fortunately the command was supplied (to some little extent  at the com- 
96
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
mencement and more fully in September) with the desiccated vegetables, to the agency of which I
am disposed to ascribe the entire eradication of the disease.  The issues to the troops served the
purpose of a preventive, whilst those made to the hospital cured all the  cases that came under
my notice except that of Private Brown, of F company, First  Cavalry, whose death is  here
reported.  I  entertain a very favorable opinion of  the value of desiccated vegetables on  long
marches and  other circumstances where troops are deprived of fresh anti-scorbutic aliment,  and
would respectfully recommend that they be made a part of the regular ration of the soldier under
the circumstances alluded to.  One of the cases in the  column 'vulnus sclopeticum' resulted  in
amputation of the fore and middle fingers of the right hand at the first phalanx, very near the
hand.   The luxations were two of the wrist (complete) and one of the elbow ; the fracture  that
of the right clavicle.   One of the teamsters was stabbed with a butcher-knife,  which penetrated
the liver to the extent of three inches.  He recovered."

                     SANITARY REPORT—FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS.
                             Surgeon John M. Cuyler :  December, 1857.
    Several causes have conspired to swell the  sick report this quarter.
    First. Most of the troops constituting the  garrison (ten companies Fourth Artillery) came
here, late in the fall,  direct from Florida, where they had passed a summer engaged in the most
harassing kind  of field service, and subjected to great  fatigue and exposure.
    On arriving  here  nearly all of these troops were suffering more or less from the debilitating
effects of a  southern  climate, and many  were  actually broken down by chronic diarrhoea  and
repeated attacks of intermittent fever.  Added to all this  they were compelled to remain in tents
for over a month after reaching Fort Leavenworth,  during some of the coldest weather we have
had this season.
    Second. The crowded state of the barracks or  quarters rendering it almost impossible  to
keep them properly policed.
    Third. The nature of the service which the troops  have been required to perform  in  conse-
quence of the excited  and disturbed state of the Territory.
    Fourth. The free and easy access to any quantity of ardent spirits, causing great  intemper-
ance and all its evil consequences.
    Several cases of erysipelas occurred in the guard  house, but the disease did not extend,  as
prompt measures were immediately taken to thoroughly cleanse and ventilate the  building,
with directions to have the rooms often whitewashed and  daily aired.
    The general police of the garrison is pretty good, better than it  has been since I have  been
stationed here.  Health and cleanliness render it imperative that some provision or arrangement
be made which  will enable the men to bathe in the  winter  season, when the streams are all
frozen, and water rather difficult to be obtained.  A proper place  should  be provided for the
laundresses of the command, where all the washing may be done, and the dirty water conveyed
out of the garrison.

                          SANITARY REPORT—FORT RILEY, KANSAS.
                             Assistant Surgeon R. H. Coolidge: June, 1857.
    In the report on the medical topography of this  post, as published in the last volume of
Army Medical Statistics, Fort Kiley is stated to be upon  the " west bank of the Pawnee river."
It would have been  more correct to have given  the position as being on the  east bank of that
stream, and such was probably the intention of the writer; but in fact it is situated upon a  high
plateau of prairie rising directly from the north (left) bank of the Kansas or Caw river, just
below the point  where that stream is formed by the junction  of the Kepublican or Pawnee  fork,
flowing from the northwest, and the Smoky Hill fork,  flowing from the southwest. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.                    97
   I have nothing of importance to add to the  topography as given in the  report referred to
above.
   In taking a retrospective view of the medical history of the troops at this station for the last
six months, it is seen that few or no cases of sickness have arisen from local or climatic causes,
from either  the duties or employments of the troops, or from the  nature  of their barracks or
hospital, both of which afford ample accommodations and are in excellent condition.  Intemper-
ance has been the fruitful cause of both diseases and injuries.  The extent  to which this vice
prevailed may in  part be inferred from the number of  cases of delirium  tremens  reported.
During the year previous to my joining this station,  say from October 1, 1855, to September 30,
1856, six cases of delirium tremens are reported, the average strength  of  the command being
392.  From October  1, 1856, to June 30,  1857, nine months, there occurred sixteen cases in a
command averaging 335.
   From the statements of convalescents and from other sources, I am satisfied that three quarts
of whisky was the customary daily allowance of quite a number of the men  ; one quart, as they
expressed it, being required  " to set them up before breakfast."   It appeared to me that larger
quantities of opium were necessary in the treatment of these excessive drinkers than in ordinary
cases  of delirium tremens.
   Four cases of scorbutus are reported in March, and others  occurred among the hired men of
the quartermaster's department.  The timely issue of anti-scorbutics, made upon my representa-
tion,  prevented the development of that disease.   In this connection, I  respectfully report that
only 2.92 inches of rain have fallen here since the first day of April.  During  the corresponding
months last year 7.97 inches  of rain are recorded.  The air has been unusually dry ; there have
been no dews ;  the mean difference between the thermometer and hygrometer for June has been:
7 A. M., 7.63°;  2 p. m., 15.84°; 9 p. m., 8.50°—mean for the month, 10.56°.  In consequence of
this long-continued drought, but more especially owing to the havoc caused by multitudes of
grasshoppers and different species of worms, the gardens at this  post, and for several  miles in
every direction, are hopelessly ruined, and  the troops who may winter here must look to  other
sources for those vegetables which experience has shown to be necessary to the maintenance of
health.  The gardens at the mission, fifty miles  eastward, are said to be in  good condition, and
it is probable that potatoes in sufficient quantity may be purchased there, but onions, if  procur-
able at all, will be so only at very high rates.
   Scarlatina and variola, which  have prevailed  to a very considerable extent in some of the
eastern cities during the last winter, have also appeared here.  Variola appeared on the 1st of
April, was confined to the hired men of the quartermaster's department, and limited to  three
cases, all of which recovered.  The subject of the first case had just returned from Fort Leaven-
worth,  and the two  subsequently attacked occupied the  same tent with  him at the  time he
sickened.   Of the three cases, one was variola and two varioloid.  These cases were treated in a
hospital  tent, pitched at  a  distance from any building, and all  intercourse with the sick pro-
hibited.  The vaccine virus for which  I applied on the 18th of February did not arrive until the
8th of May.  I had fortunately obtained from Surgeon Abaclie, at St. Louis, through Surgeon
Cuyler, at  Fort Leavenworth, part of a crust of vaccine virus, with which and  its proceeds all
the command, hired men, women,  and children, who required protection were vaccinated.  All
adults who had not had variola, or who had not been vaccinated since puberty, were vaccinated.
A  partial record only of  these cases was kept, and while I now regret my inability to give the
precise number in which re-vaccination was followed with well-marked results, the instances
were in much larger proportion than I expected.
   This first case of scarlatina occurred on the 23d of May in the person of a dragoon.  So far
as I could  learn no case  had previously occurred in this  vicinity, and  though many trains of
emigrants had passed this post, the soldier stated positively  that  he had  not been near one of
them.  He  had not  been absent from this station.   The disease was severe from the beginning,
             13----s 
98            REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY—MIDDLE  DIVISION.

attended with much cerebral disturbance, and an extremely sore mouth and throat.   He  had
passed the febrile stage, and the period of desquamation was nearly completed, when he escaped
from his ward one cool morning soon after daylight, and ran unclothed to the company gardens.
Dropsy of the abdomen and anasarca supervened—the left thigh being the first to swell—which
finally terminated in death.  Hospital Steward Drennan, who had been exposed to the  first case,
was the next person  attacked, and though for a time dangerously ill, he has now recovered.
Several children at the post have sickened with  this disease, and it  is still occurring  among
them.
   The surgical cases occurring up to the date of my special report of February 16,  1857, are
sufficiently noted therein, and I have only to add in regard to one of those cases, that of gangrene
of the feet requiring amputation of both legs, that it terminated favorably.  The two  luxations
reported in May were satisfactorily reduced ;  one, caused by being thrown from a horse,  was
reduced on the drill ground by the officer and men present, and its precise character not known;
the other, of the humerus in the axilla,  was reduced in hospital.
   A small party of  emigrants were attacked on the 7th  of June, about eighty miles  from  this
post, by a band of Cheyennes.  Four men were  killed, two wounded, and  one  young woman
severely wounded in  the back and side.  They made their way on foot to the nearest settle-
ments, having been six days without food, except that afforded by a little game the  first day.
The wounded were  conveyed  from their first place of refuge to this post, and have since been
attended by myself. 
             ABSTEACTS






                OF THE








PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






                IN THE







          MIDDLE  DIVISION. 
100
  REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		L839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		5,693.		297.		298.		378.		373.		426.		7,465.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases. Died.	
.	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	5 32 181 9 19 2 3 3 8												5 37 218 9 19 5 3 3 10	
						4 11		1 12							
				7						3		4			
			1												1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					1		1		1					
															
															
										2					
															
		2 8	1 1					4				3		9 8	1
															1
															
		121 58 6		6 3		3 1		6		1 1		16 2		153 65 6	
															
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di- ■															
gestive system.		1 1 91 157 15 669 1 22 29 21 13 16 22 9 13 113 1 45 13 44 1 5 6 3 166 3 100 47 10			1			2		4 1 7 5				7 2 123 194 15 846 5 25 34 21 24 24 23 10 14 130 1 58 25 55 1 5 9 3 197 5 145 60 16	
															
						1 10		3 7				21 14			
			1	1											1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			2	48		31	1	44		22 3 1 4	1	32 1			
															4
tory system.						1		1							
			2									1			2
															
Diseases of the brain and ] nervous system. ]										4 2		7			
				3		2		1							
												1			
			4	1											
1										1 4					4
c				2		1		5				5			
Diseases of the urinary	Strictura urethra;...........														
			1	5 1 3		1		4 3 2		2 3 2		1 5 2			
and genital organs.															
						2									
															1
and exhalent vessels. (			1												1
Diseases of the fibrous f								3							
and muscular struc-'i									1						
				3		3		4	„			15 1 11			
f										D 1 8					
Abscesses and ulcers.... -s I				4 11		12 2		10	......						
r								6	1						
															
		245	1	5		17	...... 21					22		322 9 18 1 100 r>-> 23 5 3 8 83 21 14	
									......						1
		11	1			7 1				I					
Wounds and injuries.... ■							i								1
		z......		3 1 1					......! 8			12			
								2 1							
		13 4			1 1					5 1		2 j			
	[ Vulnus sclopeticuni........i 3						i								
f		7 65 DO										■ !......			
			2	J ...... "			..... ! 2								
		14 13 14 40		2 !..... : 1 ...... . 1 ,					...... J		......i 21.:::::				2
															
				2 2			[		1 i |						
	Morbi oculi................ Scorbutus..................					2	......! 4		1 !					16	
		3												49 ...... 3	
	Suicidium.................	150					1 :::::.nr								
									......' 17 ......| 20 ...... 221 !						
	1 '		19	127 j , ' 131			1 173 1 1			136	i	214		3,585	21
 
                     AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE  MIDDLE DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION.
101
		SECOND QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		1855. 480.		1856. 273.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	\L.
EASES.		5,8 Cases.	11. Died.					446.		358.		420.		7,8"	26.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.			Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Djed.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	17 71 289 20 38 1 2 4 4												17 72 389 20 41 3 2 6 4	
												1 7	......		
				32		13		38		10					
				2					......1......			1 2			
	Febris typhus et typhoides..								i						
															
^				1		1						......r"			
															
						.........									
															
		2												2	
r															
		346 192 22	1	56 24		18 1		9		7 2		7 1		443 220 22	
Diseases of the organs															1
															
gestive system.		10 8 195 203 18 364 3 22 15 9 32 14 4 8 23 112 1 58 9 47 2 3						4		1				15 8 241 291 18 521 4 33 21 10 50 20 4 10 28 147 1 68 13 52 2 3	
															
			1 1 5	13 33		6 15		9 10		11 21		7 9			
															1
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
				63		15		18		30 1		31			
Diseases of the respira- (															5
tory system. t				4 1		6		1							
1										4		1	1		1
[								1							
f			3	2 1		6				6 3		4			
								2							3
Diseases of the brain and]															
nervous system. 1						1 3 3						1 1 8			
					1					1 4					1
				8				12							
															
Diseases of the urinary			1 1 1	2 1 3				2		2		4 2 2			
and genital organs.								1							
															1
Diseases of the serous (															1
															1
															
		1 170 1 109 74 5 1 268 9 13				j								1 224 3 160 83 20 1 391 14 13	
tures. 1 f				19		9 1				12 1 11		9 1 9			
						1									
Abscesses and ulcers.... J [				8 6 6	1	8 |...... 2 ! 4		15 1	1						1
										1		3			
															
				36 1	I	18 ......' 28 1 !......! »				18		23 1			
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....						|									
		70 38 11 8 4 12 34 12 9 12 47 3 1 186		8 3 2		4 :......' 5 4 !..,, 4 1 j.. 1 a				5 3 3		9 6 3 I		101 58 23 11 6 15	
															
								2 1 1 s							
			......	1 2 2 1 1 1 11	......1......!.....										i
					.....1......1.....										
						5 1				3		6 3 1			
							..... i 9						......! »		'
								1 2		1					
										3 2		2 j......i 18			
								! 4 1							
											I			3 1	
			1 2							......1.....'.....					1
				19		8	...."..1 13		1 1 8 ' 1 12						3
	Total................														
		3,266	17	373	3	153		201	2 ! 173 ! 183 1 4,349 ; i i						23
															
 
102
  REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		i		THIRD QUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854.		1 i ! ! 1855. ' 1856. 1857. 1 1858.								1859.		To-	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,	M0.	873.		260.		404. 422.				363.		9,	262.
															
-	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	1 Died	1 I i [ ] ' ! Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died.								Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	32 180 417 28 263 5 44 4 2	j	1 ! ! j 1 j !										32 185	
				2 46	..... i 2 ......1 4			1 21							
									...... 5 1......			7		500 28 270 8 47 7 3 1	
			! 3 36	6 | 2	......1......			1	......1_____i......1..						3
										1 3					
											3				39
				1		1				I		2	1		1
f				i				1							
Eruptive fevers..... .... ■{				i					......	1					
		i													
		2		|......i......I......			! 1					!		2	
(				......!......I......			i i								
		983 343 10	15 2 2	147 16 2				18 1		25 2		18 1		1,209 363 12	15 2
Diseases of the organs															2
connected with the di- J							......|......1.								
gestive system.		1 2 184 351 16 486 5 23 6 10 29 21 14 23 26 131 1 94 11 49 2 1	......				............L...							1 2 254 487 16 706 11 29 8 15 49 28 16 28 30 152 1 123 16 60 2 1	
				[ I.....											
			1	26 50		9 20		13 31		7 11		15 24			
1															I
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-			2	130 2 2	2	21		21		33 2		15 2			4
tory system.						3 1 1 6 1	i	1							
										1					1
				1				2 2				1 4 2 1			
r										8 3 1					
Diseases of the brain and J			2	1											
															
			1	4 2 2	1	1	.........								
I								1 8				1 3			2
Diseases of the urinary!						3				5					
				2 1 2		5		17 4 4		1		4			
and genital organs. ] i															
[						2				2		1			
Diseases of the serous t															
and exhalent vessels. (			1												1
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc--|															
tures.		163 2 223 103 11 1 236 11 9 4 51 54 20 6 3 41 52 19 17 10 54 2	1	44				3		4		15 ...		229 2 329 113 14 1 352 15 9 4	1
f					1										
Abscesses and ulcers.... J I				38 8		11 2 2		30		17		10			
							i			1		1 1......			
				......1											
				27 2		21		18 1		32		1 !......			
															
						1									
Wounds and injuries.....															
				4 8 1		9 4 1		10 5 6 2		12 5		7			
												2 1	„„		
														29 10 5 43 71 40 19 13 82 3	
						2 ....									
[				1 1 1 7						1 1 6 4 1	......	1			
r					1										
					......1 5 ____ 1							6 6 1 1			
					...... 9.		......1 2 ,......								
|															
								2							
				20 1		2		3		3					
						I I									
															
		187	1	54		5 '...... 6				17		18 '......| 287			1
															I
		5,078	67	663	3	164 1		236			3 1 189 | 2 ,6,544				76
 
                      AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG  THE TROOPS AT  POSTS IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION.
				FOURTH QUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. i 1858. 1859. Total.							
CLASSES OF DIS-						1									
EASES.		6,7	23.	906.		l 237. i 384. 403. 421. 9.074.									
								; i							
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. j |			Died.	i Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. ' i ; ■							Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	12 85 333 21 51 3		1 5 46				| | ! ! 1						IB	
						......L								90 417 21 57 4 1 3 1	
						13		10 ...... 5 ......' 10							
			1	4				2 1							1
	Febris typhus ettyphoides..								I !						
L				1	1				1 !						1
(		3 1				......i......1 .									
					1 1			i i ! i 1							
					......I......1 .....			......;■......i......'......'......i......							
			i ' i												
1			1			1 1 ! i i ! i !									
						1 : i ' ! i									
		218 125 4 9 3 5 80 166 17 484 7 18 11 10 15 22 11 11 13 111 3 92 10 33 1 2 2 1 160 2 129 72 11	1 2	49 !...... 12 1 1		8		' !...... 3 !......		18 1	1 13 1			313 141 4 9 4 5 128 226 21 759 8 19 14 12 41 27 12 13 13 140 3 114 15 47 1 4 2 1 225 2 187 80 19	1
															3
											.. .				
								............!..							
gestive system.			i !					l	1 1			......			
			i									.........			
			5	29 34 3 148 1				6 . 2		5 ..... 4 ......		8 11			
					1 9										
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica									1 37					
					......	7		35 1			1	48			
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															6
								i		1 1					
			2 1	1 1 15 1	1	1		1			1	...... i			3
								!		......1....		1 4 1 1			2
Diseases of the brain and ! nervous system. ] ( f						1		4 1...... i		2 | 3					
															
								......1....							
			1	1				i		'					
										1 1 !					]
				5		6		3		7 :......j 8 !...... 1					
															
Diseases of the urinary 1			::::::	6 ......		3		o 1		a ... 9 i					
and genital organs.				2 7						2 6	1				
[											1				
								!		..... t					
			.....			1				...J		1 i......			
Diseases of the fibrous { and muscular struc--^			!					1		!					
			j					'"I......		......1					
			......j 38 |......			4		9		8		6			
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... \ I			......! 28 ...... 8 ......| 2			8		2		11 l		9 ......			
						2		1		3					
											1				
		272 7 4	......	60 !		21 2		13		18 I......		10 1		394 15 5	
															
							!			1					
Wounds and injuries.....							1								
		60 62 24 11 3 7 44 16 5 12 39 2	1 ......	7 i......1 2 2 ...... 2				8 1 1...... 3 ! i !		6 3 2 1		9		92 74 34 17	
															1
				1 ...... i ! 2 j 1 2 I......		2 3 1 5						2 ; ............			
												1 1			1
								i					......i 15 ......1 55		
										6 1					'
				8 2 4 11				i		4 l/i					
										* !......		1		8 19 57 5	
								i i		1					
						...... 3 1				3					
				0											
							1			'i...... ......					
1		179		25 ......											
	Total................														
		3,114	14	580	4										21
															
 
104
  REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		2,408.		362.		170.		296.		445.		490.		3,171.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	10 6 35 6 18 9						1		3		2		16 48 79 6 18 9	
				39 6		3 11									
								5		17		5			
															
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		1												1
															
		7 1 4 3 5 1 90 9								4		3		14 1 4 6 5 1 243 17 1 1	
															
															
										3					
															
f															
				16 2		9		16 4		69		43 2			
															
Diseases of the organs						1									
										1	1				1
gestive system.															
															
		57 166 30 182 2 24 13		19 8		2 12 1 20 1				5 35 55 80		8 23 65 105	2	91 255 153 525 4 27 26 1 25 12 15 11 5 49 5 20 5 10 1 4 30	
								11 2 31 1							
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1 3	107 1 5	1										
															4
										2					
						2		3				3 1 2 2			3
															
Diseases of the brain and ! j		15 8 11 5 2 20 5 9 3 1	2 1	2 1 4 1				2		4					
						1	1								3
															
nervous system.						1		1 3 1				3			
1															1
f				1		2				21		4			
															
Diseases of the urinary j			1	4		1		3		2 1 3		1 1 2 1			
and genital organs.															1
[				3		1									
Diseases of the serous (															
		3 4								1 3					
				4				19							
															
		66 1 71 33 1		15		1		6		11		7		106 1 144 75 5	
f	Phlegmon et abscessus.....														
Abscesses and ulcers....<, { f				12		5 1		13 1		20 12		23 28 2			
				2											
															
		174 6 1		33		11		11		49		32 1	1	310 7 4	1
				1				2							
															
		18 21 60 3 12		6				1 o 1 1		5 6 6 1		16 4 14		46 33 81 6 12 7 18 16 1 10 38 2	
															
															
				1											
															
				1 9		4				1 4 1					
		1 11 1 3 23 2	1									4 2	1		2
						1		1							
															
				1 3						3 5		3 1			
						5		1							
															
															
		87	1	13		d		3		45		14		166	1
	Total.................														
		1,359	11	320	1	100	1	146		478	1			2,831	18
													4		
 
                     AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN THE  MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE MIDDLE INTERIOR REGION—EAST.
105
				SECOND QUARTER.									
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		18; 44	5. 1856.			1857. 1858. 16				>9. i Total. 8. 4.068.	
EASES.	Mean strength...........	2,309.			3. 216.			234. 451. 41					
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.							Died. Cases.	Died. Cases. Dir	d.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	11 20 62 3 43 16				1 i l ......! !...... a					1	...... 17 ...	
			...... 64 :...... ......1 15 j......			2 11	i					...... 86 ...	
							......1 3 ......			23 4	4	...... 118 ...	
												43 ...	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		2			i : 1						...... 16	9
						i							
* r j		3		'		1					___ 2	...... 6 ... ...... 19 !...	
								10 ...... 2					
												1	
												I	
[		1		..................L							....' !.....	......! ii..	
r							i i					i"	
		213 1		46 ! 1 28 1		11 l	.. . 30 1 11 '				i 37	......| 392 ...... 62 '...	
							i |		..				
Diseases of the organs												! o	
				l		1 1 ! , ! | i !							
gestive system.								i | ; ■ ,					
		1 87 93 3 133 3 9 24 5 40 3 4 1 30 4 3 3 8		!					......! .... ...! , ..				
				13 24	i			3 11 1 12	1 10 ...... 37		3 19 9 43		
												......' ]9i	
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica											...... 29 ... ...... 276	
			......							53			
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.													
			1	1 ...									
					....	4 1 1				1	'1 !	...... 30 ...... 6 ... ......, 60 ... 3	T
				1									
f						4 '...... 2 j...... 4					...... 10		
1			......										
Diseases of the brain and j										3 2			
nervous svstem.				' ! i							1 3	......' 12...	
1													
r				12 ......! 2 j......i 5 |...... 15							14	..... i 78 . - - -	
Diseases of the urinary!													
			......	2 1				2 ___ H			8 .... ' 2 ...... 1	...... -23 ... ......1 9 ... ......i 13i-	
and genital organs. j					'					3 2			
I				2									
Diseases of the serous (					II!								
and exhalent vessels. X		1 1 1 58 3 65 24		2						1		4 I	
Diseases of the fibrous f					1							...... \r	
and muscular strue-^													
lures.			1	21		9					...... 12 1	...... 117 | 3!	1
(				i									
Abscesses and ulcers.... .j I				11 6 1 ......		9		9 !.... | 13 3 1.....! 5			24 i 33	...... 131 ... 71	
f												...... 3 ...	
			1					.... 1					
		183 2 1		22 ...... i		7		19 o.-j			28 1	...... 284 '...	
										1			
													
Wounds and injuries.....												......i 1 I"'	
		19 25 75 8 9 10 2 16 5 1 12	1	5				5 ......1 8 3 i 3 1 ...... 3 1 1......; 2			..... ' 19 .3 .,,, ' 8 1 1	1......' 58 1	
					......1 1 ......							1......1 40 '.. ! 92 ...... 14 ...... 11 .. ...... 23 ..	
				5 1									
						' I	i						2
			6 1 ! i					i -i			3 .... ! 3		
					::::::! i					. 4 ! 2			
													
													
			i	3 15	i			i 4		1 4 5 i	2 3	! n'	
					...... 3 1......								
													
						!							
1	Total.................	83	......	18 ......J 3 ...... 4						:• 29	"")	...... 162 |..	
													
		1,478 1	6 1	360	1 89		o	136 ' 362 1 1			J 2 326	2,751	11
14.													
 
106
 REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.				THIRD QUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. | 1858.				1859.		Toi	
															
		2,7	"3.	599.		141.		169. 465. i 185. i 4.332.							
										Cases.				Cases.	
	SPECIFIC DISEASES. i	Cases.	Died.	1 Cases. Died. Cases. Died.				Cases.	Died.		1 ■ Died. Cases. Died.				Died.
,	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	29 52		............		i			I			1 ...... 8			
			......	145		1								174	
				38 1 1		8 I '		10	...... 23 ......t 9					140 1 103 3	
		99 3			1	;			■			3			1
															
															
		3								1				4	
											1		«*		
		1				i								1	
						1									
						1				I 1			1		
		11 476 135 2 4	3 1			i				j				11 1,099 219 2 4	y
				379 55	1	23 23		48 6		153		20			1 1
															
Diseases of the organs															
										""1					
gestive system.										1 1					
										.:::"'......i......					
		88 182 1 98 1 9 14	2 1 1	52 50 25 61				3 6		13 9			! 158		
						2				30 23 44 1	26				2
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica .......'.........													49	
								7			6			216 2 11	
Diseases of the respira- ' tory system.															1
				1		......						1 1......			
										1					
												1 3		1 79 13 8 14 6 100 3	
	1 Delirium tremens.........	36 12 6 9 3 51 3 32 1 10	1	30		1		4 1	1	5 '..., 1					2
Diseases of the brain and				1						I 1					
nervous system.															
				2 15											
r						2					i		......		
Diseases of the urinary															
				1 1 5		o		6 2 1	......1 14						
and genital organs.															
						1			......! 5					22	
Diseases of the serous (											;				
and exhalent vessels. (		2	2	1		1		1	I					4	2
Diseases of the fibrous f						i			i						
															
tures. [ f		45 1 107 46 1		38		3		4	......' 8'j......1 7"				.....;'",""		
														1 205 78 3	
Abscesses and ulcers.... •{	Phlegmon et abscessus Ulcus.....................		1	32 4		12 3		i	.... j 38 ......: 15 ... ! 1 -			8 7			1
															
															
		201 7 3		28		6			......' 31 ..... 19 1 1					304 7 4 1	
							. "i '								
	Luxatio....................						i			1	1				
Wounds and injuries....-				1 21 7 6 1			i				1				
		42 33 47 3 14 7 16 3	1					2	K		......< 3				
						2				6			......: 48		
								1							
												I ......			
														14	1
r				19 i							...... 3 ...... 1				
				2 3 2 6 12	1					1 2				52 10 22 5 9 50 2 2 224	1 1
											......' 1 ''...... 1				
I															
									i			3 |......			
		26				1 ....... 3			...... 8						
				2							'j '"				
		1 128	1							1 | 1 24 ;......					2
i	All other diseases..........			57....... 4 ...... 4 ......								7			
		2,118	14	M02 4 94 ...... 143 | 1 ; 512 ! 1 j 151 4,123 '■ 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 ! 1 '											20
 
                     AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  THE  MIDDLE DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS  IN THE MIDDLE INTERIOR REGION—EAST.
107
							FOURTH QUARTER.								
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. 1858.				1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		2,334.		20.		309.		243. 525. 214. 3.645.							
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	I Died. jCases.|Died.			Cases.	Died, Cases.		Died. Cases. Died. Cases.				Died.
		24 29 62 1 37 17				1		3	...... 1		I			29 29 98 1 37 17	
	Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana										!				
			1			12		7	......1 10		...... 7 !......				1
															
			3						......1.....						3
	Febris typhus ettyphoides..				1				|						
				| i							■				
		1			.........1...					3	...... 1 ..... 5 l 1				
						1									
		1 1				1 1 i '								1 1	
						. i... .!......1......					! I				
			1			i					i 1				
									1						
		179 34				73 4		55 2		79 8	......1 20		...... 406		
													...	48	
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-J gestive system.			1......												
		1	......i......[......								i			1	
			......1............												
			......t............										I		
		68								14 17 21 90 1	! 2 1 14		...... 84 ...... 141		
		83 14 167	i i			15 1 19		11							9
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica													36 329 2 20	
			\					29 1			......	24			
Diseases of the respira-			i												1
tory system.		17 7				2	1					1 1			1
			1							1 1 1			::::::		
{						1								1 9fi	
r		23 10 14 11				1					...... l				
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.			;					1				1	...... 19		
			i	1										14 Ifi	1
				1				2	i			1 ......			
1												1 4	' 1 ...... 81		
r		47 3 37 2 9				7		8	...... 15						
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs. )			i											3 R5	
			......I............			7	...... 8		...... 10		3 ..... 2 ......i 2				
			i j					1 ■ ' 1 1 |...... 2					::::::		
{			......i......|......			2								16	
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. 1			i i												
		1	i ■								i			1	
Diseases of the fibrous f					1 I										
							i ! 1								
tures. (.		52 2 86 18 2		1	i -		......' 2 1......! fi I_________' .1						...... 71		
r					1 ! ! !									2 152 52 2	
Abscesses and ulcers.....{ [				1		13 2	......' 6 !...... 38 ...... 3 [......1 25				...... 8 _____ A				
															
				! i ' ■ i ! 1											
		116 6 2	i			19	......; 11 !...... 33 ......! 9~>.						...... 201		1
							1 1					3			
						3	i 1					..... 1......		5	
Wounds and inj tirics.....							! i '......1'"								
		22 28 39 4 12 4 4 10 2 2 18				1 ......: 1 !......' 14 ....... 4 ...... 42 1 '......! 1 :......■ 3 ...... 3 '......i 3fi									
															i
			i			1				2 !...... 10 so					
	Vulnus sclopetieum........													4 12 10	
{							I i 1								|
						4 4 | 1	......! i '......( i				■				1
							i			2	!....: \"T\			11	1
				1				...1				1 1 10			
								1 1......1 1				1		1 i	
			i					1		1 4	.....■ i i				
			j			4	i......i 7 l;...			1 •,		2 ...... 36 i i			
							1 ' !								
			......!......!......i"" ...i												|
		91	......1 2 j...... 6 I......' 14							1 30	i	6 '......: 149			1
											i.....				1
		1,420	8	3	!.....	1 210	2	|176	|.....	j 441	i	I 153		2,405	1 11 1
 
108
 REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTxiLITY





No. 3.-ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
				FIRST QUARTER.											
		1848 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	al.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,422.		356.		162.		192.		245.		232.		2,609.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	1'ases.	Died. Cases.		1 1 Died. Cases.! Died. Cases.				Died.	Jases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana..... Febris intermittens tertiana.. Febris intermittens quartana	1 114 51						1		9				3 205 70	
				32 , , . i 8 6 !...... 3 1				27 3		14 6		10 1			
		13 30		!						1				14 33	
	Febris typhus ettyphoides..			3											
									!						
f		16 12	5	i						1 10				17 22	5
				......i......i......											
															
{		'"io'i 5	4	4 2										14 8	4
								1							
															
		67 9 1 2	2 1	20 3	1	14		22 2		17 1		9		149 15 1 2	3
															1
Diseases of the organs															
															
gestive system.															
	Obsttpatio..................	3 30 47 19 96 1 17 68 2 3 5 4 3 4 16 2 8 15												3 63 99 35 322 2 27 80 4 3 5 4 13 5 26 3 14 17 3	
				14 10		4 2		6 18 2 32		7 19 9 53		2 3 5 29			
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1 4	99 1 5 4	1 2	13									
Diseases of the respira-tory system.	Phthisis pulmonalis........														9
						4				1 6 1					
								2							6
						1									
1 Diseases of the brain and j															
			1												1
															
nervous system.				1		4		2		1		2 1			
															
r				9 1 1 1		2		3		3					
															
Diseases of the urinary J								3 1 1				2			
and genital organs.	Syphilis consecutiva.......														
						1				1					
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. C Diseases of the fibrous ( and muscular struc-'S tures. 1															
															
										2 2 6				2 2 42 3 53 13 2	
															
		22 3 24 7 ! 1		1		1		5				7			
															
Abscesses and ulcers.... ■{ I			1	14 3	......j 1 1......			4 1 1		6 2		4			
					!										1
					i										
		14		2		5 ......		5		4		8		38	
															
		1			i									1	
Wounds and injuries															
		6 13 5 1 1 ! 2 2 i ' | 2		4 1	......! 1 !..... ......! l |......			5 1 3		1 4 1 1		4		21 20 10 4 3 2 29 2	
															
												1			
				2 1											
															
					......1......i.....f										
			'	5		2 ......		5		7		3			
						'"1									
		i 18 20		......| "'		......		4		2		2 1		26 29 1	
				2 ......1 1 ■.....				1	......' 4 ......						
								1	:						
									]						
		24	.....	16 ......! 5 !.....				8 ......: 5 !.....				3		61	
															
		846	19	260	4	" 1.....		169 ...... 200 |..... 1 !				97		1,645	23
															
 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE MIDDLE DIVISION.
109
AMONG THE TROOPS AT NEWPORT BARRACKS, KENTUCKY.
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1847 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,395.		282. 153. 123. i 307. 138. ' 2.398.											
										1 '					
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died. Cases. Died. : i			Cases	Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1 ]				
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana											i |			
		151 35		35 10		26 7	19 1 ]			32 13		10 3	...... 273 ...... ......' 69 ......		
		34 18	1 4			2 1	1							37 , 1 23 ! 4	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			3						1					
														i..	
		8	9				"i					..... i..		8 ' 2	
		22 i 4					1			2		i		24 i 4	
							,					1		« i	
			1												1
		3 95 141 16 1 3 2 1 31 50 11 21 3 12 23 3 .1 9 4 2 1 10												3 95	
			4 2												4
				79 2		13		28 1		53 3					
															2
Diseases of the organs												i		1 3 2 1 76 109 l.l	
connected with the di-^															
gestive system.															
															
			2 2 2	24 20 1 24		3 12		5		11 16		2 4 1			
															2
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
						10		2		7 1	1		......		
Diseases of the respira-														4! 3 19 '	
1 ■{ tory system.				5 4		1 2		1							
										3		1		32 4	
[												1 !.....			
								1 1						2 ......	
			1			2	1			1	i			13 2	
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.													•		
				2 2 5								2		6 5 23 1 14 3 11	
								1 2		1 5					
						1 1 2									
															
Diseases of the urinary | ■ , 1		4 3 8		3				4		1					
and genital organs. ]															
[						I		1		1					
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. <															
															
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-'i				1 5										1 44 1 77 27 1	
						3		4		5		2			
r		1 46 23 1													
Abscesses and ulcers.... •{ I	Phlegmon et abscessus.....			10 1		1		5		10 1		5 2			
															
															
		15		2		3	1 3			11				34 1	
		1													
							......!......								
Wounds and injuries.... ■{								5 4						5 30 10 6 7 1	
				5		1				4 3	m	3			
		5 3						1							
												1			
				2				......1......		9					
							......			1					
r		16					i.							9 !	
				1 1		2	.. .			4		1			
							.....1							3	
		3					i		I					3 33 43 8	
Miscellaneous........ \		23 20				1 4	i			4 8 1		4 4			
				1 7											
					1										
		i													
		19|......		27	..... 8		...... 4			2 !......		4	...... 64 '......		
	Total.................j														
		957 | 25 1 282			...... 107 1 101 ...... 207 ! 1							63	...... 1,717 27		
													1		
 
110
   REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 3.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1847 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,455.		265.		214.		140.		195.		98.		2,367.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases, j Died.		Cases.	Died. Cases.1 Died. 1 1			Cases.	Died.
															
Fevers...................	Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	180 30 11 23 17 4 35		31 12		10 4		9 2		35 19		8 2		273 69 11 60 20 4 35	
			1	29 3				4		4					
	Febris typhus et typhoides..				*"l										1
															
r			1												1
					i										
					'"!										
I f															
															
		119 267 49 1 6	10 5											119 462 63 1 6	10
				80 2		41 6		36 2		31 3		7 1			5
															
Diseases of the organs															
															
gcstive system.															
															
		48 80 6 14 i 13 1 4 2 8 7 5 5 14 2 5 8 4 1		16 11	i	5 12		4 14 2 8		1 10				74 128 8 40 2 14 1 5 2 11 7 7 5 28 2 14 9 5 1 1	
												1			1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1	2		11				4 1		1			
Diseases of the respira-															1
				1	......I										
															
				1											
f															
						1		1				1			
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.			1	1						1					
[															1
r Diseases of the urinary 1 and genital organs. 1				6		2				6					
															
				1		1		4		1 1		2			
															
I				1											
Diseases of the serous(															
and exhalent vessels, i				1	i										1
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-^															
tures. [ f Abscesses and ulcers___.{ i		16		8		5		5		1		1		36	
		45 25 2		19		2 3		9 2		5		1 1 2		81 31 5	
				1						|					
															
		13 3 2	1	3		3		4		2				25 3 3	
															1
						1									
Wounds and injuries---1															
		12 15 5 3		2		4 1 2 1				1 2 2 1				19 19 11 7	
								1							
												2			
	v			2											
															
r		5 14 1 7 9 17 2												5 21 3 8 13 24 3	
								6 1	1	1 1					1
															
				1 1 2 1	......1"										
					!			1		2 3					
					2 1										
													....		
															
		42		23	..... | 8			4		3		3		83	
	Total.................														
		1,208	20	261				119	1	141				1,887	23
													!		
 
                      AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE  MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT NEWPORT BARRACKS, KENTUCKY.
Ill
CLASSES OF DIS-	v			FOURTH QUARTER.											
		1847 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. Total.									
EASES.		I 1,546.		214. 145. 94fi.						246. 129. 2,5					26.
					Died.	1									
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Oases.	Died.	Cases.		! i Cases. Died. Cases.			Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Casts.						Died.
		i :								I :					
	Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	187 6 3 12 23 1 7 37 5		46 .....1 16 ...... 54						39 ...... 4 ...... 346					
			......	11 ......i 2 | i			11			3 ......i 2 ......				35 3 20	
			3	6 _____ 2			1 1								
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			1 1	! 1		.....'......L.......... J......'......1......							24 1 9 37	3
					I !										
r						1			1			i ......			
			1	............											1
														5	
				! ; ; !											
[		1 17 147 21												1 17 258	
r			2 1 1												2
				29 1 1 ■ 17 ......' 38 ......' 2fi 1......1 1 ......											1
1								3	......' 2 ......1 2 ''...... «>8						1
Diseases of the organs				1					. 1 ....!......1 ...1......						1
connected with the di-J		2 1		:					. : . 1					2 1	
gestive system.				............ !					: i |						
				! i					! : 1 |						
		26 31 10 74	1	6 ____ ' 2 1...... 1					......: 1 ......i 8		I !			36 77 18 212 1 14 33	
[				6	......! 11		....... 20 .....1 3 ...... 3.-i				...... i				1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica					1 19			......1 3 !......! 1 ......' 64 I......1 5						
			......	22											
Diseases of the respira-					::::::i..'			1		1					
tory system. -j		14 29 3 5 6 5 3 3 22 1 5 2 2	1								1				1
						1				3	. 1 . ...				
			...... 2 !											5 5 11 6 6 40 1 15 3 R	
										............!......					
			1		............	4 1		1		'"!......1.....:'"					1
Diseases of the brain and |										......!......1......""					
nervous system.				1 2 5					.......;;i......n;						
[					......i i ......I 2				:ii.						
								3							
															
Diseases of the urinary				1	1			4	......1 2 ...... 2 ......						
and genital organs.								1 1							
				......f......		i j......			...... 2 !......' 2 ......						
Diseases of the serous c						......i......:......									
and exhalent vessels. \					I										
Diseases of the fibrous f					'"i......I......i......!......i......i......■......!......■......										
and muscular stnic-^					''......1 i '; '!......										
tures. |		17 1 22 25		2	i			6	......1 7 i......! 2 1...... 1					34 1 65 29 2	
f					i										
Abscesses and ulcers.... -j I			......!10		i		...... 10 1			13 2	......	4 ......			1
															
				...... .....					1 I			1			
		13 2		8 j......' 6			1 S 3		......' 7 1____			5 _____ 49			1
							i 1 1							2 1	
						1	1 | 1 1 ' i								
Wounds and injuries.... -							......;...... ............ ............1.....								
		10 10 1 2 2 6 19 2 5 11		3 !..... i 1			...... 4 I..... ! 4 i......1 1 ......1 23								
				2	'.		1 |			1 1				13 5 1 9 9 i 2.1 3 6 ' 17 21	
								2 !.....				1			
				»!......i '				a	, ' 1						
															
						1 1	......!......!......i..... 1......'......i.....								
			......	l .....			......! 2 1......1 2				i				
				I i				l	'		i				
				i :					1......!......'.....: i ;.....						
				l l				2 i 3 1 !......! -1			1 l				
					......1 3 '......						......1 i I.....				
				i 1 i \ i | ■ i											
								1 ! 1						1 47	1
		20	.......	10		6 .....		5		............. " 2 '......| 4 .....					
															
		890	1 11	178	2	104	1	217	| i	202		46		1,637	15
 
112
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
No. 4.—ABSTRACT  OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND  DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES  OF DIS-
      LASES.
Fevers
Eruptive fevers.
Diseases of the  organs
  connected with  the di-
   estive system.
Diseases  of the respira-
  tory system.
Diseases of the brain and
  nervous system.
Diseases  of the  urinary
  and genital organs.
Diseases  of the  serous
  and exhalent vessels.
Diseases  of the  fibrous
  and  muscular  struc
  tures.                I
,sf
=-1
Abscesses and ulcers
,....{
Wounds and injuries.... •
Miscellaneous.........._
FIRST QUARTER.
Years..................... 1839tol854.    1855.
1857.
1858.
Mean strength..........   5,525.      1,237.
486.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.  Cases.! Died. CasesJ Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.'Died. Cases. Died.
12
Febris congestiva..........
Febris continuacommunis..
Febris inter, quotidiana ....
Febris intermittens tertiana.
Febris intermittens quartana
Febris rernittens...........
Febris typhus et typhoides..
Febris typhus icterodes.....
Erysipelas..................
Rubeola...................
Scarlatina..................
Variola....................
Varioloides................ .....
Cholera Asiatica...........j   81
Diarrhoea..................  471
Dysenteria acuta...........j  136
Dysenteria chronica........j   58
Enteritis...................!    1
Hepatitis acuta............j    1
Hepatitis chronica.......... .....
Obstipatio.................j   80
All other diseases..........'  164
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica   19
Catarrhus..................  600
 72
105
 Phthisis pulmonalis...
 Pleuritis .............
 Pneumonia...........
 All other diseases.....
 Cephalalgia...........
 Delirium tremens.....
 Epilepsia.............
 Neuralgia............,
 All other diseases.....
 Gonorrhoea...........,
 Strictura urethra;......
 Syphilis primitiva.....
 Syphilis consecutiva...,
 All other diseases.....,
 Ascites................
 All other diseases.....,
 Pernio.................
 Podagra..............,
 Rheumatismus.........
 Fistula................
 Phlegmon et abscessus ,
 Ulcus..................
 Ambustio.............,
 Amputatio.............
 Contusio...............
 Fractura ..............
 Luxatio...............
 Punitio................
 Sub-luxatio...........
 Vulnus incisum........
 Vulnus laceratum......
 Vulnus punctuin.......
 Vulnus sclopeticum___
 Debilitas...............
 Ebrietas................
 Ha-morrhois...........
 Hernia.................
 Morbi eutis............
Morbi oculi............
 Scorbutus..............
All other diseases......
  7
 53
 42
  6
 23
 29
  7
  3
  8
 58
  1
 43
 10
 18
  1
  4
  9
  1
139
  2
103
 60
 17
  1
207
172
 26
125
 67
 24
219
16
35
105
  1
  1
 31
 48
 10
  3
  5
 46
 48
 14
  9
 16
 58
  2
192
Total................. 3,908
1,165
33	6
8	
5	
12	3
82	
2	
52	
17	
33	
1	1
6	2
12	
1	
203	
2	
168	
77	
22	
1	
358	1
10	
15	
1	
46	
71	
21	
4	
5	
103	
57	1
14	
13	
22	
2	
253	2
5,737
104 
                     AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT JEFFERSON BARRACKS AND ST. LOUIS ARSENAL.
13
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1857.				1858. 1859.				Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		4.232.		566.		95.		105. i 652. , 49.						5.699.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	1 Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died.						
		1 7 527 423 9 39 13 3 5 22	1						! 1 i					1 1 7 ......	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana														
Fevers..................J			2	25 59		6 17		4 4		10 40 9 11 5		7 2		579 545 18 54 19 3 11	2
															
			2 1			3		1 1	1						2
	Febris typhus ettyphoides..											1			9
i															
								1		5					
														22 ......	
					1										1
		2 2 80 999 241 89	2	2							1 : .			4	2
											i			2 271 1,251 349 89	
			49 7 2 1	191 192 96	19 1					1 !					68
						15		6		39 12	!				8
															9
															1
															
gestive system.		4 2 164 111 11 410 4 41 17 5 41 23 3 6 9 56 4 32 2 14 4 1												4 2 233 170 35 542 4 43 36 8 42 26 5 8 9 93 5 53 2 19 4 1	
					......										
			1 2 2 3	36 31 11 71 2 16 1	1 1	4 8		1		26 20 13 47		2			
															1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														3
						8		6							
Diseases of the respira-															3
tory system.															3
					7					3 2					14
															
												1			
			5	2	3					1	1				9
Diseases of the brain and						2									
nervous system.										2					
t 1			4												4
				5		6 1 1		5		24					
															
Diseases of the urinary j				10				2		8					
and genital organs.															
1										5					
			1												1
															
															
															
		158		25		4		3		13		1	......' 204		
f															
Abscesses and ulcers....■{ [	Ulcus......................	87 67 7		24		2		1 2		22 20				136 ' ... 89 . 8	
															
r						1									
															
		192 6 4	1	70 1		16 1		5		22				305 ..... 8 1 4 ......	
											......I......1""'				
											! i				
Wounds and injuries.... \										............1......i......					
		42 57 7 5 8 140 70 33 7 15 81 1 132								6 4 4 1	......i 1 !...... 49 .....				
			1	4 1 1 1 80										65 ...... 14 ..... 8 9 i...... 90-, 1 90 ! 1 ■:...... 8 , . 20 \..... 103 ...... 6 ...... 1 182 ......	
						2 1									
															
[															
						2 4				3 15 1	;				
								1			1				
				1							i				
						1				......					
				2 10 5 11						3 8	.				
						2		2			......i......!..:.::				
											.				
						4	......J 9		! 26		......i......'......				
	Total..................														
		4,545	94	986	33	111		54 1 1		430	1 1 14 ......16.140 i 129				
													1		
15---s 
114
 REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 4.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,245.		726.		94.		36.		52.		42.		7,195.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.		Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
		6 12 662 810 2 174 13 1 3 13	6											6 12 777 1,006 2 184 14 1 3 13	6
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febra intermittens quartana														
			2	55 173		30 7				19 4		11 8			2
								4							
			10 4	1		5 ......		1		3 1					10
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														4
															
															
			5												5
															
															
		1 190 1,262 384 32												1 281 1,759 575 32	
			34 37 9 1	85 453 189 .........	16 1										50
						33		4		4 2		3			38
															9
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-gestive system.					1										2
															
		4 2 196 148 4 485 9 17 3 6 71 15 5 3 8												4 2 285 201 4 516 10 17 4 8 72 16 6 4 11 73 1 36 7 15 2 4	
															
				73 46		13 4	1	2 2		1 1					
															1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1 10 1 1	26	2	3		2							3
Diseases of the respira-tory system.										1					10
															1
				1 1 1											
						1									
															
						1									1
Diseases of the brain and				1											
nervous system.						] 2 7									
			4									1			4
f		49 1		15				2							
															
Diseases of the urinary j		29 6 14 2 2		2				2		3					
and genital organs.						1									
(			1	I											
Diseases of the serous S															
and exhalent vessels. (				2											
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-^															
		104 2 156 44 19		8		7		2		1		1		123 2 198 45 19	
r															
Abscesses and ulcers.....				40		1 1						1			
															
															
															
		183 8 6 10 53 49 16 2 5 75 92 23 20 9 96 3 136		98		8		1		5		1	1	296 8 10 60 51 17 3 5 235 101 30 20 13 104 9 153	
															
				1	1										
Wounds and injuries.... -															
				7 2 1											
															
															
						1									
															
c			1	160 2 6											
						7									1
												1			
															
■i			1 1	4 5 5 12		1									
						2 1 3						1			
•															1 1
												2			
	Total..................							' ' i......							
		5,761	129 l 47fi i oi 1 no				1	22		45		30	1	7,473	
				'											152
 
                     AMONG THE  TROOPS IN  THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT JEFFERSON BARRACKS AND ST. LOUIS ARSENAL.
115
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.			
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,320.		575.		99.		46. 66. 82.						7,188.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	1 Died. Cases.1 Died. Cases 1				Died.
		8 6 625 868 1 96 19 2 5 4 1	6											8	6
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana													6 661 993 8	
				20 87		1 15		9		6 9 1					
												14 6			
															
															
			7			4								100 J 7	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..													19 ......	
			1											2 ! 1	
						1								6 !......	
														4 ......	
											i			1 ......	
											!				
															
		11 1,042 182 15 1	8 11 8 1 1											11 8	
				75 83 1	1	10 1				11 1		3		1,141 267 16 1	11
															8
															
Diseases of the organs															1
connected with the di-"															
gestive system.		8 178 162 35 765 3 51 57 6 45 23 9 9 14 82 5 28 7 12 1 6 1	2 2 1 4 3 11 1											8 211	2
				27 3		5 1				1					
								1						187 2	
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica											6 4		41 , 1	
1				11		5				8 2	2			793 ......	
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.														5 51 59 46 23 9 9 16 92 7 35 9	fi
															3
						1						1 1			11
[									1.						1
										1					
			6												6
Diseases of the brain and							'. i								
nervous system.															
			2	1 4		1 4 1 1 1									2
f								1				1 1			
															
Diseases of the urinary j				3				1	i 2						
and genital organs.												1			
1			1											12 1	
				1										21	
														6	
														1	
and muscular struc-^															
		132 2 180 83 24		3		3		1		1	......	1		141	
r Abscesses and ulcers.... -J (														2 196 86 26	
				11 1		3				1 2 1	::::::r"i"				
															
r						1									
															
		279 9 7 2 60 80 16 7 7 128 44 22 19 10 69	1	26 2		17				3	9.			327 11 10 2	
															]
						3									
Wounds and injuries.... j															
				6 4 1 1		1				3		2 1 I 1		72 ..	
														85	
						1								19 9 7 156 49 22 19	
															
															
,				27 3		1 2					'"i......				
											1				
															
															
						1					1			11 '	
				3						1				73 ;	
							1								
I		148	3	3		5	1					4 ...... 160 i 4			
	Total..................														1 M
		5,741	80	407	1	90	1	13		54	2	51 1 fi .TSfi			
														"	
 
116
  REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 5.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.		1		FIRST QUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858. '• 1859.				To	
															
		5,647.		353.		i. nsfi		1.10.V		1.965. 694.				10	910.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	'Died	Cases.J Died. Cases			Died. Cases		Died.	II.' Cases.) Died. :Cases. Died.				Cases	Died.
		1 4 241 401 4 23 2 8 2 1					i			1				1 12 370 651 4 28 13 16 2 1	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana					4 13 19	......1 2 ...... 41 ......' 26			.................					
				7 37						129 ......		38 39			
			......1..		1......					5 2 5					
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					9 2	1				i	1			
f															
			1				,								
															
			" 1'"												
[		2 6 306 87 5 4 8 3 116 174 86 656 5 63 29 11 80 37 5 15 14 51 5 6 6 46 2 7 84 2 272 2 250 87 18												2 6 567 105 9 4 8 3 269 317 175 1,207 6 75 58 43 85 63 8 42 17 91 6 9 21 63 2 9 98 2 393 2 458 169 35 4 754 27 25 3 220 151 98 40 19 26 266 51 12 52 130 49 1 469	
	Cholera Asiatica..........		2 1 2 2												2 6 2
				34 1 2		63 9 1	3	79 1 1		70 6	2	15 1			
															
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di- -j															2
gestive system.															
					......										
			1 1 10 3	16 3 58 28		54 66 6 201 1 6 10	1 1 1	25 23 15 168	1 1	43 44 2 124	2 1 1	15 7 8 30			2 2
|	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															13
				1				3 12 30	2	2 7 2 3 9 1 3 1 19					
															7
															
[			1 2								1	2 3	1		1
				1 1		5 1 12			3						
Diseases of the brain and j nervous system.															1
							1	6 2 9 1 2 2 2	1			6			
1			1												3
Diseases of the urinary l and genital organs. 1				1		9						2			
															
												1 3 2			
				8 1		2 11									
[										1	1				
Diseases of the serous j															1
and exhalent vessels. 1						2									
Diseases of the fibrous (				2				8		4					
and muscular struc-1															
tures. 1				9		24		26		45		17			
r															
Abscesses and ulcers___-i I				21 6		54 20 1 3		33 45 3		76		24 11 2			
										11 1 97 4					
															
		418 14 17	......	40	......|	65 5 2		91 3 6	1			43 1			
															
			i												1
Wounds and injuries.....			i									3 8 11 6 1			
		128 105 31 22 15 14 114 23 8 27 59 14	1 7	27 8 5			......	27 7 27 10 2 4 88 6 1 7 12 6		15 12 23 3 1 8	......				
						8 6 4 1									
															
															7
				!											
				......!......i											
			......: 2 i......			13 2									
										i !					
			i												
			i			23 26	1								
				i					...... L ..... ; 2						
							1								
1 1		327	4	n i ""!					......i 30 I 1 16 i						1
															'
		,573 1	39	343 1..... 834 1 11 ' 909 !					9 ' 922 10 341 | 1					7,922 J	70
 
                      AMONG THE TROOPS IN  THE MIDDLE DIVISION.




AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE MIDDLE INTERIOR REGION—WEST.
17
				SECOND QUARTER.											
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		I 1 1855. 1856. 642. 905.				1857.		1858. 1859. j Total.					
EASES.		5,690.						1.175. .		899. 695.				10.C	06.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	1 1 i i I • ■ ; i Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.' Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. 1 ' 1 1 i ' !											Died.
		1 12 481 817 8 42 2 15 66		! i '					' i 1					l| 25	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana		1			6 22 44	!			4 I_____ 3 ......					1
				47 !...... 50 :......!			! 34 ...... 50			19 134	...... 79 '...... ......! 65 ......			682 1,160 10 88 8 20 113 6 10	
				. . i..... :..... 1......				2 97							
			1	9 :......; 4 '......					..... 6 1 1						1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					3 12 1 ',, ' 3 31 ...... 11					1				4
f				1								i :......			
			3						...... 5 1 4						3
								2							1
		7		:						3	..... ............				
[			......												
		88 619 134 2 6 14 2 164 226 70 208 9 76 27 19 112 41 15 11 8 72	44 1 3	68 201 18	25									156 1,087 167 3 6 14 2 393 345 139 563 10 83 54 22 116 65 17 22 12 105 1 21 26 61 3 1 4 2 346 3 362 208 18 2 827 22	69
						70 2	1 99 . ,. ■ 2			8	2	21 3 1			4 3
Diseases of the organs connected with the di- -j gestive system.															
			2												2
				i											
					'										
			1 1 1 1 2	52 13 49 17	...... 25 j...... ......' 2 ''...... ...... 99 !......			70 42 9 154 1 2 7	1 1 3	40 30 2 75		22 9 7 10			
															
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														2 1
Diseases of the rcspira- 1															2
tory system.				1 1 1	: I					1 8 2 4 10	1 1	3 7			2
1					114 1										8
															
r															
			7	4		4 1 7 1 8		3 1 1			2	3			9
Diseases of the brain and]															
nervous system.										2 2 7 1	1	1			
[				1 3											1
								9				6			
															
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.		13 12 49 2	1 1 2	5 2 5				2 3 3				1 2			
										7 2					I
						• 2 ......									1
						1									2
										1		1			
Diseases of the fibrous and muscular struc-< tures.		3 2 209 1 230 98 14				1						......1......			
										1		1			
			1	18 1 26 16						48		11			
								1 19 47							
Abscesses and ulcers.... J	Phlegmon et abscessus..... Ulcus......................					28 ..... 23 '......				36 20	23 .....' 4				1
						2 !...... a									
				1 75 1		i					i				
		403 20 12 3 103 74 60 19 9 33 81 " 16 112 27			......! 58					89	..... 50 !......				
					____1 2 :......1 2							2 I...... 1 '......			
										3					
Wounds and injuries.....												1 1 I 4 6 !......i 197 4 ...... Ill			
				15 17	......j 38 ''...... 19				... 1 6 ......| » ..... ' 6 j		1				i 1
				4 ......' 8 '......; 14 8 ...... 13 1......: 2 ......!......! 2 1 i : i							...... 8 j. ... 1 105				
											! 1			48 ' 12	1
															1 1
				8 ,..., '' 2 2 1......! 24 6 i....... 8			|			1 29 2 2 10	!			1 41	
							!......1 67 !......				......: 9 |..... ::::::! 1!::::: ::::::! i;:::::			212 | 37 1 10 1 44 j 184 . 71	
															
						3 1	.............■.....								1
				1 ......			1......1 12 i.....								
				3 ...... 24 ......1 26 ......1 14											
				i					',						
				: , j				; i	1	I				1 357	1
		253	1	33 ...... 12 ■.....				12 i.....		33 2 14					3
	Total................			. 1 :											
		5,255	75	813 1 26 1 670 1 4 967 8 781 11 389 8,875 : 1 1 1 1 i • ' 1											! 121
															
 
118
  REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 5.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER. *													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To	rAL.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		4,572.		460.		433.		672.		625.		463.		7,	225.
															
	1 SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died. 1	Cases.1 Died I		Cases	(Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases i	Died.
		7 7 1,123 666 18 152	3 1	[ !										7 61 1,601 950 31 209 14 11 47	3
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana			41 78	i.....1 1					11		2 206 109 4			
						50 28		7 67 9 10 1 1 1		137 i...... 89 1......					1
									!						
			3	33 10	......i 6 2 | 2		1		,, 1 8 1 1 ......i 2						3
											yyyyy.				4
		8 46									\......i......i......				
					1						'......i......				
Eruptive fevers..... .... -j 1					1				l						
					"T"										
|					l					. .1......					
1		31 676 272 6 2 7 3 179 261 14 268 8 35 22 6 109 31 8 6 19 42	14 4	60 337 17 1 1	29									91 1,418 333 10 3 7 3 317 388 19 431 13 36 30 6 110 40 12 10 22 82 1 25 8 46 5 9 1	43
						106 3		188 1		76 11		35 29 3			
															4
Diseases of the organs															
															
gestive system.															
															
			2	32 69 1 75	2	56 13 1 13		28 23 2 57 1	1	2 10		20 12 1 5 1 1 2	1		
															3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
										13 3	2				]
Diseases of the respira-															4
tory system.															
						1		5	2						2
1			I												
f			i							1					
			1	6 1		2 1 2 9 1 2 1 2	1 1					1	1		3
Diseases of the brain and]								1 1 1 10		1 1 1 2					
nervous system.															
1				1 18	1										5
c												1			
															
Diseases of the urinary J and genital organs. 1		14 5 30 5 7 1		5				2 2 4		1		1			
															
			.......	8						2					
Diseases of the serous r and exhalent vessels. (															
				2											
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc- i															
tures.		148 3 296 90 12 1 267 12 3		8 1 12 24		18 2 28 5		24		3		3		204 6 377 150 12 1 452 23 13	
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... J [								11 11		6 17		24 3			
															
															
				38 3 4		43 2 3	2	52 4 2		36 1 1		16 1			
															
															2
Wounds and injuries.....															
		78 78 60 18 7 28 97 34 7 38 97 2 1 205	1	13 5 4 3		18 4 9		1 7 2		4				114 98 77 22 18 39 230 60 11 47 128 13 1	
												4 1			
										1 1					
															1
	Vulnus sclopeticum........					5 2 '......		4 9.		Q					
									......! 5			2 13			
			1	16 9		20 ......' 47			......! 37 !......						1
						6 2	......	7	......i 2 1________I 9.						
								i i ! i a ' Si 5 ...... 6							
			...... 1 3 !	1 ......		1					......	4			
				9 '..... if......		7 3									
								5 j ; 2 ......!......'......			j				
											1				1 4
				80 1 1 15			......1 12 1_____i 7 1 i 17								
	Total................			1:1 ' .......1											
		1.676 [	37	1,027 | 35 1 490 1 5 | 621 j 4 | 498 | 2 ; 527 1 2 8,839											85
	|														
 
                     AMONG  THE TROOPS IN THE MIDDLE  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE MIDDLE INTERIOR REGION—WEST.
119
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856. [ 18			37.	1858.		1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		5,367.		911.		859.		2,067.		705.		673.		10,	582.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	III! Cases.. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. 1 1 i 1					Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	13 1,001 675 10 67 5	1 1	22 17 36 1				2	1	11 151 119 3 2		1		48 1,414 1,117 14 79 31	2
						42 31		45 233				158 ...... 23 ......			
						1 2		9 3	2						1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			21	2						1				5
|															
(		8	::::::i""9"		1						<! i			10	1
											1 !				
							1				| !				
		1					'•.... 1							1	
								.							
				8 251 29 2 1	2 2 1 1			1 360 29						9 1,279	2
		559 130 8 3 6 4 114 152 98 451 6 59 25 4 57 18 8 9 16 45 4 5 9 33 4 4 35 1 213	i i			42 1	2		2	32 1	1	35 ......			8
												14		204 10 4 4 247	1
Diseases of the organs															1
							i 1								1
gestive system.										1	.........				
															
				34 54 8 221	1	21 19 2 83	...... 53 ...... 49		1 1 4	9 11 7 106		16 19 1 60			
													......! 304 ......! 130 ...... 1.237		2
(	Bronchitis, acutaet chronica						1	14 316 1 3 12 4 5 14 3 1 3 16							
Diseases of the respira-!													......	7	2
			2	1 9 1						1 I 1		3 17	1	67 67 11 62 47 13 37 21 96 6 12 17 52 7 5 63 1 363 5 395 269 33 3 679 30 22 9 206 148 147 43 22 55 233 56 12 34 137 22 1	1
					1	3 1									7
															
															
			2 3 1	3 1 10		8			1	2 1 3 1 20	1	2	1		5
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.															
						2 |......					1	12 1 4 1			4
f				9 1 1 2 2	......! 2 ......										
.. , i															
Diseases of the urinary								2 3 9 3		4 3 5					
and genital organs.					1										
					......1 2 ......							1			
															I
										1	1				1
						7 1		1	1			20			1
and muscular struc-^															
				27	:.....!'			70 5 32 65 6		17		18			
t															
Abscesses and ulcers.... ^ I		255 133 18		37 13 2 2 26 2 1		7 31 4 1 49 2 8				20 12 1		44 15 2			
															
															
		348 9 6 5 137 92 82 16 10 20 71 27 9 22 81 2						111 10 4 4 18 21 14 5 6 13 46 8 2 6 20 16 1 44		50 1 1		95 6 2	1		1
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....															
			1 1	17 3 20 2	l	16 8				7 8 10 6 3 6 59 5		11 16			
															
						21 ...									
						13 3					1	1			2
	Vulnus sclopeticum.......														2
,				14 7 10								2 12 3			
						38 3 1 1 9 1									
															
															
										2 9		3 6 3			
			......	12											
															
									1						1
.	All other diseases.........	224	2	33		18				13		14		34fi	o
													......1 '		
		5,427	16	975	12	521	3	1,721	14	726	6	640	3	10010	
															
 
 
SOUTHERN   DIVISION.
SOUTH ATLANTIC KEGION.
   This region represents that portion  of the Atlantic coast lying between the thirtieth and
thirty-fifth degrees of latitude.  It includes Forts Macon, Johnston, and Moultrie, and Ogle-
thorpe Barracks.
   For the medical topography of these  posts the reader is referred to the report of 1856.
DISEASES.
   In examining the following statistical tables that have been compiled from Abstract No. 1 for
this division, being that for the South Atlantic Kegion, the fact that during the whole period
covered by these statistics,  that is, from 1839 to 1860, the troops stationed in Charleston harbor
constituted the greater portion serving in that region, and that therefore the results are mainly
applicable to that locality, should be remembered.

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
Mean strength.
Number treated.
Deaths.
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Treated.
Died.
First quarter.........
Second quarter......
Third quarter.......
Fourth quarter......

     Annual ratio
3,390
3,465
3,337
3,411
1,655
2,091
3,027
2,267
16
33
36
3,401
9,040
93
603
907
664
2,658
 2.3
 4.6
 9.8
10.5
   It appears from this table that the annual ratio of cases treated to the number of men is 2.65
to 1, and that the corresponding proportion of deaths is 1 to 36.6, or 2.7 per cent.   The propor-
tion of deaths to cases treated is 1 in 97, or 1.03 per cent.  Exclusive of yellow fever, the  annual
ratio of deaths to the mean strength of the forces is 1 in 57.6, or 1.73 per cent. 
122
REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
FEVERS.
(Quarters....................................							FOURTH.		YEAR.		Proportion of deaths to cases.	o o o .
												u Sj
Strength....................................	3,390		3,465		3,337		3,411		3,401			O 7}
												.2 v. 3 °
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths'.		
Febris continua communis............	9 20 67 16 11 1 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	46 56 65 10 35 2 3	0 0 0 0 0 1 1	17 81 107 10 172 14 37	1 1 0 0 3 2 is	17 35 112 18 65 4 50	0 0 0 0 2 0 18	89 192 351 54 283 21 90	1 1 0 0 5 3 34	lin 89 1 in 192 0 in 351 Oin 54 lin 56 lin 7 lin 2.6	26
Febris intermittens tertiana...........												56.7 103
												15.8
												83
												6
												26
												
Total................................	124	0	217 2		438 22		301 20 t		1,080	44	lin 25	317
   In the report of 1856 will  be found an elaborate  account of the medical topography  and
diseases of Fort Moultrie, Charleston harbor, particularly in relation to the various epidemics of
yellow fever that have prevailed at that  post.  That  report, written by Surgeon J. B. Porter,
tends to  prove the domestic  or local origin of yellow  fever at Fort Moultrie, as opposed to its
importation and contagion.
   In the summer  of 1858, yellow fever in an  epidemic  form again appeared at Fort Moultrie.
Its origin and progress are  described by Surgeon B. M.  Byrne in the following communication
to the Surgeon G-eneral :
                                                            Fort Moultrie,  S. C,
                                                                   November 19, 1858.
   General : I have the honor to submit the following  report relating to the introduction  and
prevalence of yellow fever among the troops at Fort Moultrie.
   The first case of this disease which occurred among the troops was in the person of Private
Jones, of company E, First Artillery, who at the time he  was taken ill was serving as orderly to
the commanding officer.  He was attacked on the 12th and died on the 16th of August, 1858, of
a malignant type of yellow fever.  On the fifth day of his  illness his brain became affected, he
threw up black vomit, and died shortly afterwards, in convulsions.
   I found  it impossible to ascertain how Jones contracted the disease ; but the presumption is
that, as he slept out of garrison, and had full liberty every night to visit the numerous drinking-
shops on the island, which were crowded with persons daily arriving from the infected city of
Charleston,  it was  from this source he imbibed the poison.
   The second case was that of Sergeant McMahon, of  company H, First Artillery.  He was
attacked  on the 20th of August, and although the disease was well-marked, it was of a mild
type, and he was reported for duty on the 31st of the same month.
   The third  case was that of Sergeant Reinhan, of company  H,  First Artillery, who  was
attacked  on  the 26th of August.  The disease in this case  made its  incursion with very violent
symptoms, but soon yielded to treatment,  and he was reported for duty on the 4th  of September.
   The  fourth case was that of Private Holden, who was attacked on the 1st of September, and
died on the fourth day, of a very malignant form of the disease.  This man had arrived at this
post from Key West only a few days before  his  attack, and came passenger in the steamer
Catawba, which was regarded in Charleston as an infected vessel.
   The fifth case was that of Private Zimmerman, of company E, First Artillery, who had taken 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN THE SOUTHERN  DIVISION.
123
the place of Jones, as orderly to the commanding officer.  He was taken ill on the 2d and died
on the 5th of September.
   The sixth case was that of  Private  Chester, of company E, who was taken ill on the 2d and
reported for duty on the 5th of September.
   These six were the only cases that appeared among the troops before I was taken sick, which
occurred on the night of the 8th of September.   During  my illness, which continued till the
11th of October, the troops  were attended by Dr. Ravenel, (a citizen physician,) from the 9th
to the 17th of September, and  by Assistant Surgeon L'Engle from the 17th of September to the
11th of October.  The whole number of cases attended by Dr. Ravenel was eighteen, of whom
ten died and eight recovered.   The  total number of cases  attended by Assistant Surgeon
L'Engle was fourteen, of whom nine died and five recovered.
   After my return to duty, on the 11th of October, fourteen cases- came under my care, of which
seven died and seven recovered.*
   These, together  with the six  cases first reported, make the total number attended by me
twenty, of whom ten died and ten recovered.
   The number of troops in garrison on the 1st of August, 1858, was 148, and the total number
of cases of yellow fever which occurred  among them from the first manifestation of the pestilence
on the 12th of August, till  its entire disappearance  on the 31st of October, was fifty-two ; of
whom twenty-nine died, and twenty-three recovered.
   The type of this disease was generally of a very malignant character.  In most of the  cases
it rushed on to its fatal termination, scarcely, if at all, checked in its course by any of the  various
methods of treatment employed to control it.
   The diagnostic symptoms differed in no respect from those which have everywhere marked
the individuality of this disease.
    The course of treatment generally pursued in the cases which I attended Avas as follows:  In
the first stage, hot mustard baths were  uniformly employed, and were almost always followed
by an alleviation of the severe  pains in the head, back, and limbs. After the exhibition of a
dose of ten grains of  calomel,  combined with ten grains of quinine, and the employment of the
baths, diaphoretics  were administered,  dry heat  applied, and perspiration sedulously  promoted
till the fever subsided.   In some cases the calomel was repeated in small doses, with the view
to produce a mercurial impression on the system ; but very generally fatal symptoms presented
themselves before this object was attained.
   In the second stage, brandy, beef-tea, blisters over the stomach, sinapisms to different parts of
body, and all the usual means of stimulation and support were resorted to, to meet emergencies
as they arose.
   This was the general treatment adopted, but other methods were employed without any better
success.  Indeed, my experience in this  epidemic does not authorize a preference for any one
method of treatment over another ; as all means  seemed equally futile in cases of a very malig-
nant form ;  while any simple  method  of judicious treatment  proved successful in the milder
types of the disease.   A mortality of  twenty-nine out of  fifty-two cases of the disease presents
a sad and discouraging record ; and from all I can  learn, the  proportion of  fatal  cases among
the troops was exceeded by that among the citizens on  this island.   It seems to  me that yellow
fever  must still be  regarded as an incurable  disease, and that  they who recover from it  do so
because the dose of the poison which they have imbibed,  and  their susceptibility to its effects.
have not been strong enough to kill them.   Before  this pestilence can be said to be curable,
an antidote must be discovered to its poison.
   How this  disease  was introduced among  the troops at this post is  a question that can be
satisfactorily answered  if we admit its contagiousness ; but on any other hypothesis  its intro-
*The names of the persons treated by the three attending physicians are given in the original report. 
124
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
duction would be entirely inexplicable.   This island has always sustained a high reputation for
salubrity, and never was its sanitary condition better than during the past summer.  No probable
local cause of disease could be discovered, even by those whose preconceived opinions lead them
to search industriously for such cause.   If, therefore, the disease originated any where on this
island, the cause of its origin is totally inexplicable.   If, on the other hand, we take  the view
that yellow fever is a contagious  pestilence, and of foreign origin, we  shall find no difficulty
in accounting satisfactorily for its appearance this last season on Sullivan's  Island, nor, indeed,
for its introduction into any of our Southern sea-ports whose commerce with the West  Indies is
extensive, and whose quarantine restrictions are,  like those in Charleston, a mere sham.
    The first case of yellow fever which occurred at Charleston last summer, (in  July,) was in
the person of a man who left  an  infected vessel lying at quarantine, (the quarantine ground is
within a few hundred yards of the city!) and died a few days afterwards in Tradd street.  From
the locality where this man died, the disease was distinctly traced to several other points where it
broke out; and  in due time it spread over the city as an epidemic.   A multitude of the citizens
of Charleston, (about 4,000,)  in order to escape the pestilence, took refuge on this island.   The
intercourse between Sullivan's Island and Charleston was entirely unrestricted, and hundreds of
the refugees spent every day in Charleston, and returned to their residences on the island every
night.  In  the course of a few weeks after the disease had  begun to spread  as an epidemic in
Charleston, several  deaths  from it occurred on the island, among those who had recently visited
the city.  This caused no alarm to the refugees, for they nearly all disbelieved in the communi-
cability of the disease, and they had nothing to fear from local origin, as the  sanitary condition
of the island was at least as good  as it had been for the last twenty years.   It was, therefore, in
their view, impossible that the disease could spread, for it had neither contagion to propagate it
nor local cause to originate it.  They moreover felt security in the past history of the island, for it
has been but seldom, since 1824, that  yellow fever has prevailed as an epidemic  on Sullivan's
Island.
    It  soon  became  apparent, however, after  several deaths  had occurred on the  island, that
whatever might be the source of the poison, the disease was spreading among those who had not
visited Charleston for many months.  Indeed, a  large majority of those who died of the disease
on  the island were persons who had not visited Charleston since the epidemic broke out there; and
many  of them (nearly all the soldiers) had not been off  the island for many months previously.
    It  seems to me that, if we regard yellow fever as a contagious disease,  (a fact of which I
entertain no doubti and the truth of which I shall endeavor  to prove on another occasion,) the
facts  here stated will satisfactorily account for its appearance  and spread  on a sandy, dry,
healthy island, where no local cause of disease could be discovered, but where the population
was much larger than it had been before, and the residences more crowded  than they usually
are in the largest cities.
    In opposition to this view, it may  be  asked why it  is, if yellow fever be communicable, it
has not always spread on Sullivan's Island when it prevailed as  an epidemic in Charleston, and
when, at the  same  time, the  intercourse with that city was  unrestricted.   This negative objec-
tion may be answered by asking why it is that the poisons of measles, scarlatina, and small-pox,
all of which diseases are undoubtedly contagious, do not always spread when introduced into cities
and crowded communities.  It is notorious that all these diseases frequently occur sporadically,
and it follows, therefore, that if this objection to the contagiousness of yellow fever have any
force, it must be equally strong against that of measles, scarlatina, and small-pox.
    In  accordance with my views of contagion, I regard the removal and segregation of troops as
a measure of the first importance whenever yellow  fever appears in the vicinity of a garrison.
Some years ago, (I believe in 1843,) a company of troops among whom this disease had broken
out, at Key West, was, by my direction, promptly removed to Indian key, and there segregated.
Several of the men were attacked with  the disease on their way  from Key West to Indian key, 
                    AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN THE SOUTHERN  DIVISION.                 125

but the cases being mild, yielded to treatment.  After their arrival at Indian key, I inspected
them regularly three  times a day, separated those  affected,  and even cases of a  suspicious
character from all intercourse with those who were well, and kept them isolated in tents till they
were perfectly restored to health.   The result  was  that the disease did not spread, and not one
man of the command died from the day it left Key West till it returned there in good health,
about six weeks afterwards.
   Fort Moultrie is very unfavorably situated as respects either removal or segregation.   Alter
yellow fever becomes  epidemic in Charleston, there would  be  great  risk  in  removing troops
through that city to a healthy position  in the country, and yet that is the only point of egress
from  this isolated position, unless they were shipped to some  northern station.  To segregate
troops on this  island, though not impracticable,  would be very difficult, as the whole island
forms but a small space, and is generally crowded with citizens  who have daily intercourse with
Charleston.
    As soon as the disease began  to spread among the troops, I suggested to the commanding
officer the expediency of  having them encamped on the beach, but was informed that there were
no tents at the  post.  I then suggested their removal to Fort Sumpter ; and after the Africans
had been shipped  from there,  forty  men  (embracing the  most intemperate portion  of the
command) were removed, and confined there till the epidemic disappeared.  But six men of this
detachment were attacked with yellow fever, and these were all  promptly sent to the hospital at
this post, as soon as they manifested the first  symptoms of the  disease.  But two of them died,
and there can be but little doubt that all of them imbibed the poison before their removal.
    The ratio of cases among the men who were not removed (108 men and 46 cases) was 1 in
2^-, and that of deaths  1 in 4 ; while the ratio  of cases in the Fort Sumpter detachment was only
1 in 6f, and that  of deaths 1 in 20.  If the same ratio of cases and deaths had occurred in the
Fort Sumpter detachment that did among the troops at Fort Moultrie, the cases would have been
seventeen instead of six, and the deaths ten instead of two.  Hence it is a fair inference that at
least eight lives were saved  by even this partial and retarded removal of troops.  I say at least
eight, because  a large proportion of those in Fort  Sumpter were the most intemperate men
in the command ;  and the probability is, that had they remained on this island,  over  half of
them would have fallen victims to the disease.
           I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                                 B. M. BYRNE,
                                                            Surgeon United States Army.
    Brigadier General Thomas Lawson,
           Surgeon General United States Army.

    In his report of sick for  the quarter  ending September 30, 1859, Surgeon Byrne  makes the
following remarks:
   "It will be seen that the health of the troops at Fort  Moultrie has  been remarkably good
during the quarter.   The same is true as regards the citizens of Sullivan's Island, and of the
city of Charleston.  Nothing can be perceived in the medical topography of Sullivan's Island, nor
in the meteorological phenomena of the season, to explain the great contrast which this  quarter
presents when compared with the same  quarter of  1858.  It is worthy of remark in this  connec-
tion that not a  single case of yellow fever has been imported into the harbor of Charleston this
year, up to this date, (September 30,) nor has a  single case occurred in the city.  In  1858,
several cases of yellow fever had been imported into the harbor before the disease  manifested
itself in the city of Charleston.   A system of drainage has been adopted and partly executed in
Charleston within the last year, to which some of the advocates of the ' domestic origin' of yellow
fever point as the cause of this year's exemption from the pestilence, but to all who  will take a
a less partial view of the question such a surmise will present no probability of its truth.   Sul- 
126
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
livan's Island, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, in all of which places yellow fever prevailed
to a frightful extent in 1858,  were quite as  exempt from  that pestilence this  year as was
Charleston, although in not one of the former places has there been any known change in the
medical topography or sanitary  police."
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
3,390
Cholera Asiatica....................
Diarrhoea..............................
Dysenteria acuta....................
Dysenteria chronica..............,
Enteritis..............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
Total.
Cases. Deaths
 0
87
36
 5
 3
 4
 0
49
75
259
SECOND.     THIRD.     FOURTH
3,465
Cases. Deaths
  0
291
116
  4
  4
  0
  0
 98
143
3,337
Cases. Deaths
  0
434
117
  6
  1
  0
  1
152
224
3,411
Cases. Death
  0
291
 77
 11
  1
  3
  1
115
111
3,401
Cases. Deaths
   0
1,103
 346
  26
   9
   7
   2
 414
 553
a ?
o o
Oin
lin
Oin
lin
1 in
Oin
1 in
Oin
1 in
  0
157
346
  9
  9
  7
  2
414
184
656
935
610
5  2,460   15  |  lin   164
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
											Proportion of deaths to cases.	o o o .
												
	3,390		3,465		3,337		3,411		3,401			a. g
												a a u a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o S O <» '■3 o
	10 333 2 13 2 2	0 0 1 0 0 0	7 193 9 16 3 6	0 0 1 0 0 1	4 344 8 5 3 4	2 0 1 0 0 0	1.8 303 8 6 4 6	0 0 3 0 0 1	39 1,173 27 40 12 18	2 0 6 0 0 2	lin 19 0 in 1,173 1 in 4.5 Oin 40 Oin 12 lin 9	11.4 345 7.9 11.7 3.5 5.2
												
												
												
												
												
Total...............................	362	1	234	2	368	3	345	4	1,309	10	1 in 130	385
												
	87	0	107	0	92	0	95	0	381	0	0 in 381	112
												
                           SOUTH INTERIOR  KEGION—EAST.
   This region embraces that portion of the territory of the United States which is occupied by
the States of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.   The principal military stations are
Forts Jesup,  Pike, and Wood;  Baton  Rouge and New Orleans Barracks ;  and  Mount Vernon
and Augusta  Arsenals.
   For the medical topography and diseases  of these stations  reference is made to the report of
1856. 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  THE  SOUTHERN DIVISION.
127
                                    DISEASES.

   The following  table, compiled from  Abstract  No. 2 of the Southern Division,  gives the
aggregate amount of sickness at the  several stations above named, for a period of twenty-one
years.   During the last five years the only posts garrisoned by troops are Baton Rouge Barracks
and Mount Vernon Arsenal.

               TABLE EXHIBITING THE  RATIO OF  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	KATIO PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH.	
				Treated.	Died.
First quarter.....................................................	6,880 7,012 6,192 5,592	3,998 6,000 5,791 3,520	42 55 106 89	581 855 935 630	6.1
					7.8 17.2 16
					
	6,419	19,309	292	3,008	47
		19,189	260	2,989	40.5
i					
   It appears from this table that the average annual number of cases of disease to the number
of officers and men in  this region was 3 to 1 ; that the corresponding ratio of deaths was 1 to
21.98, or 4.7 per cent.;  and that the proportion of deaths to the number of cases treated was 1
to 66.12, or 1.51 per cent.   Exclusive  of cholera, the deaths were 1 in 24.69, or 4.05 per cent.
FEVERS.
			SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		I'ropoitioii of deaths to eases.	O o o
												7. 1
	6,880		7,012		6,192		5,592		6,419			O. o
												ta c
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Case3.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o s 'Z c
	1 5 253 431 2 48 4 0	1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0	1 10 356 549 » 15 131 3 0	1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0	40 92 701 600 36 188 5 120	6 0 0 0 0 1 1 40	5 7 370 301 20 88 4 74	4 0 1 0 0 5 0 25	47 114 1,680 1,881 73 455 16 194	12 2 1 0 0 7 3 5	1 in 4 lin 57 lin 1,680 Oin 1,881 Oin 73 lin 65 1 in 5 lin 39	7.3 17.7 261 293 11 70.8 2.5 30
												
Febris intermittens quotidiana....												
												
												
Total............................	744	3	1,065	4	1,782	48	869	35	4,460	90	lin 50	694
												
   The report  of 1856  is  referred to for  information  respecting this  class of diseases, and
particularly in  regard to yellow fever.  In the  summer of 1858 the troops were removed from
Baton  Rouge Barracks  to  Camp Lawrence, some  fifteen miles distant, and thus  avoided  the
yellow fever of that year.  The two cases and deaths of this disease reported in the third quarter
of 1858 were men who had remained at Baton Rouge on  special service. 
128
REPORT  ON  THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED "WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters................................											o a c | s a o o o a. o	o o o ■
												
Strength.................................	6,880		7,012		6,192		5,592		6,419			0> tn
												<o a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		= S o <« z o pi
	4 392 164 15 5 2 5 143 185	1 9 3 3 1 0 0 0 2	64 1,013 438 14 4 7 4 232 375	20 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 1	6 739 309 23 18 9 3 163 283	4 8 3 6 1 0 0 0 2	46 358 155 10 4 8 2 105 164	7 9 2 4 1 0 1 0 1	120 2,502 1,066 62 31 26 14 643 1,007	32 27 15 13 3 0 1 0 6	lin 3.7 lin 18 lin 71 lin 5 lin 10 Oin 26 lin 14 0 in 643 1 in 168	
												390
												166
												9.6
												4.8
												4
												2.2
												100
All other diseases of this class ...												157
Total...............................	915	19	2,151	29	1,553	24	852	25	5,471	97	lin 56	852
												
				|					5,351	65	lin 82	833
				1								
   The report of 1856 is again referred to for details respecting cholera, as it appeared in this
region, and particularly in New Orleans in 1848 and 1849.  The cases of cholera reported in the
second and third quarters  of 1855 occurred at Baton Rouge  Barracks.  There is, however, no
special report in relation to that epidemic.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Quarters............................

Strength.............................

           Diseases.

Bronchitis acuta et chronica...,
Cartarrhus..........................
Phthisis pulmonalis..............
Pleuritis.............................
Pneumonia.........................
All other diseases of this class


     Total.........................


Rheumatismus.....................
6,880
Cases. Deaths
7,012
Cases. Deaths,
6,192
Cases. Deaths
5,592
Cases. Deaths,
6,419
Cases. Deaths
 35
369
  9
 46
 23
  6
 30
326
  8
 39
 13
  9
425
220
258
 26
305
 14
 41
  7
  9
 20
207
 13
 40
 11
  9
 111
1,207
  44
 166
  54
  33
 1
 0
29
 1
 5
 3
1 in 111
0 in 1.207
1 in   1.5
1 in 166
lin  11
lin  11
 17
188
  6.9
 25.8
  8.4
  5
402   11
300
11
1,615
39
lin  41
252
199
163
840
0 in 840
131
                           SOUTH INTERIOR REGION—WEST.
    This region includes that portion  of the  area of the United States that  lies between the
Arkansas  and  Red  rivers  on the north and south, and the Mississippi river and the eastern
slope of the Rocky  Mountains on the  east and west.   The military stations are confined to 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  THE  SOUTHERN DIVISION.
129
Arkansas and to the  Indian  Territory  bordering upon  or lying due  west from that State.
Fort Smith is the only post  in the State of Arkansas.  The  stations in the Indian Territory
that have been or are now occupied are Forts Gibson, Wayne, Towson, Washita, Arbuckle, and
Camp Radziminski.  The first three posts have been abandoned.
   The medical topography  and diseases of these posts will be found described in the report of
1856, with exception of  Camp Radziminski, which is situated on Otter creek, at the southern
base of the  Wichita mountains, in longitude 99° 10' W.; latitude 34° 33' 50" N.  Otter creek
has its source in the Wichita mountains, about twenty miles northeast from Camp Radziminski,
and  flows into the Red river  five miles  below that camp.  The Wichita mountains rise imme-
diately on the north of the camp, extending eastward  for some thirty-five miles.   To the west
the country is hilly and broken, and to the south are high rolling prairies.   Assistant Surgeon
William  A.  Car swell, from whose sanitary report  for the fourth  quarter  of  the year 1858 the
above facts have been obtained, remarks that the situation of Camp Radziminski  is high and
salubrious, its altitude being fully 1,100 feet above sea level.   The prevailing winds in winter
are from the  north  and northwest, the camp being protected  in that direction by a strip of
timber, which, though narrow, is quite dense.  Changes of temperature  are frequent and great.
   The troops at this station, particularly the cavalry, have been employed in active campaigns
against the Comanche Indians.
DISEASES.
   The following table, compiled from Abstract  No. 3 for this division, gives a condensed view
of the sickness  and mortality  in this region for a period of twenty-one  years, from January,
1839, to January, 1860:

               TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	12,672 13,457 12,053 11,067	8,126 10,380 13,536 9,469	67 64 111 56	641 771 1,123 855	5.3 4.7 9.2 5
					
					
					
					
	12,312	41,511	298	3,371	24.2
					
		41,303	271	3,354	22
					
   The proportion of cases of disease to the number of officers and men serving in this region is
shown by the above table to be 3.37 to 1; and the corresponding ratio of deaths was 1 in 41.32
or 2.4 per cent.  The proportion  of deaths to the number of cases treated was 1 in 139.30  or
0.71 per cent.   Exclusive  of cholera, the proportion of deaths to the command was 1 in 45.43
or 2.2 per cent.; and to cases treated, 1 in 152.41, or 0.65 per cent.
*7- 
130
REPORT  ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
FEVERS.
											tion of deaths to cases.	O o
												H; &
	12,672		13,457		12,053 11,067 i				12,312			CO o5
												u a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.	3-	° s O t_, Z o a
		1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0	0 58 1,625 1,260 40 219 3 0	0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0	10 61 3,962 1,374 43 875 26 4	5 1 3 0 0 10 7 0	1 21 2,554 1,169 79 292 4 1	3 2 1 0 0 4 1 0	11 156 9,378 4,620 221 1,482 37 5	9 4 4 0 0 15 12 0	1 in 1.2 lin 36 lin 2,344 0 in 4,620 0 in 221 lin 99 lin 3 Oin 5	0.9
	16 1,237 817 59 96 4 0											12.6
												762 375
												18
												120
												3
												0.4
												
Total..................................	2,229	4	3,205	3	6,355	26	4,121	11	15,910	44	1 in 362	1,292
												
DISEASES OF  THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength.
12,672
Cases. Deaths
13,457
Cases. Deaths
12,053
Cases. Death
11,067
Cases. Deaths
12,312
Cases. Deaths
o cj
a a
v a
!_ o>
o 2
S3 O
a
a
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhoea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica...............
Enteritis__..........................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
Total
Exclusive of cholera.
  0
476
147
 20
  5
  5
  3
206
233
1,095
13
  23
1,070
 557
  43
   5
  12
   6
 382
 414
  182
1,091
  487
   14
   20
    7
    1
  313
  383
2,512
19
2,498
18
 6
10
 1
 3
 0
 0
 0
 7
230
 42
  9
  2
  1
160
221
45   1,354
22
  208
3,323
1,421
  119
   39
   26
   11
1,061
1,251
27
15
22
15
 6
 0
 0
 2
12
1 in   7.7
1 in 221
lin  65
lin   8
lin   6
Oin  26
Oin  11
1 in 530
1 in 104
7,459
99
lin  75
7,251
72
1 in 100
269
115
  9.6
  3.1
  2.1
  0.9
 86
101
605
589
• 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE SOUTHERN DIVISION.
131
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Quarters....................................											Proportion of deaths to cases.	o
												1 ti
Strength....................................	12,672		13,457		12,053		11,067		12,312			•T z
												3 ?
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.			c -_
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica.........	117 896 14 87 101 32	2 0 10 1 9 2	52 546 15 69 40 23	1 0 9 0 4 1	27 336 3 55 19 17	1 1 3 0 2 3	66 596 9 50 22 17	0 1 6 0 5 0	262 2,374 41 261 182 89	4 2 28 1 20 6	1 in 65 1 in 1,187 1 in 1.5 1 in 261 lin 9 lin 15	21
												192
												3.3
												21.2
												15.6
												
Total...............................	1,247	24	745	15	457	10	l 760 12		3,209	61	1 in 526	260
												
	421	1	380	1	291	0	342	0	1,434	2	1 in 717	116
												
 
 
            ABSTRACTS






               OF THE








PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






               IV THE







         SOUTHERN DIVISION. 
134
  REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
	1	FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		i 1 1857. ' 18.".?. ' 1859. ! Total.							
CLASSES OF DIS											8.				
EASES.		2 77->		I 112. 104.				131.		14		123. 3.390.			
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. :Cases. Died.				Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases.' Died. Cases. Died. 1 | i !				
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	_ j		1				1 2 9			......1......i......			9 i 20 '......	
		13 53 16 9 1				2				3 2	1 1				
											! 3			67 ......	
				i										16 ......	
				i						2				11 !......	
											1...			1 ......	
											1			1	
r		1 4												ll......	
										! i				4 ......	
										i ! 1					
											1				
															
															
		49 29 5 3 2		1		10		15 8"*		7 3		5 2		87 !......	
														36 5 3 4	
Diseases of the organs			1												1
connected with the di--^															
gestive system.								2							
															
		30 62 8 291 2 9 2 2 14 14 5 1 6 39 3 27 4 16		1 5		4 4	1	8		1 1 1 15		5 3 1 14		49 75 10 333 2 13 2 2 15 21 5 3 7 46 3 32 4 19	
															I
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							1							
			1	5		3		5							
Diseases of the respira-															1
tory system.				1		3									
															
1															
				1 4											
										1		2			
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.												2			
			1					1 1							1
f						1				3		2			
															
Diseases of the urinary j				1		1		1		2					
and genital organs.															
1				1		1				1					
Diseases of the serous (															
and exhalent vessels. (		2												2 ___	
Diseases of the fibrous f						1	1							1 9 87	]
and muscular struc--j		9 75													
				1		2		1		1		7			
r															
[	Phlegmon et abscessus..... Ulcus.....................	93 28 5		6		7		6		5		5 1		122 29 7	
r						2									
															
		68 11 2 2 28 30 16 3 2 6 3 1 8 33 3				9		29		4		10		120 11 3 2 33 43 32 4 2 6 46 4 1 10 35 3	
			1												
										1					
Wounds and injuries.....															
								4 6 2 1		1					
						5						2 2			
				8											
															
1															
c															
						3				6		15			
								1							
															
				1								2 1			
						1	1								
				1			!								
															
		112	2	13	...... 4 ...... i :......! 7 ......							1		138	
															2
		1,289	6	49	......j 63 1		2	98 ;......		71 |		85		1,655	8
 
                    A.MONG THE  TROOPS  IN THE  SOUTHERN  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION.
135
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.				SECOND aUARTER.											
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1857.				1858.		1 3859. To			
															
		2,875.		107.		99. 122. 150. 112. 3,-									165.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.iDied. Cases.: Died. [Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases									Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	44 39 34 10 31 o 3 3 8		2 1 1										46 56 65 10 35 0	
						4 i...... 2 '<...... ......i......' 8 1......				8 20	......i 2 !...... ......' 2 |......				
						1 i !.				2	...... 2 1......				
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		1 1			i ' i									1
{						......i...........i............								3 3 8	1
\											i				
			5			!									5
						! i i j									
															
I															
							i								
		204 101 I	2	17		5	1	26		26 12		13 3		291 116 4 4	3
															
Diseases of the organs															
			1					2							1
gestive system.															
					......i										
		50 121 7 165 8 11 3 5 13 16 6 8 7 35 2 10 1 15 I 1				2 ;, , 13 8 ;____! 3				27 4		6		98 143 193 9 16 3 6 14 19 6 11 8 45 2 15 1 17 1 1	
				7											
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-			1	.3		5		4		6 1		10			1
				4		1									
															
			1									1			1
										1					
				3											
Diseases of the brain and						i '									
nervous system.						I						3			
			1							1 5					1
f						2						3			
															
Diseases of the urinary!						O !		1		2					
and genital organs.						j									
I						1		1							
Diseases of the serous $															
and exhalent vessels. <															
Diseases of the fibrous f							1								
and muscular struc- i		2 83 1 72 15 2												2 107 1 99 19 3	
						3	......	1		15		5			
r															
Abscesses and ulcers___•<	Phlegmon et abscessus.....			6 1		4	......	6		4 3		7			
												1			
							....								
		82 6 2 1 26 44 8 5 3 47 18 5 4 19 64 4				7 1		9				n		118	
									!		:.....! ■ i......				
											"i......i......			2 1 29 46	
Wounds and injuries.....											j				
						2		1 2 2							
															
				10		1				8	......i 8				
														5 3	
															
								2 1 1		6 18 1 1 1 2 2					
				3		1									
						1						23 ......		8 y	
															
				2 1								1 1			
							......					1 1			
														6	
			1												
		92	2	12		6 i...... 5 ......				5					
	Total.................														!
		1,575 | 1	15	73		55 1 l ' on !				192	......1 108 j......; 2,091 1 ,				
															
 
136
 REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854. 1855.				1856.		1857. 1858. 1&59.						Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-								t				1 1C			
EASES.		2,736. 128.				100.		123. 144.					6.	3,337.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	1 1 Cases.1 Died. Cases. ! 1			Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.i Died, leases.' Died. Cases. | 1 |					Died.	J Cases'Died. |	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana.. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus et typhoides..	15 73 64 9 164 14 5	1 1	] 5 4		1 2								17 81 107 10 172 14 37 5	1
								1 5							1
									......' 34						
						|				1 1					
			3 2	4		2	!					1			3
							|								2
							i			32	15				15
							j								
															
1		4	1						j					4	1
															
															
															
		320 78 6	2	25 15		6 1		48 6		23 13		12 4		434 117 6 1	2
															
Diseases of the organs	Dysenteria chronica........														
connected with the di- ■								1							
gestive system.															
		1	1 1 2											1 152 224 4 344 8 5 3 4 28 17 11 6 9 83 5 28 17 20 3 15	1
		95		5 9		7 o		23 4		15 12		7 1			
		196 4 307 8 3 3 3 27 11 9 4 9 51 4 20 6 14 3 12													1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														2
				4		2		23	1	5		3			
Diseases of the respira-															1
tory system.				1		1									
															
						1									
f								1 1							
				3		1				1					
												2 2			
nervous system. 1															
[			2												
r				12		5 1 6		2		5		8			
															
Diseases of the urinary j								1 1		1					
and genital organs.			1	7 6								3			
[															
Diseases of the serous (															1
										3					
Diseases of the fibrous f															
															
tures. (. r Abscesses and ulcers.... 1		76						7		7		2		92	
															
		112 23 11		13		4		5		9 1		6		149 24 11	
															
															
		95 o 3 3		8		5		8		7		7		130 2 3 3 31 86 19 8 1 25 91 22 6 34 62 6	
															
Wounds and injuries.... •															
		26 7				1 I 1 1		4							
				2						2 8		6			
								3 1							
		6 1													
															
,				2 3 1				4 3 2		10 15 2					
		51										19			
		17 6 31 61 6													
															
				1						2					
												1			
			1						.........						
			|												
		194	10			5		6		7		8		230	
	Total................														
		2,362	17	141		56		160	1	216	15	92		3,027	33
															
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE SOUTHERN  DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION.
137
				FOURTH QUARTER.										
CLASSES OF DIS-		1839 to 1854.		1855. 1856. 1857. 1					1858.		1859. | Total.			
EASES.		2. Cases	318. Died.	112. | 137. J 134.					119. ■ 91. 3,411.					
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.			Cases. Died. JCases			Died.	Cases.; Died. 1	i ! ' Cases.iDied. ;Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1 :					
	Febris continua communis. Febris inter, quotidiana..... Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana	14 21 " 61 4 32	......	1 '......: 2			1 1		• j				17 i 35 ' 112 i 18 | 65 1 2 50 | 18	
				5 7 6 ..... ' IS					2 15					
							...... 6 i...... . !			!				
						i 1 3								
			2				:			1......	1 !......			
	Febris typhus et typhoides..													
			4	1	1	■.....i;.....i......i.....			17	13				
' f						!								
					!									
					1 i					... • ... i. :_______________				
					...... ........................									
		'						......S......1... :......|............'......:......						
f								.... 1.......... '.... '......!......■......'.....						
		203 57 10 1 1 1 78 85 16 212 8 6 4 2 13 10 7 6 8 45 3 22 1 15 6 1	2 2	..................... 21 1......; 30 ;...... 2 |......| 6 '......				23 ...... 3 ...... 1 ......	5 6 °91 j 2					
									6 3 '. 77					
													11 2 i ;...... 3 ;...... 1 .... , 115 _____	
				.....;.................										
gestive system.						2	.... L... 1.....		;					
			......	......i....			i 1		I i					
			1	2 ' 9 l		19 i......! 5 ...... \ r i 1 fi 1			9 |.... 2 '......					
									2 :...... 2 i......' 111 l i......: i !......: is					1
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica													
			3	5		20 '...... 46 '...... .... I.... ........			9 .. : 11 .				303 8	
Diseases of the respira- !	Pleuritis..................													3
tory system.				... 1 i.......									6 .....	
				: i 1									4 ......	
			1	4	1 i								6 13	1
r								1. .		............ .....				
i			......	2 1		l		;	1 2	......! 1 j.....			15	
Diseases of the brain and j								'"!		1 |			9	
nervous svstem.											2 1......		8 ......	
1				........... 1......'......_____......									8 ......	
r				4 ......				5 ......	4 2	......i 4 ......			62 ..... 5 07 . 3 .....	
Diseases of the urinary J and genital organs.														
				2 1		2		'";'::::■		1				
									1 1		1 5			
1			1	2 1		1	'					...... 24 _____		
Diseases of the serous c													?! '	
and exhalent vessels. (				i :							1			
Diseases of the fibrous f						i								
and muscular struc-^														
lures.		70	_____1 3 ......			5	......| 5 i......!		7		5			
r														
Abscesses and ulcers.... J		95 27	......! 1 ,......			2 ......		•,......! 3 1......i	7	.........			113 ' , :w 1___	
1						1					2	......		
														
								;						
		80 5 2	1	9		31 1	1 ■		8			148		
1													6 1 3 |......	
				1			yyyy:''yy.yy:''yyyyyy							
Wounds and injuries.... J												......		
		33 38 17 12 1 11 49 10 ;! 35 6		i :......				1 1......	'				36 ...... 53 !..., 34 ; 13 1 3 i, 18 j 2 70	
						2 4 1	i	l ......	2	..... 6		......		
							......; < !......:		6					
			1											
						2								
f			2 '...... ......			1 1 5	..... j 4 ;...... ...... 1 ■......		2 15	i				
										......; fi !......				
			......:......1......					4 ......			1 |...... 9.1 '			
									j				5J 10 ..... 35 '.....	
						1			■					
											i ! i			
						1								
1				i.			1							
[		98	i i	o J		4 '......| 6 i 1			4 ___ i 11 .... 125 i 2					
	Total.................													
		1,644	21 1	87	1 ; ITS ,,.! 154 i 1 1				1°8 I 13 76 '.. .. 2,207 30					
	1													
IS														
 
138
  REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855. 1856. 1857. 1 1858. ! ' '								1859.		Total.	
															
		6,425.		100. ! 84. 74. | 102.								95.		6,880.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	i ; : 1 Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.'Died.							Cases. Died.		Case?	Died.
t		1 5 212 407 2 43 4	1 1		: ; ! 1									1 5 253 431 2 48 4	1
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana			i											1
				2	......	10 11	7 ......' 5 l			9 1		8 5			
								1				4			
	Febris typhus et typhoides..		1	i											1
									......i......						
		2 13	i				___1......		......!......					2 13	
f			; i " ! .....!......f"									.......			
			' i ; ' 1												
			i ! ' j 1									......i.yyy:			
I		1 ,' i i '										............t......			
		4 1			■ ' ! !									4 392	1
		372 160 14 5 1 5 134 178 31 365 8 45 22 6 72 57	9 3 2 1	6 3		5 ......' 5 ......' 3						i ......			9
												1 1..... ' 1R4			3
Diseases of the organs						......1. .		1	i			......1......		15 5 2 5	3
connected with the di-j estive system.						1				......i......					1
				......i....		1*' ' i 1				1	1				
											1......				
			2	1 4 4	...... 1		...... 1		...... 4 !......i 2 !......					143	
										1	......i 2 185				o
f	Bronchitis, acuta ct chronica					1								35 369 9 46 23	
								1				3			
Diseases of the respira- 1			5 1 2							1					5
tory system. \					.....			1			1				1
	All other diseases..........					1				1					0
|						I									
i						1		2		1 3		j			
			2			1 I								61 14 11 14 98 4 36	3
Diseases of the brain and		12 10 13						2							
nervous system.				1					|			1			
			1			1	i		|						1
c		89 ......		1				3	......1 2			3	.....		
		4 36 15 21													
									i						
				: t					......!...... ......					15 . .	
[								1	1					22 ......	
Diseases of the serous <									I j						
and exhalent vessels. \		8 2												8 2	
		1		1 !										1 ......	
and muscular struc-^				............ 1 1											
		212 3 138 94 23				3	|			3		2			
f Abscesses and ulcers___^	Fistula....................						!							3 1...... 153 ......	
				7 1		3 1 1		2 ..... 3			;				
								3	1						
														24	
															
			i							3 ! ; i					
		11 6 2 81 100 12 12 13 |	t !											11 7 .... 2 ...... 88 107 . , 18	
			:			i		i :				1			
Wounds and injuries.... •			!			|			1						
			2	3		......i......		2 2	...... 2						
				3 2 1	......						i				
					1	1			......	3					
											i			13	1 2
									i					13 23 102 42	
f		22 101 37 13 17 84 3 197 |				1		1 4							
						1 ......			...... 1		;				
										1 1	i				
				2				1						20 .... 3 ...... 203 3	
					......:..... '......i					1 i......• 1 i......					
				..................!......!......!'"'											
L			3	2 i......1 3 1......! 1											
									i						
Total.................		3,780	39	48 j	1	43	1	46	1 i	45	..... 1	36		3, £98	42
 
                   AMONG THE  TROOPS IN THE SOUTHERN DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH INTERIOR REGION—EAST.
139
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857. 1858. 1859. ; Total.							
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,439.		218.		79.		92.		89. 95. 7.0 1					12.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases., Died. JCases. i			Died.
								1	1					l 10 355 549 15 131 3	1
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	9 242 498 15 123 2		1 38 15	1										1
						24 12		9 7		8 6		35 11			
			1 1	2				2		2 1		2			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														1
															
*■		9 10	1											9 10	1
															
															
														1	
		1 32 894 409 13 3 3 201 351 22 310 8 35 10 8 180 70 17 18 8 107 5 40 14 25 2												1 64 1,013 438 14 4	
			9 1 7	32 100 23	11		1								20
						3 5		6 1		4		6			1
															7
Diseases of the organs connected with the di--^ gestive system.												1			
						1									
															
												1		4 232 375 30 326 6 39 13 9 199 72 17 18 8 124 5 42 15 32 2 8	
			1 7 1 5	25 12 8 8		2 3	i			o 3		2 ......			
								3				3			1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
						1		4				3			
Diseases of the respira-tory system.											1				8
				2 3 1 14 1				2							
															
															1
						2	...... 3					1			
								1							5
Diseases of the brain and 1															
nervous system.												1			
1 (												1			
				4		1		7		4		1			
															
Diseases of the urinary |			1 1 1	1 1 4						1					
and genital organs.															
						]		1		1					1
															1
				1											1
															
															
		248 6 155 88 17 2 270 7 9		3				1		4		2		256 6 173 91 20 2 276 7 9	
(															
Abscesses and ulcers.... 1 {	Ulcus......................			12 2 2				5		1					
						1 1									
															
							j					;			
			1	4	i			1 i......		1					1
															
							......■'" ""|......1"""								
Wounds and Injuries___.(				1											
		89 112 20 14 5 31 143 50 26 33 95 8 270	...... 1	5 ......i 1 1 ...... 1 1 _____; 3			2 ', 2							97 116 25 17 5 34 147 5-1	
															
												l i			
				1	i ......!......			1							]
	Vulnus sclopeticum........									1					
				i !......1											
				3 i......		1									
				2				2				i			
					.......				! 1 '			......t.....		23 35 98 8 ' 293	
			1	1 ..... 1 1			1 1					1......j			
				1		1	1			1		i			
							|				i 1				1
				18 1 1		1	......1 4		1 ' ■						1
	Total.................														
		5,406	40	353 13		68	......1 65 1 1 J 39 | 1 i 69 ...... U.0J0								
															
 
140
REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
						THIRD QUART				ER. 18					
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.			58. i 1859.			Toi	AL.
CLASSES OF DIS-												9			
EASES.		5,583.		260.		77.		£2. 85.					5.	6,1	32.
										Cases. Died. Cases.iDied. 1					
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.		Cases.iDied.						Cases.	Died.
		36 61 549 484 33 180 2 118 4	5 1 1 38	19 40 84 3 1	1	1		..		2 7 50 22		1 1 27 8		40 92 701 600 36 188 5 120 4	6
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana					3 19 15	::•:::	1 16 7							
															
								] ......		2 1 2		4			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..							2							1
						......t......					2				40
r				.....		|									
			j			j					'				
															
			;.....i......!......			i									
[															
r		3 656 214 22 17 7 3 126 248 15 300 14 40 7 8 130 45 11 13 2D 64 2 29 5 16 6 5	3 7 1 5 1	y 64 55	1 1 2									6 739 309 23 18 9 3 163 283 26 305 14 41 7 9 139 52 11 14 23 75 2 29 5 18 6 5	4
						4 ......		6 3		4 3		5			8
															3
Diseases of the organs												1	1		6
connected with thi! di-j				1	.....1 ""			!							1
gcstive system.						1						1			
															
			1 1 8	31 29 5 3	1	i		i	...... 1 1......			3 1			
										1 1......					2
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							6		.... 1 i					1
						1				1					
Diseases of the respira-															8
tory system. 4						1		...... ......		i i					
								'		(					
			2 1 5	1 6					1 i 1						2
r Diseases of the brain and |						2 1		1 4	..... 1......•■......						1
									1 1 ......			1	1		7
															
			3	1	1	1 1 1		!							
1							i			1 2					5
r Diseases of the urinary | and genital organs. H								6			......i 9.				
															
				..'""I "											
					.			!							
[								2		1					
Diseases of the serous ^									...... ......!......■ ...i.....						
and exhalent vessels. \	All other diseases..........		1												1
Diseases of the fibrous (								; !					"		
and muscular etruc-^								■							
tures. [		194		1		1		2				1		199	
Abscesses and ulcers.... j I									............;......						
	Phlegmon et ali.-ce; • uj..... Ulcus......................	280 94 27 2 175 8 9		21 3 1		2 1		[		7 i j 4				314 98 28 2	
															
								! ! ' '							
						........		: 1							
			1	2 1		2				1	......i........			180	I
								;			i			9 9	
								' i ■ '							
Wounds and injuries....,						......		1 ;							
		53 78 10 4 107 113 22 14 31 60 8 254				...... 1 1 1				2 1.. ' 1 !- -				57 82 13 13 111 116 28 14 33 61 8 291	
			2 1 1	2 2 1 1 3								1 !......			
								1 ......		2					
								2							
					1										3
								1 2							
						1 1				i					1 1
				4						1					
															
				1 1	......	1									
															
											i				
			2	29	1	3		a		1	......: ] !......				3
	Total.................						■ i								
		5,053	91	419	9	75 1		67	i	114	2 , 63		2 5,791 1		106
 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  THE SOUTHERN DIVISION.
Ill
AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH INTERIOR REGION—EAST.
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.					FOURTH QUARTER.									
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		lf55. 18			>~. 1858. 1859.				Ton	
														
		5,228.		78. | 85. 98. 81. 22.									5,5	92.
														
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases. Died. Cases. 1				Died. Case*. Died. Cases. Died. Illi				Cases.	Died.
		5 4 283 264 20 85 4 74 2 3	4 1				1		: i j |				5 370 301 20 88 4 74 2 3	4
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana			1 34 16				2 12						
					......' 5				36 ......| 10	: I				1
					......! 4 ......i 5					...... 2 i......				
											i			
			5	1	1 1				j		i ;...... i			5
	Febris typhus et typhoides..				j | 1									
			25	......i...... .................. ............										25
				;ii										
			1	i ; ; 1 ,										1
				......|...... ...... . .........										
		1											1	
				1					|					
		46 343 151 9 3 7 2 101 156 16 200 13 38 7 9 48 48 6 4 13 63 3 24 19 21 2 7 1	7 8 1 4 1	......1......|......1......|......					i				46 358 155 10 4 : 105 164 20 207 13 40 11 9 53 50 6 5 13 65 3 26 19 24 2 7 1	7
				5 '......' 7 ...... 9.					......1 l : 1 ! 1					9
				1 ...... 3 1										2
Diseases of the organs						1			,					4
connected with the di- ■{				1										1
gestive system.					......L...									
			1	......!.:.::...										1
				■		2 1 1 1 1		1 1 1 1	1		i 4			
			8	2 1					1					I
e	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica			3 2	; ;				1					
					......!...... ......				...... 2	2				
Diseases of the respira-					1 1									8
tory system. \				......		2 1	......:............i......							
1			2	I			1		...... 2	1				3
I r				!										
			...... 1	2 ......1 3					,					
Diseases of the brain and nervous system. \				I										1
					,		!							
				! ! j				1	|					
{			5	......yyyyyyyyy										5
						1					1 ......			
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.							;							
						2								
									1					
			3	i i......i i i i					! 1......		1 1			
Diseases of the serous i														3
and exhalent vessels. (				........................					| | ; i					
Diseases of the fibrous f				,					; i					
and muscular struc-^				; i :					1 i					
tures. [ Abscesses and ulcers.....		157 4 106 78 20 188 6 8 2 46 81 20 11 4 34 106 25 20 9 68 8		1		1......! '			...... 2	1			163 4 119 79 20 189 6 9 o 54 87 22 13 4 40 106 25 20 1 9 70 8 1 169	
														
				5 '......! 3 1...... 3					...... 2	!				
				......		i	;							
									..... 1					
			1	1	1				1 i 1					
									......' . I ;. ...!					1
						i	i							
Wounds and injuries.....							i		...... i ;......i...					
				......		4 '■ 9			1 !					
				1 ......		2					3			
				1 1	......'......			1						
					1 1				...... 1 1...........1.....					
					: i				; : ' i					
			3	4 ,.....] 2										
									; i					3
				' i ;					,					
				1 i					i 1					
				1					......'... ' .......i""					......
	Scorbutus .................		......	1	......1......|......			1	i i					
					1 1									
				1 i l					'					1
1		165	3	1		......i......		1	o					3
	Total.................													
		3,272	84	86 1 , 48			2 36		;......; e1 i 2 j i7 .....				3,520	1 89
														
 
142
  REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 3.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855. 1856.				1857. 1858. j 1859. To							
															
		10,195.		368. 520.				494. ! 1,095. i 12,							672.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	! | Cases. Died. Cases. Died. 1				Cases.	Died. Cases. Died. Cases., Died. Cases. i ' i						Died.
r							1								1
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	15 1,108 748 58 85 3	1									1 40 28 1 5		16 1,237 817 59 £6 4	1
				16 6	j 49 ......1 20		...... 24 ...... 15								
															
															
			2	5'	......'< 1 1 ________										
	Febris typhus et typhoides..							1							2
												1			
f		13 2 1	1	1	1				1					14 2 1	1
					1				! i						
					......1......										
				......					......;......i......1 .....						
[		2							1 1					2	
f										I					
		356 136 18 5 4 2 173 197 90 679 7 80 91 24 29 66 21 29 31 146 4 43 15 52 1 6 23 1 358 2 314 147 39	6 1 3	19		34 4	1	10 1 2				57 2		476 147 20 5 5 3 206 233 117 896 14 87 101 32 35 79 22 37 34 162 7 48 17 63 1 8 24 1 421 3 419 183 54	6
				' 4 _____											1
Diseases of the organs															4
connected with the di-.															
gestive system.							r					1 1 18 24 10 144 6 1 1 7 3 2	1 1		
				......			■ i								
			2 2 9 1 7 4	6 6 2 11		7	...... 2 ....... 1 ! 8 ...... 1R								
					..... i 5 ...... 44										2
	Bronchitis,acuta et chronica								1						2
															
Diseases of the respira-						1 2	1								10
tory system.				4				1							1
							1 7								g
				...... 1			1								2
1 Diseases of the brain and <					......1 2										
				2 ...... fi			3								4
				1	1										
						2	...... .1					3 1 3 1 3 2 4	1 1		
{			3	""!!""				2 5							4
Diseases of the urinary ! and genital organs.				l !.... ; 7											
								2							
				......!......		2									
															
1					l ; 2			5							2 2
Diseases of the serous (			2 2												
and exhalent vessels. (												2	1		3
Diseases of the fibrous |								1							
and muscular strue-^				i											
tures.			1	4 :...... i		11						43 1 46 12 1			1
f Abscesses and ulcers.... J |															
				13 .....		26 10 3		7 1							
f				11											
										......					
		393 14 12 10 113 232 26 19 5 13 70 35 16 29 145 24 409		23 1 1		22 l		13 1	1			41 1		492 18 13 10 130 275	
									'"1.....						
					......i										
Wounds and injuries---•										.... i. i					
			1	2 6 1		2 9		1 7 4				"l2*" 21			
										i					1
					...... fi				...... ......I..						
												8 1 27 5 ..... 14 4 l..... 17 1 ... '' 79			1
I			1	1		1	............ ......1 2								
															1
				2 2		2 2	...... 4 ...... 9.								
									......						
								1		.....				17	
			4	3 3 2 2		1 1 33 6		1	'<						
							...... 1 1 i 1		1 j			12 ..... : 168 4 ...... 64 33 i 1 456			
															1 5
.									'•						
															
		6,789	53	189		340	6	163							fi7
															
 
                      AMONG  THE TROOPS  IN  THE  SOUTHERN  DIVISION,

AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH INTERIOR REGION—WEST.
143
CLASSES OF DIS-
    EASES.
Years..................... 1839 to 1854. •   1855.
SECOXD QUARTER.
1857.
		10,990.		428. 625. 1 459. 954. 13,											457.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases											Died.
															
	Febris continua communis. Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana	52 1,430 1,116 36 197 2	2	1 23	i			1 20	1 i .			4 58 21 | 1,625 47 !...... 1,260			
					...... 131 .....				'.:... j. ::...i......						
				15 1...... 70 :......				12							
															
				1 3 14 ■...					......■......!......'......<......					40 219 3	
												1 1 '			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides.			1			1 I ! '								2
					1 ! I i										
		29 3 1		! . , i								1 ......i 30			
				II.1										3 1	
				I'll											
				L... !.....'.... !......i......■............											
		4 23 907 481 30 5 11 3 332 377 43 460 9 67 37 19 7.3 36 28 27 42 154 4 60 17 69		'......'........ ...:■.....:l..:.					i					4 23 1,070	
			7 2 3 1 1												7
				28 ......! 35 1......t 6 7 ■......i 23 !____ ! 3								94 43			o
														557 43 5 12 6	3
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-. gestive system.				3 , 2		1		2		!		8 ......			•3
															1
							1					1 3 ......			
							1 1								
			2 1 1 9 3 1 1 2	9 ____ 19			..... 4 ..... 1					25 ...... 3P-"1			2
				5 1 14		20 3 5						11 i., . 2 51 '. 6 .....		414 . 52 546 15 69 40 23 82	1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica						! 3 ..... : 16		......i......:......						1
f															
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															9
				1 )......1 I											
				1....		1 2 3	......' ' i *					1 '.. 2 '■ 2 i......			4
				.... I......						......;......					1
	Delirium tremens.........			2 ......			: | :								
				1 t 1 1	1			1	!			2 ...... 40			1
Diseases of the brain and]					V									29 37 45 173 9	
nervous system.					...... 7 1...... 1							] ......			
[								1		i		1 6 4	......		2
					fl ......			3 1							
				* i						......i......					
Diseases of the urinary j						5 ......		o		..... ......				67 21 79	
and genital organs. 1						1 3			......j......|.........						
(								2	......!......!......			5			
															
		5 3 2 328	......! 1 '...... 1					I 1 :				1	...... 8		
Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- •{							......1. 1.......... i ...							3 2 380 2 449	
															
			1	11 '...... lfi ......				6				19 L			1
r Abscesses and ulcers___\	Fistula...............					2 25			i						
	Ulcus..................	337 177 42 3 467 17 27	...... 33 ...... ......' 3 i...... ...... 1 :...... i					a	i			42 ......			
						2 2			'"!......! .....			7 '...... 1P9			
{							......j...... !......|......					3 2		48 3 516 27 33 2 116	2
									i |						
			2	7 i...... 9 1 1......		16 3 4		6	!			20 ...... 5 .....			2
									1						
								1	I						
Wounds and injuries___-									.....'.....I....			2 j...... 8 '......			
		97 212 31 24 15 41 116 43 16 33 184 42 537		4 ...... 3 ......		3		4							
						7 ...... fi						11 L. 239 9 '...... 55 13 | 2 1 43 6 ; 1 | 24 3 ......' 46			
				2 1......j 9 1...... 4											
				1 ''...... 1 ...... 4											2
						1 1 5		2 1 6 2	i						1
.															
			3									1 1......1 19 15 '......' 51 7 '......: 203			3
				1 ...... 5					1						
				2					1						
								3 1							
			3 8	4 ...... 7											
				11 ......1 7 ' 1 1 10 '......'' 17 1...... 3					i :			10 . , 71 25 1 593			4
[									i i						9
	Total.................														
		8,985	53	231 i 2 475 I 135 1 ......1...... 554 7 10380											64
															
 
144
  REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 3.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
	|			THIRD QUARTER.											
CLASSES OF DIS-EASES.		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858. | 1859. To					TAL.
															
		10,	326.	333. j 614. 327.						77. 376. 12,					053.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases/ Died. ICases.			Died.	Cases	1 Died. Cases. Died.jCases., Died. Cases						Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	9 48 1,166 40 815 10 4 9 24	4 1 3 ......	j		1 1 llfi	1		1 1					10 61 1,374 43 875	
				1				9 19 76				3 • 58	......		1
				65 47						20 !.					3
					......' 43					8 3	1 . : 34 1				
			10 5	35	1	20 1									10
	Febris typhus et typhoides..						1	14	1			1 |. ... ■ 96			
1									i l					4	
						1			! 1 1					10 24	
			4						i i						4
					i				: i......i						
															
									; i						
		182 979 448 11 18 7 1 283 342 23 303 2 51 17 14 81 42 21 26 36 149 2 55 23 52	18 6 9 1 3		.					;				182 1,091 487 14 20 7 1 313 383 27 336 3 55 19 17 84 48 21 37 41 171 3 56 26 57 1	18
				27 1 3	...... 32			19 5		5 1......' 29 4 .... 5					6
					1	24									10
															1
						2			' , i						3
															
															
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica		1 1 3 2 3 3	7 5		9 17 3 6		3 6		1 3 1 1		10 10			7 1
Diseases of the respira- 1				2				10 1 2				14			1 3
tory system. 1				1								1 1			
						1 1									2
								2							3
				2 3						1					
								3							3
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.															
						7		4 1 5							
I			6			4 11									6
f				3								3 1			
							i								
Diseases of the urinary j						i		1							
and genital organs.				2 1 1 1		1 2									
1							...... 2								
Diseases of the serous (															
and exhalent vessels. (		4	2			!									2
Diseases of the fibrous f						............i........						...			
and muscular struc-^															
tures. 1		258		2		12		5		1		13		291	
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... -j i		583 229 22	1	26 1		63 6		24 1 3 1 10 2		6 1		24 2 2		726 240 27 1	1
f															
															
		382 8 10 6 89 219 20 27 14 91 166 36 19 52 178 11 794	1	11 3	......! 20 ......< 2					2					1
												11 |...... "w			
														10 6 105 236 38 28 16 100 172 • 41 28 63 196 16 843	
Wounds and injuries---^			..... i......i......!......					:							
			2	1 1	......! 11 ...... 4 ......! 8			3 5 6		1		!			
												1 2 1			2
.										1					
1			3			2 4 2		i				'....			3
								4 4 3 2				1			
			3	i							......				3
				2							...... 1"				
						5 0									
			5	3 2 1 2						... 1 *					
					..... 1 U ...... 1 ......! 13			2				3 3			
															
I								9	1 4						5
															
		12200	107	268	2	471	2	266	...... 64 j...... i			267		13536	111
 
                    AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE SOUTHERN DIVISION.





AMONG THE TROOPS'AT POSTS IN THE SOUTH INTERIOR REGION—WEST.
14.
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1839 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859. Tot			
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		8,540.		660.		600.		313.		694.		260. | 11,0			67.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	1 Cases.1 Died. Cases.			Died.
	!		3 1 4							1 2 38 22 4 4	1			1 21	3
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	12 2,146 1.016 71 250 1 1 25 1		2 185 84 3 30 1	2	3 77 23		2 ......							2
								72 14				36 ! 10 1 1 ......		2.554 1.169 7 9 292	1
					1	7									4
	Febris typhus et typhoides..							2						4 1 26	1
									............i_________I......						
r				1						'■					
1											i 1			1	
								1							
								......1......							
															
I		3 502 154 33 1	2 1 5 6 2											3 686 230 42 9 2 1 160 221 66 51)6 9 50 22 17 48 41 24 44 16 109 5 56 30 48 5 7 5 4 342 2 401 152 41	2
				103 35 6 2	2 1	19 13		8 8 1		46 11 1	8 1 9				1
															g
												1			7
Diseases of the organs															2
connected with the di- ■										1 1 11 11 1 41 2 2	I I				
gestive system.															
		130 189 54 456 2 33 17 10 45 31 21 24 15 91 2 45 23 35 4 5 5 3 266	1 1 4 3	4 11 8 43 1 7 1		4 5		3 2 1 25				8 3 2 8 4 2 1 2	1 1 1		
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
					1	22									
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															6
						5 2 4 1 1		1 1	1						
															
1										1					
(			1 1 2 1	2 4 1 7 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1											
								2 1 6	...... l			2			1
Diseases of the brain and J nervous system.										1 1					
						5						1			
1															
r, ■ !						9		3		4					
												2			
Diseases of the urinary					1	7 1 4		1 1	...... 1 ...... 1						1
and genital organs.											::::::i :				
Diseases of the serous (															1
and exhalent vessels. (						1		1		i !......i......					
Diseases of the fibrous |															
and muscular struc- ^					1					l					
tures. i				7 1 32 13 1		11 1 29 6 3		6							
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... \ I		279 116 30						9 2 1	...... 44 ...... 12		......! 8 j...... ...... 3 '...... i 1				
															
												; i.....			
		382 18 10 6 81 173 25 24 17 46 74 44 21 15 103 6 387	1	31 1 3	......i 18 1...... 1			14				10 2 2	...... 452 ...... 22		
										i 3 1					
															
Wounds and injuries.... J														6 108 211 71 42 27 51 97 64 24 19 127 23 464	
			2 1	8 4 8 1 1 1 11 4 1 1 o 3 7	......1 10 |...... ......! 8 1...... ...... 3 ...... ......| i '......			1 !....... 3 ...... 8 1...... 15 ......				5 3			
															
															
								■A		10 7 2	1 ! 3 '				1 2
					......i i ...... i :......										
					...... l ......			1 1......			! I				
								5 9			: 1				
						4 1......									
								j		2 1	1 i......				
.....^						1 j......		1 ......			;				
	Morbi oculi................							1							'"
						o 8				9 3 45 1,2					;......
	All other diseases..........							5							1......
	Total...............														
		7,566	42	694	8	331		221	1	.„. __.					56
											1		J		
19- 
 
FLORIDA.
                       THE ATLANTIC  COAST  OF  FLORIDA.

    This region extends from the twenty-fourth to the thirtieth parallel of latitude, and includes
 the following military stations: Fort Marion, camp  near New Smyrna, Forts Pierce, Capron,
 Jupiter, Dallas, and Key West Barracks.
    The medical topography of Fort Marion, of camp near New Smyrna, and of Forts  Pierce,
 Dallas, and Key West Barracks, will be found described in the report of 1856.
    The sanitary reports that follow are  the only ones of interest that have been received from
 this region since January, 1855.
                            SANITARY REPORTS—FORT CAPRON.
                           Assistant Surgeon P. A. Quinan: December, 1855.
    Fort Capron has generally been regarded as quite  equal in point of salubrity to any station
 in the peninsula.  It consists of a quadrangular building, capable of accommodating about forty
 men,  used as soldiers' barracks; of officers'  quarters,  a hospital, and several small outbuildings.
 The hospital  ward holds six bunks, and  there is a surgery  and storeroom attached.  The
 building is in good repair, its chief defect being its limited capacity.  The buildings are  located
 in the immediate  vicinity  of the river  bank, which  is somewhat  bold,  sandy, and free from
 vegetation.   Indian  river is somewhat  inappropriately named, having more the nature of a
 sound, with communication with the sea.  Its waters are strongly saline, possessing about two
 thirds the specific gravity of the ocean.   Running parallel to the coast, the only barrier between
 it and the sea, distant a mile and a half from the  fort, is formed by a narrow  strip of land
 covered with mangrove and cactus.  These afford but little obstruction to the sea-breeze, which
 reaches this locality almost constantly.   It is of course an important element in maintaining
 the health of the place.  The prevailing winds are from the  N. and N.W. in winter, and from
 the S.  and S.E. in  summer.  There are no other water-courses, with exception of two or three
 small creeks at some distance.   It is presumed that this locality was selected  in consequence of
 its proximity to the inlet opposite, and the facility in  landing stores from sea, as it possesses no
 other  advantages over the site of old Fort Pierce, three miles below.  At  the latter place are
 visible the supposed remains of some stronghold of the daring buccaneers.  The neighboring
 country presents a tolerably thick growth of pine, with occasional clumps of live-oak and small
 Cyprus.  The intervening savannas are not unfrequently covered with water.  In the immediate
 rear of the post is a high sand ridge.  This may operate as a barrier in warding  off miasmata,
borne hither from inland swamps.  The soil possesses but  a small allowance of  organic constit-
uents  and a large proportion of silica, yet vegetables  do well when cared for.   Tropical fruits
have  been grown  with  some success:  the orange, lime,  banana,  and pine-apple chiefly.
Other  plants here  found are the maguey,  (Agave americana,) Spanish bayonet, wild figs, a 
148
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
species  of fruit found in the vicinity of the beach, termed "cocoa plums," quite edible, and the
oleander, which grows to a great size.  The woods abound in game: deer, wild turkeys, par-
tridges, &c.   The post is supplied with excellent water from a well.  Although the cases of
fever reported exceed the mean strength of the  garrison, all were relapses from former attacks
at Fort Jupiter, from whence this command marched in October, 1855.

                                                            Fort Capron,  Florida,
                                                                         June 30, 1856.
    The fever  prevailing during this quarter has been of a simple nature, unmarked, in most
instances, by visceral or other severe complications.   Relapses, though more frequent, have been
independent of periodicity in their occurrence.   In most cases they occur in defiance of all effort
to prevent  them, and lead  to the conclusion that a strong exciting cause is to be looked for in
this locality at  present.  In a former  report the salubrity of the post was commented on, the
belief being founded upon  the medical records here kept.   Experience  in this section  of the
peninsula tends to show, however, that no  locality can boast certain or permanent exemption
from malarious  disease.  Sudden changes in the salubrity of  a place hitherto  deemed healthy
often occur, the  causes for which not unfrequently defy the closest scrutiny.  The most plausible
explanation of these alterations is to be founded on a comparative study of the  topography and
climatology of the country.  There can be  but little  doubt that  the natural  features of this
country render it peculiarly subject to the operation of atmospheric and climatological influences.
Presenting, for  instance, an almost unobstructed level, prevailing air currents seek out readily
every portion  and pass at all  times freely over the  surface.   The wind  now blowing from an
inland  direction, carries  upon its wings miasmatic gases from swamps, or accumulated caloric
from heated plains ;  and again  shifting to  another and opposite quarter, reaching the coast
ocean-ward, it  may prove  an element  of health.   Another  noticeable  fact is found in  the
peculiarity  of the rainy season.   The  prevalence of constant  showers, small in quantity, but
saturating  the porous, yet  retentive soil with moisture.  Add to this the abundant vegetable
debris which accumulate on all sides, and  there are present, under the influence of a powerful
sun, the materials for the most pernicious effects.   The degree and range of temperature, and
local peculiarities, as barrier  sand ridges, contiguous savannas, fresh  or salt water-courses, or
an admixture  of both, &c, must enter into our calculations of the hygienic status of a place.   In
relation  to one of these causes, viz., that fresh  and salt water combined increase the virulence
of miasmata, there are several examples.   In the Histoire Medicale, Paris, 1828, the instance of
a marshy district near the Ligurian Apennines is adduced.   This plain is accessible to the high
oceanic tides;  at the times of  such overflows  the neighboring district is uninhabitable from the
prevalence of  intermittent fever ;  but when,  however, the salt water again subsides, those of the
plain becoming entirely fresh, the people return in safety.  If these views be correct, and they are
but  a repetition of theories already received, it will not be difficult to apply them locally.   In
regard  to this place, the following observations may justly  be made: First, this is a season of
excessive temperaturje, the mean exceeds, by several degrees, those of preceding years.   Westerly
or inland breezes prevail during certain hours of the morning.   Rain falls in moderate quantities
constantly,  favoring the growth of an unusually rank vegetation, continually undergoing repro-
duction and decay.  Certain other matters (required by regulation) must  be mentioned.  First,
as to diet;  this  is confined to a few articles, scarce affording that variety which is essential, or
indeed the due  percentage of  nutritive material.  Fish constitutes the only article, in addition
to those composing the ration, regularly consumed here.   Fresh vegetables are not  to be had,
as no garden has been made, though practicable to have one.  Barrack accommodation is tolerably
good.   The hospital ward holds  conveniently four sick men, and is of course inadequate when
there are many sick.  No kitchen, shed, or  other facility for  cooking is allowed the hospital,
though  lumber can easily be procured from Fort Jupiter for its construction.   But one attendant 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN FLORIDA.
149
is allowed the hospital, though application has been made for the other allowed by regulation.
This embarrasses the hospital police at times considerably.   The habits of the men are passably
good.  The water and clothing without fault.


                                                              Fort Capron, Florida,
                                                                       September,  1856.
   A sensible diminution, compared with the previous report, is manifest in the number of cases
classified as fevers.  These still  comprise, however, more  than  one half the  entire number of
cases reported.  In view of the fact that the greater portion of them were  originally contracted
a year since, in a somewhat remote locality, it is believed that  the disease seldom exhibits more
obstinacy in maintaining itself in the  system, long after its more violent  symptoms have been
abated.   This opinion  is uninfluenced by the ascertained presence of exciting causes in this place,
as none of  the original cases  referred to underwent increased frequency of return, or of violence
of grade, in consequence.  As ague and fever seldom affords cause  for alarm, or even  seriously
excites the anxieties of the patient, but is nevertheless one of  the most vexatious ills which  can
afflict a garrison, it is satisfactory to report a gradual but very apparent  improvement in  the
grade, and results, as well as a diminution of the number of cases which have presented them-
selves since the  early part  of July.  Relapses have been experienced in but  four instances, in
each of  which there was but a single  return.  The majority  of the  more  obstinate cases,  are
believed to have been permanently relieved.  I am inclined to look in a considerable degree to
the climate in explanation of this improvement.  We have experienced a modification of the
usual summer temperature during the  last two months.  This has been felt beneficially ; much
less rain has fallen than during the early portion of the summer, and it is a matter of observa-
tion that the intensely hot  and humid weather which usually prevails between our frequent rain
falls, is  accompanied by an aggravation, of prevalent diseases.   Nothing, however, it is thought
influences the hygiene of this place, in so  great a degree, as the direction and consequent char-
acter, of the prevailing winds.  Prevailing from  the eastward, the atmospheric temperature,
modified by refreshing  drafts of cooler air, is seldom  excessive ; but  a change to the opposite
quarter  seems to effect an increase of the accumulated heat, and the wind  from thence to merit
the name of a native  sirocco.  In  the former case, the prevailing air currents confer  all  the
advantages of the sea-breeze; while in the latter, coming from an inland  direction, they bring
with them  sufficient of the deleterious  influences from the flats and marshes of a level country,
to induce languor and debility, if not actual disease.   The diet, water, and habits of the men
remain unaltered since the  last report.   The sanitary condition of the command, as well as that
of individuals, has been looked  to as far as circumstances would admit, or my  authority is
recognized.   In this way avoidance of useless exposure to the sun,  very common here, as well as
the more obvious and well-known necessities of suitable exercise, cleanliness, and aeration, have
been enjoined.   The treatment, so far  as  the  intermittent patients were concerned, has under-
gone no modification.   Quinine, in  small but efficient doses of two, three, five, or ten grains, is
chiefly relied on.
       ***************

                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT DALLAS.
                            Assistant Surgeon R. F. Simpson: April,  1857.

   This post,  the  headquarters of the first regiment United States Artillery, is  garrisoned by
companies B, E, and the regimental band of that regiment.   It is  situated on the left or north
bank of the Miami river, immediately at its junction with Key Biscayne bay, in latitude 25° 0' 5^"
N., and longitude 80°  0' 20"  W.  The elevation of the post is  about fifteen feet above the bay at
low tide.   There are no ponds of stagnant water nearer  than  the Everglades, four or five miles 
150
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
northwest of the post.  The soil is loose sand, and in places is mixed with an alluvial deposit.
The formation is rotten, porous  limestone, which, in  many  places, appears above  the surface.
Many banks of large and small shells are found.  Water, slightly  impregnated with lime, is
found in abundance,  by digging from fifteen to twenty feet below the  surface, through the lime-
stone rock.   Arch creek, one of the tributaries of the bay, is bridged by a natural arch of limestone,
fifty feet wide and three feet above the surface of the creek at low water.  The bridge is about
ten miles north of the post.   The Miami river heads in the  vast Everglades, four or five miles
west of the post;  at its mouth, it is about three hundred feet  wide, with an average  depth of six
feet; at high tide, the water of the river is quite brackish one mile above its mouth.
   Key Biscayne bay, from Cape Florida to its head, is about  twenty-five miles long, with an
average width of two and a half miles; shoals are numerous, but in the channel there  are from
five to eight feet of water.   Fish, in great abundance and of many varieties, are found in the bay
and river.  There are also oysters,  but they are small and badly flavored.
   There are small patches of ground about the post, on which garden vegetables of almost every
variety can be cultivated, and they flourish remarkably well; oranges, limes, lemons, cocoanuts,
guavas, pomegranates, dates,  bananas, alligator pears, sugar apples,  and other tropical fruits,
could be also successfully cultivated.  The arrow-root grows in great abundance;  and, if the
Indians were  removed, or could be induced to regard the white man as their friend, so that
settlers would not be molested in their occupations, its  conversion into flour and starch would no
doubt  yield to the operators an annual income of several hundred thousand dollars.  Hemp
would also grow well, and its cultivation might be made profitable.
   The climate in winter is serene and equable, with but little humidity in the atmosphere; and,
if permanent settlements could  be established with sufficient accommodations for  invalids, no
doubt those suffering with pulmonary diseases would be much benefited by spending the winter
months in this part of Florida.  The daily mean of the observations of the thermometer is, for
the last six months,  72.10°; of the hygrometer, 68.3*7°; quantity of  rain for  the same period,
17.30 inches; the prevailing winds from the east.  There was frost and ice on  December 25 and
26, 1856, and  January 20, 1857, with thermometer at  30° at sunrise.
   The accompanying report of sick and wounded for the quarter ending on the 31st ultimo, shows
that the command has been remarkably free from any severe or serious disease, notwithstanding
the officers and men  have been exposed the greater part of the time  on repeated scouts without
any protection from  the weather; nearly all the cases of scurvy reported were brought to the
post by some companies of the Fourth Artillery, which arrived about the 1st of March from a long
scout; they yielded readily to Irish potatoes and lime-juice;  the former, my limited experience
teaches me to regard as the very best anti-scorbutic known.   It will be seen  that remittent and
intermittent fevers are not common diseases of the post as they are of many other parts of Florida;
the cases reported were not contracted at the post.   Judging from the past three months, I regard
this as the most healthy post now occupied by troops in Florida.  I have been  on duty at most
of them, but none compare with this in salubrity.
                                    DISEASES.

   The statistics included in the tables for this region cover a period of eleven years, from January,
1849, to January, 1860. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN FLORIDA.
101
TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
First quarter......
Second quarter...
Third quarter.....
Fourth quarter...

   Annual ratio
			Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.		
			Treated.	Died.
1,942	1,358	1	700	0.5
1,832	1,579	9	861	5
1,848	2,006	28	1,085	15
1,737	1,508	7	868	4
1,835	6,451	45	3,515	24
   The relative proportion of cases of sickness in this region to the number of troops is 3.51 to 1;
and the corresponding ratio of deaths, 1 in 40.78, or 2.4 per cent.  The proportion of deaths to
the number of cases treated was  1 in 143.35,  or 0.70 per cent.
FEVERS.
											o o 5"	o o o .
												■-^•5 a **
	1,942		1,832		1,848		1,737		1,835			
												a a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		c c c C Z C
	0 18 106 78 6 16 0 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	0 2 111 110 6 59 0 9	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2	1 7 391 143 2 117 2 25	1 2 0 0 0 1 1 10	0 7 236 113 1 42 2 15	0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3	1 34 844 444 15 234 4 49	1 2 0 0 0 1 2 15	lin 1 lin 17 0 in 844 0 in 444 Oin 15 1 in 234 lin 2 lin 3.3	0.5 18.5 460 242 8 127 2 26
												
												
												
												
												
												
												
Total...............................	224	0	297	2	688	15	416	4	1,625	21	lin 77	885
												
In relation to the fevers of this region, the following reports are submitted:
                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT CAPRON.
                            Assistant Surgeon Asa "Wall: September, 1857.

   It might be supposed,  by a reference to the sick report, that this post has been  very
unhealthy during the past quarter.  This, however, has not been  really the case, inasmuch as
the large number of cases of a febrile character observable  on the  report originated elsewhere,
owing to a change in the garrison.
   This post has  been occupied alternately during the quarter by company H, First Artillery,
and company D, Fourth Artillery.   The latter having come here from Fort Jupiter about the
middle of August, the former then proceeded to garrison Jupiter in its stead.  Company D left
this post several weeks since, under orders for Kansas, and company H  returned  from Jupiter
and reoccnpied it.   It  will thus be seen that both of these  companies have occupied Jupiter at 
152
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
different times, and it was at this latter place that the large number of cases of a febrile nature
treated at Fort Capron originated.
   Fort Jupiter is situated about forty-five miles south of this place, nearer the junction of the
Lochahatchee river and Jones's creek, and  about three miles  from the ocean beach.   It  is
surrounded  by swamps and lagoons,  filled  with  a rank growth of grass, rushes,  and other
vegetation peculiar to the climate, and  it is doubtless owing to the decomposition and decay  of
this profuse vegetation that the unhealthiness of the place is to be attributed.
   I am told, that in the old Florida war Jupiter was considered quite a healthy place, invalids
having  been sent there from the interior posts for the purpose of medical treatment, and  of
receiving the benefit of the sea-breeze.   But  at that time Jupiter inlet was open, and the salt
water of the sea had free  access to the surrounding low country, so that what is now a mere
stagnant pool (there being no current except that produced by the prevailing winds) was  at that
time a salt water bay or sound, through which the  tide ebbed and flowed freely.
   To show the intensity of the miasmatic poison which prevailed during the time that the post
was occupied by company H, it may be  stated that out of tivo officers and sixty-two enlisted  men,
(who composed the garrison,) both officers and forty-five enlisted men were seized with the fever.
Company D having been less exposed during the sickly season than the former command, suffered
to a more limited extent.
   The fever was of the intermittent and remittent kind,  with occasional tendency to active con-
gestion of important organs.  The treatment followed in  these latter cases was that pursued by
many army surgeons in the old Florida war, viz: "quinine in large doses," with such adjuvants as
the peculiarities of certain cases required, and I am happy to say  that this plan of treatment has
been successful in the  highest degree.   I have lost but one  patient from the fever,  and he died
when my supply of the sulphate of quinine was exhausted.  During the time that I was without
the sulphate of  quinine, I employed such  remedies as are usually considered substitutes for this
medicine, such as Fowler's solution, piperine, salt and lemon-juice, &c.,but without satisfactory
results.
   As regards the question formerly mooted as to the liability of the  sulphate of quinine when
given in large doses to produce engorgement of the liver and spleen, I have to say that, as far as
my private observation extends,  I have witnessed no such tendency, though it may be proper to
state that I frequently combined  calomel with the  quinine, which doubtless had a tendency to
prevent such engorgements.  The only two cases of engorgement of the spleen that have  come
under my observation since I have been in Florida  were presented by volunteers—natives of the
country—who told me that they had been in  the habit of taking  the infusion of willow bark for
the disease with which they had been troubled, viz: intermittent  fever.

                                    FORT  JUPITER.

   Fort Jupiter is situated on  the south side of Jupiter river, about three miles from Jupiter bar.
The river is formed by four fresh-water streams, having their origin in the marshes of the interior,
and affording unobstructed avenues for the passage and concentration of their emanations to this
point.   In the old Florida  war, Fort Jupiter was considered a healthy place, and invalids were
sent there from posts  in the interior.   At that time, however, Jupiter inlet was open and the
sea-water had free access to  the surrounding country.   In 1840, that inlet became closed; it was
reopened  in  1843.  In the summer  of 1854, it again closed, and  subsequently Gilbert's bar,
about twenty miles above Jupiter, also closed.  The consequence has been to freshen all the water
south of Gilbert's inlet, causing the death of all the oysters about  Jupiter, and of those fish whose
habits confine them exclusively to salt  water.  Such was  the condition of Fort Jupiter in March
1855, as reported by Assistant Surgeon A. J. Foard.  In September of that year, Assistant Sur-
geon P. A.  Quinan reports: "The neighboring communication of  the river with  the ocean  is 
AMONG  THE TROOPS  IN  FLORIDA.
153
obstructed, thus converting it into a fresh-water lagoon, without tide or much current.  The
surrounding waters are filled  with a rank vegetation of marsh grass, emitting offensive effluvia.
A considerable  portion of low boggy ground in the immediate neighborhood of the post, and
numerous hollows, serve to retain the moisture of the heavy rains to be acted upon by the sun.
The emanations from these places  doubtless descend with the heavy evening dews.  The pre-
vailing winds are from the east, but a change to the opposite point of the compass not unfrequently
occurs during the night, blowing fresh  from the inland marshes.   Pure water for drinking is
unattainable.   Intermittent and remittent fevers are rife.   In the months of July, August, and
September, in a command averaging four officers and  seventy-two enlisted men, there were one
hundred and forty-three cases of intermittent fever and seventeen of remittent fever."

                         SANITARY REPORT—KEY WEST BARRACKS.
                         Assistant Surgeon Richard D. Lynde: September, 1858.

    This garrison has been comparatively healthy during  this the  third  quarter of the  current
year; and although there has been quite a number of cases of yellow fever  in the harbor, and
some in the town, not a case has occurred in the barracks.  As soon as the  fever made its
appearance in the harbor so as  to excite  attention, which was in  July, the commanding officer
prohibited the men from  going into the town, stopped all work  except that  necessary for the
proper police of the garrison, and prohibited the men from  sleeping on the porches at night,
which they had been in the habit of doing previously.  In addition to these measures a sutler's
store was opened, which  gave  the men an  opportunity  of  obtaining a reasonable amount of
accustomed stimulants, and removed one great incentive  to  visit  the town with  the majority.
Some few inveterate drunkards, however, would slip off when  an  opportunity offered, but even
in  such cases  these restrictions, and the example  of the majority, had a good  effect.  As  a
whole, the command has behaved remarkably well, bearing the confinement to the limits of the
garrison with great cheerfulness.  The men have also been encouraged to bathe freely in sea-
water, which has, no doubt, contributed much to the preservation of their health.  It  may be
noticed, by reference to the meteorological register, that  easterly  winds have prevailed during
the quarter, and that the westerly winds, that come from the town and harbor, were very rare,
and of very short duration.   To this circumstance, I have no  doubt, our immunity is partially
due.  Whether we should have been so free from the disease had it prevailed to any extent among
the citizens of the town, as  in 1854, is a matter of great doubt, notwithstanding the  general
good behavior of the command, when we take into consideration the fact that the great majority
of  the men are totally unacclimated, and that a large number only joined, from  the North, in
January last; yet,  even under  these circumstances, I believe that precautionary measures, such
as  were  adopted here this summer,  and a judicious control of the men, exerted  by a firm and
prudent hand,  may do much  towards warding off the disease.
    The case of yellow fever reported was not properly of  this command.  He was  the ordnance
sergeant stationed at (and in  charge of) Fort Taylor.
    In connection with this case, I would call the attention of the head of this department to the
fact that within a few hundred yards of Fort Taylor there exists a large but very  shallow pond,
which is drained by a ditch into the  harbor, and through which  ditch the tides  flow and ebb,
leaving nearly  one  half its bed exposed to the action of the sun during each low tide; and at no
time is the water deep enough to prevent  it from being  heated to a high  degree by the sun.
Into this pond  much vegetable matter is carried by the rains from  the higher grounds around,
and from other lesser ponds in the neighborhood which drain into it;  and sometimes the stench
arising from it is intolerable.   This would be a source of much unhealthiness to the troops that
might be at any future day stationed at the fort, and should be filled up with the clean sand of
the sea-beach close at hand.  I am inclined to think that the effluvium  arisin  from this pond
             20----s 
154                    REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
was an important element in the origin of the case of fever just described.  The position  of the
marine hospital is also  altogether too  near  to  the  fort, should  the exigencies of the service
require that troops should be stationed there  during the summer season.   The distance between
the two  points is very slight, and the prevailing winds in  summer blow directly  from the
hospital towards the fort;  and if there be an emanation generated by yellow fever cases capable
of reproducing the disease, and of being transmitted through the atmosphere, it would  surely
infect troops at that point;  besides this, all  communication with  the town  must be  made  by
passing directly by the hospital, and within a few yards of it.   It is unnecessary to say more in
order to show how essential to the sanitary condition of these important fortifications  is the
removal of this hospital.

            DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
duarters.
Strength
Diseases.
1,942
Cases. Deaths,
Cholera Asiatica.........................    0
Diarrhoea...................................  270
Dysenteria acuta.........................   61
                             4
                             9
                             1
                             0
Dysenteria chronica.................
Enteritis.................................
Hepatitis acuta........................
Hepatitis chronica....................
Obstipatio..................................j   81
All other diseases of this class.......   49
Total.
THIRD.    FOURTH.
1,832      1,848
Cases. Deaths. Cases. iDeaths
  0
330
 75
 16
  3
  0
  0
 82
 71
1,737
Cases. Deaths
  1
296
119
  2
  4
  1
  2
 87
 54
566
  0
273
 58
480
1,835
Cases. Death
   1
1,169
 313
  30
  21
   2
   2
 319
 241
2,098
11
lin   1
Oin 1,169
lin
lin
lin
Oin
Oin
Oin
lin
104
 10
 21
  2
  2
319
 80
1 in   190
>. si
637
171
 16
 11
  1.1
  1.1
174
131
1,143
    Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns, in a sanitary report dated Fort Dallas, Florida, June 30,
1856, makes the following remarks in relation to the treatment of dysentery:
    iCl may remark in comparison that, as far as  my observation  has gone, somewhat different
indications for the treatment of dysentery are presented in the disease as seen at this post, from
what experience has  taught in the management of the same disease, as it was observed in the
department of Texas; and  the difference is with  reference  to the exhibition and value of mer-
cury.  In Texas, particularly  the southern portion, irritability of the system appeared to be the
chief characteristic impressed  upon the disease  by the  effect  of a  climate which is  much  drier
and hotter than that of this locality; and the direct sedative effect of opium, freely used to  quiet
that state of the  system, which kept up the disease, combined with acetate of lead and  other
astringents,  to assist  (together with astringent injections) in arresting the albuminous discharges,
with small doses of ipecacuanha to promote diaphoresis, was  found the  treatment best  adapted
to and most successful in dysentery; and mercury was but rarely employed, as it seemed to act
as an irritant.   In the much more moist climate of this post, of which the degree of moisture is
even more appreciated by individual sensations than evidenced by the hygrometer, dysentery has
been attended with greater  derangement of the hepatic functions, and the indications have been
for the use of mercury to relieve the portal circulation, and sometimes to employ it to the extent
of producing moderate ptyalism." 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  FLORIDA.
155
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
			SECOKD.								c	cases.	O o
													-3 i- 60
Strength.....................................	1,942		1,832		1,848		1,737		1,835				=. O
													ci S
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.			o C z o a
Bronchitis acuta et chronica...........	15 47 1 9 0 4	0 0 0 0 0 0	16 24 0 3 1 8	0 0 0 0 0 0	4 44 0 3 1 0	0 0 2 0 1 0	3 94 2 2 0 6	0 0 0 0 0 0	38 209 5 17 2 18	0 0 2 0 1 0	Oin Oin lin Oin lin Oin	38 209 2.5 17 2 18	20.7 114 2.7 9.2 1.09 9.8
													
Phthisis pulmonalis......................													
													
													
All other diseases of this class.......													
Total....................................	76	0	52	0	54 3		107	0	289	3	lin	96	157
													
Rheumatismus............................	89	0	57	0	43	0	40	0	229	0	Oin	229	124
													
                    INTERIOR,  AND  GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.

   During the last five years the troops stationed on  the Atlantic coast of Florida,  have been
nearly if not quite as actively employed in the field, as those stationed on the Gulf coast.  With
this exception, the following  extract from the report of 1856, is applicable to  the whole period
embraced in the abstract and other statistical tables for this region :
   "The troops stationed in West  Florida, and on the immediate shores of the Gulf of Mexico,
have  been  much more actively employed in the field than those in East Florida and on the
Atlantic coast.  In addition to this difference of service, which would of course tend to increase
the amount of sickness among  the troops  in this region, the exigencies of the service and the
special duty to be performed, rendered the occupation of sickly positions unavoidable.   These
facts should be considered in any deductions to  be drawn from the  statistics for this  group of
posts.
   " The quarterly reports embraced in the general abstract, though rendered for separate posts
or forts, necessarily include the cases of sickness actually incurred in the field, as most of the
field duty was performed by scouting parties temporarily absent from their  permanent stations."
   The positions that have  been  most permanently  occupied  are  Barrancas Barracks, Forts
Brooke, Meade, Myers, and  Deynaud.  Forts McRee,  Cross, Center,  and Kissimmee have  also
been garrisoned for various periods during the last five years.
   The medical  topography and diseases of Barrancas Barracks, and of Forts Meade, Brooke,
and Myers  have been described in the report of 1856.
                    SANITARY REPORT—CAMP  NEAR FORT KISSIMMEE.
                          Assistant Surgeon Thomas A. McParlin: June, 1857.

   I transmit herewith tabular statements of the sick and wounded of the commands on duty
at, or on service from, this post, for the last six months, ending June 30, 1857.   I have been at
pains to collect these from memoranda taken mostly in  the  field, having been absent for  more
than half of this period, and from such records as were made at the post.
   F/pon the site of old Fort Kissimmee, an  encampment was located by the Fourth Artillery
battalion with which I was on duty, on the 6th of January.   It is the highest point near, some 
156
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
ten or twelve feet above the level of the river, and immediately upon its banks.   The whole sur-
rounding country is very low, two miles of it in extent to the eastward of continuous swamp
which the river annually overflows, making this spot so unhealthy that the Indians were formerly
accustomed to abandon it.  To the west, a level prairie extends for two and a half miles, to  the
pine barren, that is  thence almost continuous to Tampa.  To this barren, on the 1st of June,  the
troops were moved,  in advance of the sickly season.  The prairie or meadow strip is in mid-sum-
mer submerged, moist at most seasons, and, with its fine grass, a very desirable grazing ground
which  the Indians and herders have alternately enjoyed, the latter  at great risk.  The line of
the river, in its course, is indicated by green hammocks, standing apart and agreeably varying
the landscape.   They contain the live (moss) oak, bay, and hickory, overshadowing a rich growth
of laurel, the small palmetto, myrtle and grape, making  a dense  tanglewood.   Further from
the river, and skirting the line of marsh,  the tall palmetto appears,  solitary or in groups, recall-
ing by their graceful crown of leaves the finer species of the East.  This is the only prairie scene
of any extent or beauty from Tampa to the Kissimmee, a distance of 102 miles.  Along the lower
portion of the river, cypress  appears; this and all other trees near its banks are covered with
pendant moss, the pine also bearing it wherever they approach the river. The bay, with ever-
green leaf and bark is not thus affected.  Many ferns are noticeable in these  damp shades.
    The river is now turbid, the color of chocolate, from the matters it has carried from the lakes
and swamps along its course.  Showers, in this  the rainy season, are daily adding thereto.  There
are no posts on this river except this and  a small force of volunteers  at Bassinger.  This soil is
sand, upon soft limestone, and with an alluvial deposit.
    In February last, the troops, fresh from the north, after a long march from Tampa, and less
than a month's stay and labor upon the encampment were put (60 men of each company) in the
field.
    With very restricted transportation, a new route was laid out from hence to Fort McRee, on
the eastern border of Lake Okeechobee.  From difficulties they encountered, many of the men
were in tatters, out of shoes, foot sore, and unfit for active  service.   We found on our arrival
the measles among  the  mounted volunteers.   From these companies I was compelled to  leave,
on taking the field again, sixteen or eighteen men, unfit for the saddle.   In  this population
measles seem to be seldom contracted in early life; for while I succeeded, although treating and
mingling among them, in keeping  the disease from my own command at Kissimmee and McRee,
it went through and nearly destroyed the efficiency of three  companies of volunteers.
    In the exertion and excitement  required over a new route, in our expedition down, few of the
men were unwell.  The redundant growth of  scrub-palmetto, made our way  for foot troops very
difficult; much of it was over burned or burning country, and a few  days rest at McRee was not
unwelcome.
    Orders were soon received at that place for an expedition of five companies to  "New River,"
of the details of this I have already written in letters to the department.  I will  here  only add
that we made our way on foot, without transportation, carrying, on the men themselves, subsist-
ence, arms, clothing, and blankets, for what was ordered as a ten days'  scout.   Superadded to
this, reconnoissances were made in different directions, by parts of the force afield.
    The country from Fort McRee southward is, at first, of dense cypress and palmetto  swamps,
lying at the base  of General Taylor's route to the Everglades, nearly impassable in a good season
for wagons.  From thence the  country, through pine barren and cypress land, descends.  For
four days our way was more  wading than marching, as it is  either ponds of  water on the sandy
divide, or cypress swamp on  each side; the Atlantic and the Everglades continually approach-
ing towards New River and the Miami,  where they approximate nearest.   Going  thus  south-
ward the vegetable productions change, the coontee plant or Indian arrow-root appears in great
abundance, in a light sandy soil  over decaying limestone  rock that crops out in places;  the
palmetto becomes more luxuriant and large, the maple, bay, and vines of many species reappear 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  FLORIDA.
157
along the creeks, with the mangrove ; a pleasing change from the monotony of the pine barren.
Passing Arch  creek, (which has a level natural bridge, by an arch of limestone  rock over the
stream that runs  rapidly twenty-five feet below,) and  others of less note, we arrived at Fort
Dallas, on the 28th of February.   Here we found the vegetable productions of a tropical  clime.
A long line of cocoanut trees, laden  with  ripening fruit, marked for some distance the bank
of the Miami, a clear, beautiful stream, fringed with a growth of mangrove  along  its shores.
The banana, guava, lime, date, citron,  and lemon, are also grown.  The last, with the productions
of a fine vegetable  garden, were grateful after the starvation, partly remedied by hippophagy,
at New River, a few  days before.  A grove of wild  oranges  on the  southwest side  of the
Miami cured for me several incipient cases of scurvy,  and gave me (with the hospital  conve-
niences under Dr. Simpson's charge) much assistance in  treatment during my stay.   On arrival
the men were in worse plight than I have ever seen troops on service; so unfit for the return that
it was contemplated to  send them by sea-steamer to Fort Myers.   Abrasions, bruises, ulcers,
scorbutic sores, blotches, and swellings  disfigured  many.   A fine sea-air, rest, change of diet
and habits, rallied  them in the  course of twelve days,  and the tour  de  retour was commenced
under Colonel Dimmick, with  two additional companies of First Artillery—our volunteers had
to return from New River before—and with orders to reconnoitre the country to Fort McRee.
This was done with wagons in ten days, very effectively.   Our men arrived in good order and
spirit at its expiration.
    Having accompanied this to its termination, I  now changed to a new command, and went
with the battalion (companies C and L) under Major Williams, Fourth Artillery, in boats to the
Kissimmee and the lakes.  Upon this  we set out on  March 31, from Fort Center, and examined
the shore north side of Okeechobee, Kissimmee river, Istokpogee creek, lake,  and islands, Lake
Kissimmee, " Tiger," "Upper" and "Lower Cypress," and the  two Tohopocaliga lakes, with
their  islands, swamps, hammocks,  &c.   With these we were occupied  until the 21st of May.
In the navigation of the river, creeks,  and on the broad surface of the lakes, the command was
much exposed  to intense heat, direct and reflected rays of the sun, and the glare so trying in this
latitude.   From these causes I had cases of hemeralopia, the retina being  exhausted by the
exposure and trials of the daylight. The rainy season had not set in, the dews light enough to
be kept off by the sand-fly bars, an occasional wetting from rain or wading in the swamps passed
away without effect.  The continued diet of pork, hard bread,  and coffee impoverished the blood
of the men, many of whom showed decided scorbutic taints before we came down from the Kis-
simmee and its dependent chain of lakes.
    Returning  to the fort, (May 21,) and moving out to our  encampment on the pine barren,
(June 1,) we have since been engrossed with preparations for the rainy season.
    As long as the troops were undergoing active exercise, disease has not much visited them. We
are now to be inactive in a low, damp  situation, with cold winds accompanying showers of rain.
    The camp is now about two feet above the level whereat water is found by digging, and this
level is rising daily.  The water we use  is supplied from wells recently dug, the water percolat-
ing freely through layers of white  and yellow sand.
    Without neighbors or diseases of importation, located on the western  slope of the "divide"
of the peninsula, the alternations  of  the land and sea breezes  serve well for ventilation, and
delightfully  refresh the air.   Other than at the times of calm, between these  two currents,
(which are in equilibrium about 8 o'clock morning and evening,) the heat is made less  sensible
by the breeze.   This (as the wind charts of Maury and of our own  department records  show)
sweeps in the summer from the eastward, and carries over our slip of  land the cool sea airs of
the Atlantic; the return breeze at night comes from the Gulf of Mexico and the land.
    The constitution of the atmosphere in regard to humidity cannot  here vary much from these
causes of peculiar position;  indeed, this nearness to the  sea tempers and equalizes the air  much,
and renders climatic vicissitudes less frequent.  Hence  the mildness  of  Florida to pulmonary 
158
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
invalids; and for such, I may add, that I have seen no better position  than is afforded at  Fort
Dallas.   I report and have seen very little of pulmonary disorder.
   Since we have occupied this position, I have been engaged  in  the treatment of malarious
fevers, dysenteries, and diarrhoeas, rheumatic disorders, diseases of  the eye, scorbutic taints and
disease,  wounds, and injuries.   I was called  to  see, among the volunteers, an advanced case of
phlegmonous erysipelas, affecting the head, face, and throat.  This patient was in the saddle
after seizure, (which came on near Fort Center,) and the excessive inflammation  involved and
destroyed one eye.   Of the ophthalmic cases, exhaustion of  the retina, or conjunctival inflam-
mation, principally occurs.  I have had, however, a case of amaurosis, loss of sight  in one eye,
and increasing dimness in the  other, which a cautious and sustained  ptyalism  has  completely
removed.
   My sick occupy a hospital tent, which I will remove to a raised platform now erecting, two
feet from the ground level, as it will probably  soon be overflowed.  The company will be
similarly placed, under paulins.   The officers' tents are to be pitched on a platform.
   The  troops are subsisted on the ordinary ration, with fresh beef frequently;  but no vegetables
can be  procured.  Parties and detachments of volunteers pass frequently, to whose sick I give
such accommodation, medicines, and  attention as may be required.

                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT McREE.
                            Assistant Surgeon William H. Babcock: 1857.

   Fort McRee  is situated on a narrow bar  of  white sand,  which  forms the eastern  shore  of
Lake  Okeechobee.   This bar borders also most all the northern half of the lake, and is generally
quite  narrow and low.   At the site of the fort it averages about seventy feet in width, and at its
highest point is from three to four feet above the level of the lake.
   Immediately back of the  sand bar is a dense swamp, one hundred yards or more in width,
and between this and the  "pine  barren," or main land, which is a mile and a quarter further
to the east, lies a deep sow grass marsh, partly  covered with water.  Cypress and  cabbage-
palmetto trees, with a  thick undergrowth, cover the swamp and bar, except just in the vicinity
of the post, where they have been most all cut down formerly for firewood and to build a block-
house, of which only a few charred logs were found standing.
   Violent storms occur not unfrequently upon the lake;  and when the wind blows on shore,
the water is driven up a considerable distance  on the bar.  On this account it  was found
necessary to pitch the  tents within  a few feet of the swamp, the  sand  being highest at this
point.
   The post was occupied early in January, and abandoned about the middle of  June.   During
this period, the garrison varied in numbers from three companies to the sick  only and a small
guard.  Detachments  from two companies of volunteers were posted for some time on the main
land immediately across the marsh.
   The  command which was sent out originally to occupy the post, consisting of companies  D
and K,  Fourth Artillery, proceeded at once to build a wooden footpath across the marsh, in order
to connect the bar with the main land, and thus establish  a communication with the Atlantic
coast.   This labor, which  the depth and impassability of the marsh, and the distance which the
timber had  to be carried, rendered arduous, was not finished until the  9th of February; but
when this was completed the duties of the men  were comparatively  light.   In March they were
employed in building sheds, and,  after these were finished, only in the ordinary garrison duties,
and as crews for  the boats on the lake, by which provisions were received from Fort Center.
   The  diet of the men was, in the main, poor.   The  only  vegetables received at the post,
during  the five months it was occupied, were three barrels of potatoes (of which only a barrel
and a half were edible) and a few cabbages.  Fresh beef was  issued  but four or five times, owing 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  FLORIDA.
159
to the loss of the  cattle, which were herded in the pine woods for the use of the  post.  The
ordinary antiscorbutics  were issued very freely,  but they did not prevent the occurrence of
scurvy.
   The water was  excessively bad.  It was obtained, in  turn, from the lake,  the  swamp, and
from holes dug in the sand; that from each source being used for  a time  exclusively.   It was
found that the lake water, if boiled, or allowed to stand  in barrels before being used, was the
best, both as regards taste and its effect  upon the health; but this was still poor,  and in the
months of May and June it was almost putrid in smell and taste.
   The ratio of sick during the first quarter, ending March 31, was three hundred and ninety-
seven per thousand, and for the second,  incomplete  quarter, ending June 20, four hundred and
seventy-three per thousand,  making an  average of four hundred and thirty-five per thousand
during the whole period.
   The majority of all the cases treated  (three  hundred and three  in number) were fevers and
diseases of the bowels.
   Of fever  there occurred eighty-one cases, seventy-eight intermittent, two remittent, and one
continued.  This number, though large, is not  so great as might have been expected,  considering
the situation and environs of the post.   A large proportion of the  malarious fevers  were  slight
in character, and readily amenable  to treatment.
   Of diseases of  the organs  connected with the digestive system, ninety-five  cases in  all are
reported, of which number mostly all were either diarrhoea or dysentery.  The cases of dysentery
were generally of a severe character, attended with high febrile excitement and great abdominal
tenderness,   The  exciting cause, in almost all  instances, was cold, and the attack usually
commenced in the night.
   The four cases of rubeola reported in the month of February occurred among the volunteers.
   Under the name "hemeralopia" are reported five cases of what seemed to be exhaustion or
debility  of  the retina,  from excessive  stimulation.  The  cause of this was  undoubtedly the
glaring reflection of the sun from the lake and white sand.   It was characterized by dimness of
vision during the day, accompanied sometimes by spectral figures and by partial or  total  blind-
ness after and just before sunset.
   All  those affected recovered by simply wearing a green shade before the eyes, and avoiding
to use them.  In  two  of the cases small blisters  were  applied to the temples with  apparent
benefit.   Nearly all  the command suffered slightly in this way,  but  only five were prevented
from doing  duty.  After the sheds were finished the affection gradually disappeared.

                              SANITARY REPORT—FORT CROSS.
                            Assistant Surgeon John F. Head : April, 1857.

   Assistant Surgeon A. T. Ridgely, U. S. A., who was relieved by me on the  19th  of February
last, makes  the following remarks in his monthly report to the medical director :
   " Fort Cross was  established January 14, 1857.   *    *   *   It is  situated upon  'Palm
Point,'  or '  Middle Cape,' Cape Sable, and is about four miles northwest from old Fort Poinsett.
It lies within a few paces of the Mexican Gulf, and upon a beautiful prairie about two and a half
miles in length and three fourths of a mile in breadth at the broadest part.   This prairie bears
very much  the form  of a crescent, and its monotony is varied by an occasional mangrove or
palmetto tree.
   "The soil consists almost  entirely of decomposed and decomposing sea-shells, with a small
proportion of sand and vegetable mould.  Its surface is rather scantily covered with a species of
long grass, such as does  not  belong to wet or marshy localities.   Such rain as falls  is imme-
diately absorbed, and  excellent water can be obtained by digging.   The prairie is bordered on the
land side by a dense  and very fertile hammock, a few yards only in breadth, in which,  among 
1G0
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
other growths, may be found many specimens of the royal palm; a few of which tower high
above the surrounding forest,  and afford much esteemed  landmarks for the mariner at sea.
Beyond this  hammock is a mangrove  swamp, which extends to  an unknown distance towards
the north and northeast, interspersed with salt lakes or inlets from the gulf.   The swamp is
doubtless covered with water during the rainy season, and upon the occurrence of unusually
high tides.
    "The post has not yet been occupied sufficiently long for me to speak positively as to the
effect the locality will have upon the  health of the troops.  I am disposed to think, however,
that the noxious effluvia  of the marshes will be counteracted by the sea-breeze, and that the
command will experience comparatively good health."
    The above observations of Dr. Ridgely, in which I fully coincide, leave me but little to add
in reference to the sanitary position and prospects of the post.  Situated on a  dry plain, and
just within the course of the trade-wind, it will not probably be subject to endemic disease.   All
the fevers reported during the quarter doubtless had their origin in exposure in other places.
    Diseases and injuries of the skin, ulcers,  and dysentery,  have  been aggravated by a scorbutic
tendency.  The command suffers much from the want of fresh provisions and vegetables.
    All persons acquainted with the place represent it as uninhabitable in summer, on account of
the abundance of mosquitoes  and sand-flies.
    The level of the post  has been ascertained to be about three feet eight inches above ordinary
high-water  mark, and some parts  of  the plain are probably three or four feet  higher.  It is
believed, however, by those most competent to judge, that  the plain is not overflowed even in
violent hurricanes, owing to the shallowness of the water far seaward,  and the many inlets near
the post.
    The tallest of the neighboring palms has been measured and found to be 103 feet high.
    The  command is  very generally affected with scurvy; and dysentery, aggravated  (perhaps
caused)  by that disorder, has prevailed to a considerable extent.   The men are now furnished,
however, with abundance of fresh turtle, which have begun to resort to the  beach in great
numbers ; and the gardens furnish a scanty supply of vegetables.
    I am obliged to add  that the  predictions relative to mosquitoes seem likely to be verified.
The rainy season (the period of their greatest abundance) has hardly begun, but for more than a
month these insects have  been a  continual torture to the men, day and night, except when a
high wind has given a temporary respite.   Tattoo and reveille have been dispensed with, and
most of the men sleep under  their sand-fly bars, pitched in the open air.  Even this protection
has  often proved insufficient, the insects being so numerous as  to render it impossible to keep
them out of  the bars ; and on one occasion nearly the whole command was deprived of rest for
two successive nights.  If, as is asserted  by the old coasters, these pests are to become much
more numerous, the post is  untenable during the summer months.  It is stated that old Fort
Poinsett, which it was intended to  occupy for a summer, had to  be abandoned from this cause.
    No fevers have as yet originated here.

                            SANITARY REPORT—FORT DEYNAUD.
                             Assistant Surgeon B. A. Clements: June, 1857.

    The present Fort Deynaud, established in February last, is situated some two and a half miles
southwest of the former post of that name, on the west bank of the Caloosa Hatchee river, whose
course at this point is nearly due north and south.   The exact geographical position of the post
and its altitude above the sea have not been  determined.
    The site of the post is a level spot  of ground some twelve acres in extent, which has been
cleared, with much labor, of a dense growth  of scrub-palmetto and scrub-oak, leaving a few large
live-oaks, which here and there afford a scanty shade; it is  immediately on the edge of the river, 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  FLORIDA.
161
which is here forty yards wide, having steep banks from  five to ten  feet in height, which are
covered down to the water's edge with a profuse growth of palmetto, live-oak, and vines.
   A growth of large pine extends to within four- hundred yards of the post on the west and
north sides; this  belt of timber is skirted  on the sides toward the post by a number of small
wet hammocks of cabbage-palmetto and  by "slashes;" within one hundred yards of the southern
edge of the post is a larger hammock, principally of live-oak, which extends some quarter of a
mile back from the river, and has passing through it a  small  stream, which, in wet weather,
would seem to communicate with the small hammocks and  slashes on the west side.  This stream
appears to drain the large hammock through which it passes, as the latter is unusually dry.
   The whole surrounding region is flat;  the soil is sand,  mixed with vegetable matter, the latter
in greatest proportion along the river bank; underlying which,  at a depth of from five feet near
the river to two feet at a few hundred yards distance, is a stratum of limestone and shells from
one to two feet and a half in thickness.
   The ordinary tides  here rise from two  to  two and a  half feet, and  make up as high as old
Fort Thompson, some eight miles above this point.   The water is  impregnated with lime, and
is occasionally brackish.
   Since February last the command has been constantly engaged in the arduous duties attending
the establishment of a new post—the clearing of the ground, erection of storehouses, quarters,
&c.  The loading, unloading, and escorting of trains added to the usual military duties, and
occasional scouts,  has necessitated much labor and a great exposure to the sun.
   These circumstances, and especially  the  last, together  with the probable emanations from the
hammocks  above noted as in such close  proximity to the post, combined with damp nights, foggy
mornings, and the insufficient shelter of tents during wet weather, have  caused in the command
a large number of cases of  miasmatic fever; thus, the accompanying  report of the sick for the
quarter ending June 30, exhibiting a mean strength of seventy-one men, shows a total of sixty-
two cases of intermittent and remittent fevers during the quarter.  The majority of these  cases
have been  attended with a  great amount of gastro-hepatic disturbance  and violent headaches,
and many were cases of relapse; no means  which the circumstances of the  command have ren-
dered it expedient for me to adopt  have been of much service in preventing the occurrence of
these relapses;  nor do I think such a result likely to be attained, for the men, when returned to
duty, are again subjected to the same  influences which produced the  original attack.  Each
month's exposure apparently induces increased liability to the attacks; and, although the com-
pletion  of the men's quarters, now in process of erection,  may obviate some of the minor causes
of these diseases, I see  no reason to hope for a more favorable state of their health until removed
from this region.
   The  cases of diarrhoea (fourteen)  and of dysentery (four) occurring during the quarter have not
seemed  at all dependent on the quality of the water, but have generally been clearly traceable to
other causes, and in the last month numbered but two.   The cases of gunshot wounds were all
of accidental origin and of no special interest.  No other cases in the report seem to call for par-
ticular comment.
   A hospital building, thatched,  has  recently  been completed, and has  added much to the
comfort of  the sick.

                            SANITARY REPORT—FORT CENTER.
                           Assistant Surgeon R.ichard D. Lynde: April, 1857.

   Fort Center is situated in the midst  of a low flat prairie, on the  bank of  a small stream, the
Tlalhlopopkahachee, about two miles from its mouth in a direct line.  This  stream is merely a
drain for the marshes,  which  abound in this portion of the State,  and empties into Lake Okee-
chobee, having at this point no perceptible current.   Its shores are marshy along its whole
             21----s 
162
REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
course, with the exception of a few elevated dry spots intervening  and allowing approach to the
water.  On one of these the camp is situated.  The prairie at this season is generally dry, having,
however, marshy spots scattered over it; but during the wet season it is entirely covered with water.
The lake is also bordered by a marsh, varying in width from a few hundred yards to a mile or
more, and at the southern extremity it communicates with the Everglades.  The soil is com-
posed of sand mixed with black vegetable mould, the result of the decay of the luxuriant vegeta-
tion of this region, while in low marshy spots and on the borders of the stream and lake the tall
grass and rushes lie matted, wet, and half decayed,  a constant source of malaria.   The weather
has been very favorable to health during the month, as the temperature has not been very high
and very little  rain has fallen, but the nights have been very cool and the dews heavy.  The
post has consequently been unusually healthy for the season; but, as soon as the heat increases
and the rains begin, the troops must suffer  from those forms of disease arising from malaria,
which, from  the nature of the country and soil, must be abundantly generated.  Indeed, almost
all the cases treated during the month have been of diseases arising from  this cause, notwith-
standing the moderate degree of temperature and  almost entire absence of rain.   Under this
head, I have included most of the cases of diarrhoea, for  the  treatment of  this affection in this
locality seems to be materially assisted by the employment of the sulphate of quinine, and, indeed,
many of the  patients entering with diarrhoea had an  attack of febris intermittens before returning
to duty.  The  cases of intermittent fever occurring in this manner are not enumerated in the
report.   There has been some  disposition  to  scurvy also,  which has been counteracted by the
issue of antiscorbutics by the commissary department, and a few cases of hemeralopia among the
men doing boat duty, arising from the reflection of  the sun from the water of the lake, to which
they  are constantly exposed.
    This command consists nominally of one company, but detachments from  other companies,
which it was found impossible to enumerate  with the  strength of the command on account of
their transient stay and varying strength, furnished some of  the  cases contained in the report.
It is  quartered in tents, as there  are no buildings, and the men are therefore much exposed.
There is no hospital or hospital furniture, this post being  but temporarily occupied, and the men
are treated entirely in their tents.   No inconvenience has arisen from this cause, except  in the
catarrhal cases and one or two cases of diarrhoea, which were assuming the chronic form, and
therefore transferred to the general hospital at Fort Myers.  The diet of the command is confined
to  the  usual rations  with the above-mentioned antiscorbutics, consisting  of pickles, molasses,
and dried fruit, with fresh beef lately received.   The water used by all is that of the river, which
is by no means healthy, being the drainings of swamp lands entirely, almost stagnant, and filled
with the result of vegetable decomposition.
    The police  of the camp is excellent, and nothing is allowed to  remain in or about it that will
prejudice the health of the men;  and temperance is supreme, as liquor cannot be obtained.  No
command could be  in better condition than this is, in these two  respects,
                                     DISEASES.

   The statistics presented in the abstract for  this region, and in the following tables, cover a
period of eleven years, from January, 1849, to  January, 1860. 
                 AMONG THE TROOPS IN FLORIDA.

 TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO  OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.


GLuarters.
163
First quarter.........
Second quarter......
Third quarter........
Fourth quarter......

      Annual ratio
				Ratio per 1,000 of	MEAN STRENGTH
\ican strength.		mber treated.	Deaths.		
				' Treated. '	Died.
4,534		4,395	20	! 969	4.4
4,144		4,992	27	1,204	6.5
3,490		5,402	44	1,548	12.6
3,587
4,523
3,939
19,312
28
1,261
7.8
119
4,902
30.2
    The relative proportion of cases of sickness to the number of troops in this region is shown by
the preceding  table to be 4.90 to 1; and  the  corresponding ratio  of deaths, 1 in 33.10, or 3.02
per cent.   The ratio of deaths to the number  of cases treated is 1 in 162.28, or 0.61 per cent.
FEVERS.
Gluarters.
Strength
4,534   ;    4,144       3,490    I   3.587
3,939
2 S
Diseases
Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths.| Cases. Deaths.  Cases. 'Deaths.' Cases. Deaths.
Febris congestiva........................j    0 ]   0       10      0
Febris continua communis............    9 [   0       7     0      7
Febris intermittens quotidiana.......   565    0     945  ,   0  j 1,075
Febris intermittens tertiana...........   861!   1   '  668  i   0  il,022
Febris intermittens quartana.........j   21 !   0       2  ;   0  '    5
Febris remittens..........................j   84!   0   i  183  I   0  j  288
                                   4 ;   0   !    3  I   1      8
                                   0 i   0   I    2     0     30
Febris typhus et typhoides.
Febris typhus icterodes......
 0
 1
 0
 .i
 0
 4
 o
12
    1
    9
 1,232
  758
   41
!  227
i
    3
   12
    2
   32
3,817
3,309
   69
  782
   18
   44
Oin     2
1 in    16
Oin 3,817
lin 1,103
Oin    69
1 in    87
2 in     9
1 in     2
  0.5
  8
969
840
 17.5
198.5
  4.5
 11
Total................................ 1,544
1  1,811
1  2,435   21   2,283   16   8,073    39
1 in   207  2,049
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Gluarters.
Strength,
Diseases.
4,534
4,144        3,490
3,587
3,939
Cases. Deaths.: Cases. Deaths.  Cases. I Deaths.; Cases.  Deaths.1 Cases. ! Deaths.
Cholera Asiatica.........................<    0    0
Diarrhoea...................................j  621 !   5
Dysenteria acuta.........................  172    3
Dysenteria chronica....................j    5    0
Enteritis...................................j    1 {   0
Hepatitis acuta...........................|    2|   0
Hepatitis chronica......................    2    0
Obstipatio.................................;  i^>7    (J
All other diseases of this class.......I  119    1
  2
677
239
 41
  1
19*
158
  0
611
181
 16
  6
  3
  3
212
120
Total..................................; 1,049
9   1,326   16  ; 1.152
  0
463
177
  7
  1
  3
  3
122
 71
2,372
  769
   69

   13
   13
  659
  468
 1
13
 8
 9

 0
 0
 0
 4
in  182
in  96
in    7.6
in    3
in   13
in   13
in  659
in  117
692
195
  3.3
  3.3
167
119
2   4,374
1 ia 115   1.11(J 
164
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Gluarters.
											Proportion of deatl cases.	£ c
Strength....................................	4,534		4,	144	3,	490	3,587		1 3,939			P -i a o a O i*. Z o
TV Di>oases.	Cases. Deaths. i		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths	i Cases.	Deaths.		
Bronchitis acuta et chronica..........	i 48 n		14 189 6 5 1 12	1 0 2 0 0 0	11 211 8 8 .6 5	o to o to o o	21 0 306 0 9 | 2 7 1 0 5 0 8 0		94 954 31 33 25 | 48	0 6 0 6 0	1 in 94 0 in 954 lin 5 Oin 33 lin 4 0 in 48	23.8
	248 8 13	0 0 o										242
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................												7.8
												8.6
Pneumonia................................	13	l										6.4
	23 0											12
Total...............................	353	4	227	i 3	249	4	356 2		11,185	13	lin 91	300
												
	179	0	167	0	122	0	84	0	552	0	0 in 552	140
												
   For the purpose of illustrating more fully the effects of the climate of Florida in its relations
to health, the following communication from  the Surgeon General to the Hon. David L. Yulee,
of the United States Senate, is introduced :

                                                          Surgeon General's Office,
                                                                       October 1, 1855.
   Sir: In reply to your communication of the 16th  of July last, in  reference to the general
healthfullness and climate of the Peninsula of Florida, particularly with regard to Fernandina
and Cedar Keys, I  would submit the following facts  from the records of this office, with an
expression of opinion derived from personal observation, as well as from statistical information.
   Florida, washed on the east side by the Atlantic, and on the west and southwest by the
waters of the Gulf,  daily fanned by the breezes from the sea which are wafted over the whole face
of the  country,  and with an atmosphere of equable temperature through winter  and through
summer, its climate cannot be more  unfriendly to  the  health of man than that of the adjacent
States, which present but  one side or a small portion of their territory to the  ocean.  Florida
may have more  lakes on its surface, a few more  rivers and rivulets,  and a greater extent  of
swamp perhaps than the other States, but the exhalations from these sources are evidently modi-
fied and  mollified by the universally pervading sea atmosphere, and must consequently be less
destructive to human life than malaria which is eliminated by the swamps and  bottom lands  of
Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, or by the banks of the water-courses even of
other more northern sections of country.
   I have served in Florida and jiarticipated with the troops in the privations and the toils  of
the field, and I have served also with an army on the northern frontier, and from my experience
of the influence  of  climate and of active operations in the field upon the health  of soldiers, I
have no hesitation in expressing the belief that had the troops who were employed in the Florida
war, been engaged  for  the same length of time in active operations  in winter and summer on the
frontiers of Canada,  though  the  cases of indisposition might have been less numerous, the
mortality would  have  been infinitely greater than was experienced in Florida.  The general
healthfulness of many  parts of Florida, particularly on its coasts,  is proverbial.  The average
annual mortality of the whole peninsular, derived  from returns in  this office, is found to be 2.6
per cent., while  of  the other portions of the United States  (previous to the war with Mexico) it
is 3.5.   The annual average of fevers of malarial origin in some parts of the State is very high.
and in others very low, making a general average  of about fifty-eight per cent.   The generality
of fatal cases during the Seminole war, and previously, were from enteric disorders, to which 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN FLORIDA.
165
troops were more  liable than  persons  in civil life.  The higher ratio of sickness, in general,
among troops in the field than  among civilians is more attributable to their constant  and severe
duties and greater exposure to morbific influences, than to peculiarities of  climate.
   As the data from which the conclusions herein set  forth are taken from  military records, we
must consequently make due  allowance for the fact that the ratio  of cases under treatment among
troops and among citizens, is higher in  the former than in the latter case.  And this  may be
accounted for in a great measure by the fact, that among the working classes of middle life, those
cases only are recorded and enter into  statistical  data, which interfere with or prohibit manual
labor, whereas among soldiers  the  slightest cases of indisposition are reported.   In  the latter
case  an admission on the sick list secures an exemption from labor, while in the former it occa-
sions a loss of wages.
   Let us now compare the number of cases  annually treated in Florida, with  the cases under
treatment at other  sections of the country, as  furnished by the  army records, and we  find  the
following ratio: Along the region of the northern lakes, the number of  cases under treatment
was  200 per cent., the mortality being 0.9 per cent.; aloDg the coast of New England nearly  the
same percentage of cases under treatment, (191,) and the mortality 1.5 per cent.; through  the
interior of our country, (those points north of latitude 39°, and distant from the lakes or Atlantic,
e. g., the northeast line of Maine, the interior of New York, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Missouri,  the
northern part, Wisconsin and  Minnesota,) we  find the percentage of cases annually treated a
little over  300, with a mortality of 0.8 per cent.  Again,  along the Atlantic coast  from New
Jersey to Georgia, the number  treated is not quite as high as the last, being about 289 per cent.,
with a mortality of three per cent.  In  the  Southwestern  States,  the lower part of Missouri,
Arkansas, West Tennessee, Mississippi, the Eed river country, and Indian territories south of
latitude 36°, it is very large, being 350 per cent., while the mortality is 3.6 per cent.  In  the
territory adjacent to the Lower Mississippi river, it is reduced to 286 per  cent, of cases treated,
(except, perhaps, when  visited  by unusually severe epidemics, as in late  years,) with the mor-
tality of 4.4 per cent., while  in Florida the average of cases annually treated is 246 per cent.,
and the mortality, as before shown, is 2.6 per cent.  While, therefore, the ratio of mortality
among the troops in the northern part of the United States is less than in Florida; on the other
hand, the average mortality in Florida is less than in other sections of the Southern and South-
western States ; which, in fact, are the proper points of comparison, on account of similarity of
diseases and geographical position.
   To illustrate the actual and comparative sickness and mortality of the  Peninsular of Florida,
we may take as points of comparison three posts on nearly the same latitude, one established on
the Atlantic coast, (Fort Marion, St. Augustine,) one in the interior, (Fort King,) and a third
on the Gulf coast, (Fort Brooke,) and we find that at Fort Marion the average annual mortality
for a  period of eleven  years  (from  1824 to 1834  inclusive) is 2.36  per cent.  In some  of those
years (1829, 1832, and 1833) no deaths were reported.
   The  highest mortality for any single year was (in  1828) 7.01 per cent. ; the lowest was  (in
1825) 0.91 per cent.
   At Fort Brooke we have the annual  average mortality for a period of  nine years of  1.01 per
cent.  The highest being (in 1830) 3.44 per cent., and the  lowest (1824)  0.96.  In three of the
years (1827, 1831, and 1832)  no deaths were reported.
   At Fort King we have  returns for only a few years embraced in the periods above  given.
The  average annual mortality, however, for three years (1827 to 1829 inclusive) is 1.19 per cent.
In 1829 no deaths were reported.   The highest mortality (in 1828) was 2.04 per cent.; the lowest
(in 1827) 1.63 per cent.  The subjoined tables will place these facts in another form. 
loo
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
FORT MARION.
FORT BROOKE.
FORT KING.
year.
<L		1
		o
		g
«	s	0
t.	a	c
3	=	o
s	j5	
1824.....................   1
1825.....................   1
1826.....................   2
1827.....................  f3
1828.....................   4
1829.....................■   0
1830.....................  +2
1831.....................;   2
1832....................   2
1833.....................|   0
1834.....i...............   0
103
109
 80
0.97
0.91
2.50
57	5.26
57	7.01
54	0.00
55	3.63
55	3.63
53	3.56
48	0.00
48	0.00
1824.
1825.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
 2
 2
*2
 0
 2
 3
t4
 0
 0
207
182
192
167
169
206
116
 93
 91
0.96
1.09
1.04
0.00
1.18
1.45
3.44
0.00
0.00
1824.
1825.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833.
1834.
61
49
52
1.63
2.04
0.00
One death from intoxication.
t Two deaths from intoxication.
X One death by drowning.
    The climate of Florida is remarkably equable and proverbially agreeable, being subject  to
 fewer  atmospheric variations, and its thermometric  ranges much less than  any other  part  of
 the United States, except a portion of the coast of California.
    For example, the winter at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Territory, is 48° colder than at Fort
 Brooke, but the summer at Fort Brooke  is only about 8° warmer.  The mean annual tempera-
 ture of Augusta, Georgia, is nearly 8°,  and of Fort Gibson, Arkansas, upwards of 10° lower
 than at Tampa, yet in both those places the mean summer temperature is higher than at Fort
 Brooke.   In the summer season the mercury rises  higher in every other  part of the  United
 States, and even  in Canada, than it does along the  coast of Florida.  This is positively shown
 by meteorological statistics on  file in this  bureau.   At  Portland,  and on  the coast  of New
 England, the thermometer attained an  average height in summer of 94° Fahrenheit, and  in
 winter descends to —7°, having  an annual range of 101°.  At Fort  Mifflin, near Philadelphia,
 the thermometer has  an annual range of 87°, rising  to 95° Fahrenheit in summer, and falling
 to 8°  in winter.   At Fort Moultrie,  Charleston harbor,  the average range is 70°, being  in
 summer 90° degrees,  and in winter 20°.   At Fort Pierce, (or Capron,) Indian river, Florida, the
 range  is 59°, the annual range averaging for its  highest point 94°, and the lowest 35°.  At Fort
 Brooke the annual range is 58°, being 92° in summer,  and 34° in winter ;  while at Key West
 the average annual range is only 35°, being for summer 89°, and 54° for winter.   If we were
 to extend our comparison by including the stations in the interior of the United States, remote
 from the influences of the  sea-breezes, the difference would be still more  apparent.   The point
 under  consideration will however be  illustrated sufficiently by comparing  the  temperature  of
 Florida, as above given, with that of portions of Texas, lying within the same parallels  of lati-
 tude.  At Fort Brown, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, and where the summer heats are much
 modified by the strong  coast-breeze, the mean annual range is 67°, or  from 95° in summer  to
 28° in winter.  In the interior of Texas  the range is very great, the summer heats rising to a
 mean  of 112° in the valley of the Rio Grande at Laredo, (Fort Mcintosh,) and to 103° at the
posts on the upper plains.  It falls to a mean of 20° in winter on the Rio Grande valley, and to
10° on the plains, making the range near 92° in  each case.   At Fort Smith, Arkansas, the range
is 108°, having the summer temperature of 103°, and the  winter of —5°. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IX  FLORIDA.
167
   The climate of Fernandina, as far as we have returns, is shown to be extraordinarily equable.
The  lowest mean  temperature of any month was 54°, (January, 1821.)  The highest mean tem-
perature of any month was 84°, (September, 1821,) giving a range of 30° between the  coldest
and warmest months.  The mean temperature for the first six months of 1820  was 67°;  for the
first  six months of 1821, it was 66°; for the whole year, (1820) 69°.   The prevailing winds for
the six months of 1820, were for four months (February, April, May, and June) S. E.,  for two
months (January and March)  N. E.  The  prevailing weather was  Fair,  by large odds.  In
1821, the  prevailing winds were for six months (February,  May, June, July,  August, Septem-
ber)  S. E.  The other months N. E. and N. W.  The prevailing weather during the year, was
tl Fair," there being only four months in which there was a slight excess of cloudy or wet weather
over  fair.
   The climate of Cedar Keys is very similar to that of Fernandina.   The mean temperature  of
the former in the year 1842 being nearly the  same as that  of the latter in 1821, and of the first
six months of both  years precisely the  same.  The prevailing winds  for five months (generally
spring and summer) were S. E., and four months (winter and fall) N. E.
   It is to be regretted that the  meteorological records at both these points are so few, and I
should here remark that the years above instanced were not selected in order to present a favora-
ble comparison, but it so happens that they are the only complete years found on file.
   As regards the healthftdness of these two points, it is deemed sufficient to state that Fernan-
dina  enjoys  the  reputation of unexceptional salubrity, well worthy  the characteristics of its
equable climate.  When the post was first  established in  1819, the prevailing  diseases were
enteric, with fevers  of malarial origin.
   In the year following, (1820,) the proportion of cases  of intermittent and remittent fevers
was diminished, and the mortality was also less, being of the whole number of cases treated less
than one per cent.,  and of the whole command about two per cent.  Each man was on the sick
report about  every five months.
   Cedar Keys was selected as the site for  a general hospital, on  account of its salubrious posi-
tion.   The sick of other posts (generally  chronic cases) were transferred to that point from the
different  garrison and regimental hospitals established with the troops operating in the  field,
and therefore the records will not afford fair  evidence of the effect of its local  or climatic influ-
ences upon the health of the troops.   The prevailing disorders were enteric.   The number  of
deaths occurring during the year was nineteen, all of this class of disease; leaving it to be inferred,
either that no other diseases originated on the island, or,  if otherwise, they were  very curable.
The  records of the sickness and mortality at both these places are too limited to give any precise
statistical information illustrative of the local influences affecting their claims  to be regarded  as
healthful sections of the country.
   I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                                    TH. LAWSON,
                                                                      Surgeon General.
   Hon.  D.  L.  Yulee,
           United States Senate. 
t 
             ABSTRACTS






                OF THE








PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






                IN







             FLORIDA.
22----s 
170
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
No. 1.—ABSTRACT  OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS  OCCURRING
FIRST QUARTER.
CLASSES OF DIS-
      EASES.
Years....................  1849 to 1854.
1856.
Mean strength
851.
1857.
230.
227.
Total.
1,942.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.   Cases. Died. Cases. Died. :Cases. Died.  Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died.  Cases. Died.
Febris continua communis..
Febris inter, quotidiana ....
Febris intermittens tertiana.
Febris intermittens quartana
Febris remittens...........
Febris typhus et typhoides..
Febris typhus icterodes.....
Erysipelas.................
Eruptive fevers
29
18
Rubeola...
Scarlatina.
Variola .
Varioloides.
Diseases  of the organs
  connected with the di-
  gestive system.
Diseases  of the respira-
  tory system.
Diseases of the brain and
  nervous system.
Diseases  of  the  urinary
   and genital organs.


Diseases  of the  serous (
  and exhalent vessels.   (
Diseases  of  the  fibrous f
  and  muscular  struc-^
  tures.                 (_
                       f
Abscesses and ulcers.... ■{
Cholera Asiatica...........
Diarrhoea..................
Dysenteria acuta...........
Dysenteria chronica........
Enteritis..................
Hepatitis acuta.............
Hepatitis chronica.........
Obstipatio..................
All other diseases..........
Bronchitis, acutaet chronica
Catarrhus..................
Phthisis pulmonalis........
Pleuritis...................
Pneumonia................
Ill
 11
All other diseases  ...
Cephalalgia..........
Delirium tremens....
Epilepsia ...........
Neuralgia............
All other diseases....
Gonorrhoea..........
Strictura urethra
Syphilis primitiva....
Syphilis consecutiva.,
All other diseases....
Ascites..............
All other diseases___
Pernio...............
Podagra.............
Wounds and injuries.
Rheumatismus.........
Fistula.................
Phlegmon et abscessus.
Ulcus.................
Ambustio..............
Amputatio............
Contusio..............
Fractura...............
Luxatio..............,
Punitio.............
Sub-luxatio.........
Vulnus ineisum.....
Vulnus laceratum .  .
Vulnus punctum....
Vulnus sclopeticum
13
Miscellaneous
 18
106
 78
270
 61
  4
  9
  1
 1
24
40
16
13
 4
	r			4		1	9 ., 15 1 3!	
	4 ...... 2 ___		......i i :••	., 1 1		9 ......		
					1	1.		
					1 ! 1			
	6!...				...... 1 ......i......1......		7 22 .. 7|.. 1	
	2	I	...... 1 I" ...... 2 ..	...j 6 . 1 3	...... 5 ...	...! i |......		
								
					1			
	41 :	13	...... 2 i-	... 11	......1 2 ...		69 ..	
								
Total................	479 i 1 1	297	...... 182 ..	169	......162 ...	... 69 ......	1,358	1
								
 
                           AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  FLORIDA.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF FLORIDA.
171
		SECOND QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	AL.
EASES.		835.		333.		222.		302.		75.		65.		1,8	32.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	2 61 25 2 11												2 111 110 6 59	
I				11 12 2 28		19 44		15 15		2 1		3 13 2			
						1		16		3					
															
		9 4	2				1							9 5	2
						1									
															
						i									
						i									
					..... 1......!......!......										
					i										
		125 24 3 1	1 2	112 30 12 1	1	12 5 ......		63 15		16		1 1		330 75 16 3	1
Diseases of the organs						1 1									2
							1								1
gestive system.															
															
		23 33 1 15		17 13 3 1 1 1 1 8 7		8		18 15 11 4		11 6		5		82 71 16 24 1 3 1 8 18 8 4 3 9 8 2 2 10 9 2	
					...... 4 ,, . 1 ......i 2										
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
										1		1			
Diseases of the rcspira- '					i										
tory system.		2			1										
					' 1 ' |										
					1										
f		7 4 2 3 4 6 2 2 6 3 1			...... 2							2			
								2		2					
Diseases of the brain and]				1	1										
nervous system.															
1						6 !......		2 1							
				1											
															
Diseases of the urinary															
and genital organs.				2 2	..... 2										
								2 1				2			
Diseases of the serous (					'				1						1
															
Diseases of the fibrous															
and muscular struc-< tures.															
		22		18	......! 3 ......			11		3		2		57	
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... .j 1		52 7 3		16 8 4	......! 9 '......			30 9		4		2 1		113 25 8	
												1			
					i !										
		28 1		9		5 j ! 6 1 ......' 1				5	..... 1 5 i......			58 3	
															
											!				
Wounds and injuries.... -				2 1 12 1	......r						i '			2 10 40 10 10 1 11 33 8 3 22 45 13	......
		5 15 2 5			i	1 i 1 4 .,,, ! 8 3 ......' 4				1		1 1...... 1 |..... 1			1
															
						1		1	......1 3		1				
				1 4 3 2		i									
f		2 9 5 2 10				1 l......! 3			......1 1 ......I 8						
					......						1 : 6 ■..... i ;				1
								1							
										1 3	i				......
				...... 4 17		2 J......! 6 4 !......1 11									
									1 0		......: i !......				.....
					'•			6	::::::...:......:i...:.j:;:;::						
					:				!						
		45 1......: 23 j...... 10 i...... 18 i......i 1 1......: 3 j...... 100													
	Total................														
		602 5 396 1 2 1 151					......1 302 1 74 1 1 [ 54 ......1,579								to
															
 
172
REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		« THIRD QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		900.		326.		224.		248.		92.		58.		1,848.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
								1	1					1 7 391 143 2 117 2 25 1	1
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	6 158 50 1 56	1	1 144 9	1										2
						19 21		46 31 1 18 1		14 28		10 4			
				30 1	1	3			1	4		6			1
															1
		24 1	9							1	1				10
r															
															
															
Pt'V ..........1															
i															
												1 3	1	1 296 119 2 4 1 2 87 54 4 44 2 3 1	1
		167 39 1 1		59 51	2	16 15		43 14 1	......	8					
															2
Diseases of the organs															
				3											
								1							
		2 33 22													
				14 14 2 14 1	2 1	6 4 1 3		14 11		11 2 1 7		9 1			
															2
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
		18 1 3	1					2							
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															2
															
				1	1										]
															
f		17 2 1 1 2 2		5				2				2		26 5 4 1 9 2	
						2 1				1					
Diseases of the brain and j				1				I							
nervous system.															
			1	2	1	1		3	2			1			4
[															
															
Diseases of the urinary j		1 4 3												1 6 3	
and genital organs.				2											
															
															
		1												1	
Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- -\															
															
		21		11		3		7				1		43	
															
Abscesses and ulcers....,] 1 r		117 17 2		59 9 1		10		32 13 8		9 1		6		233 40 11	
															
															
		31 1 1		6		2		6		1		3		49 1 1 1 16 33 8 2 15	
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....				1 3 10 o							......I......				
		6 14 4				4		1 5 2 1 3 1		2 2	!				
											...... 2				
															
												1			
r		2 6 4 1 3 11		7 1 3		3 1 3									
										7	......1 6			22 ......	
														10 '.,	
														1 1......	
				22 4 3		5 1 1		3 5 3		6 2	......, 7 ...... 1			46 '...... 24	
															
														1 75	
												1 4	1		1
		39		6		16		10							
															
		897	12	502	9	141		290	4	107	1	69	2	2,006	28
 
                           AMONG THE TROOPS IN FLORIDA.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF FLORIDA.
173
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854. 1855.				1856.		1857.		1858. 1859.				Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		754.		327.		295.		219.		87.		55.		1,737.	
			Died.												
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.		Cases. Died.		Cases.	Died. Cases.		Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens.tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	4				1 16 8		2 24 12						7 236 113 1 42 2 15 1	
		39 32		145 27						5 32 1		7 2			
		12		14 1		9		6				1			
										1	1				1
						15	3								3
.		1									1				
													.....		
										!					
										! .....................					
.															
															
		108 18 2		62 23 5 5		61 8		19 6 1		12 2		11 1		273 58 8 5	
															
Diseases of the organs connected with the di- ■ gestive system.															
											I.				
											1				
											1				
		14 14 26	1	13 20 1 26 1 1		7 15 2 6		10 10		18 6		7 2		69 67 3 94 2 2	
															
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
								22 ]		12		2			
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.															
		1													
															
						4		2 2						6 24 3 1 1 4 3	
		11 1		10								1			
						1				1					
Diseases of the brain and				1 1 2											
nervous system.															
1		1 2	2			1 1									2
															
															
Diseases of the urinary		4 1 6 1				3 2 2								7 3 11 1	
and genital organs.															
1				2								1			
Diseases of the serous* and exhalent vessels. (															
							1								
															
and muscular struc-i tures. 1 f															
		16		5		J 2		4		3				40	
															
Abscesses and ulcers.... -^ [		31 9 2		23 11 3 1 7 1		21 1 1		20 3 1		4 2				99 27 8 1 27 4 4 1 19 34 30 10 4 11 8 5 13 16 5	
												1 1			
															
															
		10				2 1		5 1 1		1		2 1			
															
		3 1 2 12													
Wou nds and inj uries.....															
				3 6 7 1		7 10 18 6 3 1		4 4 1	.....	2 1		1 1			
															
										4 ......					
		3 1 1 2 4 3 2 4													
															
				5 4				4 1							
										1 1	1				
						2					1				
								2 2 4			i				
				5 2		3 5 5				1	1				
												1			
									' ' 1						
															
		36		15		17		3				1 2		73 ......	
	Total.............														
		440	3	459		277	3	177		110	1	45		1,508 7	
															
 
174
              REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY

No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE  PRINCIPAL  DISEASES AND DEATHS  OCCURRING AMONG
(LASHES OF DIS-
      EASES.
Mean strength.
FIRST QUARTER.
1849 to 1854.
1855.
2,299.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.
fevers
Eruptive fevers.
Diseases of  the  organs
  connected with  the di-
  gestive system.
Diseases  of the rejpira- ]
  tory system.
Diseases of the brain and
  nervous system.
Diseases of the  urinary)
  and genital organs.     j
Diseases of the  serous t
  and exhalent vessels.  (
Diseases of the  fibrous f
  and   muscular  struc- \
  tures.                [
                       f
Abscesses and ulcers.... J
Febris continua communis..
Febris inter, quotidiana....
Febris intermittens tertiana.
Febris intermittens quartana
Febris remittens...........
Febris typhus et typhoides..
Febris typhus icterodes.....
Erysipelas..................
Rubeola....................
Scarlatina.................
Wounds and injuries.....
Variola....................
Varioloides................
Cholera Asiatica...........
Diarrhoea..................
Dysenteria acuta...........
Dysenteria chronica........
Enteritis...................
Hepatitis acuta............
Hepatitis chronica..........
Obstipatio..................
All other diseases..........
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica
Catarrhus..................
Phthisis Pulmonalis........
Pleuritis...................
Pneumonia................
All other diseases..........
Cephalalgia................
Delirium tremens..........
Epilepsia..................
Neuralgia..................
AH other diseases..........
Gonorrhoea................
Strictura urethra:...........
Syphilis primitiva..........
Syphilis consecutiva.......
All other diseases..........
Ascites....................
  1
287
562
 18
 48
  3
Died. Cases
222
 64
  3
  1
  2
  2
 42
 61
 10
 46
  3
  4
  3
 16
  5
 16
  5
  2
  4
 19
1856.	1857.	1858.	1S59.
419.	1,296.	100.	68.
1	!	!	
4,534.
Died. Cases. Died. Cases.iDied. Cases. Died.'Cases. Died. Cases.  Died
 79
124
183
133
  3
 10
All other diseases.
Pernio............
                          Podagra..............
                          Rheumatismus.......
                          Fistula..............
                          Phlegmon et abscessus
                          Ulcus.................
                          Ambustio.............
                          Amputatio............
                          Contusio.............
                          Fractura..............
                          Luxatio...............
                          Punitio...............
                          Sub-luxatio...........
                          Vulnus incisum.......
                          Vulnus laeeratum.....
                          Vulnus punctum......
                          Vulnus sclopeticum...
                          Debilitas..............
                          Ebrietas..............
                          Ha;morrhois..........
                          Hernia...............
Miscellaneous..........■{ i  Morbi cutis...........
                          Morbi oculi...........
                          Scorbutus.............
                          Suicidium............
                          All other diseases.....
 54
  4
110
 26
  4
  1
 81
 15
  3
50
282
 35
54
565
861
 21
 84
  4
621
172
  5
  1
  2
  2
127
119
 48
248
  8
 13
 13
 23
 20
 27
 10
  3
  9
 27
  1
  7
 19
 18
  1
  6
179
  5
216
 50
  9
  1
162
 16
  4
  1
 57
107
 17
  9
 31
 55
 33
 22
  8
 22
 51
 39
Total................2,019
3  1,259    8
180
4,395     20 
                           AMONG THE TROOPS  IN  FLORIDA.





THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE INTERIOR AND ON THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.
175
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1857.				1858. 1859. i Tot					
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.	i	2,505.		456.		407. 684.				25. 67. 4.1					44.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died.	Jases. Died. Cases.			Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.					Died.
	1					1		1						1 7 945 668 2 183 3 2 3 1	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	5 777 346 2 110 3 2 1						2 I 97 126		1					
				5 15		55 181			......	4	! 7 1				
1															
										!					
															
			1	9		38		26 •							
	Febris typhus et typhoides.. Febris typhus icterodes ___									......i......'......;......					1
i [					!										
f				1								1			
								1							
					......1............										
						1 ;									
I											1				
r		1 305 90 11 1 4 3 91 84 3 51 3 3 1 10 19 JO 5 4 5 11	1 1 4 4 1			l		1 184 34			!			2 677 239 41 1 5 5 198 158 14 189 6 5 1 12 30 12 19 9 16 17 1 5 11 18 1 5	1
				78 56 26	l	100 58 1 1			1 1	1 1	9				3
															4
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-' gestive system.								3			yyyyyyy				5
											!				1
								1							
						2 ' 33									
			1	23 20			4fi		1 1	2 2	......i 3 !...... 9				
1						13 i 37									2
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							8 23				3			1
Diseases of the respira-tory system.			1	38 1 1	l	71				2	......	1 2			2
						1									
															
								2 5							
f				4		1 I 5						1 1			
Diseases of the brain and j				7			.. ....								
nervous system.						1 ' 5 1		4 2 2							
(			1	3 1								1 2			1
f									yy.yyy.						
						1									
Diseases of the urinary j		4 7 11		1 1 1							'				
and genital organs. j								3 4	!						
[						1 ......				1					
Diseases of the serous $ and cxhalent vessels. <■ Diseases of the fibrous 1 and muscular struc-1 tures. I f Abscesses and ulcers ....•{ [								1 1							
		1		1		2 ......									
										!					
										!					
		59		22		44 ;.....■ 42								167 2 259 46 16 2 157 9 5 36 121 8 15 21 1 103	
						2 32				!					
	Ulcus......................	136 29 9 2 79 5 3 18 83 5 9 2 25 39 13 4 16 29 8		52 6 1			..... 39								
						5 6 2 1 4				j i					
										1					
															
			......	25 2 1 8 15 2 2		25 25 1 ...... 1						3	......		
															
								1 4	1			......1......			......
Wounds and injuries.....						6 .....			I						
						8 '..... 13			1	1		1			]
								1 3							1
						1 .....					\ i				
						12 7 45 !...... 19 11 ! | 7 3 ,, .1 3 4 ...... 1			2 1	1 1					2
.				14 6 4 2											1
										.......... ............				70	
												j 1 j......! 24 1 1 to			
										.					
				8 ! 11 ] 14 I......		1 5 1 1	, ,,| 3 1 33 ......' 37			1				28 ' 80 61 1 237	
												o			1
										1					
							1				i......i				1
		171		22 ......		99		19		......1.....		1 3 .....			
															
Total.................		2,728	1 15	i 509	2	803	2	8t<ti	8	16		1 50	1.....	.14,992	27
 
176
        REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING AMONG
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		2,014.		522.		568.		255.		74.		57.		3,4	90.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana.. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus et tgphoides..	5 848 322 5 231 6 30 1						2 42 238	1 2					7 1,075 1,022 5 288 8 30 2	1
				39 112		142 338				2 12		2			2
															
			1 12	23		11	1	23 2	3 1						4
															2
															12
f								1							
															
															
I f															
															
															
		224 59 7 5 3	4 2 2	92 79 1		J 54 24 5 1	2	113 16 3		26 3		2		611 181 16 6 3 3 212 120 11 211 8 8 6 5 34 20 4 15 19 24 3 2 5 15 2 6	4
															
															4
															2
															
						2 42 17 2 39				1 1 2 1					
		77 74 3 59 3 2 4 26 12 3 10 10 20 1 2 4 10 2 5		56 7				36 19 1 18	1						
												1 4 2 1	1		1
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1	93											
Diseases of the respira-															2
1 tory system.						5									
								4	2						2
						1 1 1									
			2	4 2 1	1					3 1					
								3	I			1			4
Diseases of the brain and !															
nervous system.						2 3		3 3 1							
			1							3 1					1
r				2											
						2									
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.															
								1 1							
				1		2				1					
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. X Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- { tures. 1 f Abscesses and ulcers....-{ i															
			1			1									
															
															
		50		15 1 100 7 1		34 1 55 4		21		2				122 2 410 52 12	
															
		207 32 9						36 9 2		10		2			
															
															
		38 3		16		14		13 1 1				2		83 5 2 2 33 77 10 13 5 141 71 14 8 79 24 24	
										1					
						1									
Wounds and injuries		2 17 48 4 11 1 55 33 7 5 42 4 1													
				12 8 1 2		2 10 2		1 6 2		1 3 1					
												2			
															
															
						3 60 16		1 7 8 2 1 10 7 3	1						1
			1	17 9 1 1 13 5 12								2 1 2 1 2 1			
										4 2					1
															
															
						11 4 8				1 3					
															
															
															
		181		20		16		5		1		3		226	
	Total................														
		2,830	27	753	1	1,036	3	666	12	86		31	1	5,402	44
															
 
                           AMONG THE  TROOPS IN FLORIDA.




THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN THE INTERIOR AND ON THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.
177
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		2,379.		405.		653.		28.		68.		54.		3,587.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
		1 4 849 455 41 100 2 12 2												1 9 1,232 758 41 227 3 12 2	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana		1	1 30 72		4 342 228									1
								2 2		8 1		1			
ever ................															
			2 1 9	105		21 1	2	1	* 1						5
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														1
															9
															
															
															
															
															
															
		252 122 5 1 3 1 71 52 16 51 3 7 4 5 12 14 4 5	1 1	52 36 1		154 17		2 1		2 1 I		1		463 177 7 1 3 3 122 71 21 306 9 7 5 8 15 29 7 8 3 25 2 11 12 11 3 3	]
															1
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di- •															
gestive system.															
						1 38 8				1 1 1 4 1					
				12 9											
								1							
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica											1 2 4			
			1	194		56 1	1	2 1							
Diseases of the respira-															2
tory system.															
						1 1 1									
			1 1 2	1 1 I 3								1 1 3			
Diseases of the brain and ! nervous system.															
								4		7					1
															
						3 2 3 2 5 6 4		......							1
1				1 3	l										3
Diseases of the urinary j and genital organs.		18						1							
															
		6 4 7 3 3													
										2					
1															
Diseases of the serous (			1												1
and exhalent vessels. X															
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc--j															
tures. [		49 1 95 18 5 1 55 2 4 1 22 43 7 3 1 73 20 9 3 2 16		15		18				1		1		84 1 168 27 6 1 97 3 4 3 44 57 15 3 8 112 36 14 5 12 22 3 181	
r	Phlegmon et abscessus..... Ulcus.....................														
Abscesses and ulcers.... •{				55 2		13 5 1				1		4			
[								2							
r															
															
				22		19 1	1			1					1
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....						2 9 7 1		1							
				12 4 2						1 1 3					
												2 2			
															
	Vulnus sclopeticum........														
1				3 9		4 28 2 1 1 7 4 3 41									
f								1 3		1 5 2					
												6			
				2 1 2 2											
															
								1							
															
	Scorbutus.........														
	All other diseases.......	120	1	13						3		4			1
	Total............														
		2,685	22	666	1	1,066	4	24	1	49		33		4,523	28
															
23
•s 
 
TEXAS.
                                SOUTHERN  FRONTIER.

    The military stations on the Southern Frontier of Texas are at present located on the north
 bank of the Rio Grrande, where that stream forms the boundary between the United States and
 Mexico.   The posts, enumerated  in their order,  ascending the river, are Fort Brown, Ringgold
 Barracks, Fort Mcintosh, and Fort Duncan.  In addition to these, two posts have been occupied
 on the Nueces river, Forts Merrill and Ewell; and one at Corpus Christi, at the head of Corpus
 Christi bay.
    The medical topography and diseases of all these posts  have been described in the report of
 1856, but additional information respecting Fort Duncan will be found in the following sanitary
 reports:
                             SANITARY REPORTS—FORT  DUNCAN.
                            Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer : June, 185(i.

    Fort Duncan is situated upon what appears  to have  been once the bank of the Rio Grande,
 but is now an elevated plain, extending north and south  parallel to the course of the  river.   It
 is bounded towards' the east, at a distance of half a mile  from the post, by a high bluff, and
 terminates on its western or river side by  a precipitous fall of about thirty feet to the level of a
 plain below, which is  about half a mile in breadth,  and constitutes the u river bottom."  The
 abrupt face of the  plain on which Fort Duncan stands, may yet, perhaps, be properly regarded
 as the river's bank, from the  fact that, in seasons of extraordinary rains, it is washed  by the
 swollen waters of the Rio Grrande, which overflow their channel and the lower plain.   The soil
 is sandy.  The growth is of scattered mesquite,  (a variety of the acacia,) and a tangled mass of
 thorny bushes known here as  " chaparral."  There  appear to be no local causes of disease, and
 the usual exemption of the command stationed here from malarial or endemic disorders substan-
 tiates the supposition  that none  exist.  The prominent causes of the diseases from which the
 men suffer, aside from  those originating in the exposures incident to the life of a soldier, can,  in
 general,  be readily traced to the uncomfortable quarters  in which the  men  are housed, and the
 insufficient food with which they are supplied: insufficient,  not in quantity, but by the want of those
 ingredients necessary to sustain  health where troops  are  for  months without vegetable diet,
 under circumstances of greater deprivation  and more certainly conducive to scurvy than can
 ordinarily exist on board of a vessel at sea.  Until a change in the constituents of the  ration,  or
 the regular issue of antiscorbutics is decided upon, this want must exist everywhere on this
 frontier.   The troops are badly housed.  With the exception of one company—C, First Artillery,
 who, despairing of obtaining quarters  from government, have, after eighteen months'  life  in
 tents, in garrison,  erected quarters at their own expense—the men are living in huts, leaky and
 open, with grass roofs, sides of poles plastered with  mud, and  mud  floors.  The shelter is not
 sufficient for  men  in garrison in this  climate ;  by these exposures  health is sacrificed without
apparent necessity.  The hospital is of stone, and as  a  main  building for a hospital is  good ;
but it has, at present,  no ceiling, no piazza, and no outbuildings.   These necessary additions
have been requested, the recommendations  approved  by the commanding officer; and forwarded
for the action of the Departments at Washington. 
180
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
   For the quarter ending  June 30, 1856, the troops have  been exposed to but few causes of
disease.  The rapid variations of temperature, common in the winter months, have given place
to the milder weather of spring ; and the early rains, never here so excessive as to be unpleasant
or instrumental in originating disease, have brought forward the few edible plants valuable at
this time as preventives of scurvy.  The average temperature has been 77.08°, 81.42°, 88.23°,
for April, May, and June, respectively.   The total of rain, 5.42 inches.   The issues of anti-
scorbutics—which, since January last, have  been recommended and made monthly—have been
continued with noticeable benefit to the condition of the men, and improvement in the character
of the diseases treated.  There have been, since these issues were commenced, no cases of typhoid
fever, nor has any disease assumed a typhoid type.  The cases of intermittent fever noted in the
accompanying quarterly report, have occurred almost entirely in companies B and F,  regiment
Mounted Rifles, which have recently arrived at this post from malarial districts, or among those
men who have been  exposed while absent on detached service.  They  are  not  severe, yield
readily to treatment,  and the periodic tendency appears to gradually exhaust itself.  The cases
of scorbutus  are found only in the companies  before mentioned.  The diseases of the digestive
organs have  been  slight, induced only by careless exposure or imprudent diet, and are easily
treated.   The health  of the command has been good ;  of an aggregate of 1,005 men, there have
been 344 cases treated, but in making deductions from this fact, it ought to be remembered that
every man excused from duty for  a single day for any trivial injury or illness is reported sick.

                                                                 Fort Duncan, Texas,
                                                                            June, 1857.
   The health of this command has been so uniformly good that no especial report of its condition
was considered necessary at the close of the last quarter.  Partially at their own expense and by
their own labor, the companies have constructed quarters of stone and adobe, with thatched roofs
and earthen floors, but roomy and comfortable.
   The bunks are constructed of such fragments of wood as the men can collect and rudely  put
together.   They obviate, however, the necessity of sleeping upon the ground.
   The improvements upon the hospital, applied for soon after my arrival, have been carried on,
after some delay, agreeably  to the plans of my request.
   The building is now surrounded by a piazza  fifteen feet broad, neatly floored at a height of
three feet from the ground, and forms by its roof the main roof of the hospital.
   The length of sheltered promenade thus afforded convalescents exceeds three hundred feet.
   The wards previously open to  the roof are ceiled; and, as lime could not be used, this ceiling
is of inch-plank, tongued and grooved.
   Arrangements have been made to allow of the freest ventilation.
   The advantages in point of coolness, quiet, and comfort  gained by these additions  can be
readily conceived.
   The kitchen and mess-room, a building of stone to contain two rooms  eighteen feet square,
suitably fitted, is in process of erection.   It is immediately in the rear of the hospital, and con-
veniently accessible.
   The construction of the  "bath house,"  a building of a single  sky-lighted room, has been
ordered, and  will be undertaken  at the  earliest opportunity.  It is contemplated to use this
building as a dead house and for post mortem examinations, when there may  be that necessity.
The  remaining buildings necessary to a hospital are  constructed.   When all shall have been
completed, there will  be within the inclosure a hospital superior to any other in the department
of Texas.
   The multifarious reports, applications, and appeals required to secure  the erection of these
works afford an amusing commentary upon the difficulties to which medical officers are subjected
in the prosecution of their plans.   The ultimate  success alone encourages the perseverance,  and 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN TEXAS.
181
demonstrates the possibility of finally securing appropriate shelter  and accommodation for the
sick.   Much is due in the present instance to the prompt action of the medical director, Surgeon
McCormick, at department headquarters.
   Longer experience has confirmed my opinion, expressed in a previous report, that there arc
at this post no local causes of disease.
   There seems to be an absolute exemption from  diseases of malarial origin, and cases origi-
nating elsewhere are benefited by a residence at this place.
   Much attention has been paid to the diet of the troops, and requisitions for antiscorbutics for
the whole command have been made by the medical officer each month whenever the least ten-
dency to scorbutus  occurred.   There  has been no  case of scorbutus contracted at the post, and
the typhoid types  of disease, so constantly the  concomitants  of the scorbutic condition, have
appeared in no instance.
   That the scorbutic tendency exists, is illustrated by the condition of some residents in the
vicinity, who, not belonging to the command, have not enjoyed a  similar regimen.
   A severe form of variola has been prevailing in the Mexican town upon the opposite bank of
the Rio Grande, and cases have appeared among citizens  upon this side.
   An. examination of the command showed that most of them were protected by vaccination,
and upon those not so secured that operation was at once performed.
   The reports transmitted to the office  of the Surgeon General exhibit the sanitary condition of
the command.   Two deaths have occurred  within the year.    One of a patient brought to the
post after long suffering with chronic diarrhoea; the other in a case exhibiting the post mortem
appearances of insolation.  The symptoms in the latter case changed suddenly, while the patient
was in the hospital, from slight to serious.   The steward, a raw soldier just detailed under the
old system, was not aware of any danger, and did not think of reporting the circumstances until
the patient was in extremis.
   Under the action of the present law, such accidents will probably not occur.   The beneficial
operation of the law is already perceptible.   The  hospital steward, proud of his position and
confident of its permanency, enters zealously upon  the  discharge  of his duties, and willingly
prepares for the recitations regularly required of him.  The  result  must be  the formation of a
corps of stewards well informed and competent to render most valuable service to the Army.
DISEASES
   The statistics for this region, as presented in the abstract and following tables, cover a period
of eleven years, from January, 1849, to January, 1860:

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
Mean strength.
Number treated.
Deaths.
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Died.
First quarter....
Second quarter.
Third quarter..
Fourth quarter.
8,791
6,952
6,503
6,993
6,252
6,229
6,572
7,192
 98
 75
 71
163
Annual ratio.
7,310
26,245
407
Exclusive of cholera,
26,169
363
 711
 896
1,010
1,028
3,590
3,580
11
10.7
10.9
23
55.6
49.6 
182
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
   According to this table, the relative annual proportion of cases of sickness to the strength of
the command is 3.59 to 1;  and the corresponding ratio of deaths, 1 to 18, or 5.56 per cent.  The
proportion of deaths to the number of cases treated was 1 in 64.48, or 1.55 per cent.   Exclusive
of cholera, the ratio of deaths to the number of troops was 1 in 20.13, or 4.96 per cent.
FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength
Febris congestiva..................
Febris continua communis......
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana.....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens....................
Febris typhus et typhoides.....
Febris typhus icterodes..........
Total.
8,791
Cases. Deaths
6,952
Cases. Deaths
0	0	1
49	1	42
736	0	871
645	0	622
5	0	19
73	1	151
33	4	30
0	0	0
1,541	6	1,736
THIRD.    FOURTH.
6,503
Cases. Deaths.
   0
  22
1,105
 947
  10
 355
  10
  27
14
2,476
15
6,993
Cases. Deaths
   0
  12
1,416
1,118
   8
 310
  15
 279
3,158
 0
 1
 1
 1
 0
10
 5
80
98
7,310
Cases. Deaths
   1
 125
4,128
3,332
  42
306
8,911
 1
 2
 3
 1
 0
20
19
87
133
lin    1
1 in   G2
lin 1,376
1 in 3,332
0 in   42
1 in   44
lin    4.6
lin    3.5
lin
67
P. 3
 17
565
456
  5.7
122
 12
 41.8
1,219
                              SANITARY REPORT—FORT BROWN.
                         Acting Assistant Surgeon A. F. Watson: November, 1858.
    In the report of sick and wounded at Fort Brown, Texas, for the quarter ending September
 30, 1858, no remarks were made in relation to the severe epidemic (yellow fever) then prevailing
 at this post.   I now proceed to give an account of the disease as it came under my observation.
    About the 20th of August, 1858, yellow fever of the malignant form made its appearance in
 the city  of Brownsville, Texas;  previous  to which date  there were some  cases  and deaths of
 yellow fever at Brazos Santiago, distant from this  place about thirty miles.  The fever is
 generally supposed to have been introduced there  from New Orleans by the schooner Jonathan
 T. Johnson, which sailed from New  Orleans on the 27th July, 1858, for  Brazos Santiago.   On
 the passage there was one death from yellow fever.  Shortly after their arrival at  the port of
 Brazos Santiago two of the crew were taken ill of  yellow fever, and both died.  These were the
 first cases known in this part of the  State.  After these cases  there were several  more amongst
 the residents of Brazos  Santiago.   It next  appeared at  Point Isabel, distant from Brazos
 Santiago about four miles, between which places there  is a continual intercourse.  It  next
 appeared at the mouth  of the Rio Grande, distant from Brazos Santiago about nine miles, and
 from  Point Isabel about thirteen miles.  On the 20th  of August, (about four  days after the
 appearance  of yellow fever at  the mouth of the Rio  Grande,) the river  steamboat Mentoria
 arrived at Brownsville from Brazos Santiago, via the mouth of the Rio Grande, having on board
 a Mexican,  sick of yellow fever, who  died  next day.   On the  22d  of August the first case
 taken in Brownsville occurred.   It was a well-marked case; a Mexican living on the levee near
 the steamboat landing.    After this there were several  more cases in the  same neighborhood,
 where it seemed to have taken hold.   About the first of September it commenced to spread all
 over the  city.   The garrison of Fort  Brown, Texas, is situated adjacent to  the city of Browns-
ville.   The  first case  in the garrison  was private  William  Gusman,  of company  L,  First
Artillery, a German.   He reported sick at 1, p. m., the 2d of September;  had been  sick since 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  TEXAS.
183
the night previous;  had been in the constant habit of stopping all night near the steamboat
landing.  The second case occurred on the 9th, the third  case on  the  12th;  after which date
there daily reported sick two or three, until  the 3d of October, when it  was at its acme.  It
continued so until the 6th, after which date it was on the decrease until  the  24th of  October,
since which date we have had no fresh case.
   Between Fort Brown and Brazos Santiago  there  are several  small  Mexican villages or
ranchos, in none of which did the fever appear until the 27th of  September, when there was one
case at San  Martin, distant  from this place  about  fifteen miles;  after which there were
several cases in that village.  On the 4th of  October it made its appearance at  Santa  Rosalia,
about three miles from Brownsville, on the direct road to Brazos Santiago;  and on the  7th of
October it appeared at rancho Los Tomatoes, about one mile from Brownsville, and likewise on
the road to Brazos Santiago.
   Previous to the breaking out of yellow fever the city and fort were remarkably healthy, and
in the city there had  been many improvements carried on for the last two years.   The fort also
was, at the time, in remarkably good and clean  order.  There was no  apparent local  cause of
fever here.  The meteorological register did not indicate any extraordinary condition  of the
atmosphere.  I hereto annex a condensed abstract showing the quarterly mean of barometer,
thermometer, and hygrometer in the summer and autumn quarters for the years 1856, 1857,
and 1858.  It also shows the total  number of days  fair and cloudy, and  the  quantity of rain
fallen in each quarter; also the maximum and minimum temperature of each year.
	BAROMETER.		THERMOMETER.		HYGROMETER.		WEATHER.				RAIN.			
	Quarterly mean.		Quarterly mean.		Quarterly mean.		Number of days.				Quantitv. in inches.		TEMPERA-TURE.	
							Summer.		Autumn.					
	Summer.	Autumn.	Summer.	Autumn.	Summer.	Autumn.	Fair.	Cloudy.	Fair.	Cloudy.	Summer.	Autumn.	Max.	Min.
1856.. . 1857.... 1858 ...	30.02 30.03 30.02	30.05 30.07 30.05	82.25 80.31 82.45	79.88 80.51 80.91	77.39 75.33 75.24	75.37 74.52 7.1.41	48* 6GJ 571	43J 342	50J 57f 52*	41! 34} 39j-	7.20 3.75 6.85	9.58 9.95 10.97	96° 96 98	28° 29 37
    It has been stated that when well-marked black vomit is presented in a case of yellow fever,
 the chance of recovery is but little better than one in a hundred.   (Vide Fenner's report of yellow
 fever for 1853.)  The number of well-marked cases of black vomit in this garrison were fifty-
 eight; of these, thirty-eight died and twenty recovered, which is about thirty-four and a half per
 cent, recoveries.
   The command at this post at the breaking out of the yellow  fever was:  officers, four; enlisted
 men, eighty-five; there were also in the garrison of women, children, and servants, thirty-one,
 making a total of one hundred and twenty, (120.)  The command comprised company L, First
 Artillery, all the men of which were unacclimated.  The total  number of cases and deaths in
 the garrison during the epidemic  were as follows, viz: officers, cases two, deaths one; enlisted
 men, cases seventy-two, deaths thirty-six; women, cases ten, deaths three; children, cases eight,
 deaths one;  total cases, ninety-two; deaths, forty-one.   From the first appearance of the disease
 a general panic prevailed  throughout the command, and men  of temperate habits  resorted to
 liquor to drive away their  fear.  And these were prominent causes of mortality, many of them
 dying with well-marked symptoms of delirium tremens.
   It is, I believe, generally conceded that the yellow fever of this year has been more malignant
and unmanageable than any ever before seen.  Out of ninety-two cases treated, fifty-eight had
black vomit, being over sixty-three per cent.  Suppression of urine was also frequent, and proved, 
184
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
invariably, a fatal symptom.   Another feature of this epidemic which is worthy of notice is that
there was no tendency to a relapse; of all the cases treated there was but one relapse.
   The general treatment may be summed up in a few words: at the  first appearance of the
fever, a hot and strong mustard foot bath, followed immediately by fifteen  to twenty-five grains
of calomel;  four hours afterwards, two ounces of castor-oil;  sinapisms to the hands and feet;
cold applications to the head;  repeat the foot bath every two or three hours, as it may be neces-
sary.  At the second stage, calomel every  three  hours, three grains, combined with quinine or
Dover's  powder, according to the exigency of the case; lemonade, orange-leaf tea, gum water,
or flaxseed tea to be given frequently, cold or hot, according to the condition of the stomach.
Sponging the body and limbs with warm brandy and  lemon juice proved  beneficial;  also, mild
enemata; general bleeding was inadmissable, and local bleeding  proved  of but little, if  any,
benefit.   In  cases of debility, I used carbonate of ammonia  as a stimulant with considerable
success;  also, brandy and  wrater.   The state of the stomach throughout the epidemic was very
irritable, and the best remedies consisted of lime water, hot coffee, or charcoal water,  the latter
preferred; also, mild emetics,  such as infusions of chamomile, &c, proved of great benefit.
   The condition of the atmosphere was highly infectious, and strangers  from  distant places,
mail-carriers and others, who came and remained but a day or two, were, almost without excep-
tion, taken with the fever, and the majority of them died, many  shortly after their departure.
A large  number of the cases were afflicted with very malignant abscesses in various parts of the
body, which, when opened, exhibited no  healthy pus, but only grumous blood  resembling black
vomit.
   The American and European part of the population which had resided  here since  1853 were
entirely  exempt from the disease,  but the Mexicans born upon the  soil were as liable to the fever
as strangers, and with equally as fatal  results.  It is also worthy of remark  that, during  the
prevalence of the epidemic, large quantities of dead  fish  were thrown up on  the gulf shore
adjacent to Brazos Santiago to such an extent that the  stench was  perceptible for many miles.
   The change of color before  death was, this year, very remarkable; some were perfectly yellow,
and others almost black.   There was a peculiar congestive state of the bowels.  Injections brought
away nothing but scybala in large quantities.   There  were sudden conjestions which attacked
the head, stomach, and kidneys.
            DISEASES OF THE  ORGANS CONNECTED WITPI THE DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
8,791
Cases. Deaths
6,952
Cases. Deaths
6,503
Cases. Deaths
6,993
Cases. Deaths
7,310
Cases. Deaths
O v
r-T3
a a
«j a

s °
Cholera Asiatica...................
Diarrhoea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica...............
Enteritis..............................
Hepatitis acuta.....................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio............................
All other diseases of this class.
 60
888
218
 13
  4
  1
  0
156
188
35
16
 2
 4
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
 16
769
234
 18
  1
234
230
 9
19
 3
 4
 0
 1
 0
 0
 6
  0
682
242
 16
  3
  4
  0
202
181
  0
722
313
 13
  8
  2
  1
157
153
 0
15
 4
 4
 2
 0
 0
 0
 2
  76
3,061
1,007
  60
  23
  15
   2
 749
 752
44
58
12
16
 2
 2
 0
 0
15
lin
lin
lin
1 in
lin
lin
Oin
 1.7
53
84
 3.8
12
 7
 2
Oin  749
lin   50
418
138
 '8.2
  3.1
  2
  0.2
102.4
102.8
Total.
1,528
60
1,518
42
1,330
20
1,369
27
5,745
149
lin   38
786
Exclusive of cholera.
5,669
105
lin   54
i75 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN TEXAS.
185
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Gluarters....................................	FIRST.										Proportion of deaths to cases.	O o
												i- Ta
	8,	791	6,952		6,503		6,993		7,310			I ^
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.		Cases.	Deaths.		9 o
Bronchitis acuta et chronica..........	102 543 8 43 19 12	1 0 5 1 3 0	41 217 3 38 12 11	1 0 1 1 1 0	37 179 9 17 4 14	0 0 3 1 1 0	72 439 4 22 13 11	2 0 7 0 4 0	252 1,378 24 120 48 48	4 0 16 3 9 0	lin 63 0 in 1,378 1 in 1.5 lin 40 lin 5 Oin 48	34.5 188 3.3 16.4 6.5 6.5
												
												
Pleuritis....................................												
												
												
Total...............................	727	10	322	4	260	5	561	13	1,870	32	lin 58	255
												
	302	2	256	0	175	1	222	0	955	3	1 in 318	13
												
                                 WESTERN FRONTIER.

   The military posts established for the protection of the western frontier of Texas  were orig-
inally established, eleven or twelve years since, on a line running north and east from Fort Duncan,
in latitude 28° 42', longitude 100° 30', to the northern limits  of the  State ; Fort Worth, the
most northern and eastern station, being in  latitude 32° 40', longitude 97° 25'.  It was soon
found necessary to  abandon  most of those positions, and advance the  line further west; Fort
Quitman, the most western station in Texas now occupied, being in longitude 105°.
   The posts on this frontier that have been occupied during the last five years are Forts Belknap,
Chadbourne, McKavett, Mason, Inge, Clark, Lancaster, Davis, and Quitman; also, Camps Cooper,
Colorado, Verde, Hudson, and Stockton.  The headquarters of the department are at San Antonio.
   The statistics included in  this report relate also to the diseases occurring at stations on the
line first established, viz:  Forts  Worth, Graham, Grates, Croghan, Martin Scott, Lincoln,  Phan-
tom Hill, and Terret.
   For  sketches of the medical topography and diseases of most of these posts, reference is made
to the report of 1856.
                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP COOPER.
                            Assistant Surgeon John J. Gaenslen: June, 1856.

   Camp Cooper is situated on the north bank of the Clear Fork of the Brazos, in latitude about
33°, and longitude 99°, on  a plat of about eighty acres, of an alluvial formation, which is
bounded immediately on the north,  northeast, and northwest by a high hill or ridge of stratified
limestone, having a southern dip; on the south and southeast by the  river, the banks of which
here, and for some distance above and below, are about thirty feet above its bed.
   The prevailing winds are from the southeast, sweeping over large tracts of dry and scantily
watered country.   They reach us, not as the refreshing breezes of other latitudes, but like blasts
from a furnace, containing  not a particle of moisture.   Since the latter part of March there has
been no udew deposited.''
   The troops have performed no  other duties than such as legitimately pertain to a camp.
The officers and men live in tents, which afford but little protection against the intensity of the
             24----s 
186
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
sun's rays,  and  are  only rendered habitable by having been elevated  five or six feet, and
furnished witli canvass walls.  The hospital accommodations are insufficient, being  limited to
one tent.   I have on  several occasions been  compelled to send men in hospital to their quarters
to make room for others.  On the return of Colonel Lee the erection of a suitable building for
hospital purposes will be recommended.
    The few springs in the vicinity of the camp having failed early in May, the river water, until
lately,  has been used  for  all purposes.   The river  is now, however, a mere series of pools
strongly impregnated with the salts of the soil, and intermixed with vegetable matter, rendering
it, at this season of the year, unfit for use.   A well  has lately been dug  affording a supply of
water, but owing to the saline matter held in solution, and derived no doubt from the immense
fields or beds of gypsum, &c, abounding in the vicinity, it is not a healthy beverage.  The
habits of the  men  are  excellent, and  as  regards  cleanliness  and temperance  are perhaps  not
equaled by any in the service.
    On  entering  upon the discharge of my duties I found the command, composed mostly of
recruits, just recovering from the fatigues of a long march and the severities of an unprecedented
winter, unused to the  bivouac or the  exposures of a camp,  and suffering more  or less  from  a
deficiency of the  clothing necessary for the season, and supplies  of food  of  a proper kind; an
exemption from  the  diseases incident to  the service,  more  particularly scurvy,  was not to be
expected.   It was not a matter of surprise, therefore, that early in April scurvy should  appear
among the troops—in at least one fifth of whom the symptoms were well marked—though none
but the most aggravated cases, such as were unable to perform the lightest duty, were admitted
into hospital.  Fortunately in the absence of such  antiscorbutics as the army is usually supplied
 with, the remedy, free  of cost, was found close by  in abundance.   The young and tender shoots
of phytolacca and of the various species of rumex were recommended, and, when prepared, were
freely eaten;  one patient, unable either to walk or discern objects, on the free use of the articles
 mentioned, was returned for duty in four weeks.  Of the twenty-two persons treated for inter-
 mittent fever, eighteen had it previous to enlistment; the others had lived in miasmatic districts,
 but had not had an  attack  of the fever until they reached  Camp Cooper.   It will be seen on
 referring to my report that  thirty cases of acute  dysentery were treated during June.   To  the
 excessively hot days  and cool nights,  bad water, and at one time  bad  bread, I attribute this
 disease.  The milder cases yielded promptly to an injection of acetate of lead.   Calomel,  opium,
 and ipecac were employed freely and successfully in those cases of greater violence, in which exten-
 sive ulcerations were to be  apprehended.   Cataplasms to the abdomen seemed to afford much
 relief.
                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP COLORADO.
                            Assistant Surgeon W. J. H. White: January, 1857.

     In connection with my quarterly report of sick and wounded, ending 31st clay of December,
 1856, I will submit for your information a brief description  and  a rough sketch of  the camp.
 I cannot give the exact position, astronomically observed, but take from the map of Texas, by
 De Cordova, (1856,) the measurements:  longitude  22° 19' W. from Washington, and latitude
 21° 30' N.  Fort Belknap is about 150 miles N.,  Fort Mason 55  miles S., Fort Chadbourne 65
 miles W.NW., and Austin is 130 miles S.  of E.
     The present location was occupied almost simultaneously  with the arrival  of the  first
 squadron of cavalry  in August  last; and the ground being covered with a thick undergrowth
 of bushes, it was cleared off, and a few of  the larger trees felled to give space.   Then, in the
 mingled shades of pecan, elm, and live-oak trees,  we proceeded to lay out the encampment on a
 straight line along  the  right bank of the creek, and as soon as a sufficient  number of posts
 could be obtained, they were sunk upright  in the ground, close together, around a  line corre-
sponding in circumference with the base of the tent, which is of the bell  pattern, and the tents 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN TEXAS.
187
pitched upon them, leaving openings in the work for doors.   By this arrangement  each tent
roofs an elliptical room, eighteen by twelve feet in  length and breadth, measured across the
center,  and six feet high around the  posts.  The hospital is of the  ordinary  hospital tent,
raised on a close picket work four feet high, and the comfort of the men is further increased by
using the fireplace and chimney built on one side.
    This creek, commonly called Muke  Water, the  word being a corruption of murk  water,
heads at or very near the western point of Santa Ana's mountain, which is fifteen miles north,
and following a crooked course thirty miles or more, finally empties into the Colorado river five
miles south of camp.  The area drained by it must be  of considerable extent, as it is the prin-
cipal stream between the  Colorado river and Pecan bayou.  At the least calculation this area is
equal to thirty square miles, and over this space is a network of deep ravines that descend hastily
to the main channel, consequently the water collected in them during heavy rains is quickly
thrown out, causing the  bordering valley to be overflowed to a great  depth.
    Since our stay here we have not been so unfortunate as to witness  the phenomenon, and what
I relate is inferred only from the height at which drift-wood is found lodged in the trees  on the
margin of the creek.   The old Texans remark that floods of great extent occur along many of
their rivers at stated periods often years, and, from what information I have gained by converse
with them, it  appears  that tremendous overflows did occur at  this place, on the Colorado and
Guadalupe rivers, in the spring  of 1843.   Subsequently,  however, none  have  been noticed, and
the truth of their periodicity at such  stated times would seem doubtful.
    In ordinary seasons, water does not occupy the bed of the creek throughout its  entire length,
but sinks and rises at intervals which vary from three hundred to eight hundred yards, thus pre-
senting to the eye a series of pools.   The earth on the dry spots consists of sand, clay, and gravel,
having a greater proportion of the former.   The  banks terminate abruptly, and  at this time it
is some twelve feet from the top of them to the surface of the water; the width from side to side,
in a direct line, is sixty  feet.
    Around the immediate vicinity hills rise up north, east, and westward; those  in the former
direction are eighty feet high, covered with a stunted  growth of bushes, and formed of limestone
with organic remains;  the others are  much smaller, having a luxuriant  growth of grass and
mesquite trees on them, and  formed mainly of sandstone.   The intervening valley has a rich
soil composed of vegetable debris mixed with clay and  sand in such proportions as to appear well
adapted  for cultivation.   Notwithstanding  the  peculiar adaptation  for agriculture, the  main
inducements  with settlers will  be the vast field for  cattle  grazing  in this region.  Already,
several persons have squatted near by with their herds, and doubtless in a short while the number
will be largely increased.
   The limited number of meteorological observations do not justify  any generalization relative
to climate.  During the past summer the heat  in the day-time was felt  oftentimes extremely
oppressive, rendered so in a great measure by the trees around  camp preventing the ingress  of
light breezes; usually,  the nights were pleasant.   Very small quantities of rain have fallen either
in summer or  autumn;  in fact, a drought  extended  generally throughout the  State, causing
much damage to the corn crops.
   In reviewing the record of sick reported during the quarter, I find  that fevers of a malarial
type are not uncommon, and the majority of them occur in October and November.
   Such a sequence might be sought  for, considering the  nature of existing circumstances; and,
in connection with them, and the bad quality of the water, it is surprising that so few cases have
presented themselves.  The water used by the men for  all purposes is taken from the adjacent
creek, and in  those months its  being highly charged with vegetable  matter was particularlv
noticed.  It was so much so as to render it quite bitter and nauseous to the taste.  With the
prevailing malaria, this doubtless had the effect of producing the disease.
   Many mild cases of the disorder occurred which were not reported, as it did not hinder the 
188                    REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
patient from daily duty.   The character of the fever was usually mild, and it was not until late
in the season that a few cases became severe, and one death resulted.
   Ulcers and diarrhoea form a large proportion of the aggregate number  reported, and they
may, with few exceptions, be traced to  the intemperate use of alcoholic liquors.
   In a country like  this, where the sovereigns act with  less restraint  of law, by  squatting
amongst us  and vending "lightning whisky," a potent cause of disease becomes as firmly fixed
as the malaria, and to check its use by the men requires almost superhuman  exertions.

                                     CAMP VERDE.

   The following sketch of the topography of Camp Verde is from the sanitary report of Assist-
ant Surgeon Joseph R. Smith,  for the fourth quarter,  1856:
   "Camp Verde is situated upon the  northern bank of Verde  creek, which, running in  a NE.
direction, empties into the Gaudalupe river about seven miles from the post.  In a direction a
little to the  W. of N. about twelve  miles distant, is  the village  of Kerrsville;  about fourteen
miles to the NW.  the village of Comfort; and about eleven miles E. of S. the city of Bandera—
each of them small villages  containing twenty to thirty houses.  From a careful comparison of
its situation, compared with those  of  Fort  Martin Scott and San Antonio, I  conclude  Camp
Verde to be in about latitude 30° N., and longitude 99° 10'  W., with an altitude of about 1,400
feet above the sea.
   " The valley of the Verde extends in the same general direction as the stream, and is about a
half mile in width, the hills on the southern bank rising within a  few hundred feet of the bank
of the creek to a  height of from one to  two hundred feet above its level.  Upon a plateau in this
valley, gently sloping toward the creek, and extending back about 2,000 feet to a range of hills,
is situated the post.   A grove of live and post oaks afford it shade and a very partial protection
from winds.  The high  range of hills before spoken  of, and one of which rises immediately
opposite the post, about 200 feet from the creek, forms the divide between the valleys  of the
Verde and the Medina river.
   "The waters of the creek are beautifully clear, its banks abounding in springs, some of which
present every appearance of belonging to the ferruginous variety   No analysis of these waters
has yet been made.   On Christmas day last, the temperature of the creek at 3, p. m., was 49°;
that of the spring from which  the post derives principally its drinking water, and distant from
the creek 100 feet, was 58.10°.
   "The bed of the creek is composed of carbonate of lime which is the prevailing geological
formation of the region.   The hills seeming to consist of layers of limestone, argillaceous shale,
and  gravel, presenting, when  viewed from a distance, the  appearance of extensive water-level
marks.   Some of the  calcareous rocks, particularly where exposed on the  summit of hills, exhibit
remarkable lithodomous perforations, literally riddled like a sieve.   The valleys generally present
the appearance of valleys of denudation."

                           SANITARY REPORT—FORT  McKAVETT.
                           Assistant Surgeon Andrew K. Smith: July, 1857.

   In Harper's Magazine for June, 1857, there is an article,  by a medical gentleman, on spiders,
in which, speaking of the tarantula, he states that  "the bite of this animal is not a whit more
painful and dangerous than  the sting of a wasp," and that the stories of the effects of its wound
"are now known to be mostly fabulous."  Now, every medical officer stationed in Texas could
at once disprove this assertion, and I beg leave, in the present report, to give my own experience
as to the results of the wound inflicted by this venomous animal.
   In Texas, so prolific  in  annoyances, where  every bush  has its thorn, and every insect and
reptile its sting or fang, the tarantula is regarded with a dread almost equal to that inspired by 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  TEXAS.
189
the rattle-snake.  Surely, in a country where they are and always have been numerous, there
must be a reason for thus fearing them, apart from the prejudice arising from their disgusting
and venomous appearance.
   On the morning of the 2d of June last, Corporal Calvert, of company E, First Infantry, was
admitted into  hospital, having been  bitten upon the  instep by a tarantula while lying in  his
bunk.   The two points of puncture from the animal's fangs were plainly visible, being about
half an inch apart.  The foot and leg were swelling  rapidly and  becoming intensely painful.
The course of the lymphatics was marked by red streaks and a well-defined hardness.  Towards
evening the  glands in the groin and upper part of the  thigh were exceedingly swollen, and  the
front aspect  of the leg was covered with an erysipelatous blush, and his pulse showed a great
constitutional  sympathy.  The next day a slough had  commenced upon the instep as large as a
dollar, which  separated in two or three days, leaving a healthy granulating surface.
    He was confined to his bed a  week, and for ten days longer  was unable to wear his shoe or
bear his weight upon the affected limb.  His presence was then required as a witness before a
court-martial at Fort Mason, and upon his return a few days after, he reported himself perfectly
well.  There was, however, a superficial hardness remaining in  the situation of the bite.
    Upon his admission I applied a poultice to the foot, and gave him a large dose of sulphate of
magnesia, followed by five grain doses of quinine with ten drops of laudanum every four hours.
At night, finding  him slightly  delirious, with a high, full pulse, I gave him fifteen grains of
quinine and thirty drops of laudanum, which had a most happy effect.   His pulse resumed its
natural beat, the skin its natural temperature and moisture, and his mind acquired its wonted
clearness.  The further progress of the poison appeared to be checked, and the remainder of  the
treatment consisted in keeping the limb bathed in lead wash, the application of poultices to  the
foot, and small doses of quinine three times a day; the bowels being also kept in a soluble state.
    But yesterday morning a soldier, who had been out hunting the night  before, came to me,
seemingly in great pain,  and stated that he had been bitten or stung while asleep, upon the end
of his penis.   I found the organ exceedingly swollen and painful, resembling in fact a large toad
stool, and several glands had already commenced enlarging in the groin.
    Although from the great swelling and discoloration, I could  not find  the wound.  I have no
doubt  that this was also  caused by a tarantula, as since recent  rains they are met with every-
where.  I do not think it could have  been a centipede,  as this vicious animal is apt to leave more
than one mark of its presence.
    In this case to relieve  the tension and paraphymosis, I made a deep incision behind the corona
glandis, which gave him great relief,  and this morning his condition is much improved.   He also
was given a saline cathartic, followed by quinine.
   Since I have been on duty in  this  department, now  nearly four years, I have heard of  several
well-authenticated cases of severe results from the tarantula bite.   One instance, where a paymas-
ter's clerk was likewise bitten upon his penis, was well known to several officers stationed upon
the Lower Rio Grande.   An intelligent physician in San Antonio told  me of a  case in his own
practice, where the bite  resulted in a general paralysis, from which the patient had a  tedious
recovery.
   In the months of April and May the greater part of the command was re vaccinated.   There
being a rumor that the small-pox was prevalent in San Antonio, I procured a vaccine crust from
the medical director, and from this vaccinated several infants and small children in the garrison
and  vicinity, who had been previously unprotected.  Having thus produced the genuine disease,
I commenced by revaccinating the band, then numbering twenty-two.   In all but four the virus
"took," followed by a pustule closely resembling in appearance and course  that produced by an
original vaccination.  Two of these men, Italians, having been pitted with variola in youth,  had
never been  vaccinated,  and these two both presented well-marked specimens of the regular
vaccine disease, running its usual course. 
190
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   Selecting the healthiest men in the band, I took the virus from their arms and revaccinated
one half of company C.   Here as in the other case  a pustule was produced in a majority of the
men.   From some of these men, in the proper stage of the disease, the other half of the company
was revaccinated, and the same method adopted with the remainder of the command.
   It is worthy of notice that in these cases of revaccination there was a close  approach to the
genuine  vaccine disease.  Very few of the pustules aborted.  On the contrary,  there was the
same  umbilicated appearance, the large areola and constitutional disturbance, and from the  time
of the insertion of the virus  to the separation of the crust  the same  period of time was  noticed
as in  an original vaccination.  These results do not agree with the statistics of revaccination
which I have been able to find.
   The sutler at this post, who had been inoculated when a  boy, was vaccinated with lymph from
one of the children's arms. In his case the resulting affection was very severe, the inflammation
extending over the shoulder and back.
                             SANITARY  REPORT—FORT CLARK.
                            Assistant Surgeon Basil Norris: September, 1856.
   Fort Clark occupies  a healthy site upon  the Rio  las Moras;  it  overlooks the surrounding-
country and  commands  a view of the Rio  Grande bluffs, thirty miles  to the southwest;  and to
the east and  north, distant mounds  and mountain ranges  are  distinctly visible.   The shallow
soil of the prairie supports a scanty growth of vegetation, and the cause of malaria is nowhere to
be found except upon the  river course.
    The stream, not more than forty feet wide, takes its  source about a quarter of a mile from the
station, and, welling  from the earth in full volume,  flows in a sluggish current around the
garrison from the northwest to the east and southeast,  and  continues  to the Rio Grande without
a tributary.  Its banks are deeply shaded by live-oak, pecan, and  elm, and many varieties of
shrubs and vines make up a dense and luxuriant undergrowth.
    Looking then to the theory of vegetable decomposition as the origin of miasma, we find  here
the cause of that class of diseases which  constitutes a  large proportion of the cases heretofore
reported; but its effect upon  the health of the command cannot be correctly inferred from our
quarterly reports, which do not  present a fair record  of the fevers originating  in this locality.
Troops from other stations have joined with  the sickly complexion of men long accustomed to
breathe miasma, and recurring chills have been frequent among them during the first months
of service at the post.   Scouting parties also, predisposed by arduous  duties, bring  from their
camps at stagnant pools and  bottom  lands the seeds  of disease and many of the most  severe
attacks of ague.
    The eruptive  fevers  have been fortunately almost  unknown, (one or two  cases of erysipelas
excepted;) a case of variola, brought by a citizen from  El Paso, was treated and  cured under our
care; and, although left by those who brought him to  this  point, in  the  midst of the garrison,
the precautionary measures adopted proved successful in preventing its spread among  the troops.
   Diseases of the organs of digestion have nothing in their cause peculiar to the circumstances
of the place, and are attributable to errors in diet, sudden changes of  temperature, and the abuse
of intoxicating liquors.
   Pulmonary diseases are rare;  the dry and equable climate has  been beneficial to  a few cases
left in hospital, and at the post none have originated.
   Attacks of catarrh are of short duration, and yield readily to simple remedies.  Pneumonia,
whenever occurring, is attended by typhoid symptoms, and great care and patient nursing are
necessary to the favorable termination.  It has appeared in those men whose  service in the  field
or on escort duty  has compelled them, after much hardship and  privation, to sleep upon the
o-round, exposed to rains  and northers, which, although unfrequent, sometimes overtake them
with all the rigor of the coldest climate. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  TEXAS.
191
    Cephalalgia and neuralgia, depending upon hepatic disorder and atmospheric changes, are,
with few exceptions, the only diseases of the nervous system which have come under treatment.
The cause of venereal disease does not exist in the vicinity of the post, and the urinary and genital
organs have been remarkably exempt.   Rheumatism affects principally the  elbow and shoulder-
joints, it is obstinate in its attacks, and yields slowly to remedies; it is usually developed in the
plethoric by exposure to wet and cold.   Scorbutus has from time to time made its appearance in
the spongy gums and painful legs of the  sick, but has been always arrested by a timely supply
of vegetable food, and an abundant issue of the ordinary antiscorbutics.
    To the ration with fresh beef,  vegetables from the garden are supplied in sufficient quantity
to flavor and  improve  the soup, and occasionally, during  the  year, purchases  of onions, sweet
potatoes, &c, are ordered for the whole command.  The clothing  used by the troops is, in my
opinion, too thick and warm for the summer.
    The quarters, which were heretofore only comfortable during the summer  months, are made
of pickets driven into the  ground, and covered with rudely thatched  roofs.  They have been
recently repaired by weather-boarding from the "portable cottages," and, with additional chim-
neys, will be suitable for the winter.
    The water used in the garrison is  drawn from the river and kept in barrels, which are cleaned
and replenished every day; it is  clear, slightly impregnated with lime, and is, at all  seasons,
cool, refreshing, and wholesome.

                            SANITARY REPORT—CAMP HUDSON.
                           Assistant Surgeon Richard D. Lynde: July, 1859.

    Camp Hudson is situated at the second crossing of the San Antonio and El  Paso road over
the San Pedro or Devil's river, and is about two hundred miles in a west-northwesterly direction
from the former place.  The post is located on a small triangular plateau, elevated some thirty
feet above the river bottom, and surrounded  on all sides by hills, between which four  canons
open  upon it.  These hills are composed of  limestone rock, mixed with flint, that crops out in
every direction, the surface having very little soil except on the  immediate borders of the river.
Vegetation is consequently very  sparse, and of the  more  hardy  varieties, being composed of
different species of cactus, the  bear  grass, the  mezquite, and a few other small hardy bushes,
most of which are thorny, and such grass as can find soil enough to root itself between the rocks
and loose broken stones covering the surface.   This last is  so  small in quantity, and so often
burned up for the want of sufficient moisture, as to  make  it difficult  to find pasturage for the
animals pertaining to the post.
    Along the river, however, may be found small groves of pecan,  live-oak, and sycamore, and,
in some of the canons, dwarf cedar.  The wild plum  and muscadine grape  also abound in the
river bottom.
    Game is not  very abundant.  Deer, turkeys, hares, quails, and  the wild  hog or peccary
compose the principal varieties.   The river abounds  in fish: striped bass, catfish, suckers, sun-
fish, and a variety I have never seen before, called here, by the  common name, goggle-eyed
perch.  It resembles the sunfish in shape, except that it has a hump upon its shoulder, directly
behind the head, and its colors are more sober than those of the sunfish.  It  sometimes  attains
the weight of two pounds.
    The elevation of this post must  be considerable, but it  has never been ascertained by obser-
vation, nor have the longitude and latitude.
    The atmosphere  is very dry, and the location healthy, being sufficiently elevated to escape
any malaria that might arise from the neighborhood  of the river.  The highest record of the
tlicrmometer at the 2, p. m., observation during the quarter, was on the 17th of June, when it
stood at 101°, with the hygrometer at 72°, making a difference  of 29°.  There  have been days 
192
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
since when, the thermometer not standing above 98°, the heat was far  more oppressive, owing
to the greater amount of moisture in the air.
   The quarters are very comfortable, though for the men they are somewhat cramped.  Being
built of clay, laid up  in  the  moist state in successive layers, and roofed with shingles, they
make very durable houses in this  dry climate.  The  clothing is the  usual allowance of the
soldier; the diet the ordinary commissary rations, with  the addition of the desiccated vegetables
twice a week in lieu of rice and beans.  The beef  is very good.   There are no  gardens at the
post.   The duties of the men of the command are the usual garrison duties and  escorting trains
on the road.
   The health of the post has  been very good during the quarter, most of the cases being very
mild.   Diarrhoea and  derangement of the liver  have  occurred during each month.  Scurvy
appeared  among  the men of  company F in the latter part  of May and first of June,  but was
checked by the daily issue of desiccated vegetables for about a week, and the use of the young
shoots  of the poke weed (Phytolacca decandra) as  greens, the plant having been found in the
neighborhood of the post.  This company and company L had  come immediately from the
Lower Rio Grande, where fresh vegetables were to be had easily;  the other companies have been
in the  upper country, without any other vegetables than those issued by the  commissary
department.  Yet there was no scurvy except in company F, although it would  have been more
natural to have looked for  it among the men of the  other companies.  Tape  worm  (Taenia
solium) seems to be frequent in this country.  Besides the four or five cases reported, I have had
three or four not contained in the report,  all of which I  have treated with oleum terebinthinae;
but although large quantities of the worm have been expelled in every case, with great relief to
the patients, I am not satisfied that the head was passed in any one instance, on  account of the
difficulty  in getting the patients to preserve the portions passed.

                           SANITARY REPORT—FORT LANCASTER.
                             Assistant Surgeon George Taylor : July 1856.

   This post is situated on Live Oak creek, or rather about half a mile from it.   The ground on
which  it is located has  a moderate and regular slope. The average height of the post above the
bed of the creek is about twenty-five feet.   The  river Pecos lies to the southwest, and is distant
about one mile at its nearest  point.  The Pecos is a very rapid stream ; its average width is
about  sixty feet; its banks  are  almost vertical, and in many places eight or ten feet high ; its
water is very turbid, being of a deep chocolate color.
   The general direction of Live Oak creek is north  and south.  The water  of the  creek is
perfectly limpid, but is much impregnated with lime.  When the camp  was first located here in
August, 1855, the creek was a fine running stream, with quite a large  volume of water.  Now
it is dry for  much  the greater part of its length.   Every few hundred feet a  large hole still
contains water, but these holes are  daily  becoming fewer and fewer.  During the last few days
there has been a fall of rain,  which has  checked the drying up of the  creek ; but  unless there
shall be more rain within a short time, it is probable it  will be entirely dry in the neighborhood
of the post.   The head of the creek is about seven miles to the north.
   The post is surrounded in every direction by large hills, between six and seven hundred feet
in height.  The hills are composed  principally of limestone.  The soil upon them is slight in
extent; a dwarfish  species of  the maguey grows upon  them, which, in the absence of all other
antiscorbutics, has been found of immense benefit.   It is prepared here by cutting the plant
into small pieces and boiling for several hours.   This decoction is administered ad libitum.  Its
effects are prompt and decided.
   The climate is mild and pleasant; it rains but seldom.  There is almost always a strong
breeze  prevailing, which blows from the north in winter, and from the south in summer.  The 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN TEXAS.                          193
principal diseases which have occurred among the command are scorbutus, malarious fever, and
diarrhoea.  The scorbutus has been slight in all save a few cases, and has yielded to the use of
the maguey.   The malarious fevers have been few in number, and but slight, yielding readily
to ordinary treatment.  The diarrhoea has not been more prevelant  than  it usually is in the
Atlantic cities.  The  health of the troops generally has been satisfactory.  The troops during
the quarter have been principally occupied in drilling.   Several parties have been sent on escort
duty.  The barracks are the Turnley portable barracks.  They are sufficiently roomy, but  are
made of such light material that they can scarcely resist the violence of the strong winds which
frequently arise.  They have been braced and  propped, so that they  now appear to be safe and
comfortable.   The hospital was built so as to acommodate the sick of a small command.  Should
it be determined to locate this post  permanently, or for a few years,  a larger building will  be
erected.
    The diet of the men is deficient in antiscorbutics.   At one time a few barrels of potatoes and
onions were issued to  them ; but for several months past they have been almost entirely without
vegetables.  The gardens which have been made have, to  a great extent, failed from want of
rain.   The water, which is taken from Live  Oak creek, is wholesome.
    The clothing of the  men is abundant and comfortable.   Their general habits as to cleanli-
ness,  temperance, &c, with a few exceptions, are good.       *****
DISEASES
   The statistics given in the abstracts and  tables for the Western Frontier of Texas cover a
period of eleven years, from January, 1849, to January, 1860.

               TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	13,679 13,785 12,668 12,601	8,661 10,226 11,535 10,242	82 110 41 199	633 741 910 812	6
					8
					3 2
					15 7
					
Annual ratio...............................................	13,183	40,664	432	3,084	32 7
					
		40,384	259	3,063	19.6
					
   The preceding table,  compiled from the general abstract for  this region, shows that the
relative proportion of cases of disease to the number of officers and enlisted men is 3.08 to 1; and
that the corresponding ratio of deaths is 1 in 30.51, or 3.27 per cent.  The proportion of deaths
to cases treated is 1 in  94.13, or 1.06 per cent.  Exclusive of cholera, the proportion of deaths to
the mean strength of the forces was 1 to 50.90, or 1.96 percent., and to cases of sickness, 1 in 156,
or 0.64 per cent. 
194
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
FEVERS.
									YEAR.		o •S o g o o s o. o	O o
												v. be
Strength.................................	13,679		13,785		12,668		12,601		13,183			
												£ S
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o C 'S o a PS
	2 7 729 683 66 68 8 0	0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0	2 36 1,081 1,125 89 163 7 0	1 3 0 0 0 2 2 0	0 116 1,769 1,635 40 412 7 0	0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0	0 39 1,538 1,490 83 174 17 1	0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0	4 198 5,117 4,933 278 817 39 1	1 3 1 0 1 6 8 0	lin 4 lin 66 lin 5,117 Oin 4,933 1 in 278 1 in 135 lin 5 Oin 1	0.3
												15
Febris intermittens quotidiana....												388 374 21 62
												2.9
												
Total............................	1,563	2	2,503	8	3,979	3	3,342	7	11,387	20	1 in 569	863
												
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Gluarters
Strength.
Cholera Asiatica.....................
Diarrhoea..............................,
Dysenteria acuta......................
Dysenteria chronica.................
Enteritis................................
Hepatitis acuta.......................,
Hepatitis chronica..................,
Obstipatio.............................
All other diseases of this class ...
Total.
Exclusive of cholera
13,679
Cases. Deaths
  0
855
381
 82
 10
 17
 11
255
266
1,877
 5
15
 7
 8
 1
 0
 1«
 0
 3
40
13,785
Cases. Deaths
  84
1,157
 418
  36
   6
  12
   9
 504
 374
2,600
35
13
 3
 2
 1
 0
 0
 0
 4
12,668
Cases. Deaths
   0
1,091
 499
  29
  11
  14
   9
 432
 373
12,601
Cases. Deaths.
 196
1,013
 453
  64
  13
   9
   7
 258
 222
58
2,458 I  13  2,235
133
  5
  5
  4
  2
  0
  1
  0
  3
153
13,183
Cases.  Death
  280
4,116
1,751
  211
   40
   52
   36
1,449
1,235
173
 37
 18
 15
  6
  1
  2
  0
 12
9,170   264
8,890   91
1 in
lin
lin
lin
lin
1 in
lin
  1.6
111
 97
 14
  6.6
 52
 18
Oin 1,449
1 in  103
lin   34.7
lin   97.7
    Asiatic cholera prevailed among  a portion  of the troops in  Texas in the fourth quarter of
1848 and in the second quarter of 1849.   An account of the disease and its treatment was given
in the report of 1856.   The disease has not appeared among the troops  in Texas since 1849. 
AMONG THE  TROOPS IN TEXAS.
195
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Gluarters....................................											Proportion of death* to cases.	
												i~ ^i
Strength....................................	13,679		13,785		12,668		12,601		13,183			
												
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases. Deaths.			B c
Bronchitis acuta et chronica..........	149 765 13 37 49 33	0 0 7 0 4 0	82 339 13 19 22 30	0 0 5 0 3 o	66 270 9 35 13 34	0 0 2 0 2 0	102 637 13 39 31 23	0 0 8 0 1 4	399 | 0 2,011 0 48 22 130 n		0 in 399 Oin 2,011 1 in 2.2 0 in 130 1 in 11.5 lin 20	30 152 3.6 9.8 8.7 9.1
												
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................												
Pleuritis....................................												
Pneumonia................................									115 120	10 6		
												
Total...............................	1,046	11	505	10	427	4	845	13	2,823	38	1 in 74.3	214
												
	459	1	409	3	326	0	387	1	1,581	5	1 in 316	120
												
 
 
            ABSTRACTS






               OF THE







PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






               IN







             TEXAS. 
198
  REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		5,179.		1,551.		965.		442.		417.		237.		8,791.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases. Died.	
															
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	38 ......		9 295 175 3 8		1 125 189						1 9 3	1	49 736 645 5 73 33	1
		279 266 2 46 33	1 4					22 10		6 2					
															
						19									1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														4
															
f				1											
			1 1 "'												
															
""1		1 1 60 567 172 11 4 1								1 1				2 2 60 888 218 13 4 1	
															
			35 11 2 3												35
				194 34	3	86 10 2	2	24		15 1		2 1			16
															2
Diseases of the organs							1								4
connected with the di-.															
gestive system.															
															
		88 123 54 312 6 26 14 9 30 16 6 8 10 28 1 16 12 11	2 4 2	48 37 28 130	1	9 10 18 74 1 2	1	4 7		4 3 2 11 1		3 8		156 188 102 543 8 43 19 12 48 26 7 25 18 55 1 26 15 21	
															3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														]
							1 1	9				7			
Diseases of the respira-															5
tory system. ■{				9 2 1 4 5	1			3 1				3 1			1
										1 1					
						1 12 3 1 1									
							1	2							
Diseases of the brain and										2	1				2
															
			4	16 4 9	1										
								2 4				2			5
						8				6					
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.															
				5		4 2 1						1			
										1 4					
				2				3							
Diseases of the serous i and exhalent vessels. \															
		2												2	
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc- \															
		211 1 176 103 18 3 214 17 7 2 61 40 45 24 10 12 42 20 4 19 60 84 152	2	52		22		3		11		3		302 1 280 144 29 4 365 24 10 2 114 90 74 40 21 40 79 28 5 29 105 166 256	2
r															
Abscesses and ulcers.... ^ I			1	67 19 7 1 63 1 2		19 12 3		1 7		14		3 3 1			
															
															
						44 3		18 2		23 1 1		3			1
															
															
Wounds and injuries___■															
			1 1 1 2	19 22 14 9 4 12 15 4	1 1	14 15 2 4 4 13 8 3		10 6 6		6 7 5 2 1 1 7		4			1 1 1 4
												2 1 2 1 1 1	1		
															
															
								1 6							
															1
															
						1	1								
			2	6 20 40 38		1 20 41				1 1	! 2 1 o				
							1	2 1 13							
															
.					1 | 33					13' |......! 7 1......					4
	Total.................														
		3,578 1 78 11,433 | 9 841 j 8 1 167								156 i 11 77			2	6,252	98
 
                           AMONG  THE TROOPS IN TEXAS.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN TEXAS—SOUTHERN FRONTIER.
199
				SECOND QUARTER.											
		1819 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		4,031.		956.		1,145.		374.		342. 104.				6,9	52.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases.		Died. Cases.		Died.
		25 303 346 18 128 28	2 V	14 165 74 I 4 t	1	L 1 368 183 12 1	1 1 1							1 42 871 622 19 151 30	1
	Febris eontinua communis. Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana							26 7 4	1	7 12 3		2 ■2			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides.														V
		7				I								8	
															
															
															
															
		16 433 194 16 2 8 I 120 120 26 104 2 22 11 7 50 16 6 12 12 43 1 8 13 9 1 1 1	9 12 2 4 1											16 769 234 18 8 8 I 234 230 41 217 3 38 12 11 96 27 7	9
				140 20	5 1	164 11 2 3	2	16		15 7	l				19
												2			
Diseases of the organs															4
				I						2					
gestive system.															
															
			2 I	60 53 2 52	4	39 40 13 35		6 9		4 6		5 2			
															6 I
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
							1	13 I 2		8		5			
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															]
			I 1	10 1 1 21 4		3				1					
															
					I	2 24 4 I 5 1 12				I					
1	Delirium tremens.........							I 1							
										2					]
Diseases of the brain and I															
nervous system.				2 5 10	1							3			
								1 11	...... 2 ::::■■' 2						1
														78 1 18 15	
Diseases of the urinary															
				2		6 1		1	...... i		!				
										1 4	1 1				
				4				2							
									i		!			1	
			1			1			i i i						
Diseases of the fibrous | and muscular struc-.J						i								1	
			1		......L				! |						
		157 3 188 77 21 2 171 5 4		47		43 !...... 2									
1 Abscesses and ulcers...-. -J I									......I 2 s...... 5 1......					3 306 106 33 o 302 9 5	
	Ulcus.....................			29 20 7		40 6 1	...... 25 ......1 I		...... 24 ...... 9		............1......				
															
										4	;				
											......				
				35 2		70		18 1 1	......! 7						
												1 ......			
					""l......j......				i						
Wounds and inj uries.... •					i				......1 1 1						
		48 54 38 19 11 10 42 24	2 2 4 1	7 19 12 8 4 6 15 9 1 1 16 39 54	......1 15		..... 4 ......1 4		......' 11 ......' 6 . . i 5 ......: 3 ......: 1		i				
						17 8					............i......			100 69 33 24 53 82 37 1 36 128 357	
											...... i l......				
						2 ......i 1									
						5 34 14 2	1	1 3 3 1			,...... 2!......				4 1 1
									......: 8 ......■ i		1				
															
											■				
		28 61 251 158	1		......i 4		......1 1		...... 2						
					...... 43 '..... fi							2 1 1			
						55 '...... 12 61 i 1 ' 14			i						
I															
	Total.................														1
		3,482	53	978	13 ' 1 .1S.1 i H ! 9C\A										_
										;			i		1
 
200
  REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1B54.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1R5R.		1859.		To	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		3,783.		1,197.		899.		275.		349.		Abandoned		6,	503.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	' Died.	i Cases. Died. i		Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	1 ' 1 Cases.1 Died. Cases. Died. 1 ! !				Cases	'Died. 1
	Febris continua communis. Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	. 15 623 554 10 277 7	1 1	1 4' 305 : 304 1		3 165 76					I 1			22	
								5 2		7 11	; ;			1,105	1
											| >			947 10	
												1			
			2 2	64 ; 2 2		7 1	1	1		6				355 10 27 1	4
															
										27	7	.... 1.			7
f		1													
							! I				.....i " "V"				
Pi							f				! i				
											! i				
1		1						1			1				
		1						j			1 1 1				
		357 181 14 3 3	6 2 4	167 41 1	2 1	127 12 1		" !::::::		18 7	... !......f .			682 242 16 3 4	8
											1 1				3
Diseases of the organs											1				4
											1				
gestive system.			1	1				!		1	!				I
															
1		69 92 26 123 7 9 3 10 12 6 8 11 27 3 8 8 12 1 1	1 2 1 1 3 ...... ...... ..... 1	80 51 il 5	3 1	41 30 23		1 i 7 1 ..... 7		11 1 1 8 2 2	!			202 181 37 179 9 17 4 14 84 24 10 17 20 65 5 22 11 26 1 2	
											1 !				4
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica										......!......i......				
															
Diseases of the respira-' tory system.															3
								1	1						1
				1 1	1										]
					......i I					2 1 3					
f				10 ......: 16 5 1 j 4 3 ...... 1				1							
							1	......1......			2				5
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.				6 3	1		l			3 1 2					
					2	3 8		2 ! 14 |.....			......1......				5
r				14 ......											
Diseases of the urinary J and genital organs.				2 9											
					......1 3 1......1 2				I 1 1						
				2......1 i 6 ......| 6			I ;		1		|				
[							......! i i			1	|				1
Diseases of the serous (				I											
and exhalent vessels. (						1	i > i j !								
Diseases of the fibrous f			i				1 i i i								
and> muscular struc- ^		1 108						i						1 175 1 502 124 28 2 281 11 7 3 97 90 70 29 16 74 110 26 4 58 99 127	
tures.				34 1 62 44 4	1	28	......	2 i .... 1		"V					
r					|						1				
Abscesses and ulcers.... \		323 59 17 2 166 1 57 43 36 18 12 29 52 18 3 38 53 73			......i 71 ......| 18 |...... ......' 10 ...... fi i					28 1 5 4	... 1.. . !..				
{ r											i j				
					......:•		1				1				
							i				: i				
				37 3 2	...... 48 j......[ 12 1......i 1R						'				
					1 i			1 '	i 1		!				
					1				! !						
Wounds and injuries.....					1 1 "; ' ;......|......|......,............										
			2 5 2 ......	18 i...... 16 i......1 1 i......! 5							I				
				18 10 8 2 19 16 2 1 7 10	2	12 ......! 6 ......| 11 14 ......J 4 '......! 6 i !......i . '......									2
											i				
															2 5
								1 ', 2 ......		1 4					
					......' 20 '......						!				
					......i 23 ......! 7 !......' 12						1				
					......; 6										
							! 1				!				
					...... 8 1......! 2 !......• 3 ......1 27 !...... 2 ......i 7 !										
											i				
				28 | 1 26 1 1 1			1 1 ! 1 ........ 1								1
															
		149	4 |	60 1 | 49 | 1 11 i : 14							j			283	6
	Total................. I										|......				
		3.810	40 1	1,494 j 17 | 897			3 134 2 237				9			3,572	71
				'			1								
 
                           AMONG THE TROOPS IN TEXAS.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN TEXAS—SOUTHERN FRONTIER.
201
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		4,806.		937.		578.		300.		318.		54.		6,9	S3.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus et typhoides..	7 989 608 8 222 14 230	1 1	5 350 485	1									12 1,416 1,118 8 310 15 279 2	1
						55 17		3 1		9 7		10			1 1
															
			6 3 50	60	2 2	14 1				14	2				10
															5
										49	30	1			80
												2 ......			
															
															
		2												2	
															
															
		535 270 9 6 2 1 95 84 51 305 3 16 10 9 26 21 5 6 6 38 3 19 5 11 1 3	9 3 3 1	73 22 1 1	4 1 1 1	84 10 3 1	2	10 5		12 6		8		722 313 13 8 2 1 157 153 72 439 4 22 13 11 38 33 8 10 67 3 32 9 23 1 3	
															4
Diseases of the organs															4
connected with the di- i															2
gestive system.															
															
			1 2 5 4 o	32 40 8 44		24 15 1 44 1 o				5 5 1 8 1	1	1 1 3 1			
1							1	8 8 37	1						
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														2
Diseases of the respira-															7
tory system.				2				1 3 I 2 1							
															4
1				1 7 4 1											
					1	3 3 1									
										4	1				4
Diseases of the brain and j												1			
								1		3					
I			1			1 17									1
Diseases of the urinary j A •. 1 <				6				3		3					
															
				5 3 2	1	6 1 3				1		1			
and genital organs.															
(								2		5					1
Diseases of the serous (															
and exhalent vessels. X															
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-^		1 171 3 185 93 22 5 209 14 6 2 58 39 27 25 17 30 48 28 4 30 35 102												1 222 4 230 126 31 5 296 18 6 2 76 74 44 34 23 65 90 44 4 36 64 131	
tures. {				15		20		8		7		1 1 2			
f															
Abscesses and nlcers....■{ [			1	14 19 3		18 6 2		7		4 8 3					1
								1							
															
			1	33 2		32 2		7		16		1			
															1
															
Wounds and injuries.... \															
			1 1 3 2 2	3 14 1 3 2 18 23 6		8 5 8 4		2 8 3 1 3 3 6 2	2	4 8 5 1 1 1 5 3		1			
															1
															
															1 5
															
					1	12 8 4						1			
															3
												1			
															
			3	2 12 17		2 12 8		1 1 o				1 2 1			
	Morbi oculi................									0 1					
															3
	All other diseases..........	155	2	27		28	......1 11					2		238	2
															
	Total..............	4,929	108	1,366	15	486	3 | 152		3	217	34	42		7,192	163
															
26- 
202
  REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1655.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To-	rxi,.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,233.		776.		2,528.		1,191.		1,695.		1,256.		13,	679.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
f		2 1 434 475 43 38 3 3												2 7 729 683 66 68 8 7	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana		2	2						4 40 10					
				104 78 1 9		92 87 3 2 3 1		51 16				8 17 19 2			
															
								8		9 2 2					2
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														
'				1											
															
															
		1												1 1	
										1					
,			5 10 5 3												5
		439 138 58 10 12 10 100 89 88 330 6 17 33 19 13 13 7 25 14 22 7 4 9 20 3 17 1 1 208 1 224 155 26		26 18 5	1	177 120 11	4 1 4	92 20 5	1 1	81 76 3	1	40 9		855 381 82 10 17 11 255 266 149 765 13 37 49 33 46 26 10 35 28 63 10 34 23 63 5 27 17 1 459 2 471 234 59 2 543 49 26 8 138 214 157 36 53 60 88 57 8 99 159 389	15
															7
Diseases of the organs connected with the di- ■															8
															1
gestive system.						2 1 45 61 14 176 2 12 5 5 14 2 1 2 4 11		2				1			
			1 3 4 2												I
				20 10 6 57				14 34 26 33 2	1	53 54 12 96 2 6 1 2 7 7		23 18 3 73 1	2		
															3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-															7
tory system. •)				2 6	1										
								1 1 2				3 6 5 1 1 1 2 10	1		4
															
r															
			1	1 1											1
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.															
							1	5 4 3		2 4 10 1 13 3 8					
1			1												2
				7 2 1											
															
Diseases of the urinary						6 3 11		2 6 15 1 2 5				8 2 5			
and genital organs.															
			1 5	4 1	1										1
Diseases of the serous (															1
and exhalent vessels. X						7 11				1					5
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-1															
tures. 1			1	16		93		63		47 1 66 12 2		32			1
f															
Abscesses and ulcers....<, 1				25 11 4		91 27 10 2 121 10		40 8 11				25 21 6			
															
		240 23 13 7 46 97 44 14 19 9 21 24 2 41 72 223	1	25 2 5				51 6 4 1 20 22 51 3 9 4 9 12 2 7 21 36		68 6 2		38 2 2			1
															
															
Wounds and injuries.... J															
			2 1	7 19 5 2 5 1 7 3		22 31 10 13 10 25 7 8 1 23 39.	1 1 1		1	20 26 31 2 8 14 26 8 3 20 18 8		23 19 16 2 2 7 18 2			
															
															
															
I															4 1 1
															
															
															
			8	4 10 46								4 6 2			
															
					' 74										8 1 2
															
		215	1	18	......| 78			60		65	1	31		467	
	Total..................														
		4,229	57	577	3 1 S7Q		13	797	4	963	2	516	3	8,661	82
															
 
                           AMONG THE TROOPS  IN  TEXAS.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN TEXAS—WESTERN FRONTIER.
203
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Ton	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,560.		686.		2,084.		1,367.		1,493.		1,595.		13,'	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died,	Cases.	Died.'Cases.		Died.	Cases.	Died.
						2 2 142 82 1 18	1							2	1
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	28 680 904 80 62 2 8	2	2 68 67	1			2 72 14		1 59 10		1 60 48 8 7 3	1 1	36 1,081 1,125 89 163 7 9	3
															
			1 1	6				39 1		31 1					2
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														2
						1									
															
															
															
															
		84 731 142 26 3 6 5 243 166 25 175 6 9 14 22 28 18 26 15 18 10 7 9 25 3 9 2	35 13 1 1 1											84 1,157 418 36 6 12 9 504 374 82 339 13	35
				21 20 1	1	134 118 1		51 45 4 2 2 2 34 33 17 30		92 58 3 1	2	128 35 1			13 3
Diseases of the organs connected with the di- H gestive system.															2 1
						3 1 93 59 7 26 5 4 3 4 15	1					1 1 42 40 7 56 1 2	1		
															
			2 2	28 19 1 17 1	1 1					64 57 25 35	1				
															4
f	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira- 1															5
j lory system. ]								1 2		3 2			1Q		
			3 2	1 2 3 2 3										22 30	3
I												2 2 6 I 6 7 17			2
								3 8		9 4 1 5 2 16 1 7 3 8				60 38 12 43 30 91 13 36 22 69 3 11 3 3 409 30 557 202 44 2	
															
Diseases of the brain and															
						5		1 2							
i			1 2 1			4 16 1 2 2 13									1
				8 1 2 2 4				16 1							
Diseases of the urinary															
							11					7 6			
															
|								10							
Diseases of the serous (											j				2
						2	1					1			2
								1							
and muscular struc-1 tures. 1 Abscesses and ulcers.... •						3 74 1 97 16 2									
		189 27 294 154 29 1 363 18 14	3	23				47		42 2 44 14 5		34			3
															
			3 1	13 7 2 1 29 1 1			1	49 4 3				60 7 3			
															
															1
					......! ^ ......i 5			51				63 6 8			3
								7 1......l 4 4 u							1
														30 9	
Wounds and injuries.....					;					9					
		39 90 54 26 23 25 42 19 11 58 84 142 1 325	1 2 1 1 6 1 2	8 ...... 25 ......! 1 r» ! - -											
				12 2 1 6 3 7 1 1 2 6 2fi	...... 31 1 17 i 10						......! 22 ......1 184 ......! 14 ...... 147 ......! 3 1......1 43 ... 17 1				2
					1 1	22 !......! 24 i...... 31 4 ...... 4 ...... 5 10 2 i 4 !...... 2 12 ......'' 9 ...... 7									
1															2 4
						5 ...... 5 '......1 25 ......i 27 ...... Ill 8 '......: 4 ...... 13 - - a i ao									1
						3 ......: 1 !...... 2 25 . 19. i Q								18	
											*■;;"......				
						61 114		44 28	..... 23 ...... 24 ...... 242						
														1	o
I				40 2		95 .....		57 '. ' 89 ' j 64 1							
															
		5,62S	89	471	8	1,450	7	792		927	3	960	1 3	102:26	110
 
204
   REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT  OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND  DEATHS OCCURRING
				THIRD QUARTER.											
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Tot	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,277.		662.		1,747.		1,330.		1,085.		1,567.		12,6	68.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	2ases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	IJases.	Died. 1	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
f	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	109 1,375 1,353 29 314 1				1 144 94 1 22 3	1	2 54 17 1 37				4 56 71		116 1,769 1,635 40 412 7	
			1 1	32 32 2 6						108 68 7 21 3					1
												12			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..														1
															
'		3		1		5		1						10	
															
															
															
															
															
		598 208 16 5 8 2 213 164 32 119 3 19 3 17 34 20 15 30 22 19 7 8 5 31 2 11	2 3 1 1 1 1 1	54 89	1	117 93 3 2 4 2 39 66 12 24 3	1	63 49 1 2		76 40 6 1		183 20 3 1 1	1	1,091 499 29 11 14 9 432 373 66 270 9 35 13 24 75 37 15 46 34 72 9 22 20 65 3 12	4
															3
Diseases of the organs															1
connected with the di-;															2
gestive system.				1 3 47 2 1 13	1										1
							1	2 34 53 4 31 2 1 1 3 14 3							
									1	52 37 5 59		47 51 12 24 1 4 7 2 8 6	2		
															2
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-															2
tory system.				3						8					
						2	1								
										2 10 4					
f				3 2		6 2									
															2
Diseases of the brain and															
			3	4 1 4		6 7 11 1 4 3 6		2 1 8				4 1 21			
										2 9 1 2 3 4	1				4
-Diseases of the urinary															
				4 2 5								4 4 9 1 1			
								3 10							
Diseases of the serous (															
and exhalent vessels. 1															
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc- \						1 42 2 86 22 3 1 68 4								1 326 .* 795 268 40 4 608 34 24 6 149 177 114 57 40 89 107 68 16 129 218 226 2 759	
tures. [ Abscesses and ulcers.... J		152		12 1 27 2 3 1 48 1				33		47		40 1 70 10 2			
		489 207 28 2 319 17 16 1 67 93 38 31 20 31 42 39 66 95 42 2 391	1					64 13 1		59 14 3					
															
															
								43 4 0 5 16 19 16 13 2 9 13		60 6 3		70 2 3			
															1
															
															
				12 5		18 9 11 5 6 ifi			1	30 18 26 5 2 12 19		18 26 18 3 8 16 20 9	1 1		
															
															
															1 2 1 1
r			1	2 5 10 1	I										
					......i 3 1 s										
															
						1		i		3					
			3 2 2	7 10 o	1										
						Jl i...... 29 48 i ......|......									
								23 ...... 3 ...... 105 ...... > ' ! 1							4 2 3
															
				77		89 1		66 i......! 61 ...... 75 ]							
	Total.................														
		6,990	24	537	4					n.Q 1 ;			5	11535	41
											i	I			
 
AMONG  THE   TROOPS  IN  TEXAS.
2 05
AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS  IN TEXAS—WESTERN  FRONTIER.
CLASSES OF DIS-
      EASES.
FOURTH QUARTER.
Years.................... 1848 to 1854.
1856.
Mean strength.
6,225.
1,176.
Eruptive fevers.
Diseases of the  organs
  connected with  the di-.
  gestive system.
Diseases  of the  respira- I
  tory system.          1
Diseases of the brain and j
  nervous system.
Diseases of the urinary
  and genital organs.

Diseases of the  serous /
  and exhalent vessels.  \
Diseases of the  fibrous  f
  and  muscular  strue-^
  tures.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.   Cases
Abscesses and ulcers.
Wounds and injuries.
Miscellaneous
Febris continua communis.
Febris inter, quotidiana...
Febris intermittens tertiana
Febris intermittens quartana
Febris remittens.........
Febris typhus et typhoides
Febris typhus icterodes...
Erysipelas................
Rubeola..................
Scarlatina................
Variola..................
Varioloides..............
Cholera Asiatica.........
Diarrhoea................
Dysenteria acuta.........
Dysenteria chronica......
Enteritis.................
Hepatitis acuta..........
Hepatitis chronica.......
Obstipatio................
All other diseases........
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica
Catarrhus...............
Phthisis pulmonalis.....
Pleuritis................
Pneumonia.............
All other  diseases.......
Cephalalgia.............
Delirium  tremens.......
Epilepsia................
Neuralgia...............
All other diseases.......
Gonorrhoea.............
Strictura  urethra?........
Syphilis primitiva.......
Syphilis consecutiva.....
All other diseases.......
Ascites.................
All other diseases.......
Pernio..................
Podagra.................
Rheumatismus..........
Fistula.................
Phlegmon et abscessus..
Ulcus...................
Ambustio..............
Amputatio..............
Contusio...............
Fractura...............
Luxatio................
Punitio.................
Sub4uxatio.............
Vulnus incisum.........
Vulnus laceratum.......
Vulnus punctum........
Vulnus sclopeticum.....
Debilitas...............
Ebrietas................
Hamorrhois............
Hernia.................
Morbi cutis.............
Morbi oculi.............
Scorbutus...............
Siiicidiiun........,.....
All other  diseases.......
  30
1,264
1,260
  63
  93
   8
   1
   5
  1
  4
196
688
265
 51
 11
  5
  3
121
 99
 38
335
 10
 21
 19
 16
 20
 14
  6
 23
 12
 34
  5
 11
 13
 19
  1
 10
  2
183
  4
243
184
 30
  2
301
Total.................  6,486
1,425.
1859.
1,130.       12,601.
Died. Cases. Died. Cases.1 Died. Cases. Died.'Cases.
133
  3
  5
  4
  2
16
17
 2
 5
 4
 4
 5
 2
 1
16
23
28
70
28
 2
51
 4
 1
 2
21
37
44
 8
 5
 3
20
14
 1

15
 9
27
22
12
52
 1
 2
 3
Died. Cases. Died. Cases.  Died.
28
32
 3
10
23
13
 2
 5

17
 2
 3
 4
  2

177
35
784
621
3  10242 
 
NEW   MEXICO.
    The military posts  in New  Mexico that have  been garrisoned  by troops within the period
 specially embraced in this report,  that is, since January 1855, are the following:  Fort Massa-
 chusetts, Cantonment Burgwin, Forts Union and Marcy, Albuquerque, Forts  Defiance, Craig,
 Thorn, Fillmore, Bliss, Stanton, Garland, and  Buchanan.  The headquarters  of this military
 department are at Santa Fe.
    For the locality, topography, and diseases of many of these posts, reference  may be made to
 the report  of 1856.  The most interesting and  valuable of the sanitary  reports received from
 this region since the publication of the statistical report of 1856, are here presented.

                      SANITARY REPORT—FORT BUCHANAN, (ARIZONA.)
                           Assistant Surgeon B. I. D. Irwin: February, 1859.

    Fort Buchanan, Arizona, is situated about midway between the Kio Grande del Norte and
 the Kio Colorado of the West, in latitude 31° 40' N., and longitude 111° 30" W. of the meridian
 of Greenwich, and elevated about 5,350  feet above  the sea-level.  The so-called fort is placed
 on the western slope of a small irregular  plateau, about one mile in length, and one thousand
 or twelve hundred yards broad, environed on three  sides by a cienega, which varies in  breadth
 from one to five hundred yards.   On  the north side, the plateau is continued to, and lost in a
 series of low broken hills and mesas; to the westward, extensive rolling hills intervene between it
 and the Whetstone mountains; on the south, the hills are broken, and extend  themselves until
 they are merged into the Jachuca and Santa Cruz mountains; ten miles to the west, the lofty peaks
 of the Santa Kita rear  their rugged heads to an elevation  of almost 12,000 feet above the level
 of the ocean.  The general aspect of the country is wild, picturesque, and bold; broken  into the
 most fantastic shapes;  the plains  cut  up  and intersected by countless canons, arroyos,  ravines,
 and the dry beds of mountain torrents.  The geological features of the country are as varied as
 they are interesting.  Granite, syenite, gneiss, and primary  limestone enter largely into  the
 structure of the mountains; whilst the low hills and table-lands have a predominance of red
 and white sandstone, metamorphic sandstone, mountain limestone, (having fossils in abundance,
 such as terebratuhe, ammonites, encrinites, corals,  &c.,) conglomerate, travertine,  and drift.
 Extensive walls of trap are met with running east and west, with a northern dip.
   The evidence of subterranean forces having played an important part  in the production of
the present physical peculiarities of the country, is  particularly evident;  at the same time, the
immense strata of drift and debris  show  that water has been an important element in  the
 production  of those  changes.  Thermal  springs  are  remarkably  abundant, and  particularly
 interesting from their special properties.   On the southern side of the fort are some hio-h lime-
 stone hills, amongst which are several of those hot springs, which are and have been constantlv
 depositing immense beds of tufa and  travertine, which  has caused many physical changes in
the vicinity.  In some  places subterranean forces have elevated these beds into  considerable
 hills, or hurled them up into  fragmentary masses of strange and uncouth appearance.   Grottoes
and caverns are scattered everywhere throughout these structures, where hot, vapor, and shower 
208
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
baths, may be enjoyed amidst forests of stalactites of fantastic  growth.  The mountain ranges
have a general north and south trend; the different chains being separated from each other by
level plains, ranging from twenty to  forty  miles in  width.   Some of these plains are totally
devoid of every trace of vegetation, being inundated during the rainy season.  After evaporation
has removed all the water from them, their beds become covered with an extensive deposit of
salitra, (nitrate of soda,) which, when viewed from a distance, gives them the appearance of being
vast lakes.  Here can be seen the  mirage, presenting all the strange and  beautiful phenomena
of a natural kaleidoscope.  These fairy-like scenes are  momentarily changing  their enchanting
beauties.   The Playa de los Pimos, the most extensive of these plains, has  all the appearance of
having been at some remote period a great lake, which  has  been deprived of its waters by some
internal convulsion of the earth, that has caused the elevation of its bed above its former level.
    The mineral productions of the country are of the most abundant and varied character.
    Granular gold has been found  in many of the mountains,  and  recently this metal has been
found in large quantities on the Bio Gila and its tributaries.  Silver, lead, and copper have been
found in almost every section of the country, in fabulous quantities.  Iron, zinc, tin, bismuth,
antimony, arsenic, graphite,  and alum have also been found in different localities.   Mining in
gold, silver, lead, and copper is now carried on on a  most extensive scale, and promises to prove
a source of great wealth.  The silver mines are reputed to rival in  value and extent the famous
mines  of Peru and Mexico.
    Forest Trees.—The sylva of the country is of the most diversified character.   In the mount-
ains fine timber  is found in  abundance of the following varieties:  Pine, piflon,  fir, cedar,  and
spruce; in the river  valleys,  ash,  sycamore, buttonwood, cottonwood, hackberry, black walnut,
elm, and mesquite of a very large kind; on  the plains, live-oak  in great abundance and of
superior quality and  size, white-oak,  several varieties of  mesquite, some of which yield an
excellent kind of gum acacia, ironwood, cedar, and a variety of maple.
    Plants.—Of shrubs there are great numbers, varying in each locality and  according to the
character  of the soil in  which they grow.  Wild cherry, sumach, poison-oak, sage bush, elder,
box-elder, creosote bush, scrub-oak, red willow,  white willow, wild currant, manzanita, goose-
berry, wild grapevine, a variety of oleander, mulberry, and coiuania stansburiana.   In a short
sketch like the present,  it is  impossible to give a detailed account of the vast number of plants
to be met with in this region, therefore the predominant orders only will be enumerated, which
are as  follows:  Solanaceae, labiatae, cruciferae, violaceae, ranunculaceae, asclepiadaceae, ligumi-
nosae,  polygalaceae,  vitaceae,  geraniaceae,  oxalidaceae,  rosaceae,  cactaceae,  grossulaceae,
umbelliferae, caprifoliaceae, compositae,  scrofulariaceae, convolvulaceae, gentianaceae, euphor-
biaceae, juglandaceae, cupuliferae, salicaceae, urticaceae, coniferae, amaryllidaceae, liliaceae,
gramineae, equisetaceae, musci,  lichens, and fungi.   Among this list many strange varieties are
to be found, not a few of which are new and as yet unknown in natural history.
    Mammals.—Like the  flora, the fauna of this vicinity is of a highly diversified and interesting
description.  The following have been noticed: the panther, leopard, wild  cat, lynx, grey wolf,
coyote, red fox, grey fox, grizzly bear, brown or cinnamon  bear, badger, pole  cat, weasle,
raccoon,  beaver, rat,  mouse, prairie  dog,  mole, gopher,  ground hog, grey  squirrel, brown
squirrel, ground squirrel,  antelope, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer,  peccary  or Mexican
hog, and the mustang or wild horse, which roams over the plains in vast herds.
    Much might be written about the rare and beautiful  birds that abound in this country, many
of which are remarkable for  the gorgeous beauty of their plumage.  The  following have  been
met with: wild turkey,  (Bleleagris mexicana,) swan, brent, mallard duck, greenwinged  teal,
bluewinged teal, diver, blue crane, white crane, white heron, grey heron, jack-snipe, sand-snipe,
kildeer plover, curlew, bittern,  kingfisher, water-hen, black hawk, grey hawk,  reddish hawk,
sparrow-hawk, Emory's  hawk,  night-hawk, chuck-willswidow, turkey buzzard, yellow-beaked
buzzard, raven, crow, (two  varieties,) magpie, hooting owl,  white owl, prairie owl, three 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN NEW MEXICO.
209
varieties  of jay, (Cyanocorax maximilianus, C. tdtramarinus,  C. macrolopha,) bluebird, black-
bird, red-winged blackbird,  yellow-winged blackbird, large redbird with crest, small redbird,
mocking bird, bunting, yellow-hammer, meadow-lark, sand-lark, titmouse, (blue, with crest,)
titmouse, (greenish, with crimson  crest,) humming bird, (three varieties,)  pisano  or  prairie
pheasant, massena  partridge,  black-crested  quail, speckled quail, crimson-headed woodpecker,
large grey woodpecker with  red crescent on breast, small grey woodpecker, bluish woodpecker
with red spots all  over the body, fly-catcher, cat bird, chaffinch, sparrow, wren, swallow,
martin, golden oriole, dove,  ringdove, and wild pigeon.
   Fishes.—In the rivers and ponds are to be found trout, (Gila robusta, G. elegans, G. gracilis,)
catfish, mullet, perch, minnow, and sun or pan fish.
   Reptiles.—The  number  and varieties are  considerable, embracing  several possessed of the
most deadly poisonous qualities, such as the large diamond-headed rattle-snake; the short prairie
or ground rattle-snake; the coralito, a very  small, delicate, and beautifully colored  snake, the
bite from which is fatally poisonous; the viper; the puff-adder; the moccasin; black-snake; and
many other varieties the names of which are unknown to me.   The "escupion" or spitter is a
large variety of lizard, from twelve to twenty-four inches  long, eight  inches in circumference,
beautifully marked with black and lemon-colored elevated spots,  slow in its movements, and
making  a hissing  noise when irritated, and thrusting its tongue from  its mouth after the
manner of a serpent.  By the  Mexicans and  Indians it is reputed to be deadly poisonous; so
much so that they never attempt to kill it, lest, during the act, the animal might spit on them,
which they consider sufficient to cause a speedy death.   I have  every reason  to doubt the truth
of their  belief, and presume that the ugly appearance of the  creature has given to it  its bad
character.   Those that I have taken alive showed no disposition to injure, their  only efforts at
protection against injury,  or irritation, were an occasional hiss and frequent change of color, by
the same power which others of this order possess  and exercise when under the influence of fear
or anger.  The other varieties of lizard amount  to about two  dozen, some  of which are very
remarkable for their form,  color, and swiftness of foot.   Of chameleons there are two  species.
I have met with but two varieties of "horned frog"—doubtless there are many others.   Frogs
and toads are very numerous, and the horseleech is found occasionally.  A variety of rattle-snake,
found on the sand  plains, has  a fold of skin in  the form of  a  hood over the eyes, capable of
erection, which gives it the  appearance  of being a  "horned snake," by which name it is known
amongst unscientific people.
   Insects.—Of this class  of  the  animal kingdom there are  many  interesting and  curious
species,  some of  which are  remarkable for  the poisonous character of their defensive  organs,
while others are no less so from their strange and hideous appearance, not a few of which are
new and undescribed in the scientific world.  Of  the coleopterous  insects there are multitudes,
of the most beautiful and variegated colors and form.   Orthopterous, neuropterous, hymenop-
terous, lepidopterous, hemipterous,  rhipipterous,  dipterous, apterous,  and myriapodous  insects
are found throughout the country, in the most varied abundance.   The "vinagrilla" (or The-
lyphonus,) an aptero-crustaceous insect, is specially remarkable for its hideous appearance and the
venomous character of its bite.   Its form is somewhat like that of a small cray-fish, of brownish-
black  color,  hard shelly covering, large belly and thorax, small  head, armed with powerful
jaws and fangs; it has four  pairs of legs, the anterior pair being prehensile and preternaturally
large, like those of the lobster.   It  has  a tail from one to three inches long, filiform, and formed
by innumerable joints, which give  it  the power of being used in every direction.  The animal
grows to about two  or two and a half inches long,  and derives  its Spanish name from the
powerful odor of  vinegar which it  generates when irritated.  These insects  are very numerous
during the warm seasons, inhabiting dark places under  rocks and  other  protecting  substances,
and are dreaded much by  the native  population.  Horses and other  animals  bitten  by the
vinagrilla present similar symptoms to those wounded by the rattle-snake.  I have seen only one 
210                   REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
person (an Indian boy) bitten by it.  The patient suffered much, and ultimately died from the
secondary effects of the injury.   Centipedes, scorpions, and tarantulas infest the country in vast
numbers during the hot seasons.  It is needless to remark upon their poisonous character.  I
have  not seen  a fatal injury resulting from the wounds inflicted  by  these  insects, but have
witnessed injuries received from the centipede followed  by inflammation of the most violent
character, profuse suppuration, and  low typhoid fever.   In the  neighboring State of Sonora I
learn that many young persons lose their lives by the sting of the scorpion or  alacran, of which
there are two kinds found at this place.   Centipedes have been  secured here that  measure ten
inches in length and one in breadth.  Tarantulas are frequently found measuring  eight inches
long, and having fangs  an inch in length.
   To persons interested in natural  history, I respectfully refer  to  the collection made at  this
place by me for the Smithsonian Institution, as, in an article like the present,  it is impossible to
give more than a concise sketch of the many interesting features which this new  and strange
country presents to the naturalist.
   Climate.—The climate in  the vicinity of Fort Buchanan is warm and agreeable throughout
three fourth parts of the year.  December, January, and  February are the  winter months; and,
although cold, still the sharp morning and evening air is agreeable  and bracing.  During  the
warm months, June, July, August, and September, the thermometer frequently rises above 100°
Fahrenheit in  the shade, yet the air is not oppressively hot, as it is tempered with the  cool
breezes which constantly blow from the mountains.
   The  highest  degree of the thermometer was at 2 o'clock, p. m., June 27, when it  reached
107° Fahrenheit in the shade; the lowest at 7, a. m.,  January 5 and 15, when it  descended
to 18° Fahrenheit.  January was the coldest month, mean temperature 39°;  July the warmest,
with an average temperature  of 75°; mean temperature  for the year,  59°;  average  difference
between thermometer and hygrometer, 11°.
   The quantity of rain that  fell during the year was 16.08 inches, being 1.34  per month.  May
was  the  only month  during  which  rain did not fall.  In February, June, and November, the
quantity that fell was trifling.   July, August, and September  constitute the  rainy season.  In
the open country, snow falls but seldom, and only in  small  quantities;  in  the mountainous
regions, it is more frequent and in greater abundance.  Ice is seldom formed  over half an inch
thick.  In the  spring and summer, thunder and  lightning of  the most  vivid kind are very
frequent.
   Fort Buchanan consists of a series of temporary jacal buildings, which have been erected from
time to time, scattered over a distance of half a mile, and built without any regard to  the  per-
manent occupation of the present immediate location.  The site of these buildings is irregularly
elevated some thirty or forty  feet above the level of the  surrounding cienega, a swampy morass
which encircles it on the east, south, and western aspect.   The ground is cut up into innumerable
hills, mesas, arroyos, and ravines, having a plentiful growth of fine  stately live-oaks, which
afford a most agreeable shade during the warm seasons.  The structures  used as  quarters for
the men, most of those used by the officers, the laundresses' quarters, storerooms, and  work-
shops, are formed of pickets placed perpendicular to the ground,  the chinks filled up with mud,
and  the roof covered with the same  material.   It is needless to say that such buildings present
any  other than a neat or comfortable appearance.
   The chinking remains only long enough to dry, shrink, and tumble out, never to be replaced,
lest it should destroy a new system of ventilation which its absence has established.   During the
wet  weather the mud roofs  are worse than useless—save it be for  the purpose of  giving dirty
shower baths to the unhappy occupants.   After a day of  rain, the condition of the quarters  of
both officers and men is abominably  miserable.  The picket lines used for  stabling purposes are
in front of and close to the barracks.  Stables, corrals, pig-pens,  root-houses, open latrines, and
dwellings, are  indiscriminately scattered  all over  the camp,  wherever the fancy of  the  owner 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  NEW MEXICO.
211
 prompted him to squat.   The physical nature of the ground renders anything like uniformity or
 regularity impossible.  The police regulations of the garrison are as good as circumstances will
 permit.   The hospital and two sets of officers' quarters are the only adobe buildings at the post.
 Water, which is hauled from a distance in carts made for the purpose, is supplied from  one of
 the many springs to be found in the cienega.   It it clear and palatable, but highly impregnated
 with calcareous salts and vegetable matter.  This cienega consists of alluvial deposits and exten-
 sive beds of decaying organic matter,  the result of the rank, forced vegetation of the hot season.
 Here several warm and cold springs pour forth their contents, which  run over the surrounding
 level surface, forming & peat marsh of considerable  extent, wherein there are several  stagnant
 filthy pools,  in which vast herds of swine may be seen constantly basking in the mud or rooting
 up the foetid and miasmatic soil of the adjacent  quagmires.  The  southern extremity of this
 delectable spot has been cultivated as  a garden, and is  constantly inundated for  irrigating pur-
 poses during the summer; it lies between two hills which form a funnel-shaped gorge, through
 which blow the prevailing winds of the year from the south and southwest.   The drainage from
 the swamp flows through  this opening and yields its effluvia to the southern breeze, which, in
 due  time, regales us with  this poisonous compound.
   Before speaking  of the diseases, I will say a few words about the inhabitants of  Arizona,
 particularly of those in the vicinity of the fort.   Of the Indian tribes inhabiting this  country,
 but little is known save what  can be  gathered from Mexicans who have escaped from  captivity
 among them.  They are divided into two  classes, the semi-civilized  or tame Indians—Pimos,
 Maricopas, and Papagoes, (Pueblos)—amounting to  about eight thousand individuals, who culti-
 vate the soil  extensively, live in permanent habitations, and wage a perpetual war against their
 wild brethren.  The Pueblos are a mild, inoffensive race, industrious and capable of being made
 good, peace-loving, law-abiding citizens.  They now constitute the best laborers in the country,
 and  are ambitious to improve their social condition.   The superiority  displayed by this class  in
 the cultivation of their farms is strikingly manifest when compared with the efforts of their more
 civilized neighbors.   Their houses are light, fragile structures, such as might be expected to  be
 found among a rude  people inhabiting a warm climate.
   The  savage  Indians  are  the  Mimbres,  Chillicahuas,  Coyoteros, Pinalenos, Mogollones,
 Tontos, and Yumas, all tribes of the  Apaches, estimated collectively at ten or twelve thousand
 souls, who lead a barbarous, nomadic life,  gaining their  existence principally from plundering
 incursions unceasingly carried on against the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Sonora, where
 their ravages have laid waste whole districts.   Some few among them raise a small quantity of
 maize, pumpkins, and melons; but during  the winter,  many of them subsist on the  mescal, a
 variety of the "maguey," found in abundance all over the mountainous regions of the country.
 During this season the Indians collect in the mountains to feast on this plant which, when prop-
 erly  cooked,  is a very agreeable  and  nourishing  article  of  diet.  They prepare  it for use by
 placing vast heaps of it in pits lined and covered over  with  heated  stones, upon which a large
 fire is kept constantly burning for three days.  It is th«n taken out, allowed to cool, after which
 it is ready for use; it is very palatable, being exceedingly rich in saccharine matter,  and will
 keep in good condition for  months.  The portions used are the petaloid portions of the  leaves
 and the heart of the plant.  While roasting, a  large  amount  of sugar, in  the form of  coarse
 brown sirup is collected, and is esteemed as one of their greatest luxuries.   They distil a  nastv,
 filthy kind of liquor from  corn, which is known among them as "tisiving," of which  thev are
 passionately fond, and never lose an opportunity to get gloriously drunk whenever a little corn
 can be procured to make it from.  Their mode of distillation is as  novel as it is simple.  The
 corn  procured by stealth, or as a "forced loan," is  steeped  for twenty-four  hours, then  placed
 between the scanty folds of the family couch to ferment beneath the bodies of the lustv warriors
 whose slumbers  are  soothed by bright dreams of the  "good time coming" when all  shall  be
assembled at the festive wigwam to partake of the intoxicating pleasures  of this unpretending 
212
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
beverage.   The malt is now coarsely ground on the matata, a certain amount of water added to
it, then placed in earthen vessels and allowed to ferment for forty-eight hours, at the end of which
it is used without straining or any other process.   The better to enjoy "the feast of reason and
the  flow of soul"  these votaries of Bacchus prepare themselves by a solemn fast of forty-eight
hours previous to the  commencement  of the festal joys, for the purpose of enjoying  the most
profound  spiritual  impressions; in other words,  they  get  "right royally drunk" on  empty
stomachs.   Were it not  for this precaution on their part, the  mild  character of the beverage
would fail to "make the drunk come."  The liquor  is slightly sweet  and somewhat resembles
what is known to distillers as sours.   The saccharine fermentation is not allowed to pass  to the
vinous.  Another article of food used by both the semi-civilized  and nomadic Indians  is the
mesquite  bean, of which they collect and store up large quantities during the  summer.   This
they grind into a  coarse kind of meal, mix  it with  "molasses"  made from mescal  or  cereus
giganteus, and make it into a kind of bread  which is highly nutritious, as it contains a large
proportion of gum.  From  the live-oak  they procure  abundance of acorns, (bellotes,) of  which
they are very fond, and collect a  goodly supply for their winter consumption.   This variety of
acorn is very nutritious, much sought after by the Mexican population, and forms quite an  article
of commerce.   The "bellote" is to Arizona what the "pinon" is to New Mexico.
    The various tribes of  the Apaches, one and all, are a cowardly, treacherous, thieving race of
Indians, totally devoid of the few good qualities that  mark some of their northern brethren.
They are poorly clad, ill armed, and, taken as a whole, a most miserable race of human beings.
Their arms are the lance,  bow, and a few  old flint-lock Spanish guns, of the  most ancient
pattern.   Their bows are very inferior ; the arrows are generally made very long,  of light reed,
with a point of hard wood a few inches long, topped with either  flint, bone, obsidian, iron, or
copper.  In many respects the Apache is  the  southern prototype of the "thieving Pawnee" of
the northern plains.  The social condition of  the female portion of these Indians is anything but
pleasant; they are the slaves and drudges of  their  "red-skinned lords and masters."  They are
compelled to do all the labors of the  camp, to till the fields, build  the lodges, dress the peltries,
make the  clothes, cook the food,  herd the flocks, and attend to the wants of their juvenile
progeny, while the dusky warrior basks in the sunshine, smoking his cigarito, dreaming over
the ruthless deeds of murder and rapine which he has helped to perpetrate upon the  unfortunate
"palefaces."   They are patient and submissive under their miserable existence, industriously
inclined, and have learned from their Mexican female captives  how to make their own  garments
in the style of civilized woman.   They are married at an early age, but have little or  no  choice
in the selection of their husbands, who purchase them as they do any other article of commerce.
Ten horses is the usual price paid for one of these dusky maidens.
    Once married they are compelled to  be  virtuous, as any act  of unchastity, outside  of the
family circle, is punished with the loss of the tip of the nose.  I have seen  some victims of this
cruel and barbarous punishment, whose hideous appearance  was only equaled by the misery of
the poor unfortunate victim, who lives a life of wretchedness  and sorrow ; an object of universal
scorn amongst her own people, she flees from  the sight of her fellow creatures to live, as it were,
by stealth.  After marriage the husband has the right to take the sisters of his wife, and wed
them to himself.   Should he die his brother or next relative has to take unto himself the wife or
wives of his departed  kinsman, but not before twelve moons have  been allowed to pass over the
mourning widows.  The hair is worn short as a token of mourning for a departed relative.
    The Mexican  population amounts to seven or  eight thousand  persons, who  are  chiefly
engaged  in agricultural, pastoral, and mining pursuits.  They are  a strange  mixture  of the
Spanish and Indian races ; of a polite, cheerful, but lazy disposition ; poor, proud,  superstitious,
and almost wholly devoid of education.   The men are of medium stature, robust and hardy  ;
they are thriftless, addicted to gaming of  all  sorts,  improvident, cunning,  revengeful, and
sadly imbued with a  disposition to wander from truth.   They are possessed of great natural 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  NEW MEXICO.
213
politeness, cheerful  and mirth-loving dispositions,  hospitable in an eminent degree, and devot-
edly attached to their religion and country.
   The females are  a little under the medium height, well  formed,  with graceful figures;  and,
when young, are possessed of pleasant, agreeable features, amongst which beautiful faces are not
at all unfrequent.   To delicately-formed hands, superb teeth, fine raven tresses, and magnificent
black eyes, may be added the possession of the most exquisitely formed small feet of any other
women.  Even amongst the poor classes, the want of these  natural  beauties is the exception to
the general rule.   An enthusiast would  pronounce their delicately but well formed little feet
bewitchingly pretty.  They are kind, affectionate,  industrious, passionately fond of display and
amusement, given to intrigue, and sadly deficient in chastity, resulting from a want of knowledge
of the customs of more civilized nations, a lack of refined  education, and chiefly because the
"custom of the country"  does not look upon such weakness in the female as anything but a
passing cloud which time will efface from the character of the  individual.   This is  the  only
drawback to the character of the Mexican female, who, did  she  possess the advantages enjoyed
by her more fortunate sisters of the northern climes,  would be acknowledged capable of cultivating
and disseminating all  the happiness and pleasures which  flow  from  refined female character.
Even now, the social and moral condition of the Mexican female places her  high above that of
her "better half."  They marry at an early age—from eleven to fifteen, are  kind mothers, and
raise large families, which they frequently have to  support by their own industrial efforts.  The
Europeo-American portion of the community may be reckoned at two  thousand, who are chiefly
of that class usually found in our frontier settlements; robust, hardy pioneers, who spend  their
lives  in  constant strife with misery, hardship, and privation.  Of their manners, morals, or
customs, the least said the better for their reputation.  They are industrious, and that  is  all I
can say in their favor.
   Of the diseases of the Mexican population, but little reliable information can be had, as  they
have no regular physicians among them, and their  few remedial agents are entirely of a domestic
nature.   I believe the State of Sonora, with a population of 200,000 souls, has only three regular
physicians and one  apothecary establishment.  From such a statement, it might be inferred that
the people were specially  exempt  from disease; on the contrary, a large number of  traveling
charlatans, designated by the people as "curers," are to be found, who  administer their nostrums
to the credulous multitude, who are as  fond of swallowing medicines as some  of your friends
nearer home.   Intermittent and bilious remittent fevers  are prevalent  during the warm seasons;
venereal  disease in  its every form is constantly encountered; and phthisis and other scrofulous
maladies are not at  all unfrequent.  Catarrhal ophthalmia is very common during the wet portion
of the summer season.   The  therapeutic measures adopted in the treatment of fevers  is very
simple; a mild cathartic, followed by the free  administration of decoction of the common red
willow, warm ptisans of some simple kind, and frequent  immersions  in cold water.  When these
remedies fail to effect a cure,  the patient has to bear patiently with his ills until the succeeding
cold season brings  relief  to his protracted  sufferings.   It is needless to add that, under such
circumstances, the mortality is very large amongst those affected.  For  the cure of  syphilitic
affections, much faith is placed  in  the  efficacy of the waters of  the numerous mineral  springs
scattered over the whole country.   Patients suffering with tuberculosis are left to their fate.   As
consumption is looked upon by the majority of the  people "as being  communicable by contact,
especially amongst the  family of the affected individual, the sufferer is left  to drag out a  miserable
existence until death closes the dreary scene.  Although I have  attended considerable  numbers
of Mexican women during parturition, I have not been able to detect any special deviation from
the phenomena incident to the physiological process as evinced in  other females.   There are some
deviations from the  customs of our lying-in-rooms that are of no interest beyond their novelty.
   Amongst the Indians pulmonary affections  are very common; also diseases  of the  eye, the
result of exposure to severe vicissitudes of temperature.   Intermittent fever is  found  to prevail 
214
REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
extensively amongst them.  For the cure and prevention of this  disease, they assemble in the
spring season to prepare themselves at the "medicine feast," which consists in swallowing drafts
of infusion of some powerful herb that produces violent purging and vomiting, which is kept up
during three days, during which all present prepare themselves, as above, in anticipation of and
as a preventive against attacks of this disease during the approaching summer and autumn.  Some
thirty years ago, when the Apaches first commenced their depredations against the Sonoreans,
many of them contracted syphilitic disease from their female captives, which spread with fearful
effects amongst their own people, who, to get rid of the dreadful scourge that was disseminating
itself amongst them, either abandoned the unfortunate victim to die of starvation, or, as in many
instances, deprived him of life.   This has proved a most salutary lesson to them, as,  since that
time, the fear of again introducing the disease amongst their own families has been a wholesome
restraint upon these barbarians in the treatment of their unhappy female prisoners.   At certain
seasons ophthalmic  inflammation  is exceedingly rife among  them, and I have noticed large
numbers of them with eyes either partially or totally destroyed.   In the cure of their maladies
charms and amulets are looked  upon as  important agents, and are found  suspended round the
neck  of almost  every individual.   I have seen some remarkably old looking men and women
amongst the Coyotero and Chillicahua Indians,  but nothing precise as to their real age could be
learned of them.   War and disease are fast decimating the Indians of Arizona.
    Owing to certain physical peculiarities, before alluded to, of the  site  of  Fort Buchanan, it
may be surmised that the  place is unhealthy,  which is  the case  in an eminent degree.   Since
the occupation of the place, the troops have suffered continually  from malarial disease, which
has attacked every person at the post during the last year, except the sutler's employes and an
old negro  woman.   In the  spring, catarrhal affections  prevail  extensively.    During  the
autumnal months diarrhoea  and  dysentery of  a very aggravated type  are  of frequent occur-
rence, having  a  special tendency  to become chronic, and of a most  intractable nature, as
regards  their control by  hygienic and  theapeutic measures.   Throughout  the  whole  year
intermittent fever of a very severe form  prevails extensively, especially during the autumn and
winter months, at which time  it  constitutes  almost the only prevailing disease.  During this
period it may be  looked  upon as endemic, as  its presence  produces almost complete  immunity
from  all other maladies.  Its  causes are  undoubtedly to  be  traced to the  proximity of the
swamps and quagmires  before mentioned, and the  phenomena  attending a "rainy season" in a
warm climate.   To these may  be  added  other local causes, such as  immense heaps of stable
manure, collected and carefully kept piled up within the camp since  its occupation, almost
two years ago, the presence of filthy pig-pens, cow-pens, and  root-houses, wherein were often
found heaps of decaying putrid  garden  vegetables.  Of the  quarters  occupied by the two
companies stationed  at this post, one set were constructed of sound  pine logs, having the bark
removed ; the others were built of oak, with the bark allowed to  remain.  The pine logs were
sound and free from decay, while the oak  in every instance, was rotten of the heart of the loo-.
The quarters built of pine, although something like  one  hundred and fifty yards nearer to the
swamp, were much  healthier than those constructed  of the  decaying oak, the  occupants of
which showed a very marked proclivity to the malarial  influence.  The employes of the sutler's
establishment, several in number, were  entirely free from the  disease, being protected from the
influence of the marsh by a small'knoll,  which acted as  a kind of screen to shelter them from
the carrying influence of the  southwest wind.
    The most remarkable characteristic  features observed in the course of the disease were its
aggravated type, producing a train of  symptoms  approximating toward  remittent fever*  the
almost total absence of chills  or rigors; the protracted period of the febrile paroxysm; frequency
of violent delirium; the liability to  a recurrence of the disease, from  the slightest exposure to
fatigue, or imprudence in diet; and  lastly, the pertinacity with which the malady  clings to its
victims, even during the season of cold when frost and snow are abundant. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN NEW MEXICO.
215
   In the treatment of the disease, it was found to yield readily to ordinary remedies when it
was of recent accession, but after  frequent attacks the usual therapeutic measures availed but
little.
   Preparatory to the administration of  quinine, or other  antiperiodics, emetics  or  cathartics
were frequently found to be absolutely necessary, as, without their effects, quinine was found to
be incapable of producing any check to a return of the paroxysm.
   When the disease first became endemic  amongst the troops, ten or fifteen  grains  of the
sulphate of quinine, given two or three  hours before the expected paroxysm, were generally
found adequate to check it at once; later on in its course twenty to  thirty were  required, and
latterly it became necessary, frequently, to administer this remedy in doses of from thirty to
forty grains, the patient frequently having to take sixty grains daily for several days before any
progress could be made  in checking the  disease.   After using the remedy in  every manner, I
find that ten or twenty grains,  given at bed-time, during the period  of intermission, will
produce  a  much  more  certain and better effect on  the disease  than  double  the amount
administered during the day-time.   This I have verified by numerous experiments upon myself
and others.   I have not met with any inconvenience from the administration of  quinine in large
doses;  patients taking from forty to sixty  grains presented no other symptoms of inconvenience
than those produced by ten or fifteen.  The preparations of arsenic, piperine,  fluid extract of
black pepper, and citrate of quinine and iron were used in the treatment of the disease when the
sulphate of  quinine was contra-indicated,  or when that remedy was not procurable at the post;
but little reliance can be placed in any of the former in preventing a return of or breaking up
the disease—they are good adjuncts, but  poor  preventives, particularly when the  malady is of
a character as severe as that which has been prevalent at this place.   At one time I was reduced
to the necessity of using chloride of sodium, which I found to answer much better than most of
the above-mentioned remedies.   It was administered in doses of two drams every two hours,  so
as to have  the  patient  take  an ounce before the period of the expected paroxysm, and  it
succeeded in breaking up  the disease in  from  one to four days in about one half the cases  in
which it was employed.   In many of the cases wherein it proved useless, its administration was
followed by  violent emesis or catharsis, which may account for its want of efficacy in those cases.
A strong objection to its use is, that patients cannot be made to view it as a remedy because of
its domestic character.  For my own part, I consider it as being possessed of superior power in
quickly checking the disease over many of the remedies  now generally used in the  treatment of
intermittent fever.   When the  cerebral symptoms were of a violent character, local depletion,
blisters, and cold applications were constantly indicated and resorted to.  It will be seen by the
tabular statement of the diseases of this post, occurring during the past year, that of 769 cases
of disease amongst the soldiers, 453 were fevers, of which 354 were quotidian and 96 tertian.
   Next in  frequency to intermittent fever stand diarrhoea  and dysentery as  diseases of this
region.   As  before remarked, they are of a severe form, and  have a persistent tendency  to
become chronic, yielding very slowly to treatment.
   Towards the latter part of  March, catarrh of a most severe kind prevailed  as  an epidemic,
attacking nearly two thirds of the garrison  and almost all  the  settlers in the vicinity.  The
number taken on sick report with  this affection during February and March was fifty-five; a
much larger number were attacked, but so slightly that it was not deemed advisable to include
them on the sick list, as their cases yielded to gentle treatment.
   The disease was ushered in with a chill, followed by high febrile symptoms, headache, pain in
the eyes, back, and  limbs, and, in every case, tonsillitic or pharyngeal  inflammation.   Mild
antiphlogistic measures were resorted to, to which the disease yielded in from three to ten davs.
A brisk  saline cathartic, followed by  the administration  of  diaphoretics  and  expectorants,
generally sufficed for the removal of the disease.  The  malady made  its appearance with the
vernal equinox, which was followed by strong south and southwest gales, accompanied by snow 
216
REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
storms.   With an improved  change in the weather the disease gradually disappeared.  From
subsequent inquiries, I find that the affection was equally rife amongst the inhabitants of Tubac,
Tuczon, and the neighboring towns in Sonora.  Here I must record the result of my observations
on the effects of the climate and seasons on traumatic lesions:   During the early months of the
year,  I found that the slightest injury was followed almost invariably by severe inflammatory
action, accompanied  by general disturbance of the system, and a remarkably slow process of
healing.   Such was specially the case with persons of intemperate habits.  In the warm seasons
the reverse was the case, nearly every variety of wound healed  by first intention.  Of gun-shot
wounds, more than twenty came  under my care, and  I have  found them  in every case,  save
where a bone or internal organ was injured, to  heal  up by the first intention—no suppuration.
This was so where the injury to the soft parts was of the most serious character.   Even when
the internal viscera, the  bones or  joints  are wounded, this  class of injuries do better,  heal
quicker, and are attended with less danger  to life in this region than at any other place that I
am aware of.  This is mainly attributable  to the benign influence of the climate.
    The operations performed in the course of the year, were: resection of the  body and part of
the ramus of the lower jaw, amputation  of the arm,  and several other operations of minor
importance;  all of which recovered in the most satisfactory manner.   The following table is the
result of one year's careful observation at this place, during which everything that could influence
the health of the troops has been carefully noted.  Particular attention is called to the sanitary
condition of the garrison during last year, and the state of the same men during the  preceding
year; particularly to the period of five months  while the  post was on the Santa Cruz river, at
Camp Moore, Calabaza.

           I. TABLE  SHOWING THE DISEASES, &c, OF FORT BUCHANAN DURING 1858.
	TEMPERATURE.			DISEASES.											a o a to o to a <o 02	i	
Month.	s o	s o bin X	p. '3	^ &H	> 5	c	5 o 2	b a a 5	3 p w	a o 3 S	o	f	o V ■3 o <	a o			Remarks.
January .... February.... July........ September.. October .... November... December ..	39 45 47 62 68 74 75 73 70 65 45 39	34 38 38 47 52 57 64 63 59 48 39 35	1.97 0.51 0.29 1.46 0.48 3.21 3.50 1.32 0.60 0.16 2.58	9 6 10 4 3 8 23 50 95 139 74 32	13 4 5 11 11 7 3 3 5 5 10 9	8 1 40 8 2 1 1	3 1 2 1 2 2	2 1 1	1	2 3 4 3	3 4 8 6 4	12 5 6 4 2 4 2 3 7 1 2 4	2 2 6 3 6 4 4 2 2 2 1 5	55 26 80 41 30 27 36 63 111 148 92 60	188 177 233 243 154 131 126 121 109 114 117 108	l	75 men about three weeks on a scout.
								1 1									May 11, B and K companies First Dragoons left for California.
																	
											1 2						
								3 1 1 1									
										1							In hospital one year with lues venerea, died from dysentery.
																	
						2 8			1 1	1	1						45 recruits added to mean strength.
			16.08	453	86	71	11	12	3	14	29	52	39	769	1,821	1	
																	
Average---	58.5	47.8	1.34	37.7	7.2	6	1	1	2	1.2	2.4	4.3	3	64.1	152		
 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN NEW MEXICO.
217
II. TABLE SHOWING THE SANITARY CONDITION OF THE SAME TROOPS IN 1857.
	TEMPERATURE.			DISEASES.													
Month.	0) E o 5 -= Eh		c 'a	CD > CD Eh	a		s o s	5	s o CD m	3 o Eh	5	5 o	<o a to -5 o <	"a o	Strength of garrison Deaths.		Remarks.
January .... February ...	46 49 62 64 70 Nott Not t 78 77 67 48 43	42 42 49 50 56			14 7 5 4 3 4 7 11 8 9 10 4	3 1 1 2	1 2	1 2 1 2 1		6 5	2 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 4 4 1 6	4 8 4 3 3 3 3 9 13 8 1 13	5 4 1 4 1 1 4 3 8 4 4	36 29 14 25 16 17 21 74 73 74 35 47	228 180 149 151 138 95 110 171 202 199 192 208	1 1	Post at Calabaza, twenty miles to southwest, on the Santa Cruz river; minimum of thermometer 25° at 7, a. m., 27th. ■
			0.80 0.20	1 1 3 5 6 7 41 41 40 17 10													
										4 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 5							
																	Took up position at present site of Buchanan.
							1										
		68 68 58 42 36	10.60 4.76 1.70 1.97 0.69					1									
September..						2	1 1										
																	
December ..						3		2									
			20.72	172	86	12	6	10		35	29	72	39	461	2,023	2	
																	
Average ....	60.4	51.1	2.7	14.3	7.2	1	.5	.8		3	2.4	.6	3.2	38.4	168.6	.2	Mean of thermometer for ten months only.
   This table has been compiled from the hospital records, kept by Acting Assistant Surgeon L.
W. C. Kennon, the medical officer in charge of this post, up to January 1, 1858.   By comparing
the records of the two years it will be perceived that  a very marked increase in the amount of
disease has taken place during the last year; which increase has been principally in diseases of
a malarial character.   The number  of deaths amongst those  under treatment  has been  very
small—one in 1858 and two in 1857.  The death in 1858 was the result of constitutional syphilis
of the most inveterate form, complicated with  an acute attack of dysentery.  Those  that  took
place in 1857 were caused by hydrothorax and remittent fever.
   It may not prove amiss to place  on  record my testimony in favor of  the use  of chlorate of
potash as a therapeutic agent, which I have constantly used during the last two  years in the
treatment of gonorrhoea, both in  my  public  and  private practice, with the most gratifying
results.   I have found it  to be such an  admirable remedy that I seldom resort  to  any other in
the treatment of urethral inflammation.  My method  of using it is as follows: one dram of the
salt dissolved in eight ounces of water, of which an injection is given  every hour for twelve
hours, at the end of which the discharge will have become changed and diminished; allowing
the remedy to be gradually discontinued  until the  second  or third  day, when the disease will
generally be found to have ceased.   So efficacious has  this remedy  proved in my practice, that
I seldom deem it necessary to give any other medicine, save a Seidlitz draft  or a  dose of Epsom
salt.
   In concluding these few hurried remarks I must not forget to say that, although this post is
unhealthy, owing, in a  great measure, to  the local causes of disease found in its  vicinity, I
consider the climate of Arizona very healthy, and particularly pleasant;  in proof of which I
may call attention to the fact that out  of  more than one thousand patients, (which includes
women and children, civil employes and soldiers,)  treated at this post during the past year, but
one death occurred.
   If, in the selection  of the site for  the post, any  attention had been directed to the  local
             28----s 
218
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
 character of the place, it would have been apparent at a glance that it would prove unhealthy
 when occupied as a garrison.   It is needless to add that no medical officer was consulted on the
 subject.

    Note.—I will here take occasion to remark, that during the last two months much has been
 done by  Captain Ewell to remedy the  evil effects  of the proximity  of the offensive marsh, by
 establishing a thorough system of drainage, the good effects of which, I trust, will be manifested
 by a diminution of the amount of disease that may show itself amongst  the garrison during the
 next warm season.

    In the summer  of 1859, Surgeon William J. Sloan, medical director of the department of
 New Mexico,  made the following report in relation to the " health of Fort  Buchanan and the
 adjaceat country:"

                                                     Medical Director's Office,
                                                         Santa Fe, N. BL, July 17, 1859.
    Sir :  I have the honor to make the following report, as the concise result of my observations
 and inquiries, during a  recent  tour with the  commander of the department, relative  to the
 health of Fort Buchanan and adjacent country:
    The prevalence of intermittent and remittent fever at Fort Buchanan, a post situated in the
 elevated mountain region of Southwestern New Mexico, naturally excited surprise.   For a period
 of almost three years, the increasing amount  of  sickness of this character, seemed to impose the
 duty of personal investigation into the cause, and efforts for a change of location, or other sanitary
 measures for its relief.  A personal examination into the proximate  cause of fever at that post
 has proved very satisfactory ;  yet, I confess that much remains unexplained, and with difficulty
 reconciled with all  our received ideas of malarial fever.
    In the latitude of Santa Fe, these fevers are unknown; as we proceed south and strike the
 Rio Grande, at Albuquerque, after  a distance of sixty-seven miles, and a descent of 2,000 feet,
 we meet all the coincidences necessary for their development except  a high range of temperature;
 that vicinity  is considered  healthy.   Proceeding  down the  valley of the river, there is  very
 little fever development  until Fort  Craig is reached.  There, the river  bottom presents all the
 indications necessary; but its  well-selected site, on an elevated mesa, and  its airy, ventilated
 quarters, prove a barrier to the inroads  of the poison.   From this  point south to Fort Thorn,
 we find the fevers of a higher grade and  fully developed,  with no difference  in the geological
 formation, or  in the valley of the Rio Grrande, but a much higher temperature.  This state of
 things exists as we advance further  south;  and Dona Ana,  and Cruces, with Fort Fillmore, and
 the Mesilla Valley, form the great  centres of intermittent and remittent fever in the fall, after
 the drenching rains of July  and August, and  a  high temperature  of 107° in  the shade; all
 these circumstances tending to an increased vegetable growth and its subsequent decomposition.
 One would naturally suppose that  leaving the valley of the Rio Grande at Fort Fillmore, and
 proceeding westward for 300 miles,  over arid plains, sandy playas,  and high mountains, to Fort
 Buchanan, the boundaries and limits of fever would be passed.  Yet the fact is undoubted, from
 all I could learn, that malarious fevers are common, and prevail along the whole length  of the
 thirty-second  parallel  of latitude,  wherever settlements are  formed.   During the last  day's
 journey to Fort Buchanan, after  leaving the overland mail route, the descent was very great,
 and the post  itself is near the southern edge of  a  high table-land, from  which the descent into
 Sonora is very abrupt.  Forty or fifty miles  south of the post, an  almost tropical climate is
 reached, where oranges and figs grow in the  greatest  luxuriance, and where, I was informed
 fevers of a most pernicious and congestive type prevail every fall.
    Fort  Buchanan  is on the very border of this  unhealthy region, but it is sufficiently elevated
and  mountainous to modify by its climate the type of febrile diseases  to the milder  forms of 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN NEW  MEXICO.
219
intermittent and remittent.   I have no doubt these fevers will prevail to some extent throughout
the whole of that country,  where  there are frequent summer  rains,  subsequent luxuriant
vegetation in the valleys, and a very high temperature.  The post is situated at the head of a
small valley, in the extensive,  broken, foot hills of  the  southeastern  slope of  Santa Rita
mountains.   The scattered, ill-looking buildings are located upon broken, gravelly hills, close
to the flat, narrow, meadow-like plain, which, tending south, widens somewhat, and forms the
bed of the stream that heads near the post.  This meadow-like flat, now dry, presents evidence
of complete saturation  during the rainy season, with  a considerable depth of black loam  and
decomposing vegetable  matter.  Near the post a portion  of the valley is boggy and swampy,
and  a source of malarious poison.   This  spot was  considered a main cause of fever, and has
been recently ditched and drained,  with a decided  improvement in the health of the  troops.
The principal temporary buildings of the  post are on elevated ground, widely scattered among
a  dense  growth of large evergreen  oaks.  The  quartermaster's corral, dragoon  stables,  and
sutler's store are  on the level meadow-plain.  At  the present season of the year there is no
apparent proximate cause of fever.   The hospital was not crowded with such cases, nor  did the
appearance of the men, at inspection,  present very  great evidence  of its existence.   From
January to July there  is comparative immunity, the original cause not operating.  Cases of
course occur, from the habits of recurrence in this disease.  When the  rainy season sets in, the
flat valley is deluged, and vegetation progresses vigorously. Upon the cessation of the rains, the
intense heat of the sun facilitates the progress of vegetable decomposition, and  cases of fever
increase; while, at the  same time, the prevailing winds from the south, passing  up the valley
through the gorges in the  hills,  add, with the cool  temperature of the nights, to the causes
already existing.
    There are existing causes of disease at this post which deserve serious consideration.   The
water of the whole region is execrable, flowing through strata of rotten limestone,  argillaceous
clay, sulphate of lime,  chloride of soda,  and decomposing vegetable  matter, (liberating  sulphu-
retted hydrogen,) it presents at different points mineral or chalybeate characteristics, filled with
impurities, becoming putrid upon standing, and  producing disorders and derangements of the
bowels.   The troops are badly quartered, astonishing as it may seem, after nearly  three years'
occupation  of the  country.  The houses  are built  of upright posts  of decaying timber,  and
daubed with mud; the roofs are flat,  and covered with dirt and grass,  now in a  state of
decomposition;  the rooms are very low,  narrow, and without ventilation; the floors  of mud, and
in the rainy season covered with water.   There is no  real protection from the sun or rain, in a
climate where it is essentially necessary for well men, and especially so for the restoration to
health of those who have suffered  from repeated attacks of fever.  The hospital building is
equally  primitive  and unsuitable as the others, the sick  being  crowded  in one small,  hot,
unventilated ward.
    Immediately northeast of the present site, is a high, dry, airy plain, near the border of the
present timbered location, where, in my opinion, the troops would enjoy comparative health.
    If Fort Buchanan be considered out of position, in a military point of view, it is  scarcely
necessary to enlarge upon the practicability of a  healthy site in its  immediate vicinity.   But  if
it is considered desirable to maintain its present neighborhood, I believe that the requisites for
health could be found upon this plain, provided comfortable quarters were erected, suitable store-
houses built for the preservation of provisions, gardens established, and antiscorbutics furnished
for the use of the troops.   In a  country so arid,  so desolate, and so worthless, it is essentially
 necessary for man to provide what nature has refused to bestow to render life at all  tolerable.
    The valley of the Santa Cruz, extending north from the mouth of the Sonorita to Tuczon, I
 consider a miasmatic region, and productive of fall fevers; the same indications as at Fort Buch-
 anan, are present in stronger force from the lower elevation above the sea, and increased grade
 of temperature.  The testimony of the few residents goes to show that the whole region is sickly. 
220
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
   I visited, with the commanding officer of the department, a point about twelve miles north
of Tuczon, near the base of the Tuczon mountain, which, unfortunately, was described by some
persons as the only one in the vicinity suitable for a military post.  The region is most desolate
and arid, the calcareous rock approaching closely the surface, and the plain wooded with small
mesquite timber.   There is a small stream of  water, whether permanent or not did not seem to
me satisfactorily shown, but hardly in my opinion adequate to the wants of a post.
   It  is considered important to find a military position near Tuczon, and the great difficulty
will be to combine in that desert region all the requisites necessary.   Should no other be found,
except the one now referred to, it will no doubt prove healthy.  I could discover nothing in its
vicinity calculated to engender fever to any extent.   I would, however, seriously urge a critical
examination of the Tuczon  mountain, higher up its slopes, with a view to a suitable location.
I believe Colonel  Reeve has instructions to make this examination, and will I hope be  successful.
   In  the valley  of the San Pedro, which we crossed at two different points, we found abundant
running water, known to be permanent in certain places, but of the usual character, impregnated
with calcareous deposits.  The stream runs through deep and precipitous banks, so that the good
effect of the water  upon the  surrounding valley is  lost,  there being  but little  more verdure
apparent than upon the neighboring mesas.   I believe a good position for a post could be found,
after a close examination of this vicinity.  The object should  be, especially, to find an elevated
plain near enough to the water to secure its use, yet  sufficiently distant and elevated to be beyond
its malarious  influence.  Fevers will prevail until good quarters and other comforts are secured;
but I would anticipate comparative freedom from disease subsequently,  except what will always
be developed to a greater or less extent on this parallel of latitude.
    The whole country traversed is comparatively worthless as an agricultural region,  but will at
no distant day develop largely its mineral wealth.   The importance of military protection is
undoubted, and in selection of military sites I seriously recommend the following considerations,
always secondary to the position in a military point of view:
    1.  That close preliminary examination be made, and high  mountain  regions be preferred,
where the valley opens west to east, or  from east to west, a great extent of  surface  not being
subject to inundation in the wet season.
   2.  That in the erection of quarters in that latitude, strict attention should be given to  their
free and complete ventilation, to their position with regard to shade, and to the necessity of wide
and cool portals.
   3.  That in a country where there are no natural advantages, particular attention should be
given to the health and comfort of the troops, in their clothing, their  food, and police.
   4.  That where positions are to be examined for  military posts, a  medical officer  should be
consulted and his report well weighed; and that in all sanitary arrangements after selection, his
views  and opinions  should  receive careful consideration; that the real responsibility may rest
where  it belongs.
              Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
                                                    WILLIAM J. SLOAN,
                                                           Surgeon and Medical Director.
   Lieutenant J. D. Wilkins,
             Acting Assistant Adjutant General,  Department New Mexico. 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  NEW MEXICO.
221
                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT UNION.

                            Assistant Surgeon J. Letterman : October, 1856.

   In compliance with the directions of the department concerning the transmittal of quarterly
reports of sick and wounded, I have the honor to submit a few observations, in a  medical point
of view, regarding this post:
   In latitude  35° 54' 21"  N.> longitude  104° 57'  15" W., and at an altitude  of 6,670  feet
above the sea, Fort Union is situated in a valley running  from northwest to southeast.  This
valley descends on both sides towards an arroyo,  which, winding through it, drains it.   At the
spot where the garrison is placed  this valley is shut in on  the east by the Gallina mountain,
seven miles distant, and on the west by a precipitous mass of sandstone, about 150 feet in height.
A portion of the  post is placed in immediate  proximity to those rocks, and upon rapidly-
descending ground;  the remainder, being built  nearer the arroyo, is  on an almost level spot,
and, receiving the wash from the  higher part of  the garrison, is  not so well drained—the water
during a heavy rain  not unfrequently running into  and through some of  the buildings.  The
soil is composed of clay and sand,  and is sparsely covered with gama grass.  No timber is found
near the post, all that is required for building and for fire-wood being brought from a distance
of six and eight  miles.   There is no stream of water sufficiently near to be  of any  service.  The
Rio  Mora, a fine  stream, coming directly from  the Taos mountains, about twenty-five miles
distant, which for nine months of the year are capped with snow, enters  the valley about  five
miles to the south of the garrison, and a few miles further on forms  a  junction  with the  Rio
Sapillo, coming  from the  same mountains, and  the waters of both pass on to empty into the
Canadian.   Quite  palatable  water  is  obtained  by  hauling from a spring  near  the post; it
occasionally gives rise to diarrhoea when used by persons not accustomed to it;  I am not  able to
state what are the mineral ingredients.
   The entire garrison covers a space of about eighty or more acres, and the buildings being, of
necessity, widely separated, causes the post to present more the appearance of a village, whose
houses have been built with little  regard to order, than a military post.  Unseasoned, unhewn,
and  unbarked pine logs,  placed upright in some  and horizontally in other houses, have been
used in the erection of buildings,  and as a necessary consequence are rapidly decaying.  In
many of the logs of  the house which I occupy, an ordinary  sized nail  will not hold, to such an
extent has the timber decayed, although several feet above the ground.  One set of the so-called
barracks have lately  been torn down to prevent  any untoward accidents that were liable at any
moment to happen from the  falling of the building; and yet this building was erected in 1852.
The  unbarked logs afford excellent hiding  places for  that annoying  and disgusting insect the
cimex lectularius, so common  in this country,  which it is by no means backward in  taking
advantage  of, to the evident discomfort of those who  occupy the buildings—the men  almost
universally sleeping in the open air  when the weather  will permit.   The building at  present
used as a hospital,  having a  dirt roof, has not a room which remained dry during the rain in the
latter part of September last, and I was obliged to use tents and  canvass to protect the property
from damage.
   The buildings have been  during the past summer, and some are yet, undergoing repairs; and,
so long as they are occupied, repairs will constantly be requisite to make them at all habitable.
   Badly laid out  and badly built, it is now  essential that the post  be rebuilt, and buildings
erected with some regard to the welfare of those who are destined to occupy them, and  not on
the principle of short-sighted and  extravagant economy.
   As will be seen from the  accompanying report of sick there have been no cases of sickness
calling for especial remark, but I may say that none of the cases of fever originated here.   Several
cases of erysipelas of the face and head (among persons destitute of many of the comforts of life 
222
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
and much exposed, not belonging to the command) I have attended, and the chief reliance was
placed upon the exhibition of the tincture of chloride of iron  in  dram doses, (as suggested in
the London Lancet,) and although some of the cases were quite severe, success attended in every
case in which it was administered.  The case of death was that of a man who was  taken ill  on
the march  of his company from Fort Thorn to this  post after a debauch.  The services of no
medical officer could be procured until my arrival here, at which time little hope could be enter-
tained of his recovery.   He was kept alive for some time by the use of stimulants and such other
remedies as the case from time to time required, but eventually to  no purpose.
    The troops have been chiefly occupied in  the  erection of temporary stabling, in repairing
quarters, some as escort to a surveying party, and  in working upon  the  arrival of stores from
Fort Leavenworth and their transmittal to the different stations in this department.
    The diet has  been that usually issued to troops.   As no gardens could be  cultivated  during
the past summer  in consequence of the want of water  for irrigation, which is required in  the
spring and early part of  the summer, and on account of the great abundance of grasshoppers,
extra issues of pickles, &c, from time to time, were deemed necessary for the health of the troops
who were liable at any moment  to be called upon for hard service, and  who at one time were
ordered to hold themselves in readiness for field service.
    In the clothing, the temperance, and cleanliness of the command, there is nothing to  call for
any particular remarks.
    The climate of the country, from all that can be learned from those who have for some years
resided in the Territory,  seems to be changing, especially in regard to the increase of rain;  and
from the universality of the opinion, little reason for doubt can be entertained of its correctness.
It is probable that this increase may, in a measure, be owing to the  greater extent of land brought
under cultivation, and as a consequence a much more extensive surface of  upturned land, and of
water used in irrigation exposed to evaporation, which at this altitude is very great.
    Wounds in this climate do  not  readily heal unless  completely protected  from all external
influences, being prone to erysipelatous inflammation, and even in many cases not healing quickly
when such  inflammation does not supervene.  The  use of collodion or some preparation of a
similar character in the dressing of wounds is highly beneficial.


                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT THORN.

                        Assistant Surgeon T. Charlton Henry: September,  1856.

    In consequence of the more than ordinary proportion of patients I have had to treat during
the last quarter, I feel it my duty to make a special report accompanying my return.
    The position of Fort Thorn is somewhat elevated above the level of the Rio Grande del Norte,
whose waters pass within a mile of the post.  Its distance is eighty-five miles below Fort Craig,
on the western side of the river, and fifty-one miles above Fort Fillmore;  the position of which
latter post is on  the eastern side of the Rio Grande.   Two miles westward of Fort Thorn a llano
of nearly thirty-five miles in width extends, but partially broken by a few undulating hills.  This
mesa forms an abutment of some thirty to forty feet  upon the  same elevation  of ground on
which Fort Thorn is situated.   The river bottom is  but a hundred yards in front of the post,
with more  or less  growth of timber, principally the salix viminalis and populus canadensis.
The broken and projecting portion of the mesa, to the westward, is mostly of red clay,  and
mingled with it is found a comparative abundance of native  gypsum in laminated conglomera-
tions and very scattered. The soil between the fort and the mesa  westward is sandy, abounding
in a low growth of prosopsis and artemisia.
    The post itself is  on ground composed of a mixture of clay and sand, the former being
uppermost. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  NEW MEXICO.
223
   Eastward and across the river, five miles distant, is a chain of mountains, beyond which lies
the Jornada del Muerto, through which passes  the  principal wagon road from Santa Fe to
El Paso del Norte.
   At periods of overflow  of the river, and during the  early fall months, standing pools are
formed about the vicinity of the post.  Many of these pools are shaded by trees of the cottonwood
species; only now, however, partially, much of the timber having been cut away.
   To the presence of these pools, and the thinning out of the trees about them, must be attributed,
to a certain extent, the miasma  which is the cause of the exceeding prevalence of  remittent  and
intermittent fevers at this station.
   The garrison of  Fort Webster was  first located in this spot, in November, 1853.  Upon
reference to my quarterly  reports for the year 1854, you will observe my sick list exceedingly
small; indeed, there was scarcely any sickness at the post the first year of its settlement.
   But now quantum mutatus.   About the 10th of September, last year, ague appeared and a
large proportion of the command here were victims of its influence.  That fall also was somewhat
prevalent, though but to a small extent, bilious remittent fever.   But, sir, this year how vastly
exaggerated is the sick list; and reasoning a priori, what may it not be the ensuing year, subse-
quent to the advent of warm  weather.  For  about the 5th of July of the present year bilious
remittent fever made its accession, and continued to prevail till  about September 8, when  ague
seemed in a great measure to succeed it.  The month of July last, seventy-eight men out of ninety
(the entire command) were sick with remittent fever.   In the latter portion of  August, Major
Blake, of the First Dragoons, encamped near here with one company of recruits and the regimental
band, and was in a  fortnight subsequent joined by two more companies.  Sickness, especially
ague, commenced very soon after among his men, cases of camp dysentery and throat affections,
the latter during rainy weather; but the two latter are rare affections here.
   The character of the ague here is much the same as elsewhere—quotidian being the commoner
form; as elsewhere,  too, the functions of the liver are deranged.  Quinine is by no means always
effective as a remedy, even in ten-grain doses;  twenty grains during the remission will often fail.
In many cases, a combination of this  drug  with piperine I  have found  to  act with more
energy.
   Fowler's solution in the usual doses succeeds, I have found, in about one third of the cases ;
but does not appear  to effect any more permanent cure.
   The bilious remittent fever met with here, with no preceding chill, varies much in character.
Exacerbations are from three to ten,  or twelve  hours daily, as regards duration.   Night sweats
are a characteristic accompaniment.
   For the cure of these cases, quinine and bark are the  principal remedies  I have  used  with
success.   But in nearly every  case  after the fever has  been  broken,  very slow convalescence
results;  to hasten which I have had recourse to infus.  serpentariae, combined with which I
generally make use of from ten to fifteen drops of the acid sulph. aromat.
   I should have  mentioned that obstinate diarrhoea is  not very rare as a sequence of bilious
remittent; also should have stated that the combination of sub. mur. hyd. is exceedingly essential,
with quinine, to check the latter  affection.   I have found nothing so effectual in obstinate diarrhoea,
where the discharges are of a  light, watery character, as  a combination of sulph. cupri. with
mass. hyd. and ipecac.
   The cases of dysentery I have treated, with the exception of two, have resulted in recovery.
The two who died had been exposed to wet and cold sometime after contracting the disease, and
after the advent of the disease, and I was not called upon to treat them till  a late hour.   One
had  been long affected with chronic diarrhoea, and his  symptoms  seemed to show an extensive
inflammation of the mesenteric glands.   From the  earliest  period they were brought to my
hospital they were obliged to be nourished by nutritive injections.   Although a cure in one case
seemed about to be effected, yet  nature, too exhausted, would not react, and death  was the result. 
224
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
These two men are  the only cases in the line of my practice I have for four years had the ill
luck to lose.
   In conclusion, sir, let me urge on the powers that be that the position of this post be removed,
and let me suggest that it be  not far from the old station of Fort Webster.  In a military point
of view it would be fully as effective.   Does any one for a moment believe, and  would any one
of good sense urge, that it would promote "the good of the service" to retain troops precisely
in this  position, when a removal of only ten or twenty miles westward (the site of old  Fort
Webster is fifty) would tend to keep the command in nearly perfect health all the year,  instead
of remaining here, two thirds of the command being perfectly unable to do  service nearly one
half of every year.
   Were  there no surgeon at this, the sickliest post in the Territory at this time, and the
prevailing malady not properly  treated, every man here, very  nearly, would, after a series
of attacks  of ague or  fever be seized—as  the Mexicans about us  and below us  are—with a
congestive type of fever, and  die off like so many sheep with the rot.

                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT THORN.
                          Assistant Surgeon P. A. Q,uinan : September, 1858.

   Fort Thorn is in latitude 32° 46' 54" N., and longitude 107° 20' 48" W., is  elevated 4,500
feet above the sea, and is located upon the right bank of the Rio Grande river.  The post is, by
an air-line, seventy-five miles west of Santa  Fe, and  201  miles  south of that place.  By the
wagon road, which follows the sinuosities of the river, the  distance is estimated at 350 miles.
   The post is opposite the Jornada del Muerto, from  which it is separated by the river and a
lofty range of mountains, a  continuation of the Sierra San Mateo.   The Mexican  village of
Santa Barbara is in the neighborhood of the garrison.
   Fort Thorn is located upon the immediate edge of an extensive marsh, the river  making a
considerable bend at this point, leaves exposed to the right,  a  crescentic flat, intersected  by
numerous sluices, and  at times completely  inundated.   The buildings constituting the fort are
placed within a stone's throw of the swampiest portion of  this flat or bottom, and in the most
admirable manner, if the object  be that the garrison shall  inhale, for an average period of five
months, the pestilential effluvia  arising  therefrom.  The bottom referred to, presents  during
the  hottest months, a  surface of oozy mud, covered with  green  slime, and  interspersed  with
pools of stagnating water, which surface is during these months gradually drying up.   During
the same  time, a rank vegetation of weeds  and grasses undergoes  the process of germination,
advancement to maturity, and decay.  As might  be expected, fevers of a malarious character,
have greatly afflicted the command during this quarter.  These diseases have prevailed  to even
a greater  extent than in former  seasons, which may possibly be due to an unusually  continued
elevation  of temperature, and the absence of rain, which serves to prevent the fall of the river
and  stagnation of water, in the neighboring sluices.  Fevers began to manifest themselves about
the middle of July, and have continued with much virulence until the present time.  The
command then consisted of two  companies, and the sick report numbered seventy cases.  The
garrison was reduced on the 1st September, to one  company of infantry, half of which has since
been removed to Fort Fillmore on detached service.  Scarcely a  man of this command can be
considered fit for the performance of ordinary garrison duty, so debilitated are they by  disease.
The prevailing fever during July and a part of August was of the simple intermittent  type,
the cold, hot, and sweating stages, being accurately defined.  It was treated with mild mercu-
rials and moderate  doses  of quinine.   Later, gastric and severe  biliary complications  were
marked, and a tendency to inflammation of the lower bowels very manifest.  Excessive vomiting
and  purging in the gastric  form of the disease, was  checked by  small doses of creasote and
morphia.   Cups were  generally  applied to the abdomen.  In the remittents,  which  showed 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN NEW MEXICO.
225
themselves later in the season, it was found necessary to support  the strength of the patient by
tonic infusions; quinine being frequently  given in  effective  doses, without reference  to  the
periodicity of the disease, and  with the happiest results.   At a  time when  the supply  of  this
useful article was exhausted, the  liquor  potassaa arsenitis  (Fowler's solution)  was effectively
substituted.   It  was found difficult to check the later intermittents with  the  usual doses of
quinine.  Upon examination, enlargement of the spleen was invariably found existing in these
cases.   The treatment resorted to was blistering the  region of the spleen, and the administration
of iodine in three-grain doses, followed by quinine ;  this generally proved successful.
   It is worthy of remark, that not a single  case of tertian intermittent  appears upon the
report.*
DISEASES
   The general abstracts for New Mexico and the statistics of the following tables cover a period
of eleven years, from January, 1849, to January, 1860.

                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY.
Quarters.
Mean strength.
Number treated.
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Treated.
Died.
First quarter....
Second quarter.
Third quarter..
Fourth quarter.
13,783
12,235
13,069
14,693
 8,356
 7,340
 9,140
10,280
106
 61
 53
 69
Annual ratio.
13,445
35,116
289
Gunshot wounds excluded.
34,823
249
606
600
699
699
7.6
4.9
4
4.7
2,611
21.4
2,590
18.5
   It is shown by this table that the average  annual proportion of cases of disease occurring
among troops stationed in New Mexico to the number of officers and enlisted  men is 2.61 to 1,
and  that the corresponding ratio of deaths is  1 in 40.52, or 2.14 per cent.  The proportion  of
deaths to cases of disease is  1 to 121.50, or 0.82 per cent.
   Excluding  gunshot wounds and deaths therefrom,  the proportion  of cases treated to the
number of troops is 2.59 to  1;  of deaths to  troops, 1 in 54, or  1.85 per cent; and of deaths  to
cases of disease, 1 in 139.85, or 0.71 per cent.
   ' In consequence of the representations made by the Surgeon General to the Department of "War, in regard to the extreme
unhealthfulness of Fort Thorn, it was abandoned.                                               R. H. C.
29 
226
REPORT  ON THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
FEVERS.
Quarters....................................									YEAR.		o a o o | C d o o £ o a. o £	o o o .
												-^ It
	13,783		12,235		13,069		14,693		13,445			I 5
												C a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o £ I °
	0 58 322 276 3 126 13 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0	0 43 273 364 11 145 7 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0	2 69 991 562 6 422 36 0	0 0 0 0 0 2 10 0	2 57 936 494 5 480 22 0	2 1 1 o 0 0 6 0	4 227 2,522 1,696 25 1,173 78 vO	2 1 1 0 0 2 24 0	lin 2 1 in 227 lin 2,522 Oin 1,696 0 in 25 1 in 586 lin 3.2 Oin 0	0.3
												16.8
												187 126
												1 8
												87
												5.8 0
Febris typhus icterodes................												
												
Total...............................	798	6	843	2	2,088	12	1,996	10	5,725	30	1 in 191	425
												
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS  CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.
Quarters.............................

Strength.............................

             Diseases.

Cholera Asiatica..................
Diarrhoea............................
Dysenteria acuta..................
Dysenteria chronica.............
Enteritis.............................
Hepatitis acuta....................
Hepatitis chronica................
Obstipatio...........................
All other diseases of this class

      Total........................
13,783
SECOND.      THIRD.
12,235       13,069
Cases. Deaths.1 Cases. Deaths.! Cases. Deaths
  0
735
136
 17
  2
229
293
1,428
21
  0
781
181
 25
  5
  7
  4
238
258
1,499
11
   0
1,232
 215
  40
   6
   9
   5
 274
 385
2,166
11
14,693
Cases. Deaths
   0
1,154
 225
  37
   6
   3
   1
 195
 342
1,963
16
13,445
Cases. Deaths
    0
3,902
  757
  119
   19
   27
   18
  936
1,278
 0
18
 9
14
 5
 1
 1
 0
11
7,056
59
Oin    0
lin  217
1 in
lin
lin
lin
1 in
84
 8.5
 4
27
18
0 in  936
lin  116
lin  119 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN NEW MEXICO.
227
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Q«uarters...................................	FIRST.						FOURTH.		TEAR.		z S	o
												— z
Strength....................................	13,	783	12,235		13,069		14	693	13,	445		v~ ^
												o 3
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	I Dcatlis.	Cases.	Deaths		'-. o
	143 1,094 8 68 59 50	2 0 2 1 11 2	89 578	1 o	34 255 6 49 24 17	0 1 0 0 1 0	88 997 3 57 39 29	1 0 1 0 7 0	354 2,924 25 238 167 132	4 1 4 1 29 0	1 in 88.5 1 in 2,924 1 in 6.2 1 in 238 1 in 5.7 1 in 6G	°G
												217
			8	i								1 8
			64 0 45 10 36 0									17 7
												12 4
												9.8
Total...............................	1,422	18	820 I 12		385	2	1,213	9	3,840	41	1 in 93	285
												
	668	1	486	1 i	478	2	667	1	2,299	5	1 in 460	171
												
 
 
            ABSTRACTS






               OF THE








PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






                IN







            NEW MEXICO. 
230
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





    ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
				FIRST QUARTER.											
		1819 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		5,887.		1,038.		1.490.		1,736.		1,833.		1,799.		13	783.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases. Died. 1		Cases	Died.	Cases.iDied.		Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	28 63 63 1 13 7	5	2 1 12 1 9		2 6 14 1 15		12 49 43		9 40 82		5 163 62		58 322 276 3 126 13	
								19		23 2	1	47 4			6
															
		19	2			1		5		1		3		29	
															
															
		5 4												5 4	
										.. ' 1					
										i					
		203 44 5	4 4 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 4	36 5 2		105 4	1	133 21 4		128 23 6	......	130 39	1 2	735 136 17 2 8 8 229 293 143 1,094 8 68 59 50 64 31 8 61 26 354 9 128 142 145 1 7 91 1 668 3 352 190 32 2 591 44 27 20 159 169 184 52 100 41 90 68 17 24 184 97 1 487	
															1
Diseases of the organs															6
connected with the di-						2					1				2
gestive system.		3 5 83 106 36 293 2 18 26 12 13 5 16 12 109 4 58 60 57		2 1 11 16 9 69 1 1 9 2 5 4 1 4 4 36				2		1					1
												2 34 49 28 284 3 6 8	1 3		1
					1 1	6 30 23 105 1 6 7 8 19 3 1 9	1 2	45 50 15 127 1 15 6 11 7 3	1 1	50 42 32 216					
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														2
Diseases of the respira-															2 1 11
tory system.										8 11 3 18 3 1 14 4 72	1 2				
															
															
												3 5			
															1
Diseases of the brain and nervous system.															
								13 2 43 1 17 6 12				5 4 74 4 13 25 19			4
!						20									
				1											
Diseases of the urinary				18 6 16 1		4 11 13				18 34 28					
and genital organs.															
Diseases of the serous c and exhalent vessels. 1															
		4 10' 1 187 2 129 79 16 2 173 19 3 3 44 62 64 16 59 14 13 25 8 9 61 36						1 5		1 10 ...		1 43			
Diseases of the fibrous | and muscular struc-^				5		18									
															
tures. | f			1	47		42		113		142		137 1 46 17 1			1
															
Abscesses and ulcers.... -j t			2	19 9 2		28 30 4		63 29 3		67 26 6					2
															
						......									
			1 1	49 3	1	68 4 3		108 7 6 9 28 24 22 7 13 12 16 6 2 4 29 11	2 2	98 8 13 7 27 25 38 7 5 5 18 14 3 5 26 17	1 1	95 3 2 1 42 24 35 4 11 2 20 14 2 3 29 2.3 1 97	1 1 1		2 2
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....															
			1 1 28 1	11 10 12 10 6	j -										
					3	24 13 8 6 8 7 3 2 1 26 5									1 3
															
															4 28
				16 6											1
															1
															
			3	2 13 3											
															
															
															3 3
1		108	2	30		56		86		110					
	Total................														3
		2,552	73	537			4	1,266	6	1,547	7	i		8,356	
_____________												1,675	10		106
 
                        AMONG THE TROOPS IN NEW MEXICO.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN NEW MEXICO.
231
		SECOND QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		5,285.		903.		1,477.		1,314.		1,519.		1,737.		12,	235.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana___ Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	24 49 89 11 15 6		5 2 2		3 21 26		6 23 76		5 49 64				43 273 364 11 145 7	
												129 107			
			2	8 '......		43 .		21		33					
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					1									2
															
		5	i			2		1				7		15	
															
															
		1 i													
															
		I													
		278 82 7	2 1 1	34 13 5	1	111 10		98 8 3 3		104 24 6 1 1	1	158 44 4	1	781 181 25 5 7 4 238 258 89 578 8 64 45 36 100 38 18 55 22 433 24 118 144 133 1 4 3	3 2
Diseases of the organs															2
connected with the di- i						1									
gestive system.		3										3 4 40 28 18 133 1 12 6	1 2		
															
		80 117 28 144 4 34 17 18 21 16 8 26 12 1*56 11 58 69 50	1 1 1 5 4	25 6 3 14	1	12 31 8 59		30 36 11 42 3 10 9 8 15 7 2 5 1 96 1 24 17 28	1	51 40 21 186					
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														I
Diseases of the respira-	Phthisis pulmonalis... ....														]
tory system. i				3 3 1 7 3					1	5 5 2 15 3 2 8	2				
1					1	5 7 20 7 1 6 4 26									10
															
f											1 1	22 2 5 3 60 2 11 19 18	1		
															6
Diseases of the brain and]															
nervous system.			2 1 1	3 2 36 1 6 16 8 1 1	1										
1															5
										59 9 17 17 23					
Diseases of the urinary															
						2 6 6									
and genital organs.															1
Diseases of the serous c															
and exhalent vessels. \		3 1											1		1
Diseases of the fibrous f					......1.....							2			
and muscular struc-^					.....:i.....:										
tures. j		172		29	A9			62 1 32 10 4		82 1 41 17 2		99 1 54 11	1	486 4 270 123 23 1 470 19 13 3 106 80 114 42 60 35 78 K") 19 37	1
r						1 32 14 4									
Abscesses and ulcers.... J {	Ulcus......................	103 66 13 I 162 9 6		8 5											
															
															
				23 1 1 1 8 8 15 4 10 1 7 3 2		49 3		82 3 1		80 1 3		74 2 2			
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....					1	2 17 8 7 5 5 6 3 3 7									
		41 31 35 14 21 11 24 46 2	3 1 1					13 15 7 16 6 12		19 11 20 4 5 3 15 14 4		14 9 22 8 3	1 1		
															
.															1 5
												17 i...::: 12 i 1 ; 5			
															1
								3 4 27 31 1	*						......
		14 64		1		7 1									
				14 ____		19 13									i......
		144 5		10											5
										1 ! i				1	
	All other diseases..........	102 4		39 1 1		73									
	Total................	2,523													| '
			36	397	6	738		1,001	3	1,211	5	1,470	1 ll	7,340	61
 
232
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





    ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		THIRD QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		To-	PAL.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		6,126.		1,134.		1,379.		1,382. 1.413. | 1,635.						13,	069.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.i Died.		Cases. Died. i		Cases. Died.		Cases.i Died. Cases. Died. Cases,					Died.	Cases.	Died.
			i			2 3 20 92 1 lfi7								2 69 991 562 G	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	54 53 66 5 52 20		1 10 7				7 123 239		4 ...... 526 ...... 62 1......		259 96			
			1	48				86 2	1 1	42 ' , , ' 27 3 !, i 3				400	9
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			1 '......: 7 j 1									1 33		10
		21		..... i......		2		E> 1 2					......1 28		
			......												
			! ! i 1 i										i		
		1 5	i |					\						1 5	
									i !						
									!						
		557 110 15 3 2 1 120 191 86	2 2	98 24		124 9 6	1 2	150 31 6 1 4 I 26 58 2 17 4 8 1	1	138 ...... 165 3 ......i 38 31 10			...... 1.232		3
													2	215 40 6	3
Diseases of the organs connected with the di--															4
				2 2 1 18 22 4 17											
						i			......| 1		. .. 1			9	
						2 14 29 5 20					1			5 974	
										53 30 6 60 1 3 2 1 26 3 1 11 7 74 3	..... | 43 .....				
											1 55 ......1 10 1 55 ......i 1 ...... 3 ......1 7		......' 385 ......1 34 1 255 ......1 6 ......! 49 9A		1
Diseases of the respira-tory system.	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1
		30 8 10 36 16 7 19 12 176 8 97 64 60 2	1 1	2 4	......	3 2 3 3 7									
															1
				3 '...... 3 i...... 1 i......										17	
								7 6			1 10 1 10 ......i 1		1		1
													...... 43 ...... 9		2
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.			2 ...... 1	6 3 23 1 16 14 11	...... ......	4 ...... 1 ...... 35		11 3 59	1						
											! 2 ...... 52		I ! 28		
f															
						1							......	13 179 152 164 2 11 1	
Diseases of the urinary !								11 30 23							
and genital organs.						4 1...... 17 1......				16 j 1 | 24 29 ...... 24			1		1 1 ]
				1	1 [			2	1			1			
Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc--{ tures. [ f Abscesses and ulcers.... \ ( r						1			.... !. i.						
									............1______						
		157 1 160 80 16 3 208 11 4	1	20		38 j......		83 ] 40 18 5		75	1 105			478 2 307 156 42 10 522 26 22 _	o
			1 1 1	11 8 3 2 43 3		33 j...... 25 1 ..... 8 ......				34 15 4	...... 29 i 10				1 1
															
						4				1 72 2					
						78 1 6 6 3		61 4 6				60 5 6			1
Wounds and injuries.... ■{				T J 12 ......					! !						
		48 55 48 23 37 18 42 44 12 65 85 149	1 1 2					14 19 10 10 19 11 16 11	......! 23 ......i " ......| 20 ...... 4 ......| 8 ......i 2 .... ! 26 ...... 12		......i 13			113 124 115 57 76 At	
				19 9 6 4 1	1	13 !...... 9 ...... 5 i...... 5 ...... 7 !......					...... 4 ......! i ...... 3 ......1 4				
															1 1 3
				8 !...... 3 ......							......' 24 !..... i 119				
				6 !.,,		6 ......									
						3 4				6 t..... 1 :..., 17 111____ 1 1 ' A -.					
			2 i 2	4 '...... 20 ...... 18 ',...... 57 | 1			......' 1								
						23 ...... 35			......: 39 ...... 38 '......! 221 ......1 5 ...... (J2 ......i 193 2 1 88 ......! 84 1 | 526						
						4 ! 1 59 j......		19 89							2 6
															
		3,195 !	29	598	2	934	4	1,392	6	1,605	4	1,416	8	9.140	53
 
                         AMONG  THE TROOPS IN NEW .MEXICO.





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN NEW MEXICO.
233
	|	FOURTH QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1849 to 1854.		1855. 1856.				1857.		1858. ' 1859. Total.					
															
EASES.		6,195.		1,338.		1,810.		1,651.		1,915.		1,781.		14,(	.93.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.					Died.
,								1 11 107 152 5	1	1 i 1				2	2
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	41 103 87	1 1	4 71 27		1 51 5	......							57 936 494 5 480 22	1
										332 ...... 272 ...... 149 '......'' 74 ......					1
		68 10	5	72 i...... 184				fifi	1	80 1	......i 10 ......				
	Febris typhus et typhoides..					3	1 1								6
I															
f		31	3	2		2				2	1 ......1 38				3
															
												! I			
1		6 9		2								i......		8 9	
I							......	!				1			
															
		513 139 25 2 1 1 86 144 2J 350 2 29 11 13 24 15 7 16 15 165 4 86 71 55 1 3 30 1 231 3 193 81 12 3 298 18 8	6 2 1 1	86 9 1 2	1	1S3 24 1		145 29 6 o	1 1	113 22 4	1	104 12	1	1,154 225 37 6 3 1 195 342 88 997 3 57 39 29 56 32 18 59 42 415 14 157 159 168 o 9 80 1 667 4 420 171 32 4 761 53 27 3 124 179 191 52 57 47 108 103 33	7
															3
															2
															3
										1		1			
															
			1	7 25 10 59		18 43 6 171 1 9 8 5		25 29 15 136	1	31 38 28 159	1 1	28 62 9 122			
															1
Diseases of the respira-	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														1 1
			3 2 3	2 4 6 12 5 2 4 2 24	2			6 1 8 4 5 15 3 63	1 1 1	5 8 1 4 2 1 8 1 67 3 13 31 50		5 2 3 8 3 1 5 3 62 3 13 26 21	1 1 2		
															7
															
															
					1	3 2 11 18 34									2
Diseases of the brain and															3
nervous system.															
															5
[															
						4									
Diseases of the urinary j and genital organs.				22 9 14 1		9 o 13		14 20 15	1						
Diseases of the serous <															
and exhalent vessels, c					.....	1 10	1	3		4 G		1 16			1
Diseases of the fibrous f				15											
and muscular struc--{															
tures. [				34		65		107 1 50	1	94		136			
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... -i			1	30 23 2		63 17 3 1 101 5 8 1 A				47 12		37 5 4	1		1
,							7			4i......					
															
			1	69 3 4				107 8 1 1 11 93	1	102 1 5J 1		84 4 o	1		
															
															
Wounds and injuries.....										I 20					
		45 68 73 18 12 12 35 47 7 10 79 40 120	2 1 1	16 19 16 4 3 9 6 \								28 20 26 3 8 n	...... ...... 1		
					' °7 ...... 15 ...... 4 13 13 ., .. j 8 ...... 12 ...... 10 3					oo 1 28 |..... 14 | 1 8 !...... 4 ......					
							33								
1							2 1	9 13 5 24 n							3 4
										20 ......' 12 !..... io _____' is !					1
															
							1 8 ......! 1 38 11			6 1	1				
											l___. . i •*				
				10 i ! 20 1 i..... 9						30 ...... 15.......j 192 17 !......1 17 '......j 95 88 ...... 62 ......' 499					
															
■	All other diseases.......... Total..............			38 1......' 56 !...... 135											2
		3,597	35	797 1 4 1 oqn j 4.1 \:>.-,					11						69
-- _______	L							'				| '			
150-----s 
 
CALIFORNIA.
                                 SOUTHEBN DIVISION.

    Following  the plan  adopted in the  statistical  report of 1856, viz: that of classifying the
 military stations into regions having similar climatological features, the  posts on the Pacific
 slope will be considered in three subdivisions—Southern, Middle, and Northern.  The first two
 include the whole State of California, the Southern being  all that portion lying south of the
 thirty-seventh  parallel of latitude, and the Middle the portion north of that line.  The Northern
 Division embraces the State of Oregon and Washington Territory.
    In the southern division the troops have been stationed, during the five years ending January
 1, 1860, at Forts Yuma, Mojave, Tejon, Miller, and at  New San Diego.
    For the medical  topography and diseases of Fort Yuma, San Diego, Fort Miller, and  of
 Monterey, and other stations in this region that  were formerly occupied, the report of  1856 may
 be consulted.

                     SANITARY REPORTS—FORT MOJAVE, NEW MEXICO.*
                       Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau:  July and December, 1859.

    Fort Mojave, New Mexico, in latitude 35° 06' N.,  longitude 114° 31' W., is situated on a
 gravel bluff on the east bank of  the Colorado river,  four hundred miles  from its mouth, near the
 head of the Mojave valley,  and at the point known as "Beale's Crossing."
    The post is  built on the edge of an elevated desert plateau seventy-five feet above the river.
 This plateau is hemmed in by rocky and naked hills, and forms a basin fifty miles long by twenty
 wide.  The Colorado river  winds its way through this basin, forming the Mojave valley, a bottom
 thirty-five miles in length, and averaging from one to four miles in width.   The whole country,
 with the exception of this narrow strip of bottom land, is a perfect waste, without either water or
 vegetation, and the climate is characterized by excessive heat, extreme dryness, strong winds,
 (hot in summer, cold in winter,) hurricanes, sand storms, and whirlwinds.   There is  no rainy
 season; but, during August and July, very heavy showers of rain, with thunder and lightning,
 fall in the neighboring hills, while but a few drops fall near the  site of the post.  The bottom
 lands are covered with cottonwood, mesquite, willow, underbrush, and grass, and are annually
 overflowed in June.  The soil of the  bottoms is apparently quite  fertile, but in many places  is
 covered with an efflorescence of the salts of soda,  which is very destructive to garden vegetation.
 The Indians  raise crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, melons, &c, but  they plant  in  detached
 patches carefully selected, always tasting the earth before putting in the seed.
   The Colorado expedition, under command of Brevet  Lieutenant Colonel Hoffman, was broken
 up on  the 26th of April, and companies F and  I, Sixth Infantry, and a detachment  of Third
 Artillery, were  kept at this point to establish a permanent camp and to build such quarters as

  ' Although Fort Mojave is geographically in New Mexico, it is so far west of other military stations in that Territory, and
so close to the boundary of California, that its statistics have been included in the abstract and tables for Southern California
The post is in the military department of California. 
236
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
the resources of the country would admit of; but the  command was  ill provided to effect this,
being on half rations of flour, beans, and rice, very scantily supplied with clothing and bedding,
without tents or paulins, and entirely out of tobacco and of other extras.  Notwithstanding these
small privations, the men went to work cheerfully; and, there being no wagons at the  post, they
were obliged to carry on  their backs for a distance of over  one mile  nearly all the material
required to erect the  necessary huts; to add to their difficulties, the river overflowed the bottom
and the weather became excessively hot.
    The quarters, storehouses, kitchens, guard-house, and the hospital are now completed; they
are large brush  sheds inclosed with a basket-work of young willows and a thatching of brush,
put on in such a manner as to exclude the sun and to admit of a free circulation of air, but with
every precaution and keeping  the floor constantly  wet,  the temperature will rise to 120°
sometimes.
    A fine adobe bake-oven supplied the post with excellent bread.
    The roads leading to this place are very bad, passing  over  rocky and desert wastes deficient
in water and grass, rendering it very difficult and enormously expensive to keep it supplied with
rations.  Owing to the high water  and the strong current, the steamboats have failed to reach
this point with the men's  clothing, the  camp and garrison equipage, &c,  left at Fort Yuma ;
consequently the command is at present very ragged and  nearly naked, the majority of the men
being barefooted.
    The extreme heat, the overflowed bottoms,  the hard labor in the  sun and in water, the half
ration, the deficiency  of clothing and of bedding, &c, all combined, constituted a prolific  cause
of disease, which will more than account for the large number of sick during the last two months.
The diseases as a general rule yielded readily to the  ordinary treatment; but  the  debilitating
effects of the climate and a scorbutic taint pervaded the whole command, and protracted  indef-
initely  the period  of convalescence.

                                                                    Fort Mojave,
                                                                       December, 1859.
    In connection with the quarterly report of  sick and wounded at this post  for the quarter just
ending, I have the honor to make the following remarks:
    During the quarter the troops have been engaged in rebuilding the post, and have completed
the following buildings, viz: A hospital, consisting  of a ward twenty-five feet square, with a
dispensary and a storeroom  of twelve feet by sixteen each; two  sets of men's quarters, each
seventy-five  feet by twenty-five,  with  orderly  rooms and storerooms; four   sets  of officers'
quarters, and a guard-house; all of which are now occupied.   The houses are  built of cotton-
wood pickets, placed upright, and chinked with  mud, with roofs  and floors  of dirt, making
comfortable temporary quarters for this climate.
    The  privations and the diseases incidental to the  establishment  of  this  post, together with
the extreme and long continued  hot weather,  produced an  enfeebled condition of health in the
whole command, rendering  the troops  obnoxious to disease, and  peculiarly  sensitive to the
effects of a low temperature; hence, when in  October  and November the thermometer fell,
though only to 32°, the sick report was greatly increased, especially by cases of. affections of the
bowels.  The too  early occupation of the  new barracks  was another fruitful cause of disease,
although weeks were  allowed for  these quarters to  dry, and  large  fires were kept up day and
night, still a great deal of moisture must have remained latent in the walls and in the  floors
and its gradual evaporation after occupation operated as the exciting cause of dysentery and of
diarrhoea in those whose constitutions had been enfeebled by the above mentioned causes.   These
cases presented a marked tendency to prostration and  to  relapse, yielding reluctantly to  treat-
ment.   Of the four deaths, three occurred in individuals  already prostrated by previous disease,
and the remaining one in an old man, naturally weak. 
AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN CALIFORNIA.
237
    Now that the troops are well sheltered and properly clad, and that the post will hereafter be
adequately supplied with provisions, the health of the command must improve.
    Since friendly relations have  been  established with  the Mojave Indians, venereal  diseases
have commenced to appear in the command,  and, judging from  the  loose  and  mercenary
manners of these  Indians, I  fear  that these diseases  will form a large class  in  future sick
reports.
    Venereal  existed in the  Mojave nation prior to  the establishment of this  post, and was
introduced among them in their intercourse with the Yuma Indians.
DISEASES
   The abstract and tables for Southern California cover a period of eleven years, from January,
1849.
                 TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
First quarter....
Second quarter.
Third quarter..
Fourth quarter.
Quarters.
Annual ratio.
Mean strength.
4,015
4,167
3,829
3,448
3,865
Number treated.
Deaths.
2,033
2,419
2,084
1,603
8,139
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
12
23
18
17
70
Treated.
506
580
544
465
2,105
Died.
3
5.5
4.7
5
18
    The annual proportion of cases of disease to the number of officers and men in this region is
2.10 to 1, and the corresponding ratio of deaths 1 in 55.25, or 1.8 per cent.   The proportion of
deaths to cases treated is 1 to 116.27,  or 0.86 per cent.
FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength,
Febris continua communis......
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana.....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens...................
Febris typhus et typhoides.....
Febris typhus icterodes.........
4,015
Cases. Deaths
Total,
 18
 88
 36
  3
 19
  2
  0

ICG
SECOND.     THIRD.
4,167
Cases. Death
1	29	0
o	97	0
0	45	0
0	0	0
0	32	0
0	34	6
0	0	0
3,829
Cases. Deaths
3,448
Cases. Deaths
237
32
89
24
 0
49
201
21
46
12
 6
3,865
Cases. Dcatlis
100
320
117
  9
108
 45
  0
95
 2
 0
 0
 0
 1
10
 0
c «
= to
lin 50
0 in 320
0 in 117
Oin  9
1 in 108
lin  4.
Oin  0
699 i   13    1 in  54
o a
c g
o <«
z o
 25.8
 82.7
 30.2
  2.3
 28
 11.3
  0

180.y 
238                    REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   In the quarter ending June 30, 1858, there were at Fort Yuma, twenty-three  cases of febris
typhoides, of which three proved fatal, in a command of two hundred and  thirty officers and
enlisted men.   In respect to this disease, Assistant Surgeon George Hammond made the following
report:
   "The unusual mortality among the troops at this post during the past quarter  is attributable
to but one cause, viz:  their transfer from a comparatively cold  climate to one so  much warmer
and  more debilitating, just  at the commencement of the warm season.  In  the  latter part of
February, of this year, there arrived here about one hundred recruits, all  or  most  of them
enlisted in the East, sent out from there in winter, and immediately forwarded to a station where
existed a temperature then almost as great as ever  occurs in the countries from which they came.
This could not have failed to produce much sickness.
   "In April, two companies, one just from the  mild or cool coast of Oregon, the other from
the mild and equable climate of San Diego, were marched across  the desert, where had already
commenced the burning heat of summer, to this post.  The latter company (I, Third Artillery)
had been here previously, but in it were many new men who  had not been here before.   It has
been among these recruits and new comers that all the cases of typhoid fever have  occurred.  Of
the twent}^ or  more recruits who were brought here in November last, no  cases of the kind
occurred.   It  is reasonable then to suppose that the  introduction of these  men,  at the  season
referred to, has been the sole cause of the unusual prevalence of this disease.   The  quarters have
been, as heretofore, clean and commodious.   The fare, also, plentiful and healthy as usual.   The
duties  of the troops, also, as formerly,  the ordinary duties  of  soldiers in  garrison, and their
habits the same as usually found among soldiers."
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength,
Cholera Asiatica.....
Diarrhoea...............
Dysenteria acuta.....
Dysenteria chronica.
Enteritis...............
Hepatitis acuta.......
Hepatitis chronica...
Obstipatio..............
4,015
4,167
3,829
3,448
Cases.
  0
202
 39
  6
  2
  2
  1
All other diseases of this class.......   56
Total..................................  405
Deaths. Cases.
  0
339
 89
  3
  4
  1
  0
158
113

707
Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.
0	0	0	0
2	277	2	204
2	54	2	21
3	3	0	8
1	3	0	2
0	1	0	1
0	1	0.	3
0	135	0	90
3,865
99
573
76
405
   0
1,022
 203
  20
  11
   5
   5
 480
 344

2,090
Deaths
 0
10
 5
 4
 3
 0
 0
 0
 1

23
Oin  0
1 in 102
lin 51
lin  5
lin  4
Oin  5
Oin  5
0 in 480
1 in 344

lin 91
§ es
o S
z o
  0
264
 52.5
  5.1
  2.8
  1.2
  1.2
124
 89

540 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN CALIFORNIA.
239
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
									YEAR.		Proportion of deaths to cases.	s
												1-1 "c
	4,015		4,167		3,829		3,448		3,865			7" B
												'£ r;
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o •_ Z o PS
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica.........	19 246 10 17 3 4	0 0 2 0 o 0	23 156 3 15 8 6	0 0 3 1 0 0	6 109 2 10 1 3	0 0 1 0 1 0	17 174 4 8 5 4	1 0 3 0 0 0	65 685 19 50 17 17	1 0 9 1 3 0	lin 65 0 in 685 lin 2.1 lin 50 lin 6 Oin 17	16.8
												177
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................												4.9 12.9
Pneumonia................................												4.4
												4.4
Total...............................	299	4	211	4	131	2	212	4	853	14	lin 61	220
Rheumatismu s...........................	132	2	111	0	87	0	120	0	450	2	1 in 225	116
												
                                NORTHERN DIVISION.

   The troops in the Northern Division  of California have  more or less permanently occupied
the following  stations:  Presidio de San Francisco, Alcatraz Island,  Benicia Barracks, Forts
Humboldt, Crook, Reading, G-aston, and  Ter-Waw.
   The medical topography of several of these stations has been described in the statistical report
of 1856.  The  only sanitary reports of special interest  from stations in  this region are the
following from Forts Crook and Jones:
SANITARY REPORT—FORT CROOK.
Assistant Surgeon C. G. Hollenbush: September, 1857.
    Fort Crook is situated at an elevation of about 3,500 feet (I have no means of determining
the true altitude) above the level of the sea, in a prairie  valley of some ten miles in extent, and
surrounded on all sides by mountains of considerable height.
    Two rivers flow through the valley, the one, Pitt river, entering through a deep canon, in
the east,  flows southward; the other,  Fall river, heads,  by  two very large springs,  in  the
northern part, flows southeast and falls into Pitt  river just  before leaving the valley.   In the
northeastern part is a lake, of several miles  in extent, that communicates  with Fall river by
means of  a deep slough.
    In comparison to the extent of the surface of water in the valley there is very little  that is
of a marshy character;  and what  marsh there is,  I think,  is rendered harmless, in a sanitary
point of view, by the uncommon freshness of the water.  The post is located within the edge of
a pine wood, one  hundred yards from the bank of Fall river, and at a distance of eight miles
above its junction.   The river rises, by two springs, two miles above the post, abruptly from
among a mass of pedrigal.   One of the springs is an object of curiosity and of singular beauty,
evidently having  been at one time the crater of a volcano.   It is of circular form, some thirtv
feet in diameter, as many in depth, and pours its  water over the top in quite a river  which is
very cold and almost as transparent as the air.  The climate  here is temperate, salubrious, very
pleasant, and, to all prospect, very healthy.  Since  our arrival there has not been  any rain within
the valley sufficient to lay the dust, although on three different occasions severe thunder showers 
240                    REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
have passed over our heads and all around us, raining heavily upon the mountains.  For some
days after these rains the air would be quite cold, and I have been informed that in the adjoining
valleys the rains were accompanied by severe hail storms, followed by heavy frost.   During
July and August the sun beats very hot in the middle of the day; but  Mount Shasta, that, at
a distance of  some sixty miles to the northwest, rears its snowy peak among the clouds, sends
us, in the afternoon, a cool breeze from that quarter, so that, instead of the cold, moist wind of
the coast, or  the  scorching air of the Sacramento valley,  there is  here a delightful  medium.
The nights are cool throughout the summer.   If there will be any one prevailing disease, it will
be a mild form of intermittent fever.   The cases that  are upon the  "sick report" can  scarcely
be attributed to this place, but would rather  attribute their origin to the time the company of
dragoons was quartered at Fort Reading.  That, however, it may have an origin here is proved
by the case of an Indian girl who was taken prisoner and who, some days after her arrival, was
taken with a  mild intermittent.   The company of dragoons is employed in building quarters,
the company  of Fourth  Infantry in scouting against the Indians, and all are, as yet, quartered
in tents.  In  hospital accommodations I am confined  to  a  hospital tent, using it  both for
dispensary and ward purposes.  In a  few weeks the  hospital will be finished, in which there
will be four rooms, each sixteen feet square,  and a wide hall,  extending through the building,
thus giving me ample  rooms for dispensary, kitchen,  and  two wards;  and if I receive  for
hospital steward whom  I  had the honor to recommend  to  you, the hospital arrangements for
the post will  be in an excellent condition.
   The commissary stores of the  post being of very good quality and supply, consequently, the
diet of the men is good.   The water is unsurpassed, being supplied by the spring spoken of
above.
   Clothing is ample, and the general cleanliness of the men very good.   Intemperance is more
than ordinarily a prevailing evil.

                              SANITARY REPORT—FORT JONES.
                          Assistant Surgeon Charles C. Keeney : October, 1856.

   In latitude 41° 35' 56" N., longitude 122° 52' W., and  on the eastern slope of the "Coast
range" of mountains, extending eastwardly towards the Sierra Nevada,  is an oval basin, thirty
miles long by six wide,  known  as Scott's Valley.   The southern as well as  the northern
extremity of  this  valley are bounded by two  high ranges  of  mountains, the connecting links
between the Coast range and the Sierra Nevada.   That range  bounding the northern extremity
is a spur of the Coast range, while that bounding the southern extremity is Scott's mountain
being some 8,000 feet above the level of the ocean, while the valley has an altitude of nearly
3,000 feet above the level of the sea.
   From a bird's-eye view of the geological characteristics of the surrounding country, one is led
to believe that its  origin is of rather recent date.  On some of the mountains there are fresh
appearances of scoria?, and in the crater of one  of the neighboring mountains, sulphurous ebulli-
tions are distinctly visible.  The pedrigal at the base of the mountains and in the small valleys
appears to have  undergone  but  little change, and is generally  covered  with an exceedingly
young growth of timber.  The character of the soil of this valley is principally  argillaceous and
arenaceous.   The  former  presents  a  reddish  appearance, and holds, in  combination, minute
pebbles, and the latter is composed chiefly of micaceous matter.
   With plenty of moisture and sufficient heat this peculiar soil would bring forth as  delicious
and luxuriant vegetables and fruits as the richest vegetable  mould of the prairie lands of Iowa.
   The valley is watered by a small stream that takes its rise in  Scott's  mountain, meandering
through  the  valley, and finally discharging itself in the  Klamath river.  The water of this
stream,  (Scott's river,) as  it comes dashing and foaming down the mountain, is cold, clear, and 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  CALIFORNIA.
241
delicious; but as it winds its way through the valley  it takes up the loose soil and becomes
impregnated with rank, decomposed, vegetable matter,  rendering it exceedingly disagreeable to
the taste, as well as depositing on its banks its miasmatic poison, and affording the inhabitants
sufficient cause for their autumnal and vernal ailments.
    Fort Jones is situated  at the northern extremity of the  valley, on a gentle slope of the
mountain, and in a pine grove; it was established in the fall of 1852 by a company of dragoons.
The post is built in the form of a square, with the front opening out on the valley, while the
rear is covered by mountains.  The soldiers' barracks, and a portion of the officers' quarters, are
built of logs—ceiled and plastered externally.   The rooms are capacious, well ventilated, and
commodious.  The  commanding officer's and surgeon's quarters are of more recent  structure,
and are frame buildings.  Each set  of quarters is  separate  and distinct from the other, and
sufficient ground intervening between each to afford ample  room for garrison purposes and for
ventilation.
    The locality of  the post is  well adapted  to the protection of the inhabitants from Indian
depredations, it being the central point, around which roam the fiercest and most warlike bands
of Indians that inhabit the  Pacific coast.
    On  the  west, extending from  the post  to the Pacific, and inhabiting the banks of the
Klamath river, are from  fifteen hundred  to two thousand  warriors  of remarkable physical
strength, and of great bravery.  It is said of these warriors, that six in ten will measure six
feet in height.   At the north  and in Southern Oregon, within a few days march of this post,
were recently.the Rogue River Indians, who, in point of bravery, have proved themselves equal
to regular troops, man for  man.  This last tribe, during the  past  summer, was removed to a
reservation in the northern part of Oregon, but should  their warlike propensities again become
aroused by the usual encroachments of the white man, they will seek their old hunting grounds
on  Rogue river, and recommence  their accustomed depredations on the inhabitants of that
valley.
    On the east of the post, and within a few days' march,  are several thousands of Indians, of
less warlike nature, but more treacherous.   Among these tribes  the Murdocs abound, and are
more dreaded by the settlers and emigrants than any other band east of the post.   The Murdocs
number about eight hundred.
    The reservation that this post commands, has had about three hundred  and fifty under
protection.  They are of the Shasta tribe,  a tribe that  has  been humbled and subdued princi-
pally by the Murdoc bands.  The few that now remain are fast dwindling  away, both by disease
and by the hand of the white assassin.  They are rationed by the  government, and their sick
attended by the post surgeon.   The diseases prevalent  among  the Indians on this reservation,
(as well as on others, as I am inclined to think,) are dysentery and pneumonia.
    When Indians are forced on  reservations their whole physical and moral natures undergo a
complete change.   First, it is humiliating and  a source of great mortification to an Indian to
be  deprived of  his  rifle  or arrows, and to be  confined  to certain  limits.   He feels himself a
prisoner, and deprived of his dearest rights; his  spirit is broken; and, with the change of diet
and of wearing apparel, and being deprived in a great measure of his natural exercise, disease
takes hold of him and he sinks under it.   As a general thing, deprive an Indian of  his accus-
tomed  exercise,  and give him plenty  of beef  and flour, he  takes  the dysentery; and when he
changes his wearing apparel, laying  aside the open blanket and putting on the white man's
tight coat, and  lies down to sleep, his lungs  take  on disease, and if he does not die with acute
pneumonia, his lungs  soon become full of tubercles.
    Lues venerea, seems to be unknown among the various bands in this  vicinity;  while in the
southern part  of this State, on  the borders of Mexico, this disease, in all its protean  forms, is
fast decimating  the Indian race.  Two causes may be ascribed  for this: First, the  Spaniards
have freely circulated among the southern Indians, from the middle of the sixteenth century to
             31----s 
242
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
 the present time, and have as freely sown broadcast the seeds of this disease on the soil of the
 aborigines.  Secondly, the  old  Spaniard seldom visited this northern soil, and if he ever did,
 this colder  and purer climate rendered the virus less infectious, and more readily to give way
 under the influence of natural causes.
    The  system of medication that the  northern Californian Indian practices differs materially
 from the  common routine of practice  of  the  Indians east of  the  Rocky mountains.  They
 neither resort to the animal,  vegetable, or  mineral kingdom for a cure.   Their philosophy of
 disease seems to be based upon  the idea that an evil  spirit  of some dead Indian steals into the
 body and locates itself,  and wherever the pain may be, there  this spirit is.   Their  system of
 therapeutics is perfectly comparable with their notions of pathology.   Their doctors are always
 females, and none are called to practice except those who are commissioned, as it  were,  by
 nature.  When a young squaw  chances to have a slight periodical hemorrhage from the mouth,
 or any other part than the natural channel, or, in other words, if she should have  vicarious
 menstruation, she is the one who forever after is destined to heal the sick.   The  young squaw
 is not at all covetous of her calling; she dreads her  profession, for, on her failure to effect a cure,
 she  loses her life.   Her art of medication  consists in working herself up into a mesmeric or
 hysterical condition and then,  making  gentle passes with her hand over the part diseased; and
 lastly, plunging  her  fists into the muscles of her prostrate  patient as if she really was
 determined to tear out and expel the dead Indian's evil spirit  in good earnest.   Then, again,
 the doctress throws  herself into a gladiatorial  position, being surrounded by a dozen or more
 bucks, who assist in the performance by chanting and howling like so many demons;  and then
 she throws herself with her whole might on her subject, clinching the part diseased, and if she
 is lucky she drags out the evil spirit (with a portion  of her patient's skin) and dashes it into a
 vessel of water, ready for  that  purpose.  If the patient is  satisfied that he is relieved of the
 dead Indian's spirit and the pain, all is right; but if the pain chances to return the poor squaw
 loses her head under the tomahawk.
    From the past and present  indications  it would seem that the aborigines of this  coast are
 fast becoming  extinct; and,  in spite of the fostering hand the government  extends  to them
 on the reservations,  they are,  nevertheless, rapidly dwindling away. The  Indians on  this
 reservation one  year ago numbered about three hundred  and fifty, but now no more  than one
 hundred and fifty are left.   The two hundred missing have been swept away, mostly, by disease.
 Not only this band alone  has thus  been  decimated by natural causes,  but the same is pretty
 much the case on  all other  reservations on this coast  and wherever the  light of civilization has
 dawned on  the dark  forest of the red man.  It would  seem, from  these  facts alone, that
 civilization is incompatible with the habits,  customs, and the nature of an Indian.   This course
 of things, however, is only obeying the common law of nature—that the weaker race must bow
 down and give way to the stronger and more intellectual.
    The  Indian, by nature, is not  capable  of following the intellectual pursuits  of the white
 man.  Education seems rather to enervate than  to strengthen his natural faculties.  Education
 will not instill in the red man notions inconsistent with his own.  He cannot be made to believe
 that the cultivation of the intellect is more  conducive to happiness and longevity than his own
 mode of life.  Again, the Indian  has  no inventive  faculty.   He cannot be  taught the most
 common uses of the implements of husbandry, (I am speaking of Californian Indians ;)  or, if he
 could be made to familiarize himself with such an inclination or desire,  it could not be instilled
 into him to apply them.  He is  a "child of nature"  in the strictest sense of  the word, and  as
 such he will die.   The Californian Indian has no idea of the "Great Spirit"  of other Indians
 and cannot  be made to believe it.   They have no  belief in a future existence, and ridicule the
very idea of the  body being troubled with such a thing as a soul.
   From the above facts on the consequences of the advancement of civilization in the Indian
territory, it would appear that the time is not far off  when the whole aboriginal family will be 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  CALIFORNIA.
243
 crushed under the rapid strides of civilization, and the day not distant when the Indian will
 only be known in history.
    The  climate of Fort Jones  may be regarded, on  the  whole, as  salubrious.  The line of
 demarkation between each of the four seasons of the year is conspicuously drawn.   The fall sets
 in about the middle of September, and continues with cool  nights and warm days  until the 1st
 of December, which is ushered in either by heavy  rains  or deep snows.   This continues, at
 intervals, until the middle of February, when the hills and valleys are clad in  verdure.  March
 and April come and go with warm days and cool nights, and not unfrequently accompanied with
 frosts.  June, July, and August, bring hot days, and, occasionally, a sultry night.  The highest
 point the mercury attains in summer is 98°, and the lowest point in winter,  (December,) 18°
 below zero.   The summer is  not always attended with a drought as in the southern part of the
 State.  A rain storm,  accompanied with thunder and lightning in July and August, is not an
 unfrequent occurrence.
    The most prevalent disease among  the troops, as  well as the  citizens, is intermitting  fever
 in some form.  The overflowing of the river banks, with the  rank vegetable  matter  that the
 water holds in combination, sufficiently accounts for this form of disease.
    Conjunctival ophthalmia is  the  next most  prevalent disease  among the citizens, and par-
 ticularly among the miners.   The inflammatory action of the conjunctiva is rather of the asthenic
 order, and but seldom the other tunics  of the eye sympathize with this inflamed membrane.
    Many causes have been ascribed as to the frequency of this disease in the  valley.  Some
 contend that it was brought on by ablutions in  alkaline waters, while others maintain  that its
 frequency is ascribable  to particles of rock  that  find their way into the eye during the mining
 operations.   From my own observations, I am inclined to ascribe the frequency of this form of
 ophthalmia to the peculiar rarified air and reflected light of the valley on the one part,  and the
 sudden transition from darkness  to light that the miner is subjected to in his daily avocation.
    The miners of this valley are  principally engaged in working under ground.   First  they
 sink a shaft until they reach the bed rock where the gold is imbedded ; they  then  drift under
 ground,  sometimes for a quarter  of a mile, following the gold lead and bed rock; then, at other
 times, they seek the gulches at  the base of the  mountains,  and when  they  strike the bed rock
 they drift in the mountain for hundreds of feet.   In these drifts they spend ten  hours out of the
 twelve of daylight, where it is as dark as night.   As  they emerge from these dark, but rich
 caverns, the bright, reflected light makes a serious impression on the organ of vision, and when
 repeated day after day the conjunctiva gives way to disease.
    The treatment this form of ophthalmia yields to is very simple.  A little  mass, hydrarg.,
 combined with small doses of quinine,  twice a  day, with a  weak solution of nitrate of silver,
 dropped into the eye two  or three times a day, generally suffice to restore the eye to a  healthy
 condition in a few days.
   In strumous habits, ulcers on the cornea are  prone  to form in a few days after the inflamma-
 tion sets in.   In this case, with the general treatment above adopted, and with  the assistance of
 an unguent, composed of almond oil and the oxyd of silver, applied to the ulcer twice a  day,
 generally effects a cure in the course of twelve or fifteen days.
   It is a notorious fact that when females from the Atlantic States arrive  on  this coast, those
 who have been barren for years,  and  those who have never borne children at  all, no sooner
 become  acclimated than  the uterine organs assume a new tone, and  conception immediately
follows.   This change of  the uterine functions is not temporary, but continuous, and the  once
sterile female may calculate with the greatest certainty that the end of every  eighteen months
 will bring an offspring.
   The  American cow,  after reaching this coast  from the plains, will bring a calf every ten or
eleven months, and this calf will bring  forth young when two years old.  Sheep  breed  twice a 
244
REPORT  ON  THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
year, and more frequently bring forth two at each birth than one.   Swine have five litters in two
years.
    If I were to advance an opinion of my own on this great procreative tendency of both man
and beast on this coast, I would attribute it in a great measure to  this  bland and stimulating
climate.  The  climate  has certainly the  effect, on females  who come here, of producing an
immoderate action of the catamenial functions; and on man, of arousing his dormant venereal
propensities.   But I will not attempt to offer any further cause for this, but will leave it for the
more scientific.
DISEASES
   The abstracts and tables of statistics for the  region now under consideration, Northern
California, embrace a period of eleven years, from January, 1849, to January, 1860.
                TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
	Mean strength.	Number treated.	Deaths.	Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.	
				Treated.	Died.
	3,932 3,496 3,874 4,110	2,221 2,334 3,310 3,024	17 13 105 44	562 667 854 735	4.3 3.7 27.1 10.7
					
					
					
					
	3,853	10,889	179	2,826	46 4
					
		10,729	99	2,784	25 6
					
    The annual proportion of cases of disease to the mean strength  of  the troops in northern
California is 2.82 to 1, and the  ratio of deaths 1 to 21.52, or 4.64 per cent.   The  proportion of
deaths to the number  of  cases  of disease is 1 to 60.83, or 1.64 per cent.   Exclusive of cholera,
the ratio of disease to the number of troops is 2.78 to 1; of deaths, 1 in  38.92, or 2.56 per cent;
and the proportion of deaths to  cases treated,  1 in 108.37, or  0.92 per cent.
                                           FEVERS.
Gluarters.
Strength,
3,932
Diseases.
Cases. |Deaths.
3,496
Cases. Deaths
3,874
Cases. Deaths
4,110
Cases. Deaths.
3,853
Cases. Deaths
Febris congestiva........................'   0
Febris continua communis............j   3
Febris intermittens quotidiana......  297
Febris intermittens tertiana ..
Febris intermittens quartana.
Febris remittens.................
Febris typhus et typhoides...
Febris typhus icterodes.......
172
  8
 61
Total...............................   543
  0
  3
326
215
  3
 45
  0
  0

592
  1
 20
852
341
 10
115
 24
  0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
10
 0
3  ! 1,363 i  11
  0
  3
556
241
  3
123
  9
  0

935
   1
  29
2,031
 969
  24
 344
  35
   0
 0
 1
 1
 0
 0
 3
17
 0
7  3,433   22
Oin    1
lin    29
1 in 2,031
0 in   969
Oin
lin
lin
Oin

lin
 24
115
  2
  0

156
  0.2
  7.5
527
251
  6.2
 89
  9
  0

890 
AMONG THE  TROOPS IN CALIFORNIA.
245
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
											o	© ■
											3 ! "? «	
	3,932		3,496		3,874		4,110		3,853		13 •■ I r" £	
											c & c c o	v a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths,	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		.2 <~ S °
	0 162 13 3 0 2 0 88 87	0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1	0 216 46 9 0 1 0 85 70	0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0	160 456 75 1 0 0 3 119 100	80 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3	0 231 69 1 0 3 6 65 95	0 6 2 5 0 0 0 0 4	160 1,065 203 14 0 6 9 357 352	80 11 3 7 0 0 0 0 8	lin 2 1 in 97 1 in 68 lin 2 Oin 0 Oin 6 Oin 9 0 in 357 lin 44	
												276 5° 6
Dysenteria acuta.........................												
Dysenteria chronica....................												3 6
												o
												1 5
												2.3 92 6
Obstipatio..................................												
												91.3
Total................................	355	5	427	2	914	85	470	17	2,166	109	lin 20	562
												
									2,006	29	lin 69	520
				1								
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
											o ■5 « •a o c o o a. o	a. o	o ©
													h5
	3,932		3,496		3,874		4,110		3,853				a to
													%-. *o
Diseases.	Cases. Deaths,		Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.			o S o <« Z O
	11 24] 5 12 12 11	0 0 2 0 1 0	42 161 7 9 3 9	0 0 2 0 0 0	13 118 2 11 1 6	0 0 2 0 0 0	18 301 7 11 4 9	1 0 3 0 0 1	84 821 21 43 20 35	1 0 9 0 1 1	lin Oin lin Oin lin lin	84 821 2.3 43 20 35	21.8 213 5.4 11 5.2 9
													
													
													
													
All other diseases of this class.......													
	292	3	231	2	151	2	350	5	1,024	12	lin	85	265
													
	139	0	104 0		112	0	150	0	505	0	Oin	505	131
													
 
 
ABSTKACTS
PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS
OCCURRINa AMONG THE TROOPS
CALIFORNIA. 
248
  REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
							FIRST QUARTER.								
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,744.		339.		392.		475.		486.		579.		4,015.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	5 44 25 3 13	1			8 5 .3				5 5 2				18 88 36 3 19 2	1
				2				16 2				11 2			
						2		4							
				2											
															
					......										
					......										
															
rUP1VCeVer9.........1															
															
															
		67 26 4	3	12				11 4 2 1		51 5		43 2		202 39 6 2 2 1 97 56 19 246 10 17 3 4 11 25 5 6 13 121 3 66 30 59	3
						9									
Diseases of the organs															
				1	1										
gestive system.		1								1 1 11 4 2 46 1 2					
					......1......										
		22 20 3 101 7 5 2 4 4 6 1 3 9 14 2 13 14 21	1 1	1 7 1 10	i,			12 8 1 35 2 1 1	1 1			40 10 10 33			
						7 2 21									
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															
				2		5						2			
															2
															
						2 1 1 1		2 8 1 1 2 29		1 5		2 1 2			
				4											
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.				1 1 10											
										1 17					
						15						36 1 25 1 14			
															
Diseases of the urinary						7 1 7		9 6 9		9 8 8					
and genital organs.			......												
															
Diseases of the serous j															
and exhalent vessels, <															
Diseases of the fibrous (															
and muscular struc-1							1								
tures 1		53 1 37 16 10	2	7		4		20 2 14		26		22		132 3 86 44 15 1 107	2
f															
Abscesses and ulcers....-{ 1			! 9 ..... 2			9 4 1				10 4 1		7 13			
							......i 1								
		1 28													
			i in			5 1 1	......' 21 ...... 1 1			15		28 6			
		3 ...... 1													
		2 5 6												3 i 5I...... 54 42 ! 36 ! 8 8 1 6 14 ! 10 4	
Wounds and injuries.... •							'<								
			■ 3			5 6 10 1 I		9 2 1 1 1		13 6 4 4		18 10 8			
		11 ! 1 2 9 1..., 1 3 1 ......1 1													
															
															
		4 3 5 3 1	!								1	2			
r										2 6					
			j									5 2			
			......1.......			4		1							
			1							1					
			..... a		, ,1 2 ...... 3			3 3 2		3 10		9 13 1			
		10 17		2											
														20 j......	
					1										
		67	A		......| 6			23	......! 26 j......1 26					......i......	
	Total.................														
		733 R		116	1	182							■■ ' ■		
												*uo	......	2,1)33	1U
 
                         AMONG THE TROOPS IN CALIFORNIA.




AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
249
				SECOND QUARTER.											
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,843.		299.		471.		479.		522.		553.		4,	167.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases. Died. 1 1			Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana.... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	2 50 33				12 4 5		1 14 1				1-1 14		29 97 45	
				5 6						10					
															
		6 1		2 4	1	8 6	2	3				13		32 34	
	Febris typhus et typhoides..									23	3				6
															
		1				1		1		1				4	
															
									,						
															
															
															
		162 40	2	12		46 10	1	28 13		23 17	1 1	68 9 2	2	339 89 3 4 1	2 2
Diseases of the organs				1											3
connected with the di-.						4 1	1								1
gestive system.															
															
		43 47 2 85	1	9 9		22 18 10 14 1 2		19 13		22 8		43 18 11 8 1 1 1 2	1 1	158 113 23 156 3 15 8 6 20 12, 1 14 21 89 1 36 36 48	
1															1
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
1			1	10				17		22 1 2	1				
Diseases of the respira- | tory system.															3
		10 7 3 15 4 1 6 14 37 1 15 15 19													1
							............								
										1					
r						5									
Diseases of the brain and J				1				4		2		1			
															
						2 3 16				4		2 1 13			
1				3 10											
								4		9					
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.															
				1 2 4		1		6 9		11 10 4		1 3 8			
															
						4									
Diseases of the serous r															
and exhalent vessels. (		1	1					3						4	
Diseases of the fibrous |															
and muscular struc- -j		1 41 1 65 19 4 2 38 4 1 2 10 13 5 3 4 4 6 3 6 29 27										1 12		2 111 1 127 40 13 2 79 5 1 2	
tures. [				3		9		18		28					
r															
Abscesses and ulcers.... J I				8 1 1		16 6 1		9 7		20 1 4		9 6 3			
															
															
				3		4 1		13		11		10			
															
								1							
Wounds and injuries.....					!										
				3 1 1	...... 5 ...... 3 .. . 9			7 3 5 2		7 2 6 3 1 2 6 6		15 6 9			
													22		
						3								13	
			1	......1......								1 8 1			1
c				! .				1 1 2 1					...... 15 ...... 16		
				4 3	\										
					____1 A \										
				i 1										4	
				...... ...... 3 3 ...... 6 ...... ...... 45					1 4						
							i 4 ......! i					15 64 29 ......' 102			
															
		114	1	6 11											
															-
			7	116 1 314 1 4				255 j,. 317 6				388 ' 5 2.419			23
3'2-	---s														
 
250
REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
No. 1.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
	i i	THIRD QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,591.		355.		470.		517.		348.		548.		3,829.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.	
	Febris continua communis..	5 57 17		6 5 1		12 4 2				6 o		3 16 4		32 ____	
								5						89 24	
	Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens............ Febris typhus et typhoides..														
		21 1	1	4 5		8		2				14		49 7	
										1	1				o
															
f										1				1	
								i							
i															
								i							
									..... 1... .						
f															
		120 13 1	1	46 8	1	37 14 2 3		22 4		10 2		42 13	1 1	277 54 3 1 1 1 135 99 6 109 2 10 1 3 23 20 4 27 13 72 3 39 13 33	2
															
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di- ■															
gp.stive system.		1 1 3y 39 3 47 1 5													
															
				19 14		27 11		17 12	.......	10 4		23 19 3			
{															
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1	17 1		6		15		14					
Diseases of the respira-															1
tory system.						2		1		2					
			1	1											
[		1 19 7 1 13 3 50 1 15 6 13				2 3 2									
Diseases of the brain and 1										1					
			1 1	5 2 I 3 5				6							
												1 8 2 7 2 10 2 2			1
						4 5 5				1					
[							2								3
r								4		1					
															
Diseases of the urinary j						2 1 2		5 2 2		7 2 8					
and genital organs.															
[				6											
Diseases of the serous <															
		3						1						4	
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struck															
t i		24 1 74 21 1 1 44 9 2		15		16		10		11		11		87 1 179 54 4 1 123 4 6	
f															
I				14 7		22		18 11 1		12 3 1		39 12			
						1									
															
				10		21 1		22		7		19 1 2			
															
				1				1							
Wounds and injuries.... ■															
		8 11 6 5 1 20		5 4 1 1	1	5 4 7 2 I		4 1 2		3 1		6 8 8 5		31 29 24 14 6 36 16 20 2 53 45 28	
															
															
										1 1 3 1 1					
								3 1 1	1						1 1
f			1									12 4 8			
		3		5 3		2 1									1
															
		1 10						1 2 9 12							
				1 1		26 5 1						14 9 6			
		17 '...... R; i								4 3					
															1
		79	2			6		28		18		23		164	
	Total................			......											2
		847	10	227	2	275	2	225	1	142	1	368	2	2,084	
_															18
 
                         AMONG THE TROOPS IN CALIFORNIA.




AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
251
	j	FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856. 1 R-^7				1858.		1859.			
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,650.		364.		438.		375.		321.		300.		3,448.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases. Died.		Cases	Died.
												1 1			
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	2 26 10 2 4		5 1 1 4	1	2 10 1		2 7		10 2				21	1
												!		46 12	
											!				
									......1"""						
														6 fi	
					1 1	3		|				1 i......			l
	Febris typhus et typhoides..			2							1	......' .....' 2 2			
								[							
						1		!						It...	
															
														1	
										;					
											1		..... i......		
															
		99 7 3	2	10 3 1 1	1	28 3	1	23 6	......	20 1		24 1 4	......1 204 ...... 21 1 «		
															
Diseases of the organs connected with the di- ■															
						1	1							2 1 3 90 76 17	1
										1					
						2 25 16 2 47 1 1		1 17 9							
		17 24 3 41 1 3 4 2	o	12 5 2 8 2 1 1					1	10 ! 9 14 «					
r	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica									10 15	j				
								52				11			
Diseases of the respira- j tory system.													1 t		
								1		1		1			
														5 4 5 30 7 15 5 48	
						2 2 11 1 8 1 R									
				1 3 1 2	1			1 5		......		1 1 1			
		9 4 5 3 23	1							1					1
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.															
												1 6	1		
Diseases of the urinary ] and genital organs. 1				1				7		3					~
															
		15 5 18		2		3		8 6 3		9 3 3		3 1 1		40 15 42	
I				5		12									
Diseases of the serous (															
and exhalent vessels. I															
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc-1															
tures. [		44		12		19		16	......	22		7		120	
r															
Abscesses and ulcers.... 1		43 14 3		11 4		16		6 7 3		8 3		2 2		86	
r						1								7 1......	
															
		48 4 1		11		20		16	.....i 6		......	9			
														no :...... 4 ...... 3	
	Luxatio...................			1		1 1 6 4 3									
Wounds and injuries.... J									1 |					1	
		15 10 9 1 3 5 5 6 1 :i 10 6 30		4 6 2 1 1 2 8 6				7 4 1 1							
									...... 2 :::::: :		...... j				
											...... 5				
														41 5 ......	
						1 1 4 3									
								1 7 1							
									i i						
									...... 1 '...... a ...... 27 ......						
									......! 4 !...... 4 ......					24 1	
				3 2		2 4 2 16									
	Morbi oculi...........							7				I ......			
	Scorbutus .............									6	...... a ......			31 1...... 14 ......	
I	All other diseases..........			6				17							
										23 ......! o ,...... 98 i......					
	Total............	591	5	154	5	295	2	242	1	203	l	118	3	1.60 3	17
 
252
 REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,518.		395.		276.		459.		593.		691.		3,932.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris typhus et typhoides..	o 181 89 7 45 2										1 16 6		3 297 172 8 61 2	
				32 13 1		41 14		9 30		18 20					
								1		8		7			
			1												1
															
		2 2												2 2	
															
															
				i											
															
															
		88 | 3 5 ...... 3 1		6 2		6 2		11 1		9 2		42 1		162 13 3	3
Diseases of the organs															1
connected with the di- ■															
gestive system.		2												2	
															
		29				2 3		8 9		7 35		42 20 5 72 2 1 1 2 2 3 1	1 1	88 87 11 241 5 12 12 11 12 34 5 5 11 72 3 42 18 26	
		11 6 116 1 3 5 8 4 24 2 3 8 5 2 1 11 6		9	1										1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
			1	13		5 1 3 2		11		24 1 4 3	1				
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															2
							1	1 1 I							
															1
															
I				1		1 1				4 3 I 2					
								3 1							1
Diseases of the brain and j															1
nervous system.															
1			1			2 4		1 8							1
[ Diseases of the urinary!				10						21 1 9 4 7		24			
															
				5		2		5				20 3 6			
and genital organs.															
1				2		2		3							
Diseases of the serous <															
and exhalent vessels. 1										1		4		1 4	
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc--)															
lures. 1		61		3		9				27		30		139	
r															
Abscesses and ulcers...., [	Phlegmon et abscessus.....	28 14 9		4 3		5 4 1		4 5		16 7 4		21 9 2		78 42 16	
r															
															
		33 4 1 3 3 25 2 3 4 8 24 7 3 5 6 15 1 54		10 1		6 2		9 1		18 1 2	1	20 4 1 1 21 13 10 3 1 2 19 2		96 13 4 4 40 63 21 7 7 14 65 14 4 17 26 17 1 106	1
															
Wounds and injuries															
				3 6 1		1 2		7 5		5 12 8					
															
															v
						1									
				1				1							
						4 5 2									
				1 3				10		6					
															
								1	1						
			2 1 1	1 4				1 2		6 4		4 9 2			
						1									
															2 1
															
				5 1......		9		2		12					
	Total.................														
		986	11	140	1	143	1	161		312	o ..„ 1 „ l~™.				17
											2	4/3	2		
 
                        AMONG THE TROOPS IN CALIFORNIA.




AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
253
		SECOND QUARTER.													
CLASSES OF DIS-		1849 to 1854.		1855.		, 1856.		1857.		1858. [ 1859. 1 Total.					
EASES.		1,	174.	434.		209. 346. i				459. 574. 3, ! i					196.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.: Died.		! ! ■ Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases					!Dicd. 1
	Febris continua communis. Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	3 229 115 1 32							1	i i ( i				3 326 215 3 45	1 1
			1	41 36 1 4		21 7		13 25		n 26 1 8	......' 11 6 i				
					1						......: l 1......				2
															
									i i '						
		1						1	i					2	
									'						
«									1		1- -		......		
															
									•						
									!						
		118 36 9	1 1	27 10		4		18		20		29		216 46 9	1
															1
Diseases of the organs															
															
gestive system.		1												1	
															
1		31 36 21 91 4 3 1 4 8 9 7 3 4 27 1 28 6 11	1 1 2	3 4 15 6 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 1				5 8 3 10 1 2 1 1		11 10 1 16 1		35 4 2 32	1	85 70 42 161 7 9 3 9 20 15 11 6 7 80 3 73 15 23	. .
						8									
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
[						6									
Diseases of the respira-j tory system.															2
												3			
															
						1 1				2 2 2					
f												3 1 2 1 2 17			
															1
Diseases of the brain and J								1 1							
nervous system.															
1										1 22					2
				7 1 7				7 1 3 1							
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.															
						1				12 2 4		22 6 4			
															
			1	3		1									
Diseases of the serous C															1
and exhalent vessels. X		1 3								1				2 3	
Diseases of the fibrous f															
and muscular struc--j															
tures. [		44 4 56 12 5		6		4		14		16		20		104 4 107 37 13 1 134 7 5 4 32 45 27	
(	Fistula....................														
Abscesses and ulcers.... \ {				8 5 1		5 3		11 3 1		18 5 3 1 18		9 9 3			
r															
															
		53 4		15		12 2		15			.... 91				
												1			
				3 4 4 9				1		1					
Wounds and injuries.....											1 i				
		11 11 6						3 8 2		6 4 6	...... R				
						6						7 13			
															
												1 2 9			
		2 8 25 11 1 7 30 14		2		1	::::::"						! 8 1 15 ! 4 i 15		
								2		3					
				4 2				5 1......! 7 3 1......i s			O				
															
								2 1				1 4 6			
				1 6		1 2 1			______.i i						
								7 ...... 9							
														15	
			1 1				i i								1 1
		72		5		4	......I 8 ......			13	......| 12		...... 114		
	Total.................														
		1,220	10	255	1 9			189	1 OfiO						13
														«.,w-i	
 
254
  REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





No. 2.—ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
				THIRD QUARTER.											
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Toi	AL.
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,699.		472. 1 480.				404.		361.		458.		3,8	74.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases. Died.			Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Crscs.	Died.
					1							1		1 20 852 341 10 115 24	
	Febris continua communis.. Febris intermittens tertiana Febris intermittens quartana	18 566 150 1 71 23				1 50 35 2	!			1 13 22					
				203 77				5 43 7 7				15 14			
			1 10	6		4 1......				16		11 1			1
	Febris typhus et typhoides..				I 1										10
					...1 i......										
,		1		1	......1......1......									2	
					......I.. ..!......t......										
					1 ' ! 1					......					
					......1 !......							......L			
						1		;						i	
1		160 351 53 1	80 1 1			1			...1......					160 456 75 1	80
				18 10		39 8		15 3		9 1		24			1
															
Diseases of the organs connected with the di-. gestive system.															1
				i :											
															
						1 ...... 4 ...... ;3 ......		2 3 15 6 42						3 119 100 13 113 2 11 1 6 5 10 5 5 11 54 1 39 12 18	
		72 51 2 23 2 3	1	19 9	1					6 6 2 10	1	15 6 12	2		
															3
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica					3 12									
				14											
Diseases of the respira-tory system.															2
				1				3 1 3		2		2			
															
		1 4 4 4 3 5 19								2					
			1	1 1											
					1	2 I						3			2
Diseases of the brain and															
nervous system.										1 1 5		1 1 12			
			1	2 8		2									1
						8 1		2							
															
Diseases of the urinary		11		1		1 2 2		10 1 1		6 4 2		10 5 3			
and genital organs.															
		7	......	"'a"	1										1
															
		1			1 1									1	
Diseases of the fibrous f and muscular struc- ^ lures. [ 1 Abscesses and ulcers.... J				1 i :											
					:			1 11						1 112 2 114 44 10 2 93 9 2 35 44 19 7 21 22 36 15 6 19 29 16 1 65	
		38 2 50 15 1 1 40 4 1 8 12 11 2 5 9 13 10 2 11 14 10 1 29		8	......! 11 ......					20		24			
					1										
				18 7 1	......! 10 !...... ......! 6 '■......			15 7		8 6 2		13 3 3			
I								3							
						1 14									
			...... 16 |				r			8 3		10 1			
								1	1						
						1 4									
Wounds and injuries.... s			..... ......	6 !......			_____! 5			1 4 2		11 9 5 1 1 4 6			
				5 1 2	...... 8 j......			6							
															
					..... ...... ......			2 1							
						14 i......									
			1	4		4				1 5 1 1					
					...... ......1 ;			11 2							
				2 1	! 1										
					...... 1							1 2			
				3 '...... 2				1							
				3 ......1 4 ......! 3 ......'...... 1 ....... 5					.....; 0						
															
															
[				7		9 :......1 10 | 1 5 '.... j 5									1
	Total.................														
		1,896	i 97	458 1 3 1 989 !				258			1 i rtoo i r.			3,310	105
	|					!	1								
 
                         AMONG THE TROOPS IN CALIFORNIA.




AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
255
		FOURTH QUARTER.													
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858. 1859. 1				Toi	
CLASSES OF DIS-															
EASES.		1,706.		365.		403. 506. 499. 631. ' 4,1									10.
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases	Died.	Cases	Died.	Cases.i Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. JCases., Died. Cases. \ i i ! i I 1									Died.
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana Febris remittens........... Febris typhus et typhoides..	2 387 142 2 91 8				i		1 1 11 26	i ' 1 !					3 556 241 3 123 o.	
			1	94 ;...... 25 |......		30 30 1	::::::		...... 5 ......! 29 ...... ...... 5 ...... 13 .......						1
										4 ......i 28					
			5	1				1		1			1		6
									i 1 I						
		3	1	1	......	i i								4	1
						............'............;......i......i......i...									
						............■......'.............!___________1......i___________								1	
															
						i				......|......1..........				'	
							i			1.					
		131 46 1	5 1 5	27 7	1	11 l	...... 91		1	20 2		21 8		231 69 1	6
								5							
Diseases of the organs															
connected with the di-< gestive system.						1			1			1......			
		3 1 21 32 5 112 2 2 1 4 17 17 2 3 3 14 1 12 1 2				......i........								3 6 65 95 18 301 11 4 9 22 30 4 6 5 80 4 72 9 28	
								2 10 27		i		3	1 1		
			1	3 12	1	6 6			2	8 6 5 87		17 12 4 42 2 1 2			
															4 1
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica							4 29 3							
			2	13		18 !..,									
Diseases of the respira-															3
tory system. \				1				1		6 1					
															
			1 3	3 1 1				2 1 8							1
f						1				?	1				
Diseases of the brain and] nervous system.						1 ...,				2	,				3
												2			
				1		1									
1						1 17		1 4	1						
				2											
Diseases of the urinary and genital organs.										1	......j OL ...... 2				
						14		15 1 6							
										2 1 is 4 9					
Diseases of the serous (			I 2	2		" i......									1 2
and exhalent vessels. <		5 1				i i '1 ......						1		6 1	
Diseases of the fibrous f						i !									
and muscular struc-^						i									
tures. 1		48		10						27		31 1 14 12 1		150 1 109 56 14	
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... \ (		41 22 8		14 3 2		8 i				16 4 2					
								1							
															
		60 4		23 1 2		5 1	1 12 1			7 4		19		126 10	
					...... 1							1 ......			
Wounds and injuries.					......1............1......										
		4 13 10 1 2 27 16 5 2 5 17 53		1 7 1 1	1 4 1 Q				1	11 7 10 2 1 2 6 5		28 9 11 3 2		51	
					......i 4 ....			5 1					...... 00 ...... 41 ...... 9 i		
						5 2 12									1
c				2	......									39 61 22 3 19 38 61	
								13							
	Morbi cutis................			l		3		2							
			l									1			
						4 3 2		5 3 3		4 3					
			4	3 3							......!				
															
															
I		66		6 ...... 2 1 | 14					......' 12 ......j 15				1	115	
	Total.................														2
		1,478	32 |						r, ono 1 1 ..„				4	3,024	
_. _	1				'							*ra			44
 
 
OREGON,  AND  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.
   The  troops serving in Oregon, and in Washington Territory have occupied  the following
stations  more or less permanently during the last five years:
   In Oregon, Forts Orford, Lane, Umpqua, Hoskins,  Yamhill, and Dalles.
   In Washington Territory, Forts Vancouver, Cascades,  Simcoe,  Walla-Walla, Steilacoom,
Townsend, and Bellingham.  Troops have also been  stationed at  Camp Pickett, on San Juan
Island; at Harney Depot, Colville Valley; and at Camp Semi-ah-moo, on Semi-ah-moo bay.
   The medical topography of several of these posts has  been described in the statistical report
of 1856, since which date the following  sanitary reports have been  received  from posts  in this
region:
                       SANITARY REPORT—FORT ORFORD, OREGON.
                           Assistant Surgeon Rodney Glisan: July, 1856.

   In submitting the following, I beg leave to state that as it is presumed a full medico-topo-
graphical report of this station has already been made to the department by my predecessor, it
would be unadvisable in the present instance to  go into details in regard to  the general causes
influencing the human  system in this vicinity.
   I will therefore briefly state that the post is located  immediately  on the Pacific ocean, at the
head of  Orford bay, latitude 42° 44' 27" N., longitude 124° 28' 52" W.
   The past three months have been quite inclement and stormy.  The quantity of rain that has
fallen during  the  same period is 16.35 inches;  the highest degree  of  temperature 60°, lowest
degree 42.33° by Fahrenheit's thermometer.   The  difference of temperature between the nights
and days is very slight.  No sudden extreme changes of temperature, therefore, to be enumerated
among the causes of disease;  no malaria; not a  single  case of miasmatic fever originating at the
post.  Those reported are secondary and of foreign origin.
   The majority of the men under the head of "mean strength" were only temporary occupants
of the post, being usually in from the "field," on escort duty, and lived in tents. The men's
quarters, which are good, have been occupied but very  little.
   The hospital is a new frame building fifty-eight feet long  by twenty-six broad, and  divided
into four rooms, two eighteen by twenty-six feet, the other two sixteen by thirteen.  The two
larger and one of the smaller are occupied as sick wards; the  other  as a dispensary.  There is a
hall of six feet in breadth, separating the smaller from the larger wards.  The latter are heated
by stoves, and ventilated by air pipes running from the ceiling  to a short distance above the roof.
   There is a  good kitchen attached to the hospital, and a convenient privy.
   The majority of the wounded were transported from the  field of battle partly by water, and
partly by land.  Those wounded at the big bend of Rogue river on  the 27th and 28th of May
were transported in canoes down Rogue river to  its mouth, and thence some on mules and some
in litters to  the hospital at this post, where they arrived on the 20th of June.
            33----s 
258
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   Their wounds are generally severe, being mostly about the arms, shoulders, and head.   The
change  from the warm summer  temperature of the  mouth of  the Illinois, where they were
detained for a short time, to the colder and more humid one of the coast, had at first a deleterious
effect on the wounded, more  especially as they met with a short delay at the mouth of Rogue
river, and had insufficient clothing to protect them from the raw  and cold  atmosphere.   Since
their arrival in hospital there has been  one death, as  mentioned in my quarterly report of sick
and  wounded.   The  other cases are convalescent, with the exception of two, one  of whom,
Sergeant Crenian, company E, Fourth Infantry, received a bullet wound about the middle of the
right clavicle, which  was fractured—the course of the ball not precisely known.  The  other,
Private Carrow, company C,  First Dragoons, received a ball at the external edge of the  right
arm, one and a half inches below and a little posterior to the acromial process, exit just behind
the shoulder of the left arm,  carrying away the spinous processes of the second and third dorsal
vertebras in its passage.  From the symptoms, it is pretty evident  that the  upper lobes of  the
right lungs of both these men were pierced by the balls.   They are in a very dangerous condition.

                        SANITARY REPORT—FORT UMPQ.UA, OREGON.
                            Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau: October, 185G.

   This post, in latitude 43°  42' N.,  longitude 124° 9'  W., is located on the  town plat of Ump-
qua  City, on the right bank of the Umpqua  river, about two miles and a half above its mouth.
It occupies a low sand flat, elevated three feet above high-water mark, and covered with a sparse
growth of scrub pines.  The  garrison fronts to the east, on the river;  on the north and west it
is shut  in by low sand hills;  and on  the south it is  sheltered from  the winds by a growth of
pines.
   The climate is very much like that of Fort Orford,  but the position is much less exposed:
fogs and cold winds in summer, rain and southerly winds in winter.   Owing to  a bend in  the
river, the post is not more than a mile in a direct line from the sea-beach;  and the climate is
much influenced by this proximity to  the  ocean, especially as the  intervening space is covered
Avith low, naked hills.  Passable water is obtained by digging seven feet anywhere on the flat,
and  very good  water can be reached  by  penetrating seven  or eight feet deeper, and  going
through a bed  of clay.   It  is the intention  to make two or three wells fifteen feet deep, and
these will give an ample supply of clear and wholesome water.   The  Umpqua is  quite a large
stream, several hundred yards wide at this point.  Ocean steamers can enter it, and  vessels of
light draught can run up twenty-five miles, to the head of tide-water. For  nearly thirty miles
above the mouth the river winds through the  Coast range of mountains, and there is scarcely
any  arable land in that distance;  but beyond the range the valley is said to be quite extensive
and  fertile.   By means of the river steamers the post can be plentifully supplied with vegetables
and  other produce from this valley at a reasonable rate.  The river in  the proper season abounds
in salmon, herring, viviparous perch, and crabs, and during the winter is covered with a great
variety  of water-fowls.  The  neighboring  mountains and woods are inhabited by large  quan-
tities of elk,  deer, and bear.   There are some tide marshes three  miles distant from this place,
and, with this exception, I see no local cause that can have any  very  injurious effect on the
health of  the troops stationed here, provided  they be  well sheltered during  the rainy season.
The  facilities of  communication and  the resources of  the country  will always enable  them  to
have a  variety  in diet, and  to be furnished  with  those comforts which  are essential to  the
preservation of health.   The principal  frame buildings  at Fort Orford have been shipped to
this  place, and are now in process of  erection.  The storehouse is completed, and before the end
of this month the barracks and the hospital will be finished. 
             AMONG THE  TROOPS IN OREGON, AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.          259


                        SANITARY REPORT—FORT YAMHILL, OREGON.
                           Assistant Surgeon Rodney Glisan: October, 1856.

   This post is located at the northern pass of the Coast Reservation, Oregon Territory, about
latitude 45° N., and longitude 124° W.  In a direct line it is three quarters of a mile west  of
the south  fork  of the Yamhill  river, fifteen miles from the Pacific  ocean, forty  south  of the
Columbia river,  and  thirty-five south-southwest of Portland.
   It commands the main outlet through the Coast range of mountains from the  Indian Coast
Reservation to the valley of the Yamhill, which communicates, some  twenty miles (in a direct
course) from here, with that of the Willamette, the garden spot of Oregon Territory.
   Its immediate position is on a gentle western slope, overlooking on the west a small somewhat
circular valley, called the Grande Ronde, and terminating  on the east  and southeast by a bluff,
the base of which defines a portion of the border of the Yamhill valley.
   With the exception of the latter and the Grande Ronde, the surrounding country is moun-
tainous and thickly timbered, principally with fir, though maple, wild cherry, and alder are to
be found at a few points.  Near the post  and down the Yamhill are  some very fine  groves  of
white oak.
   The valleys are  moderately  fertile, possessing an  argillaceous soil,  covered  with a  thin
vegetable mould.   The  characteristic rocks are granite, talc, and  sandstone; boulders  of the
former being abundant in the beds of streams.
   There are no swamps in the vicinity, at least in summer, and the streams are all rapid, clear,
and pure.
   Malarious fevers abound, especially in autumn, but I believe to no great extent.
   The whole command are at present in tents.  It is anticipated that quarters will be completed
in two or three months.

                SANITARY REPORT—FORT CASCADES, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                               Surgeon Joseph K. Barnes: June, 1858.

   Fort Cascades, Washington Territory, is situated on the north bank of the Columbia river,
at the lower terminus of the portage around the rapids, in latitude 45° 35' N., longitude 121° 30'
W.   The immediate site of the post is a small plateau on the western slope of the Cascade range,
surrounded on all  sides by precipitous mountains,  open only to the east and west by the river
gorge, elevated but a few feet above the highest water-level, and bearing  unmistakable  marks
of having at some remote period been a portion of the river-bed.  The Cascade  range consists
of a belt of from thirty to ninety miles in width of pine and fir-covered ridges, separated  from
each other  by precipitous ravines.   A line of isolated volcanic peaks, whose summits are covered
with perpetual snow, extending in a direction nearly north and south, marks the western border
of the elevated plateau between Pitt river and the Des Chutes vallejr.   Westward from  this  line,
an abrupt  slope of  mountainous ridges,  intersected by enormous canons, descend to valleys
elevated  but slightly above the sea level, and extending to the Coast  range.  Near this  water-
shed are  numerous lakes, which find outlets to the east and west through canons, some of which
are two thousand feet in depth.
   The Columbia river, flowing west, forces its way through the Cascade range by a pass which
is unequaled for the  grandeur of its wild and rugged scenery.  For more than fifty miles mount-
ains rise  abruptly from the water's edge to heights varying from  one to  three thousand feet.
Some, composed of compact basaltic conglomerate, are clothed with the somber verdure of a dense
growth of spruces, firs, and pines from base to summit.   Others are enormous piles of detached
rocks, worn by the storms of many winters into fanciful resemblances of turreted walls, ruinous
castles, immense fortresses, and many grotesque or fearful shapes.   Occasionally, vertical preci- 
260
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
pices of columnar basalt are seen  rising hundreds of feet  above the water's edge, or springing
from the river in detached conical  masses at short distances from the shore.   Here  and there
these long mountain walls are divided by lateral cafions, the outlets of streams that flow through
small valleys, or leap in beautiful and picturesque forms from rock to rock, or dash abruptly in
bold torrents from the beetling crags.
    At a point nearly equidistant from Fort Vancouver and the Dalles, forty-two miles below the
latter, all navigation is interrupted by a series of rapids know as the " Cascades of the Columbia."
Precipitous mountains from three to five thousand feet in height  close in upon the stream at this
point,  leaving a channel of not more than nine hundred feet in some places, through which  the
waters  rush  with terrific  force and velocity.  The descent at the upper or great rapid is
thirty-four feet in three tenths  of a  mile; the entire fall at the Cascades, in a distance of
four and two  tenths miles, is sixty-one  feet.  This  is  much increased  during the annual
freshets in June or July, when the obstruction of the channel acts as a dam, making a greater
depth above than below the Cascades.   The river is narrow and rapid until, fourteen miles below
the Cascades, it passes Cape Horn, a bold bluff of basaltic rock, the last of  the foot hills, when
it widens out  to  the  magnificent  proportions  with  which it sweeps to the Pacific.   From  the
almost constant prevalence of winds at the point of exit of the river  from the mountains, the
boatmen have given this name to  it, and it is not unusual to  pass from clear skies and perfect
calm into rain or sleet and violent gales upon reaching the cape.
    Experience has shown a great difference in the seasons at points on the east and west side of
the Cascade  range upon nearly the same  latitude.   The  spring is three weeks earlier at Fort
Dalles than at Fort Vancouver, and five weeks earlier than at  the mouth of the  river.   Some
fruits  and vegetables that come to great perfection  at the Dalles, scarcely mature at Fort Van-
couver, and cannot be cultivated successfully at Astoria.  As it is  expected that the meteorological
record of Fort Cascades will present peculiarities in  marked contrast with those of the posts to
the east or  west of  it, which  would appear anomalous were not due  allowance made for its
topographical position, this explanatory report has been deemed necessary.
    The latitude and longitude given are approximated from a land office survey.   The topography
of the range and the barometric measurements are taken from the  explorations and surveys of
Lieutenants Williamson and Abbot, United States Topographical Engineers.

                 SANITARY  REPORT—FORT  SIMCOE, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                             Assistant Surgeon A. Heger : December, 1857.

    Fort Simcoe is situated  in latitude 46° 14' N. and  longitude 120° 40' W. from Greenwich,
about  sixty miles north of Fort Dalles,  and slightly to the east.  These data are from observa-
tions made by myself, and the want of proper instruments prevented me from obtaining the
longitude more correctly.  The post is situated  about midway between the  Topinish  (Tcha-
pinish) and Simcoe, from which it is distant three and a half miles, in an oak grove at the mouth
of one of the numerous  ravines  that open  in  an eastern  direction from  the snow-capped
mountain range into the valley of the Topinish, near a spring called by the natives " Mul-mul."
This valley is bounded to the south by a branch of  the above range, running east, which rises
abruptly to a height of about 2,200 feet, and forms the first ascent of that high barrier which
separates this valley from that of the Kchlicatat's, which is about thirty miles to the  south.  A
similar branch, but  less high and steep, forms  the  northern boundary, distant about  twenty
miles.  The  valley to a distance of five miles slopes rapidly, and gives thereby to the post an
elevation of  about 600 feet above the plain.   The plain itself has a slight inclination towards
the east, in which direction it extends about  seventy-five  miles.   The plain presents frequent
ridges  of small elevations, and is  intersected by numerous sloughs.  The  soil consists of a
mixture of sand and gravel, with layers of clay; it is loose and spongy, so as to render traveling 
             AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN OREGON, AND WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.          261

difficult in spring, and  not suited for agricultural purposes, except in small patches  near
springs and streams.
   The geological formation is eminently volcanic, with the exception of a few granite boulders
and small fragments of silica.  (Quartz, presenting numerous  specimens of the vitreous as well
as chalcedonic and jaspery varieties, opal, silicified wood.)  Trap-rock, basalt, and broken lava
are the only rocks  found  so far.  Specimens of vitreous lava  have been found  near the post.
Springs are abundant during the major part of the year.  In the plains they form numerous
marshes, which dry up about the middle of summer.  The water is generally cold and excellent.
A few springs in the plain have a marshy and some a sulphurous taste.  The streams have the
character of mountain torrents, strong and  dangerous in spring, and insignificant in summer;
nearly all have more or less  subsoil  channels, and  even  the largest often  disappear for miles
under ground.   The Topinish (Tchapinish)  which enters from the southwest, and the Simcoe
from the northwest, are the principal streams in the vicinity.   Both unite about ten miles from
the post, forming the Pisco (Pauwikuit) which  empties  into the Yakama.   The  post  itself is
supplied with numerous excellent springs.
   The fir and pine are found on the mountains ; cottonwood, maple, alder, cherry, and hazel
near the streams.   The oak occurs in groves, never of large size.  Blackberries, raspberries,
gooseberries,  cranberries, strawberries, and currants, are very abundant.  Uva ursi, the  sub-
stitute for tobacco  among  the Indians here, is very  general.  The bear,  deer, sheep, wolves,
foxes, hares,  raccoons, squirrels,  moles, and wood rats, may  be found.  Eagles, hawks, owls,
buzzards,  ravens, crows, grouse, jays, doves, robins, larks, woodpeckers,  blackbirds, bluebirds,
night-hawks, gulls, snipe, plovers,  curlews, swans, geese, cranes, and several species of ducks
have been observed; numerous reptiles and  insects, both noxious and harmless.   The horned-
frog,  a small species of scorpion, and a large number of  rattle-snakes  deserve being mentioned.
   An immense number of crickets (? locusts) made their appearance early in spring.   About the
middle of April they began their attack  on vegetation, and  destroyed  it effectually;  they
remained  until September, when, depositing their eggs into the ground, they perished.
   The regular meteorological observations  at this post  have  been made only since April.  It
will be impossible, therefore, to give  a complete description of the climate for this year.  The
average temperature of the post has been warmer than was to be anticipated from its latitude.
The mean temperature for every month is given in  the following table:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	October.	Nov.	Dec.	Summer.	
											
	55.8	61.8	67.6	70.3	70.7	60.8	51.7	36.3	36.4	69.5	49 6
											
   Sudden changes  of  temperature were  less than  are  generally  observed  in mountainous
regions.  In  summer, the days were rather warm, but never oppressive, in consequence of the
small quantity of vapor contained in the atmosphere, which favored rapid evaporation.  The
differences between the temperatures of the days and that of the nights are marked; even after
the warmest day the  evening will be cool and refreshing.   The following table gives the mean
temperature of the morning, noon, and evening of each month:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	October.	Nov.	Dec.	Summer.	Autumn.
	49.7 65.1 52.7	56.1 72.4 56.9	61.2 78.3 63.2	63.6 82.0 65.3	64.0 83.3 64.9	54.1 70.7 57.8	46.6 60.5 48.1	33.1 40.7 35.0	33.6 38.9 36.5	62.9 81.2 64.5	44.6 57.3 47.0
											
											
											
 
262
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
   The highest temperature observed was 104° on the 18th of June, and the lowest reported 15°
below zero, some time in January, giving an amplitude of 119°.   The following table gives the
oscillations of temperature for each month:
Month.......................	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	October.	Nov.	Dec.	Summer.	Autumn.
											
	74 34	98 45	104 50	102 52	93 55	86 47	69 35	51 26	52 23	104 50	86
											26
											
	54.0	71.5	77.0	77.0	74.0	66.5	52.0	38.5	37.5	77.5	56.0
											
	40	53	54	50	38	39	34	25	29	54	60
											
   These figures indicate no violent changes, but a regular progression, which made the climate
of this year pleasant.
   The currents of air were  sometimes violent, as on the 30th of December, on which day they
reached a force of nearly eighty miles per hour, but the average force was rather mild.  The
mean displacement  of air during  the nine  months  came from a direction W.  21° S., and
was distributed during the different months as follows:
April.	May.	June. July.	August.	September.	October.	November. December.	
W. 18° S.	N. 22° W.	1 N. 19° W. f W. 38° S.	S. 6° W.	S. 39° W.	S. 42° W.	W. 25° S.	S. 14° W.
   If we take the frequency of winds  only in consideration, the following will give the mean
frequency for each month; the mean of nine months is west wind:
April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	September.	October.	November.	December.
S. 32° E.	N. 2° W.	N. 18° W.	W. 38° S.	S. 16° E.	S. 33° W.	S. 40° W.	W. 26° S.	S. 16° W.
   The strongest winds prevailed in June and December, the mildest in November.
   The high mountains in the vicinity form local currents of air.   The air of the valley during
the day is heated and ascends, producing thereby an east wind; in the evening the reflux takes
place, causing the  west wind, which  prevails soon after sundown.  The east wind rises a  few
hours after sunrise.  This local current  was well marked from April  until September, when it
became imperceptible. It could not be determined  if general currents  interfered, or if  the
differences in  temperature were  too  small  to produce  these currents,  as the  following table
shows:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept. October.	Nov.	Dec.
								
	16.6 12.4	16.3 15.5	17.1 15.1	18.4 16.7	19.3 18.4	16.6 13.9 12.9 12.4	7.6 5.7	5.3 2.4
								
								
   A similar local current was observed during the nights in December as long as snow covered
the mountains.
   With regard to the relation  between the different winds  and rains nothing definite could be
observed.
   The precipitation of water was small during the year.  This seems to be the  result of the 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  OREGON, AND WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.
203
topographical formation;  high mountains, especially the Cascade range in the west, causing the
precipitation of water before the currents charged with vapor enter this valley.   The following
gives the quantity of precipitation for each month:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Summer.	Autumn.
											
	few drops	0.11	0.04	0.11	few drops	0.80	0.32	1.45 0.92	0.65 3.64	0.15	1.85
											0.92
											
Total...................	few drops	0.11	0.04	0.11	few drops	0.80	0.32	2.37	4.29	0.15	2.77
											
   During warm summer days, vapor, carried by the ascending current into colder regions, is
condensed, forming heavy clouds, often exhibiting electrical phenomena.   The fall of rain-drops
may be observed to  a certain  lower stratum, but  no drops fall to the  ground.  They are
expanded again into vapor, on account of the low dew-point of the  air.  The following table
gives the mean dew-point for each month:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
									
	38.0 42.9 37.5	47.9 52.6 46.4	51.9 57.3 50.4	4K2 48.2 47.8	46.5 46.0 46.2	43.6 48.5 46.1	34.9 44.2 37.6	29.6 34.9 31.5	30.1
									34.2
									33.0
									
	39.5	49.0	53.2	48.1	46.2	46.1	38.9	32.0	32.4
									
The dew point, compared with the temperature, gives the following per cents:
	April.	May.	June.	July.	August.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Summer.	
											
	64.8 46.1 57.6	74.8 51.2 69.1	72.5 50.0 64.8	59.5 32.2 54.7	54.7 28.6 52.5	68.5 47.0 66.6	64.8 56.6 67.6	87.1 80.7 87.7	88.2 83.9 87.8	62.2 35.9 57.3	73 5
											61 4
											
											
	56.2	65.0	62.4	48.8	45.3	60.7	63.0	85.2	86.6	52.2	69 6
											
   The atmosphere was remarkably dry until November, when the first dew was observed since
April.  In consequence of the dry state of the  atmosphere, dry fogs were frequently observed,
caused by fires in the mountains.
   The Indians in the vicinity of this post consist of a conglomeration of numerous small tribes
who, at the present time, acknowledge the authority of Kamiack-ken as their greatest chief.   They
are known as the Yakamas, a name they received from the Spokans in consequence of their large
abdomen; the word in  Spokan meaning "enceinte."  Their habits  and customs are similar to
those of Indians generally inhabiting these Territories.   Their food  consists chiefly of roots and
dried fishes, (salmon,) also of berries and the results of hunting.
   Their  prominent diseases are phthisis, catarrhal and rheumatic affections, fevers, scrofula,
variola, and venereal  diseases.   Catarrhal affections prevailed in spring and fall, durin^ the
wet season.  Diarrhoea and dysentery are frequent, but never severe, as far as my observations
go; both  yielded ready to vegetable tonics ; mercurials seemed to delay the  cure.  Rheumatic
affections  are very general, especially  in  advanced age;  scrofula  is  of  frequent  occurrence;
phthisis is very prevalent  among them and always fatal; fevers of an intermittent tvpe prevail 
264
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
during the fishing season; venereal diseases abundant.  Their chief remedy consists in  a warm
vapor bath taken in small round apartments, dug  near a stream or spring, about five  feet in
diameter and four feet high, covered with mud, and a small entrance at the  side.  The vapor is
produced by heated stones placed into  these caverns,  over which water is poured.  This vapor
bath is followed immediately by a plunge into the cold stream.  They also  use some medicinal
plants;  but their chief reliance is their medicine man, with his supernatural resources.
   Wounds are treated with  the powder of some plant; it is sprinkled on the wound which is
then bandaged.   Fractures are treated with splints.  These consist of a number of thin sticks,
tied with  twigs into  the  form of a mat, surrounding the  limb.   The only surgical operation
performed is bleeding from the occipital vein; it is used against obstinate headache to which  they
are liable.
   Child-bearing presents the same delays and accidents as among the whites.   Their obstetrical
manipulations consist in pressure on the  abdomen ;  their forceps, in a hoop placed around the
waist and forced down.  The result of these manipulations is obvious.   The violation of hygienic
laws shows itself in the large number of cases of  prolapsus uteri.
   With regard to the sanitary condition of this  post, it is to  be considered a healthy location
so far,  notwithstanding the  large number of cases  treated.  If  we  take  the  privations  into
consideration under which this command  labored  from want of fresh provisions and antiscor-
butics,  the  exposure  in tents during  the  greatest part of the severe winter until  they  were
crowded into unfinished quarters, the peculiar salubrity of this  post is to be credited with the
less unfavorable results.   Scurvy made its appearance towards  the  end of winter.  The actual
number of scurvy cases exceeded largely the cases reported, in consequence of some being reported
on account of other diseases, and some continued on duty.   The approach of the warm season
alone, which permitted  fresh provisions and antiscorbutics to be procured and issued, prevented
a  general outbreak of the disease.   Iron, and in the severest cases wine, gave the most favorable
results.  The want of gardens made a  continuance of issues of antiscorbutics  necessary, and  only
a  liberal supply of these prevented a recurrence of the disease.  Proper steps have been taken to
obviate  similar privations this winter,  and favorable results  are expected.
   No deleterious effects could be perceived in the health of the command, either from the large
accumulation of vegetable matter, in consequence of the buildings  erected at this post,  or  from
extensive upturning of the soil.
   Of fevers, only intermittent were observed.   The number of cases  in the tables  are  greatly
too large, as they include relapses.   Those suffering from this disease had been  sick with it the
year previous, and no immediate cause could be detected.
   The number of diseases  of the digestive organs  is rather large,  admitting  even a liberal
deduction for feigned  sickness.  This is due to various causes:  First. To the subsistence, which
in the  early part of the year was rather inferior.   Second.  Necessary exposure, producing
catarrhal affections of the alimentary canal.   Third.  The change from salt  to fresh provisions.
Fourth.  Intemperance from liquor procured clandestinely, and  exposure in  procuring it.  The
number of affections  of the respiratory system, with few exceptions, have been  catarrh of  very
mild  character.   One case of pneumonia  occurred, and three of  haemoptysis; all  terminated
favorably.   Neuralgic and rheumatic  affections  are rather  numerous, one  case  of death  only
occurred; the cause, phthisis pulmonalis. 
AMONG THE TROOPS IN OREGON, AND  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.
265
ABSTRACT OF DISEASES OCCURRING AT FORT SIMCOE IN 1857.
Quarters...................................................................

Strength....................................................................

Fevers.....................................................................
Diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system
Diseases of the respiratory system.................................
Diseases of the circulatory system..................................
Diseases of the nervous system......................................
Venereal diseases........................................................
Diseases of fibrous and muscular tissue...........................
Abscesses and ulcers....................................................
Wounds and injuries...................................................
Diseases of the eye.....................................................
All other diseases.......................................................

     Total................................................................


            DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Cholera morbus..........................................................
Colica........................................................................
Diarrhoea acuta...........................................................
Diarrhoea chronica.......................................................
Dysenteria acuta.........................................................
Dysenteria chronica.....................................................
All other diseases of this class.......................................

     Total................................................................
218.
 4
61
41
 3
 8
 0
19
13
14
 2
37
202
 0
 7
 5
 2
14
 2
31
61
247.
24
 3
27
11
24
23
48
 3
38
295
 0
14
46
 0
17
 1
10
253.
12
65
14
 0
16
 3
15
17
53
 1
13
209
 0
14
27
 0
17
 2
 5
65
253.
 1
71
73
 0
19
 9
62
10
47
 1
13
306
 1
18
44
 3
 1
 0
 4
71
243.
 23
285
152
  6
 70
 23
120
 63
162
  7
101
1,012
  1
 53
122
  5
 49
  5
 50
285
  95
1,173
  625
  25
  288
  95
  494
  259
  667
  29
  416
4,168
  4
218
502
 20
202
 20
206
1,173
                  SANITARY REPORT—FORT SIMCOE, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                              Assistant Surgeon A. Heger: February, 1859.
    This command accomplished its task of building this  post this  spring.   The post forms a
square, situated on a somewhat inclined plane, the lower half of which is formed by the company
quarters, hospital,  and  storehouses;  the upper half  is  inclosed by officers'  quarters.   The
arrangement of this post is for four companies.  The men's quarters are of squared logs, plain,
but not sufficiently inclosed for this high latitude.   Their  size also  is rather small for the full
complement of men.   The hospital consists of a frame building lined with masonry.  It contains
only one ward, which accommodates eight beds.   The surgery which adjoins the ward on its
southern extremity is sufficient in size,  but deficient in the distribution of light.   The building
itself is substantial and comfortable, but its ward is too small  for a post of four companies.   The
troops of this post during winter and part of  spring were  occupied in completing this post;  for
the next two months, in  making a road to Fort Dalles, wood-chopping, and  hay-cutting.  This
was followed by an expedition under  Major  R. S. Garnett,  United States  Army, against the
hostile Indians to the north of this post, which occupied  nearly two  months.   The  remainder
was occupied by several minor  expeditions  and  necessary labor at  this post.   The  different
nature of the occupation will  be recognized again  in the  character of casualties, which will be
presented below.  The casualties of the expedition under  Major R. S.  Garnett are not included
in this report.
             34----s 
266
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
   The climate this year (1858) differed in several respects from that of last  year.   The  mean
temperature of summer  was warmer than last year, and that of the winter colder.  More rain
fell during summer, but less in fall and winter, and the atmosphere in summer  contained more
moisture than  last year; but sudden changes were less frequent, the alternations gradual and
uniform.
  July and August again proved  the warmest  months;  the greatest heat was observed on the
15th of August; the greatest cold on the 14th of February.   The following table exhibits the
different features of temperature for this year:
	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	April.	May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Summer.	Autumn.	Winter.	Year.
																	
	31.9	31.6	42.4	52.2	60.0	68.4	73.7	74.7	68.1	48.7	41.7	29.1	51.5	72.3	52.8	30.9	51.9
	46 16	51 —1	62 24	77 36	81 45	95 49	96 56	103 57	89 50	67 34	56 25	49 1	81 24	103 49	89 25	51 —1	103
																	1
																	
	30	52	38	41	36	46	40	46	39	33	31	48	57	54	64	52	104
   The daily oscillations of temperature were also less than last year, and insufficient to produce
that regular strong local current of air which was  so well marked last year.  The following
table exhibits these oscillations:
	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	April.	May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
												
Oscillation of temperature between morning and noon...............	7.0 3.8	8.4 5.8	12.5 10.0	12.4 10.4	10.5 11.7	10.5 12.8	11.6 15.4	11.8 10.8	13.8 11.2	12.3 9.2	10.5 6.4	
												4 8
												
    The currents of air exhibited a marked prevalence of the general current over local disturb-
ances.  They were of less force than the preceding year, but the strongest winds again prevailed
in spring, although somewhat earlier than last year, and  the mildest  in autumn.   The  most
violent gale this year occurred  in the night of the 30th to the 31st of December, the  same day
it occurred last year.  Local currents this year were only seldom seen, for reasons above stated.
The following table exhibits the results of the observations:
Month.
January ..
February..
March . ..
April.....
May.....
June.....
July......
August...
September
°" £
S. 35° W.
W. 4° S.
W. 10° S.
W. 13° S.
S. 37° W.
S. 36° W.
S. 12° E.
W. 13° S.
W. 12° S.
S.24° W.
W. 3° S.
W. 11° S.
W. 5° S.
S. 41° W.
W. 36° S.
S. 1° W.
W. 5° S.
W. 23° S.
1.55
1.71
2.24
2.51
2.29
1.91
1.76
1.39
1.54
Month.
October...
November
December
Spring....
Summer..
Autumn..
Winter...
Year.....
a- £
W. 43° S.
W. 34° S.
W. 37° S.
W. 25° S.
S. 27° W.
S. 24° W.
W. 22° S.
W. 29° S.
S. 44° W.
W. 35° S.
W. 36° S.
W. 14° S.
W. 43° S.
W. 27° S.
W. 39° S.
W. 34° S.
0.51
0.61
1.19
1.73
2.35
1.69
0.89
1.66 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN OREGON, AND  WASHINGTON TERRITORY.          267
   The precipitations of rain and snow, although similar to those of last year, as to the amount,
exhibit a different distribution—as more rain fell during the summer but less in autumn.  The
following table exhibits the precipitation of water and humidity of  the air:
Months...............	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.				July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Summer.	Autumn.	Winter.	
																	
	0.95 11	0.70 38	0.76 3	0.49			0.03	1.04	0.85	0.83 (*)	0.41 4	0.65 3	1.80 3	1.55	2.09 4	2.30 52	7.74 59
																	
																	
Total...........	2.05	4.50	1.06	0.49	0.55	0.48	0.03	1.04	0.85	0.83	0.81	0.95	2.10	1.55	2.49	7.50	13.64
																	
	27.9 87.0	28.4 88.9	32.3 71.1	35.9 58.5	41.3 54.4	46.4 49.8	54.9 53.8	56.8 55.6	52.1 58.6	40.0 73.9	34.7 78.2	22.1 77.2	36.5 61.3	52.7 53.1	42.3 70.2	26.1 84.4	39 4
																	67.2
A few flakes. One inch of snow equivalent to one tenth of an inch of water.
    Electrical phenomena which are  rarely seen  here, were observed  on the 20th and 21st of
 August, when heavy thunder storms passed over this place.
    The number of casualties  this year, in comparison with the strength of the command, was
 2.25 in 1; this shows  a  diminution of almost one half, when compared with the number of last
 year.  The causes are  obvious.  The  men were better quartered; the subsistence, which during
 the previous  year gave  just cause  of complaint, was  much improved and the  extra-duty men
 were diminished.
    The prominent diseases of this year proved to be rheumatic and neuralgic affections, abscesses
 and ulcers.   It is true that diarrhoea  and catarrhal affections presented a larger number, but if
 we take the relative  frequency of these diseases in a large number of men, and compare it with
 the results at this post, we shall find here a preponderance of rheumatic and neuralgic affections.
    Fevers.—An immunity of fevers existed this year at this post.  All the cases that occurred
 were contracted when absent from this post.  They generally were  intermittent fevers of either
 quotidian or tertian  type, and were  either contracted by a detachment engaged in making a road
 from here to Fort Dalles, and originated in encampments near  marshy places, or were brought
 by a detachment from Fort Jones, California, to this post.  The diseases of the digestive system
 fell below the general average, and consisted chiefly of diarrhoea and colic.   The chief cause of
 both these diseases was a very inferior and adulterated quality of whisky, which, when indulged
 in to any extent, was invariably followed by disorders of the digestive system.   This combined
 with the exposure  necessary to obtain  it,  and also unconscious exposure after having indulged in
 it, may be considered  as the  cause of one half of the  above disorders.   The  remaining  cases
 were nearly all traced, partly to exposure consequent to legitimate pursuits, partly to changes
 in diet, as free use of vegetables, &c.   One case of sporadic cholera occurred; it readily yielded
 to treatment.  Two  severe cases of  dysentery occurred in  the family of an officer, and resulted
 in the death of the mother and the  child.  The cause seems to  have been effluvia from organic
 decompositions which permeated those quarters, assisted  by meteorological  conditions, and  a
 physiological predisposition presented at  the time by the sufferer.  With regard to the meteoro-
 logical condition, the attack followed a sudden cooling in the temperature, which for several days
 previous had been  very warm.
   The diseases of the respiratory system present only  cases  of catarrh, except  one case of
bronchitis.  This disease exceeds rather the general percentage  of cases;  but its larger numbers
 may easily be accounted for, by the almost excessive humidity of the soil in winter and spring and
the humidity of the atmosphere at the beginning of the winter, after the dry summer and fall.
   Influenza was observed in the beginning of January, which  attacked all the children at this
post; it was rather severe in  its character.   The meteorological conditions at the time, were a 
268
REPORT  ON THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
warm temperature, the air damp and  cloudy, soil moist.  The disease disappeared as soon as
the thermometer fell below freezing ; a  similar condition of the atmosphere and soil existed in
April, when it  made  its second  appearance at this post.  It was  then very mild, soon disap-
peared, and only attacked a few adults.
    Rheumatic affections  prevailed  to  a large extent, they cannot be accounted for  by mere
passing events, but seem  due to causes inherent to this locality.  The investigation of these  has
led to no satisfactory result.  It seems that climatic conditions predispose  to  this affection;
these, with the carelessness of soldiers  and the condition of quarters, which are rather  lightly
constructed, may indicate the  proximate cause.   Similar to  last year, they  prevailed more  in
spring and winter.  Abscesses, also  prevailed to  a larger extent than usual.   A few cases of
conjunctivitis  occurred from mechanical  irritation by sand, during high winds.
    Wounds and injuries were less than last year, in consequence of the smaller number of extra-
duty men.  Wounds here heal  rapidly, and nothing unfavorable, so far, has been observed,
even in very grave injuries, except a slight erysipelatous inflammation, which followed several
trifling injuries.   This in some of the severer cases, required the tincture of iron and nitrate of
silver; but generally it disappeared spontaneously.  It never exerted  any perceptible influence
on the character  of the wound.  The defeat, by the hostile Indians, of a party of about twenty
miners  who  fell  back on this  post, presented  a number of various gunshot  wounds.  The
progress of these wounds confirmed the above  observations, and the result  in all  cases was
favorable.   Of scurvy, only  two  cases  occurred.   This is the result of liberal  issues of anti-
scorbutics by  the commissary department.   The  total want of gardens and  means of forming
them,  made  these continued  issues necessary, until   gardens were established.   I  then only
recommended  issues of antiscorbutics to  the detachment sent  to construct the wagon road to the
Dalles.  The  following table exhibits the different classes of the diseases during the year :
Diseases.
Fevers..................................................
Diseases of the digestive system...............
Diseases of the respiratory system.............
Diseases of the brain and nervous system...
Venereal affections..................................
Diseases of fibrous and muscular structures
Abscesses and ulcers...............................
Wounds and injuries...............................
Diseases of the eye.................................
All other diseases...................................

     Total..........................................
 FIRST
QUARTER.
 0
18
20
14
14
29
15
25
 1
 9
145
 SECOND
QUARTER.
 1
23
 3
14
 8
 9
14
27
 4
29
132
 THIRD
QUARTER.
 6
45
12
 6
 8
11
11
13
 2
21
135
 FOURTH
QUARTER.
 2
29
28
 9
13
16
22
18
 0
10
147
  9
115
 63
 43
 43
 65
 62
 83
  7
 69
559
 RATIO PER
1,000 OF MEAN
 STRENGTH.
 36.2
463.9
253.6
173.1
173.1
261.6
249.6
334.1
 28.2
277.8
2,250.4
4.0
4.0
              SANITARY REPORT—FORT WALLA-WALLA, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                           Assistant Surgeon John F. Randolph : June, 1858.

    I have the honor herewith to forward the monthly report of sick and wounded at this post for
May, 1858.  You will perceive that it includes the casualties of a large portion of this command
which was engaged on the 17th in a battle of near twelve hours' duration with the Spokans and
other hostile Indians, beyond Snake river.  The expedition started  from here on the 6th, under 
             AMONG  THE TROOPS IN OREGON, AND WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.         269

Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Steptoe, Ninth Infantry, and consisted of portions of three companies
First Dragoons,  (viz. C, E,  and H,) in all  130 men; a detachment of E company Ninth
Infantry, twenty-five men, with  two mountain  howitzers and ten  rifles.  I accompanied the
party with two sets of panniers, containing medicines, instruments, &c.
   The health of the command was excellent, and  up  to the day of the  fight but  one  had
reported sick.   This soldier injured himself in crossing Snake river.
   On the 17th, Indians were encountered in force; a parley was had, and it soon appeared the
large majority were hostile and in favor of immediate action, but evidently wished the first fire
from us.
   The command left the direct  trail, and moved  to the  left  in  the direction of water.  The
savages surrounded us, and did every thing to  induce a shot, but camp was  reached without
bloodshed.  The troops remained under arms until sundown.
   The Indians came among us in large numbers, armed, bows strung, and  with threatening
looks and actions; a very large guard was posted, and the conclusion arrived at to march the next
day.   Accordingly, at an early hour the command was in motion, but had proceeded only a few
miles when  large bodies of Indians were seen  in pursuit;  a priest and some chiefs joined head
quarters and talked for half an hour; when they left, firing commenced on the rear-guard, and-
in fifteen minutes the fight became general.  Elevated ground was attained, and a  halt ordered;
the dragoons charged, and several shells were  fired.  Our loss was one man killed and six
wounded. We now moved on to another hill about a mile further, near water, where a permanent
stand was made, men dismounted, &c.  The panniers were unpacked, and the wounded made as
comfortable as possible, under the circumstances.   While approaching this position, two officers
and  one soldier were killed,  and several  wounded.  Lieutenant Gaston, shot at  the head of
his company, body not recovered.   Captain Taylor  received two wounds, the  first in the loins
which caused him to fall, and when being put on  his horse again, a second through the neck •
he lived only a few minutes.
   Of the wounded men, three were dangerously so.  One, the upper third of the femur much
shattered by a large  ball; another, gunshot wound through the elbow-joint, with comminuted
fracture of the humerus above, occasioned probably by the fall from his  horse; the other, gun-
shot wound through  the bone near the axilla, with compound comminuted fracture of the
humerus at that point, evidently caused by the fall of the horse, who was shot dead at the same
time.  During the rest of  the  day  but one soldier was killed and one packer, (half-breed;)
several were wounded.  When orders were given for a night retreat, and everything abandoned, I
lightened the  panniers of such articles as were not indispensable,  and made arrangements to
have the wounded mounted and tied  upon horses where necessary; they were placed in charge
of their respective companies.   It was impossible  to arrange litters  for packing;  no poles were
to be had.   An attempt was made with some tent poles, but failed.   They had been cut in two
for packing upon mules.
   At 9 o'clock the retreat commenced.  Shortly after daylight  the  command  crossed the
Palouse river,  and halted to await the rear-guard.   The wounded  were all  present  except two
of company E, First  Dragoons, those with the shattered thigh and wounded elbow.  Unsatis-
factory accounts were given  of them.   Two hours elapsed, when it was found that all the men
were present except the two wounded and Sergeant Ball, the non-commissioned officer detailed
to command the rear-guard.   The command now pushed on, and reached Snake river after dark.
   At an early hour  next  morning  the wounded were  put across, a shade  was made for them
and  their wounds dressed.   The troops were all  over  by 4 o'clock, and the next day we were
joined by the wagons from the fort.
   Two days before reaching the garrison  one of the missing wounded  joined.   He  had suc-
ceeded in crossing Snake river notwithstanding his disabled arm.  The other man had not been
heard of.  Sergeant Ball, however, came in three or  four days after the arrival of the troops. 
270
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
   The wounded are doing remarkably well, and there is  sufficient to ground a  hope that no
lives or limbs will be lost.  This, after the long and rapid march, together with the severity of
the injuries, was little to be expected.
   I regret to say  that the hospital at this post is but little fitted  for the requirements of the
sick, more especially of the wounded.  It is  a  temporary thatched hovel, twelve by fourteen,
with only four bunks, (one above the other,) less than three feet wide.   The new building was
commenced  some  months ago, but  is little advanced.   Now  the work  seems  to be stopped
altogether, although the necessity increases, and must continue to  do  so if more  troops arrive,
and this point made the basis for future operations.

              SANITARY REPORT—FORT TOWNSEND,* WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                         Assistant Surgeon John F. Hammond : December, 1858.

    Port Townshend was discovered  the 7th of May, 1792, by Captain George Vancouver, and
surveyed the same day by Captain Vancouver, Mr. Puget, and Mr. Johnstone, and named the
next day by Vancouver in honor of the Marquis of Townshend.  It is an inlet or bay near the
head of Admiralty inlet, on its southwest side.  It  has an area of about nine square miles; its
shores form three sides of a square, and its mouth presents to the northeast.   It is an admirable
harbor, having a depth of water of ten to twenty fathoms, and good holding ground.  Its south-
east side is separated from an inlet called Oak  Cove by a tongue of land averaging three fourths
of a mile in breadth called  Craven's Peninsula and Marrow-stone Point, and its northwestern
from Port Discovery by a similar peninsula three miles wide called Wilson's Point.   Southwest
is the continental  shore.   The whole country surrounding  is highland, and is heavily timbered
with  several species of spruce and  pine, poplar, yew, dwarf-oak,  ash, hazel, sycamore, maple,
alder,  willow, and wild  cherry, which on the  southeast  and northwest sides come down  to
the water's edge, and on the southwest is prevented from  doing so by a high bluff.  There are
a few sand spits in the bay, but they are narrow and  are  covered  by  the tides.   At two points
there are  ponds  of brackish water, nearly two  miles distant on either hand from this military
post.   The soil  is  a light, sandy loam, which extends from the summits of the highlands to the
level  of the  sea.   Great  quantities,  and a great  variety of berries are produced here in the
summer, including wild strawberries, wild raspberries, wild currants, huckleberries, dewberries,
thimbleberries, serviceberries, &c.  Deer and  ducks are abundant; elk and  the black bear are
found between this and the Olympian mountains, on the west; and there are a few grouse and
quails.  There is a great variety and abundance  of fish.   There are no less than eight species of
salmon, which,  in the Clallam language, are  called,  severally, klit-shin, kwit-shin, kutsh-kus,
suk-kegh, slunnun, met-hlihts, ke-whai, and tah-kwat-lin; salmon trout, cod, mullets, sardines,
halibut, and excellent oysters, clams, and cockles, in great abundance.
    The military post Fort Townshend is named after this port;  it is on the southwest side of the
bay.   It  was established in 1857, and is  not yet  completed.   It is  in  latitude  48° 5'  27" N.,
and in longitude 122° 46' 29" W. from Greenwich.  Its  altitude above the sea is 135 feet, and it
is 100  yards from  where a perpendicular  line  would strike  in  water.  It is  on  a plain which
inclines at an angle of 5°, and presents to the northeast. It is surrounded by spruce and pine trees,
and is  abundantly supplied with excellent fresh  water from  a small running  stream.   The
quarters for  officers and  men are ample, well ventilated, well lighted, and comfortable.   The
hospital, half of which is occupied at present as quartermaster and commissary's storerooms, is in
every way well suited for all the purposes for which it is intended.   Everywhere in good police.
    The command  is employed as follows:  Thirteen men are prisoners for desertion, (December
22,) and  are kept until trial on  daily fatigue duty; nine men are on extra duty;  the guard,
consisting of six men and a non-commissioned officer, are required to clean their arms, &c, the
[* This post is officially called " Townsend," and not " Townshend.—R. H. C] 
             AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN OREGON,  AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.         271

day they come off; the next day they constitute  a police party; the third  day, rest;  and the
fourth day they go on guard again.   The balance of the command  is drilled twice per diem at
Hardee's drill, and the non-commissioned officers  once per diem; besides, at Heth's target drill.
Their clothing is comfortable, diet  good, and habits excellent; and they are cleanly.  It is a
company of the youngest men I have ever seen in service.  They suffer from want of novelty.  It is
very difficult to get to the town of Port Townshend, three miles distant.   The tides are irregular,
and flow but once per diem at this season.   There are no means of diversion here  aside from
their duties.
   We are bounded on the west by the terminus of the Coast range of mountains, twenty miles
distant, the  Olympian mountains at this time enveloped  in snow,  beyond which is  the Pacific
ocean; north, by Admiralty inlet, Whidby's Island, (fifteen miles  distant,) and the terminus
of the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade range, sixty miles distant, and the Gulf of Georgia;  east, by
Admiralty inlet and  the Cascade mountains, all buried in  snow; and south, by the continent.
   There are  no endemic diseases here.  A little catarrh and rheumatism during the rainy
and winter seasons.  The constipation, of which there is a  large proportion, is due, undoubtedly,
to want of exercise.   The  venereal diseases are  taken from  the squaws, who are universally
prostitutes, and diseased.

               SANITARY REPORT—COLVILLE DEPOT, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
                        Assistant Surgeon George Hammond: September,  1859.

   This  command,  consisting  of  companies  A and K_, Ninth Infantry,  Brevet Major  P.
Lugenbeel commanding, under orders to establish a depot  and wintering place for the escort of
the "northwest boundary commission," reached this place on the twentieth of June last.
   The site  fixed upon for the buildings (quarters, storehouse, &c.) is in the northeast corner
of a plateau about a mile long, north and south, by half  a mile wide.   On  the north, between
it and Morigeaux creek, is a lesser  plateau, about twenty feet lower than the first, upon which
we are  now encamped.  Upon the opposite  side  of the creek, to the north  of the encampment
and of the  site of the depot,  is  a high range of hills, or rather,  mountains, which forms an
excellent barrier to  the winds  from that direction;  the  plateau is also well sheltered to the
east  and west  by high mountains ;  whilst  to  the south  it opens, by a  gradual descent,  upon
Colville valley.  The only swamp land in the vicinity is in  this Colville valley; in fact,  upon
the breaking up of  winter, and the melting  of the snows, it becomes one vast  lake, nearly
twenty miles in  length by from one  to two in width, and so remains through the greater part
of the summer.  So soon, though, as the waters recede, a heavy growth of grass and wild clover
springs up.  There is little or no vegetation left decaying on the surface, and there seems to be,
among the settlers, an entire immunity from anything like malarious diseases.   This, however,
does not seem to have extended  to the  troops, for two of  the  cases  of fever  reported originated
among the men employed on extra duty cutting hay in the valley.  The other two were returns
of old quotidians, induced by exposure on guard during a rainy night.
   The wounds reported were caused by the careless or unskillful handling of tools in the hands
of extra-duty men.   Many  cases of poisoning, by contact  with a weed resembling somewhat the
poison-oak, occurred, but only three cases were sufficiently severe to require medical treatment.
Of the other diseases reported no special cause can be assigned.
   The employments of the men have been of a character not calculated to injure the health,
except, perhaps, of those encamped in Colville valley, engaged in hay-making; and even among
them (numbering about twenty-five) disease has  not been very prevalent or severe.   Many of
the troops are  employed in the  woods, getting  out  timber for buildings,  others in teaming;
others,  again, in erecting  houses, burning lime, making  brick, &c; and the  rest in doing
soldiers' duty, guard, and police. 
272
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
   They seem well provided with the ordinary regulation clothing, have the usual rations and,
in addition, plenty of fresh vegetables, raised from seed planted since our arrival here.  Every
one has been under canvas during  the  entire quarter.   The  hospital  has consisted of only one
tent, and the sick have been obliged to remain, for the most part, with their companies.
   The water is slightly impregnated with  limestone, but not sufficiently so to render it either
unpalatable or injurious.   The habits of the men with regard to cleanliness have been* particu-
larly good, and, owing to  there being no  liquor  shops in the country, they have  been perforce
unusually temperate.
                      DISEASES.

TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
First quarter.........
Second quarter......
Third quarter........
Fourth quarter......


     Annual ratio
Mean strength.
 8,221
 7,962
 9,466
10,246
8,974
Number treated.
4,276
4,554
5,847
5,984
20,661
19
17
29
23
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Treated.
520
572
618
574
2,302
2.3
2.1
3.0
2.2
9.8
    The  foregoing  data show that the  annual proportion of cases  of disease to the  number of
officers and men serving in this region is 2.30 to 1, and that the corresponding ratio of deaths
is 1 to 101.98. or 0.98 per cent.  The average of deaths to cases treated is 1 to 234.79, or 0.42
per cent.
FEVERS.
	FIRST.										o 1 ■a oj ° % c a .2 ° o p. o £	o o
												t. bi>
	8,221		7,962		9,466		10,246		8,974			v to
												u a
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		° s s °
	0 51 100 151 8 4 1 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	0 10 178 219 1 27 5 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	1 42 382 320 9 31 12 0	0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0	0 30 223 259 21 10 22 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0	1 133 883 949 39 72 40 0	0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0	Oin 1 0 in 133 1 in 883 0 in 949 Oin 39 Oin 72 lin 13 Oin 0	0.1 14.8 98.4 105.7 4.3 8. 4.4 0
												
												
												
												
												
												
Total................................	315	0	440	0	797	3	565	1	2,117	4	1 in 529	236
												
 
AMONG  THE TROOPS  IN  OREGON,  AND  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.
273
DISEASES OF THE  ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.

Strength.
8,221
Cases. Deaths.
7,962
Cases. Deaths
9,466       10,246
Cholera Asiatica.........................;    0
Diarrhoea...................................   275
Dysenteria acuta.....
Dysenteria chronica
Enteritis...............
Hepatitis acuta.......
Hepatitis chronica..
Obstipatio.............
                        ............    81
                       .............     4
                       ..............    1
                       .............j    0
                       .............!    o
                       .............   248
All other diseases of this class.......   167 I
Total
«76
976
Cases. Deaths.  Cases.  Deaths
0	0
434	0
119	0
8	1
4	0
2	0
1	0
207	0
201	0
  0
700
274
 17
  5
  0
  1
258
258
1,513
  0
542
140
  9
  1
  1
  0
209
285
5  11,187
8,974
Cases. ]Deaths.
    0
1,951
  614
   38
   11
    3
    2
  922
  911
4,452
10
Oin     0
1 in  1,951
lin
lin
lin
Oin
Oin
0 in
lin
205
  9
 11
  3
  2
922
911
217
 68.4
  4.2
  1.2
  0.3
  0.2
102.7
101.5
1 in   445  j 496
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Gluarters.
Strength.
Diseases.
8,221
7,962
9,466
Cases. Deaths.' Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths.
10,246
Cases. Deaths
Bronchitis acuta ct chronica..........'   44
Catarrhus..................................   607
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................    5
Pleuritis....................................   49
Pneumonia................................;    4
All other diseases of this class.......\    5
Total,
714   10
Rheumatismus............................  342
 40
342
  7
 20
  7
 15
 43
380
 17
 22
  8
 13
431
483
321
305
 63
745
 16
 42
 15
8,974
Cases. Deaths.
  190
2,074
   45
  133
   34
   40
5   2,516
413 I   0  ! 1,381
 2
 0
10
 1
 7
 2
1 in   95
Oin 2,074
  in    4.5
  in  133
  in    5
  in   20
22
in  114
in  690
 21
231
  5
 14.8
  3.7
  4.4
280
154 
 
              ABSTRACTS






                  OF THE








PRINCIPAL  DISEASES AND DEATHS






        OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






                  IN







       OREGON,  AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
276
REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
		FIRST QUARTER.														
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857.		1858.		1859.		Total.		
CLASSES OF DIS-																
EASES.		1,437.		342.		1,283.		1.111.		1,630.		2,418.		8,221.		
																
	1 SPECIFIC DISEASES. Cases.		Died, leases. Died. Cases. Died.;					Jases.' Died. Cases. Died. jCases.					Died.	3ases.	Died.	
	----------------------------1 Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	1 25 30 5 2	i ! !			23 ......' 1 ......: * ...... 18								51 100 151 8 4 1		
						43 ......| 56 i , ,		8 ■..... 1 '._____i 11								
																
								1 i		18 | 3 1 1	|					
						i!					1					
				......1......				1 |			!					
											|					
1						1	1 !			1 1	......j 1			3 1		
				I			j									
											I					
				""I "" j												
				1												
'•				i						!						
		37 12	......	15 '......j 75						S3 1 1		50 11		275 81 4 1		
								4D j...... " :...... 18 |......1 18 ......								
						00										
Diseases of the organs connected with the. dl-. gestive system.						1		2 1 1								1
										......		1				
				1 !				!								
				1 !												
	Obstipatio.................	21 21 14 70	1 1							52 40	......1	42 34 152 1 11	1 1	248 167 44 607 5 49 4 5 37 15 19 17 13 254		
				4		36 i 32 5 5 162 !...... 77										
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica									13 , 1 !						2
				10 3	1					136 3 10 2 2 15 4 10 4 3 86 2 46 13 33 ]	1					
Diseases of the respira-tory system.						......! 1 10 1 1 ......		1 1								6
		12						3 1								1
																
		2 9 2 1 3		.!		1 1					1	1				1
1 f				l 1 ......				6 ...				5				
	d r • °t					2 '......		1 1	1		......' 5 ......' 6					
Diseases of the brain and	i			1		1 '......										
nervous system.	N Ka					....!		5			......! 5 ......					
|				........		2		2 37 3 11 6 5			...... 6		1			2
		53 5 15 6 19		8												
						4 n						3 26 13 23		17 109		
Diseases of the urinary	Syphilis primitiva..........			■2												
and genital organs.				1 3	1									40 88 1 2 19 1 342 4 237 102 27 2 224 20 10 1 103 125 53 21 13 14 40 29 16 29 75 31 317		
						5										
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels, i Diseases of the fibrous 1 and muscular struc-1 tures. | t																
		2 5			I !											
						3		5		5	yyyy"					
				1......								1				
		39		3 1		78		55 3 39 14	......	95 1 52 9 6		72				1
	Ulcus......................	52 16 4 1 30 1	1	7 ! 1 1.....		47 48 a						40 14	1			1 1
								2 1......			10 ■					
						l										
				7		23	.....	29 ......! 56			1 j 79 ......' 1					1
				6 13				4		5 2						
												8				
Wounds and injuries.... <		1 14 25 12 4 1 5 1 5								1						
				3 29 6 ...... 19				18 2 ''......		27 19 24 8		25				
												38 : 11 ......				
				1												
						2						5 3 3 12 9	|...... 1			
						8 4 6 2		1 ......								
1				1 8 2			[			1 10 1......						
							......! 3 .....									1
							......! 2 ...... 9 ......									
						6										
						6 ...... 2 ...... 10 ...... 11										
		13 3		3		13 ...... 11 ...... 17 ...... 18 .....										
						6 ...... 21 ...... 1										
													1			1
I		43		9 ...... 95 ...... 49 ...... 66 '...... 55												
	Total.................															
		642	3	147 2 i 943 i 1 630 3 1.009 A QOS fi										4,276		19
																
 
            AMONG THE  TROOPS IN OREGON,  AND WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.          - t i





AMONG THE TROOPS AT POSTS IN OREGON, AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
							SECOND QUARTER.					1859.			
		1849 to 1854.		1855.		i8:-6.		1857.		1858.				Total.	
CLASSES OF DIS-										1					
EASES.		1,546.		429.		878.		1,364.		1.6-12.		2.103.		7,962.	
															
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died.				
	Febris continua communis.. Febris inter, quotidiana .... Febris intermittens tertiana. Febris intermittens quartana	2 38 30						3 26 28		3 6 30		2 ......' 10 ......			
				26 37 1 3		69 87						13		178 ...... 1 ......	
		11								3		2 2		o-	
								3						5	
															
(										1				1	
															
l					|							i			
						!......					........				
1							I								
															
		69 ...... 20 ...... ...... 1		56 7		27 18		97 37 8		81 23		104 14		434 119 8 4 2 1 207 201 40	
Diseases of the organs															1
connected with the di--4										2 1		2			
gestive system.		1													
						1 13 25 2 55 2 2 1 3 1 4 1 6									
		31 33 2 73	1	10 7 2 6				59 37 9 41 3 1 1 3 22 3 3 5		51 40 11 56		43 59 14 111 2 10			
															
	Bronchitis, acuta et chronica														
Diseases of the respira-														7 1 ]	
tory system.		1 2 4 15 3 6		2						4 3 4 8 3 2 6 6 67 1 36 12 26	1 1 1				
														7 15 55	1
{												1 8 7 2 4 3 63 1 39 18 24	1 1		1
				1											2
Diseases of the brain and | J														14 '...... 24	
nervous system. |				3 1 8											
I		2 77 2 18 18 27												12 2.2	1
						14 1 11 4 6		33							
Diseases of the urinary															
				9 3 4			32							145 ...... 62 ...... 94 ......	
and genital organs.							......	7							
Diseases of the serous ( and exhalent vessels. (															
		2 1		1	1									3 | 1	
Diseases of the fibrous f								1							
and muscular struc-^					1										
tures. [		62 1 70 16 7		15		59	1	71		52		62 1 59 8 3		321 2 320 59	1
f															
Abscesses and ulcers.... ■{ i				19 8		28 1 2 2 23		64 9 5		80 17 4					
															
															
		46 1 1		13				62 4 1		62 6 1 5	......	90 8 2		296 ...... 19 ...... 5 '...... 5 ...... 102 ...... 117 1 64 ...... 16 ...... 59 5 18 1 51 ...... 28 i...... 13 ...... 66 ...... 35 ......	
															
															
						.:..:.r"									
		18 23 13 5		7 1		13 15 3	...... 15 ...... 1 30 9.9			25 23 12		24 25 14 2 6 4 1 16 19			
															
															
				2				2							
						44 2 7 4 2 7 4 13				10					
		3 12 4 4 4 11 6	1	1 6				3							
							......! 9 1......! 10 12 a								
															
							25								
Miscellaneous..........\															
				4			...... ...... " ......; 10 !...... 18 ...... 11 ...... s								
															
															
	All other diseases..........	44		12		47 ......: 67 ;......| 75 !...... 78 1 323 1									
	Total.................														
		839	3	275	1	629 7 905 ....... 917 1 3 ! 989 3 '4,554) 17									
															
 
278
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY

       ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL  DISEASES AND DEATHS  OCCURRING
THIRD QUARTER.
TLASSE3 OF  DIS-
      EASES.
Years.................... 1849 to 1854.
Mean strength.
2,070.
1855.
1856.
D94.
1,&
1,826.
1859.
2.454.
Total.
9,466.
SPECIFIC DfSEASES.  ICases.l Died. Cases. Died. Cases.| Died. Cases. Died. Cases.' Died. ICases., Died. Cases. Died.
Fevers.
Eruptive fevers ,
Diseases  of the  organs
  connected with  the di-
  gestive system.
Diseases  of the  respira-
  tory system.
Diseases of the brain and
nervous system.
Diseases of the urinary I
  and genital organs.    1


Diseases of  the  serous (
  and exhalent vessels.  X
Diseases of  the  fibrous f
  and  muscular  struc-*!
  Hires.                 [
                        f
Abscesses and ulcers.... \
                       [
                       f
Wounds and injuries.... J
Miscellaneous...........•
 Febris congestiva..........
 Febris continua communis..
 Febris inter, quotidiana....
 Febris intermittens tertiana.
 Febris intermittens quartana
 Febris remittens............
 Febris typhus et typhoides..
 Erysipelas.................
 Rubeola...................
 Scarlatina.................
 Variola....................
 Varioloides...............
 Cholera Asiatica...........
 Diarrhoea........;.........
 Dysenteria acuta...........
 Dysenteria chronica........
 Enteritis...................
 Hepatitis acuta............
 Hepatitis chronica.........
 Obstipatio..................
 All other diseases..........
 Bronchitis, acuta et chronica
 Catarrhus..................
 Phthisis pulmonalis........
 Pleuritis...................
 Pneumonia................
 All other diseases..........
 Cephalalgia...............
 Delirium tremens..........
 Epilepsia..................
 Neuralgia..................
 AH other diseases..........
 Gonorrhoea...............
 Strictura urethrte..........
 Syphilis primitiva..........
 Syphilis conseeutiva.......
 All other diseases..........
 Ascites....................
 All other diseases..........
 Pernio.....................
 Podagra...................
 Rheumatismus............
 Fistula....................I
 Phlegmon et abscess us.....
 Ulcus......................
 Amhustio.................
 Amputatio.................
 Contusio...................
 Fractura...................
 Luxatio...................I
 Punitio....................
 Sub-luxatio................
 Vulnus incisum............
 Vulnus laceratum..........
 Vulnus punctum...........I
 Vulnus sclopeticum........j
 Debilitas...................
 Ebrietas...................
 Ha?morrhois...............
 Hernia....................I
 Morbi  cutis................
 Morbi oculi................
 Scorbutus..................
 Suicidium..................
All other diseases..........
  4 '......;   1
127 j   1  j 174
122 ......;  92
11
18
19J
31
 1
 3
 1
 3
  1
 42
;;■  >
320
  9
 31
 12
  5
 197 |    1     99
  73     J     31
.....'    I   '   5
63
  1
 45
 45
  9
144
  3
  3
  2
  3
  9
 11
  5
  6
115
 37
  1
  3
700
274
 17
  5
61
Total..................U5404
14  j 771
 41

641
  1
258
258
 43
380
 17
 22
  8
 13
 51
 22
 21
 19
 26
284
  4
171
 69
100
  4
  6
 50

977
4  1.115
14
24
 6
 3
 ]
 4
23
10
 1
10
15
 4
66
305
  4
341
100
 21
  2
346
 22
 17
  3
101
164
 61
 33
 23
 39
 78
 60 \.
 17 i.
 57 j.
 80  .
 27  .
369 
                    AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  OREGON.  AND  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.

AMONG THE  TROOPS AT POSTS  IN OREGON, AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
279
FOURTH QUARTER.
CLASSES OF DIS-
      EASES.
Years...................  1848 to 1854.
1856.
1857.
Mean strength.
2,271.
1,566.       2,393.       2.201.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.   Cases. Died. Cases.  Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases. Died. Cases.  Died. Cas
Eruptive fevers.
Diseases of the  organs
  connected with  the di-
  gestive system.
Diseases  of the  respira-
  tory system.
Diseases of the brain and
  nervous system.
Diseases of the urinary
  and genital organs.

Diseases of  the  serous (
  and exhalent vessels,  j
Diseases of  the  fibrous
  and  muscular   strue- <
  tures.

Abscesses and ulcers.... J
Wounds and injuries..
Miscellaneous
Febris continua communis..
Febris inter, quotidiana....
Febris intermittens tertiana.
Febris intermittens quartana
Febris remittens...........
Febris typhus et typhoides..
Febris typhus icterodes.....
Erysipelas..................
Rubeola....................
Scarlatina..................
Variola....................
  4
120
 91
 12
Varioloides................
Cholera Asiatica...........
Diarrhoea..................
Dysenteria acuta...........
Dysenteria chronica........
Enteritis...................
Hepatitis acuta............
Hepatitis chronica........
Obstipatio..................
All other diseases..........
Bronchitis, acuta et chron ica
Catarrhus..................
Phthisis pulmonalis,.......
Pleuritis...................
Pneumonia................
All other diseases..........
Cephalalgia................
Delirium tremens..........
Epilepsia...................
Neuralgia..................
All other diseases..........
Gonorrhoea.......  ........
Strictura urethra...........
Syphilis primitiva..........
Syphilis consecutiva........
All other diseases..........
Ascites....................
158
 44
  5
112
 20
  2
  1
All other diseases......
Pernio.................
Podagra................
Rheumatismus.........
Fistula................
Phlegmon et abscessus.
Ulcus..................
Ambustio.............
Amputatio.............
Contusio..............
Fractura..............
Luxatio...............
Punitio................
Sub-luxatio.........
Vulnus incisum.....
Vulnus Iaceratum...
Vulnus punctum....
Vulnus sclopeticum.
Debilitas...........
Ebrietas............
Hemorrhoid........
Hernia.............
Morbi cutis.........
Morbi ocull.........
Hcoibute,...........
Suicidium..........
All other diseases...
 45
 55
 10
101
  2
  5
 4
28
10
33
 I
 2
 1
25
19
22
 4
 3
25
 54
 59
 11
229
  3
 10
  2
  1
 12
  1
  3
 12
  2
 52
  3
 32
 19
 32
109
 61
 81
 14
183
  3
 12
  7
 31
 46
  8
147
  6
 11
  1
  1
  4
125
  8
  6
37
15
13
 9
 1
29
17
 I
 9
19
Total.................11,368
 35
561
33
60 :.....
 30
223
259
 21
 10
 22
542
140
  9
  1
  1
209
285
 63
745
 16
 42
 15
  7
 42
 19
 21
 31
 12
297
 13
209
 95
136
413 !.

  5!'
336 I.
107 |.
 41 !.
  3 !
4il j.
 20
 U !.
  1 '.
 80 j.
172 I
 ?8  .
 26  .
 54 '
 23 ;,
126 :
 53
 H '
 49
 325
.984 
 
UTAH.
   In the summer of 1857, a portion of the army that had been previously concentrated at Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas, commenced its long march of over twelve hundred miles across the prairies
for Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.  This  army corps passed the winter of 1857 and 1858 at
Camp Scott and at Fort Bridger, in Utah, and in the spring moved on to  Salt Lake City, beyond
which it finally encamped at a point now known as Camp Floyd.
   In the summer of 1858, the troops in Utah were largely reinforced by commands moving from
Fort Leavenworth across the plains.
   The sanitary condition of these troops while on the  march to Utah, the topography of and
diseases incident to the positions they occupied in that Territory, will be  found described in the
following sanitary reports:
                 SANITARY REPORT—TENTH INFANTRY EN ROUTE FOR UTAH.
                        Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow: September, 1857.

   On the 8th of July, by order of the general commanding, I reported for duty with the Tenth
Infantry.  Eight companies  of this regiment  were  then lying at Camp Walbach,  near  Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, being  destined to form a part of the  "army for Utah."   One
of the regiments, recently created, has since its formation occupied the different  military posts
in the Territory of Minnesota, and a portion of it has been engaged in  some  arduous frontier
service—in the Pembina expedition, in an expedition  to the  Wattonwan river, and one company
in the Sioux expedition.
   The regiment arrived at Fort Leavenworth  on the 26th of June, and pitched their  camp
northwest of the fort, on an alluvial bottom,  amid a grove of cottonwood  trees, and in the
immediate vicinage of the Missouri river.   This camp was styled "Camp Walbach."
   The total strength of the  eight companies upon their arrival was  three hundred  and forty,
less than half their full strength, desertions being the principal cause of this  reduction.  During
the stay at Camp Walbach, three hundred and fifty-seven  recruits joined, a majority of whom
were enlisted in the Northern States, the remaining in various towns  of the West.  In subsequent
parts of this report, I shall have occasion to remark upon the sanitary condition of many of these
recruits, in order  to explain the occurrence and results of diseases affecting the command.  Here,
however, it is necessary to premise that many labored under various forms of chronic disease;
many were broken down by habits of dissipation—by  intemperance, by syphilis, by the practice
of masturbation, &c.;  some were too young to endure the fatigues and privations incident to  a
military life; others  too old.   Two classes, therefore, the result  has  shown, are to be  considered
as a  cause of disease constantly operating;  young men unaccustomed to new and  strange modes
of living, and old men worn out by  the practice of various vices.
   The diseases prevalent at  Camp Walbach were such as might be expected from its situation
and  from the hygienic circumstances to which the men were subjected.  The camp-ground was
low, damp, and thickly overgrown with underwood;  the soil evidently of very recent formation,
and  elevated but a few feet above the water-level.   Nearly opposite the encampment—the stage
             30----s 
282
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
of water being low—an extensive deposit  of alluvial mud lay exposed to the July sun.   From
the time the regiment arrived, and before joining, I was informed intermittents had been frequent.
The three cases of periodical fever recorded in the first month of my quarterly report occurred at
Camp Walbach;  other cases not admitted upon sick report were treated.   Had the season been
later, ceteris paribus,  I imagine  malaria  would have  proved a more fruitful  source of disease.
At Fort Leavenworth and surrounding country, the periodical fevers constitute  a large proportion
of the cases treated.   Judging from the situation of the fort, this fact would not be anticipated.
It stands upon a bold bluff about  one hundred  and fifty feet above  the river.   The bed  of the
levee is formed by magnesian  limestone, (dolomite,) and  has required but little aid from  art to
make it one of the best landings upon the river.   After a pretty gradual ascent, the bluff breaks
away into the undulating prairie, and upon its side a belt of oak and cottonwood trees stretches
along.  It cannot be supposed that the poison producing the malarial diseases of Fort Leaven-
worth has its origin in the low grounds skirting the river, for  experience has amply demonstrated
tliat a belt of woodland offers  an effectual barrier to its passage.  The cause  should be sought
rather in the soil itself, a  silicious alluvium; which, in all regions where it occurs, has been
abundantly fertile in the production of miasm.   At Camp Walbach, in much greater exuberance
than at the fort, existed all the conditions necessary to the elaboration of malaria; and hence, I
opine, had the season been later, the command would have suffered from periodical fevers in
probably virulent forms.
    Diarrhoea largely preponderated over  all other forms of disease.  Several causes conspired to
produce this result:
    I. Dietetic—Recruits, unaccustomed to the care and preparation of food, were principally
 affected.   This cause acted more effectually upon those addicted to the excessive use of alcoholic
 stimulants, which, by depressing nervous energy and by  stimulating the mucous  coat  of the
 alimentary canal to  increased secretion, rendered them  more susceptible to its influence.   To
 those unused to it, the water  of the Missouri river, constantly employed  for drinking  and
 culinary purposes, proved laxative.   Besides, early vegetables,  exposed to sale in  the  camp,
 unripe and badly cooked, were eagerly devoured.   A dietetic cause  more potent than all these
 constantly  obtruded itself upon my notice.  I refer to that ancient military institution, bean
 soup.  A vile concoction, prepared under this name, being  regularly issued, and as  regularly
 followed by an increase of diarrhoea, especially amongst those recruits predisposed to its  occur-
 rence by other causes.
    II.  Climatic-—These  were predisposing causes.  The  nights were cool, rendering blankets
 necessary to comfort,  whilst the days were oppressively warm;  consequently the thermometric
 range was considerable,  as the following  observations exhibit:  Lowest  range,  45°; highest,
 94°; mean, 69° Fahrenheit.
    Changes of temperature, however, had but little influence upon the prudent and temperate
 men of the command, and especially those old soldiers who had learned  in the  school of expe-
 rience the art of taking care of themselves.
    A disease, which in this latter class would have been of small importance, rendered many
 recruits unable to bear the fatigues of drill, and other military duty.   In consequence  of  the
 general  prevalence  of diarrhoea,  its therapeutic management was  my  principal employment.
 After a careful trial of various plans of treatment, I found a mixed cathartic and astringent
 medication most successful.   At the outset  it was  my custom  to prescribe the ol. ricini, or, if
 any evidences of biliary derangement were present, the pil. hydrarg.   After sufficient time had
 elapsed, fifteen drops of the aromatic sulphuric acid and ten of tincture of opium were ordered
 every fourth hour.  This  prescription was so constantly and promptly successful, that the post
hoc could not be mistaken for the propter hoc.  To  the alterative and astringent influence of the
elixir vitrioli upon the relaxed mucous membrane,  I am disposed to  attribute  the efficacy of the
prescription. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN  UTAH.
283
   Under the head of toxicum  are recorded two cases of poisoning, which, lest they may be
mistaken for suicidal attempts, must needs be explained.   The poisoning consisted in an inflam-
mation of an  erysipelatous  character, induced  by contact with the poison-oak, (Rhus toxico-
dendron,) a plant which  flourished in great luxuriance at Camp Walbach.  The local  pain,
heat,  redness,  and sAvelling  were  often considerable,  accompanied by  some  constitutional
disturbance, especially when the scrotum was involved.
   On the 18th July, by  order of the general  commanding, the Tenth Infantry took  up the
line of march for  Salt Lake City.   The day  was pretty  far advanced when, the  tents being
struck and the wagons loaded, the column moved out from Fort Leavenworth on  the  western
road.
   The termination of this  long march, seemed as remote as the  idtima thule  to the ancient
world.  By  way of preparation  for the  labors and  exposure  of such  a journey, an immense
amount of drunkenness was  indulged in;  and at the  outset we had ample demonstration of the
fact, that a drunken recruit makes but an indifferent  soldier.   The afternoon of the 18th July,
was  excessively warm; the  thermometer at Fort Leavenworth hospital indicating  95°.   The
march was quite short—five miles—and the men carried  nothing beside their arms; but quite a
number fell from the ranks exhausted, and these were without exception the two classes already
mentioned—boys unaccustomed to fatigue, and  dissipated men of middle life and more advanced
age.  To enure the men  gradually to the labor of marching, it was found  expedient to make
short distances at  the outset; accordingly for the first three days the regiment traveled but
sixteen miles.
   The duration of the march was usually indicated by the necessity of finding wood, water,
and grass, which in this region, is not unfrequently attended with difficulty.  The great road-
way from Fort Leavenworth to the Territory of Utah, passes in the early part of its course over
a beautiful prairie  country, undulating, and covered with the most luxurious vegetation.   The
same  character of scenery, however, constantly spread out, renders  the march very laborious,
tedious, and common-place.   Wood is confined to the narrow belts of timber along the principal
water-courses, and its scarcity is well illustrated by this circumstance:  a single cottonwood
tree, which alone of all its companions has resisted the storms of many years, standing out upon
the prairie, constitutes a land-mark for  many  weary miles, from and to  which distances are
constantly calculated.  To bodies of troops passing over this region, scarcity of water is one of
the greatest privations, and  frequently, very long marches are absolutely necessary to obtain it.
And this is a circumstance necessary to be mentioned, as  influencing the health of the command.
Urgent thirst followed as a necessary result from the  immense  amount of cutaneous  transpi-
ration.   When  canteens  were emptied, the  men drank eagerly from  little  pools  of water
collected in the ravines—water exceedingly filthy and nauseous from animal  and vegetable
decomposition.  Very perceptibly laxative, it was particularly injurious in all cases of diarrhoea.
Upon some persons it acted  like  an  instant poison, producing violent vomiting and purging,
with abdominal cramps, and accompanied by considerable prostration of the vital powers.
   The meteorological conditions of the month were not peculiar.  In the temperature at noon,
not much variation  was observed; the  thermometer being  very uniform at the  same  hour.
Usually at reveille, thick garments were indispensable to  comfort, but as the sun rose  into the
zenith, the  heat became oppressive.  Rains  were unfrequent and inconsiderable.   Thunder
storms, accompanied with severe wind, passed over us  on  two nights, but the days were cloudless.
No dews were observed.   On 31st July,  the regiment arrived upon the Little Blue.   Distance
made, 210 miles; average daily march, including one day's rest, fifteen miles.
   The total strength of the eight companies upon arriving at the Little Blue, was 547; having
lost by desertion from the time of their departure eighty-tAvo men.  No deaths ; number treated,
242;  ratio of cases per 1,000 mean strength, 442.
   As medical officer to the  regiment, it became my duty to examine into the condition of those 
284
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
professing themselves unable to Avalk, and of such as fell ill upon the march.  The former class
consisted principally of those  soldiers who were prostrated  by the effects of long-continued
inebriation, combined with high temperature; but when whisky and civilization were left behind,
the inability to march became the exception, as it had previously been the rule.  This class also
included those  recruits Avho labored  under  some physical debility from  chronic disease.  I was
much gratified by witnessing during the march their progressive  improvement, especially those
in Avhom a phthisical tendency was marked and imminent. The latter class consisted of such as
were overcome  by heat, dust, and fatigue.   In these cases the symptoms observed were sudden
blindness,  extreme muscular feebleness, sobbing respiration, a quick small pulse,  &c.  This
state differs in many important particulars from  the ""coup de soleil,"  (ictus solis,) especially in
its results, for it  never was fatal.  The treatment required,  consisted  mainly in rest, brandy,
sulphuric ether, and laudanum.   Treated upon the march, and having a speedy recovery, they
rarely came upon "sick report."
    The ambulances provided for the  transportation of the sick, were ill suited to such a purpose;
so lofty that it was a difficult matter to get a sick man inside, and so rough and jolting that sick
men were not improved by the riding.  Transportation being limited, I was much embarrassed,
during the early part of the march,  for the means of carrying those upon sick report excused
from marching, and such as were taken sick upon the way.
    However, as  the causes of disease previously enumerated were removed, the health of  the
 command continued to improve, and my professional labor, happily, became somewhat lightened.
    August.—The month of August  was occupied in the march from  the camp  upon the Little
 Blue, to the vicinity of Fort Laramie, including a detention of three days at Fort  Kearny for
rest and preparation.   For six days  the road continues in the vicinity of the Little  Blue, for
 convenience of access to wood, water, and grass, the three great essentials in a journey  over this
 region.  After leaving this stream we have a  march of  two  days across to the Platte valley,
 over a prairie  utterly destitute of interest, arid, and dusty.  The scarcity of water is  rendered
 the  more tantalizing by the  frequent phenomenon of mirage.  As we near the Platte river, a
 range of sand  hills gives some character to  the scenery.   It was with a feeling of great relief, if
 not of positive joy that the column marched through these barren hills into the green valley
 below.   As we were destined to encamp in the  valley of  the Platte for many days, a  description
 of its chief topographical features is rendered necessary.   The valley is a broad alluvial bottom,
 covered with a dense herbage, and separated from the prairie on either side by a range of sand
 hills.   The river side in some places is shaded by a thick growth of several species of the salix,
 but in many more unshaded, except by the tall  grass which leans over the tame and characterless
 banks.
    The river in many respects is most remarkable. Traversing an  immense extent of country
 from Avest to east, and having a fall  averaging eight feet  to the mile, its current is  exceedingly
 rapid and  impetuous.   Filled with sand-bars and islands, its channel is winding and irregular.
 The water of the river, I am  told, is held in little estimation by emigrants.  They attribute
 much of the disease by which parties  have occasionally  been decimated  to the use of  the river
 water, and therefore collect surface water in superficial wells dug for that purpose.   This well
 water is clear, cool, and palatable;  but from my own observation, I am inclined to think  the
 river water is less liable to produce disease.
    Our first camp in the valley was in  the vicinity of a large Pawnee  encampment.   Having
 received timely information from the commanding officer at Fort Kearny that  small-pox  was
prevailing among these Indians,  a  rigid non-intercourse policy was at  once ordered.  Several
 teamsters  in  the  quartermaster's department,  not submitting  to  strict military  rule, were
prevailed upon by the  charms of filthy squaws,  and, as  a consequence, suffered from  syphilitic
inoculation.   No soldier, however, was infected.
    The  march along the  Platte valley may  be summed up  in a few words—marched  and 
                              AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.                           285

encamped.  The dull  routine of marching and encamping was occasionally interrupted by a
buffalo chase, and our meagre diet enlarged by the addition of buffalo steaks.  Beyond this but
little variety was afforded during the  month of August.  Those memorable features  of the
scenery,  over which various  travelers have gone into ecstacies, would, in more characteristic
regions,  excite but  little attention ; but, in accordance with custom, I made a pilgrimage to
Courthouse  Rock, to Chimney Rock, and Capitol Rock, and found (as, no doubt, other enthusi-
astic people have) piles of sandstone, bearing no strong resemblance to the objects  named after,
disintegrating slowly, but, from greater hardness of the rock, less rapidly  than the surrounding
sand hills.  I am gratified, however, to be able to report a diminution in the number of sick.
    Diarrhoea, as during the previous  month, was the  principal disease, but in less proportion
and readily  amenable to the treatment already indicated.
    Diseases of a character somewhat graver began to prevail—intermittents and remittents.
    During the three days of rest at Fort Kearny the periodical fevers first manifested themselves.
This result was to be anticipated.  The Platte valley, from the  nature of its geological consti-
tution, must be eminently productive of malaria.  Beside, the thermometric range for the month
was extraordinary, as  the following  observations exhibit:  Highest range, 96°;  lowest, 32°;
mean, 64°.
    Dews were  frequent and very abundant.   Two of the cases of remittent fever Avere very
intractable,  and  early  manifested a tendency to the  typhoid type, notwithstanding  the  free
administration  of sulphate of quinine.   This  nomadic life is surely not well adapted  to the
treatment of an active febrile affection, more particularly the transportation in those high,
balloon-like, and vibratory ambulances; hence, Avhen we arrived at Fort Laramie these cases
were sent to the hospital of that post.
    The first case of scorbutus  occurred in  this month.  The symptoms were  not  urgent,  and
yielded readily  under   the administration  of the iodide of  potassium, a diet of "desiccated
vegetables," and the  use  of an alcoholic stimulant.  This man  is a recruit, an  inveterate
drunkard, and  abstains from the use of whisky only when unable to  procure it; and hence, in
this man's  case, as in many others, a march over  the G-reat  Plains is a better temperance
sermonizer than  Maine law  enactments.   Regarding this case of scorbutus as an indication of
future trouble,  I recommended, in a communication to the colonel commanding,  the immediate
issue of the  desiccated vegetables, and a weekly issue thereafter.  This preparation  is admirably
adapted  to  the  purpose for  which it was designed,  being palatable, easily digested, and, a
considerable amount being forced by powerful compression into  a small compass,  is readily
transported  without undergoing  change.  Its  use is  invaluable upon an expedition  like the
present one.
    The professional monotony of the march was varied by two cases of labor, both in primipara.
Both these cases  were  delivered in a wagon, en route—a novelty in obstetric practice not to be
recommended to professors of the art.
    The first labor presented no distinctive features, if I may except a rapid recovery under such
unwonted conditions.   The other labor was remarkable for its duration, a period of sixty hours.
The delay I  attribute to several circumstances:  a somewhat narrowed pelvis, rigidity of the soft
parts in consequence of  age, and an excessive nervous  mobility quite uuusual in a camp woman.
Distance marched,  including six days  of rest, 419 miles; average daily  march,  13.22  miles-
number of cases treated, 158; ratio per  1,000 mean strength, 294.
  September.—Beyond  Fort Laramie our march lay over a country very different  in  character
from the  preceding.  Continually ascending along the North fork of the Platte, we  finally reach
a point at which it is but a small  mountain stream, and not far from its sources.   The scenerv
grows wilder as we  advance, but desolate and barren.   Some evidences of mineral Avcalth present
themselves along this branch of the Platte; deposits  of coal and iron underlying the new red
sandstone.   We  also enter the  "alkaline country," ill-farned among the emigrants for impreg- 
286
REPORT ON  THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
nating Avater and grass with a subtile poison.   The ground in many places is covered Avith  an
alkaline efflorescence of the potash, soda, and magnesian salts, whitening the surface like new-
fallen snoAv.  Like many other things celebrated in song and story, to have no faith in Avhich is
a heresy, the tales about alkaline poisoning proved to be grossly hyperbolical.  For the last time
upon the Platte, we encamped upon one of those alkaline bottoms,  and the animals ate greedily
of the saline-covered grass without any ill effect, and certainly no diseases were produced among
the men.  The alkaline lakes in these mountains have many notable features.  Having no com-
munication AA'ith any floAving Avater, they lay dark, stagnant, and repulsive, in a basin between
the hills, apparently upheaved in the same convulsion of nature, which forced up the mountains.
Large masses of carbonate of potassa, nearly pure, lie along the banks of these lakes during the
dry season.
   On the 18th of September Ave leave the Platte river, companion of many miles,  and  in the
space of tAvo days arrive at the Sweet  Water,  passing  over  a  road  continually  ascending.
The green valley of the Sweet Water, and the clear stream winding through the  Rocky Mount-
ains, greatly relieve the barren and desolate scenery.  One of the grandest objects  upon the
road thus far passed over is  the Devil's Gate, where  the  river bursts through the chain of
hills.  Bare rocks of granite rise up  vertically to an immense height.  Great boulders of gneiss
having fallen into the bed of the stream, the water boils through  with a solemn roar, like the
beating of the ocean on a rock-bound shore.  For six days we encamped along the Sweet Wrater,
leaving it in the \dcinity of the South Pass.   On the 24th of September we reached the summit
of the Rocky Mountains and marched through the South Pass,  attaining the greatest  altitude—
7,230 feet.
    The Pass differs very materially in appearance from Avhat preconceived ideas led us to expect.
The ascent is  so gradual and extending over so long  a distance that it is imperceptible to
ordinary observation.   Instead of a narrow gorge opening between  immense mountains, we find
broad table-land insinuating itself among the ranges.
    This considerable altitude had a very perceptible effect in increasing  the  labor of marching.
The respiratory acts Avere rendered more frequent and laborious; fatigue was easily excited, and
expistaxis became quite common.   A high wind also prevailed, raising clouds of dust and sand.
Notwithstanding these adverse circumstances, the necessity of finding a camp compelled a march
of tAventy-six miles, the longest march in the Avhole journey.   The regiment encamped at the
Pacific spring, the head waters of several streams flowing Avest;  a place memorable from  an
attempt of the Mormons, in the night, to alarm and stampede the animals.   I have to record the
death of one of our hopeful recruits  on this occasion.  The excitement, caused by an alarm at
midnight, proved too much for this man's equanimity, and he fell down  dead upon the spot, the
first victim  of the war.  Cause, organic disease  of the heart.
    On the 27th Ave arrived upon Green  river, Utah Territory.  Having learned that the Mormons
meditated an attack upon government trains lying upon Ham's fork, a night movement was
directed, and the regiment marched at 1 o'clock  on the morning of the 28th, arriving upon Ham's
fork at  9  o'clock, a. m., a distance of twenty-two miles.   Upon Ham's  fork our march  for the
month terminated, and my record of it for  the quarter  closes.  Distance marched, 390 miles  ;
average daily march, including eight  days  of  rest, 13 miles;  average daily march, excluding
eight days of rest, 17.45 miles.
    The number of sick continued to decrease until the latter third of the month, when a  predis-
position to disease was evidently created by several causes.
    During the march from the Sweet Water through the South Pass to  Ham's fork, very  great
vicissitudes  of temperature Avere observed.  At night, ice formed  in  my tent, and  during the
day the thermometer  frequently rose to 85°.  The atmosphere too was highly rarified, laden
with fine particles of sand, and difficult to respire.  The unusually lengthy marches, under the
operation of these causes, produced a degree of languor and exhaustion highly favorable to the 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
287
reception of morbific agents.  Activity was followed by inaction, except the performance of the
ordinary routine duties of camp life.
   With the cases left at Fort Laramie, periodical fevers seemed to have relinquished the com-
mand; but upon Ham's fork, a neAv manifestation  took place.  The  valley of this stream has
an elevation of 6,G40 feet.   An interesting question here arises, whether malaria is a product of
this region.  The generally received opinion that a low, marshy country, and a certain tempera-
ture, are essential to its production, has  not  in all  cases  been borne out by carefully recorded
facts.    An element  of production  exists here, hoAvever,  Avhich in all countries has  been
abundantly fertile in the elaboration of the  poison; I allude to the soil, formed by the disinte-
gration of the sandstone  rocks, and in  the  valleys or river  bottoms, by  an alluvial deposit
intermingled Avith the sand.   I am informed  that these diseases are not unknown to the hunters
and trappers,  who spend their lives in these  regions.  It might, at first view, seem improbable
that the periodical fevers Avould prevail at so  great an  altitude as  this, more particularly when
the specific gravity of the poison  is considered; but the  results  of observation should not be
superseded by vague and  uncertain theories.  The intermittents  differed  in  no respect from
ordinary cases.  The remittents were severe,  not easily controlled,  and manifested a tendency to
the typhoid state.   My -practice has usually consisted in  the  administration of a  large dose of
quinine during the remission, and the neutral mixture during the febrile exacerbation.
   The cases of diarrhoea have been in some instances modified by what Dr. Sydenham styled
the constitutio aeris epidemica, as has been frequently observed in malarial regions.  These cases
failed to be relieved without the occasional administration of sulphate  of quinine ; and this
peculiarity was more particularly observed amongst  the men in the quartermaster's department,
many of whom were treated ineffectually by  the ordinary methods.
   My report for the month of September, exhibits four cases of scorbutus;  these, with the one
in August, make five cases during the quarter.  These five cases though insufficient to establish
a general principle, show  clearly that abstinence from vegetable food is not, as some suppose the
sole cause of scurvy;  nor can its occurrence be ascribed to  the use of salted food.   These men,
in common Avith the whole command, have eaten per week a certain amount of the " desiccated
vegetables," besides apples, peaches, rice, and molasses, and, moreover, the amount of fresh meat
consumed greatly preponderated over the salted  meat.   In my opinion, the  previous habits and
physical condition act an important part.
   A great variety of causes, apparently opposite in character, are, ceeteris paribus, capable of
producing scorbutus.  The abuse of  alcoholic stimulants, and that filthy narcotic, tobacco, a
Avant  of cleanliness, indolence,  and exhaustion from hard  labor, mental despondency,  and
irregular, ill-prepared food, combine in most cases in  the production of the scorbutic cachexy.
Upon referring to the previous history of these  scorbutic men, a sad catalogue of evil habits is
presented—most prominent of all, the long continued and excessive use of strong drink; ceaseless
tobacco chewing.   These  men belong  to that interesting class,  heretofore  not unfrequently
mentioned, old, broken-down, and inherently worthless recruits.
   No more discouraging  business can be conducted than the  treatment, under present circum-
stances, of such miserable, forlorn men.
   That reputed specific  the Agave americana  not being available, I have rung the  changes
upon every imaginable remedy.   One case yielded readily to the administration of the iodide of
potassium; but it was used without avail in the other cases; and I am, consequently, unable  to
indicate a plan of treatment adapted to all cases of the disease.
   General Summary.— Number treated in  the  quarter, 499;  ratio per 1,000 mean strength,
929;  deaths, 3.
   In conclusion, it may be interesting to remark  the influence of this long inarch upon the
healthy, prudent, and temperate men of  the  command.  They constantly improved in  physical 
288
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
vigor and endurance, always performed their arduous duties cheerfully, and, at the termination
of the march, had the mens sana in corpore sano.
   NotAvithstanding the large proportion of sick, I  am gratified to be able to state that a con-
siderable number never came upon the sick report; but, unfortunately, these Avere exceptions to
a general rule.   Many of those Aveak, ailing,  and unpromising recruits, though frequently sick,
have been greatly benefited by the constant, regular, and laborious marching.
   I am, therefore, well assured that the eight  companies of the Tenth  Regiment of Infantry
are in a A^astly better physical condition this 30th day of September than on the 18th July when
they marched out from Fort Leavenworth, en  route for Salt Lake City.

                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP  SCOTT.
                         Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow: December, 1857.

   Camp Scott lies along Black's fork, in the vicinity of Fort Bridger.  This camp is the winter
quarters of the army of Utah.
   Black's fork, a tributary of Green river, is a rapid mountain stream of inconsiderable size,
but whose water of crystal clearness  and purity is immensely valuable in this  arid and  thirsty
region.  The valley has an average width of  about one mile, and is separated  from the  higher
table-land by a range of irregular sand hills.   The creek is Avinding, Avith numerous channels,
which at the annual rise are overflowed, inundating the whole valley.   The soil of the valley is
a  mixture of sand, alluvium, and vegetable loam, having but little depth, and interspersed by
immense quantities of rubble stone ;  sand predominates.   In the vicinity of the camp, upon the
banks of the stream, magnesian limestone  (dolomite) and  slate-rock crop out.   A considerable
portion of the valley is covered by a  thick groAvth of a species of willow, (Salix herbacea,) with
here and there  a grove of cottonwood, (Populus canadensis,)  and that miserable  shrub, the
artemisia.   The valley during spring and  summer is  covered with an  abundant herbage, and
offers a most striking contrast to the  barren waste on either side.  Cultivation, hoAvever, has not
produced very great results to Mormon enterprise.  Besides the potato and some of the  most
common of the leguminiferae and cruciferae, I am not aware that this people have succeeded in
their agricultural attempts, and consequently the colony  established  at Fort  Bridger procured
their principal supplies in the Salt Lake valley.  This region, as well  as the Great Plains, like
the Steppes  of Tartary, is adapted only to herds and grazing, and a  nomadic population of
savages or Indian traders, with their squaws and cattle, or Mormon freebooters ; it can never
become a nursery of civilized heroes ; and thus  in  the New World, may be  revived, in some-
Avhat the same form, the ancient patriarchal life, now almost extinct in the Old.   From the very
necessity of their position, the wretched inhabitants must  prey upon the rest  of mankind, and
procure by violence and rapine that subsistence not to be wrung from the unwilling soil.
   Exclusive of the Mormon population, now  gone into Salt Lake valley, there  are tAvo classes of
inhabitants—Indians and traders—of whom the former are infinitely more respectable, humane,
and  gentle.  Tavo  tribes  belong  to  this  country; the Utah and the  Snake Indians, long at
animosity, but between whom during  the present  winter  some sort of peace has been made.
There are no special differences in these  tAvo tribes in  habits or  character, nor  do they differ in
physical development.  I was  unprepared  to  witness  in mountain tribes, remote from civiliza-
tion, so many evidences of decay.   In stature they are low, square built, and without symmetry,
ungainly in gait, and  having an appearance of premature age.   The face is triangular, mouth
large, cheek  bones prominent, forehead low and  retreating, hair black, coarse, and  very thick.
As a rule, the squaws are more athletic and vigorous than the men, but are far from approach-
ing any elevated standard of beauty.  Both these tribes,  so far as my  observation extends are
very  debased, having  none of the refined sentiments attributed to Indian heroes  in Hiawatha.
In fact, the Indian races are yielding to a destiny, not the result of contact with a more vigorous 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  UTAH.
289
race, but an immutable law of nature.  Having served their purpose in the social economy of
humanity, they are made subject to a process of change, impressed not only upon the earth, but
its various nations and empires.
   The class of traders, of  whom not a feAv reside in this valley and the neighboring valleys of
Smith's fork,  Henry's fork,  and Green  river, are a  peculiar people.   Having, early in life,
fallen out with the restraints of civilized society, or exiled by crime, they quickly adapted them-
selves to a careless and indolent life in the mountains.  They commence their career by taking,
in Indian fashion, a squaw  or two, who perform all the labor, whilst they hunt game,  rob upon
the public highway, steal cattle,  or trade in whisky and tobacco with the Indians.   When not
engaged in these delectable employments  they sit in  listless indolence  around the wigwam fire
smoking  a pipe,  or lay outstretched  upon the ground basking in the sun.  They  manifest
extraordinary  activity,  notwithstanding  their native indolence, at any prospect of pecuniary
gain, undergoing, with great intrepidity, danger, suffering, and even facing death itself, where
the reward is commensurate.   Their principal talent  lies  in  romancing, in which they greatly
excel, very much  to the prejudice of  a character for veracit}7.  By long association  with the
Indian tribes, they have learned much craftiness, and the art of lying  Avith  so  unmoved  a
countenance that it seems more natural than the truth.  The  Indian wives of  the  traders are
models of industry, perform all  the  manual  labor,  and are Arery attentive to the wants and
wishes of their lazy lords.   Usually  exceedingly prolific, around  every wigwam may be seen
crowds of dirty half-breed children  playing as noisily and in someAvhat the same  mode as
civilized children everywhere. A case of novelty to the Indians is the twin offspring of a traders'
squaw, now wintering at Camp Scott.   These twins excite the astonishment of the most stoical
Indian.  A similar case having never occurred among them, they  attribute some supernatural
virtue to the trader, and style him, in their language of compliment, "a medicine man."  The
squaws manifest as much affection for their offspring as the most devoted of civilized mothers—
an affection tender,  sympathizing,  and indulgent.  If we form an opinion of the mountain men
from the reports of poetic explorers we Avould  probably accord them many virtues—integrity,
steady friendship,  a noble  sense of justice, and  high personal bearing.   I  did not  find the
original of this description  in real life.  They have some of the good qualities of the Bedouin
Arab, many vices to which  he is  a stranger, but not many of the virtues of a good citizen.  A
country like the Great Plains, which has its analogue in the deserts of the East, Avould be incom-
plete without that other characteristic—a wandering people having  a strong thirst for  plunder,
and acknowledging no law  but the lex talionis.
   My observations upon the climatology of this country have had but a limited scope, extending
through the fall  to mid-Avinter.   I have been very  agreeably impressed, thus far,  with the
comparative mildness of the climate.   Minus 18° Fahrenheit is the loAvest degree to which the
mercury has yet fallen, and that  Avas during the month of November; a degree of cold  not since
experienced.
   The greater part of the  month of October, during which the  army Avas encamped  upon
Ham's fork, the atmosphere had that peculiar softness and haziness characteristic of the Indian
summer.   At  the close of the month snoAv fell to  the  depth  of four inches, but, under a Avarm
sun,  disappeared in a few days.  From the 1st  to the  20th November  the  cold  became severe
and snow-storms were frequent;  but from this time to the termination of the month many of the
days Avere warm and pleasant.   The month of December Avas characterized by several  snoAv-
storms, not severe or protracted.  These storms Avere remarkable for their regularity, both as
to recurrence  and  duration.  They continued  usually about forty-eight hours, and the fall of
snow  but seldom exceeded tAvo  inches.  Higher up  within the mountain ranges  snow-storms
prevail almost daily, and the siioav has  already  fallen to very great depths, blocking  up the
passes, and rendering  communication  with the States extremely difficult  if not  impossible.
Looking up into the mountains from the valley, some  of the most magnificent exhibitions may
            37----s 
290
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
be daily Avitnessed.  Whilst the sun  shines Avarmly upon the creek bottom, the  snow-clouds
drift along  the mountain tops, discharging their fleecy shoAvers.   Anon, the clouds float aAvay,
and the mountain peaks glisten in the bright sunshine like burnished silver, contrasting beau-
tifully with the dark green of the pine-covered hills far below.
   One distinguishing feature of this climate is its equability and dryness.  No sudden  transi-
tions have been observed, and during  the winter proper, whilst the cold  has  at no time been
severe, the thermometer has rarely risen above the freezing point.   The absence of moisture is
well shown by the dryness and contraction of all  kinds of woodAVork, and the freedom of surgical
instruments and arms from the slightest traces of rust.
   Before going into winter quarters the arrangement of proper hospital accommodations was a
frequent subject of anxiety.   Our anticipations of severe Aveather were heightened by reports of
the extraordinary severity of the two preceding winters.  Timber not being sufficiently abundant
for building purposes,  the  ordinary  hospital tent had to be  arranged for the winter.  I was
much surprised as well  as gratified at the results produced  by the means at my disposal.  With
an ordinary sheet-iron stove at one extremity, an adobe chimney at  the other,  and  a flooring of
hides, the hospital of the volunteer battalion has a degree  of comfort quite  beyond  expectation.
Thus far, as singular as it may appear, no difficulty has  been experienced in maintaining  a
sufficiently high and equable temperature.   Wintering in the Rocky Mountains, with no other
protection from the cold and storms than an ordinary canvas tent, would  excite the incredulity
of any one unacquainted Avith the country except by the reports of  imaginative  travelers.
Granting that life might be maintained under such circumstances, most men Avould be ready to
assert that such an existence Avould be intolerable.  I do not find that the army of Utah suffer
any extraordinary hardships.   Many of the officers live in wall  tents, variously  arranged,
according to individual peculiarities  of tastes and habits, and heated by sheet-iron stoves to a
very agreeable temperature; some of them in a combination of  the wall and Sibley  tent.  Some
burroAv in the ground;  others hide Avithin the ample coverts of the thick growing willow.   A
great many ingenious appliances to comfort have been  contrived, not only as regards interior
use and decoration, but as a protection externally against storms.
    Curiously  wrought  chimneys, unexpected stoves, and  marvelous chairs  and tables, demon-
strate Iioav great a virtue  may be made of necessity.  The enlisted men are quartered in  Sibley
tents, an invention suggested by the wigAvam of the Sioux, and now for the first time used  in
the military service.  They are decidedly well adapted to the use for which they are designed
by the inventor, which  the severe test  they have been subjected  to  during  the present  winter
sufficiently  demonstrates.  Twenty men may be accommodated in each tent, but  if  proper
regard be paid to comfort and convenience, sixteen is a large enough number.
    The  company kitchens are, I belieAre, without exception, built of  logs, and have  adobe chim-
neys, are cleanly kept and Avell arranged.
   Some of the trains containing supplies for the army having  been stopped by the approach of
winter,  a necessity arose for  the  reduction of  the rations,  and for a limitation to the same
standard of the sales to  officers.  It  is a favorite theory  Avith chemical physiologists that to
maintain the  animal heat in high and cold latitudes  requires an  increase in the amount  of
carbon consumed, and  this theory is found to be correct both  by observation and  experiment.
It became necessary, however, to diminish, in  the Rocky  Mountains, in winter, an amount of
nutriment not considered  superabundant in less rigorous climates.   With what result?  Those
Avho have been accustomed, habitually, to consume much larger quantities of food found that
the ration, as reduced, by proper care, was sufficient to sustain  the body in a state of active and
vigorous health,  even under  considerable  fatigue and exposure.  I find no one, except some
civil functionaries, who carry any superfluous fat in the cellular tissues; consequently, I opine,
none of the military have a  superabundance of food and leisure to favor  such deposit.  The
deprivation of salt, at first, more than  any other article, excited bitter complaints, but gradually 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  UTAH.
291
the desire for its use wore off, and when a supply of what before Avas considered a sine qua non
arrived it did not arouse so great an interest as might be imagined.  Entire abstinence from
salt is not incompatible Avith the most perfect health, of which numerous examples are afforded
by the mountaineers, traders, and others, who,  though accustomed to its use early in  life, lose,
eventually, all inclination  for it.   Notwithstanding these apparent privations, the army does
not suffer from any important diseases.   Military duties are sufficiently numerous to prevent the
vices attendant upon idleness, and various amusements have been judiciously introduced to give
zest and variety to a life which might otherwise prove irksome.   Balls, concerts, and theatrical
entertainments, though not properly subjects for a medical report, are, nevertheless, deserving
of mention as means of employing leisure which an idle soldiery might expend in various acts
prejudicial to health.
    From all the foregoing statements I  conclude that, how deficient soever this  region may be
in the more humanizing  influences, it has at least the great merit of being extremely  favorable
to health and longevity.  There are two diseases which occasionally prevail—erysipelas, in an
epidemic  form, and mountain fever, of which I shall  have  something to say in  a subsequent
part of this report.  As  spring  is the  season at which the erysipelas prevails, I have had no
opportunity of observing it.  Beside these, I knoAv  of no diseases Avhich  may be said to  have
characters peculiar to this country.   Small-pox and  syphilis  make  great  ravages amongst the
Indian tribes, but they do not differ from the same diseases elsewhere.
   A question well Avorthy of consideration:  Is this climate adapted to the amelioration and cure
of the tubercular diathesis?   As  phthisis is annually on the  increase in the United States, and
as the subject of its hygienic management proves to be  more important than the treatment by
medicaments, the consideration of the climate is,  necessarily, of the  first  consequence.  In my
report for the third quarter  I remarked  the beneficial influence of  the journey over the plains
upon those in whom  "a phthisical tendency Avas marked and imminent."   The purity of the
atmosphere and the equability and dryness of the climate are conditions highly favorable to such
improvement.  The entire  immunity of  the mountaineers from  all  forms of pulmonary disease
indicates the healthfulness of the country in  this particular.   Moreover, the various commands
stationed at Fort Laramie have been remarkably free from all forms of pulmonary disease, and
all such as came thither laboring under the incipient or well-established symptoms of  consump-
tion speedily improved.  Assistant  Surgeon G.  K. Wood, in  a report from that  post  upon this
subject, remarks:
    "The climate of those broad  and elevated  table-lands, which skirt the base of the Rocky
Mountains on the  east, is especially beneficial  to persons suffering  from pulmonary disease, or
with a scrofulous diathesis;      *     *     *     *     that more is due to the climate itself,
is shoAvn by the fact, that among troops stationed  in  this region (whose  habits are  much the
same everywhere) this class of disease is  of very rare occurrence."
    The present superintendent of Indian affairs for the Territory of Utah, (Dr. Forney) assures
me that  the journey over the plains  and residence at  Camp  Scott has relieved him almost
entirely from certain  alarming symptoms of phthisis Avith which he  set out.  To an  improved
hygiene, inseparable from a life upon the plains, may be  attributed  much of the benefit experi-
enced in these cases; to the dryness and equability of the climate much more.  This is no doubt
a part, but not the whole of the truth.  In  my recent examination before the Army Medical
Board, this question Avas  propounded by Surgeon McDougall:  What influence has elevation upon
respiration and pulmonary disease?  To the latter  part of the question, I replied,  that  the
improvement  in pulmonary disease, was, in my opinion, due to improved hygiene; but, as  the
examiner remarked, this  did not express the Avhole truth, since at considerable elevations, determ-
ination took  place  to  the  surface, thereby relieving internal  congestions—a consideration of
much importance, and quite as obvious as important.  From these facts it appears to me evident,
that to the subject of an  hereditary or acquired  predisposition to  consumption, the Great Plains 
292
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
and the mountains offer more certain relief than any other climate in our country.  A journey
over the plains is not so formidable an enterprise as a feAV years since; it can be made now both
with  safety  and  celerity.  As the overland  route to  California,  the main  roads  are being
constantly traversed by parties going and returning, so that the invalid would have no difficulty
in availing himself of the protection afforded by these.
   I conclude my present report Avith'an account of an epidemic of  periodical  fever, mentioned
in my report for the  third quarter, as having  commenced soon after  our armral upon Ham's
fork.   To the unusual fatigue  which the Tenth  Infantry had undergone in a highly rarified
atmosphere, I was disposed to attribute a  predisposing  influence.   Several cases had happened
upon the march along the Platte valley; but from Fort Laramie to Ham's fork, the poison, if it
existed  among  the  command, was  in  abeyance.   I also remarked that if we can  predicate
the occurrence of malarial diseases upon peculiarities of soil, temperature, and productions, then
may the Platte  valley be considered a -settled habitat of malaria.  The valley of Ham's fork,
is in many respects similar to  the  Platte valley;  the soil consisting of sand intermingled Avith
an alluvial deposit and vegetable loam;  the banks of the stream fringed with the willow  and
cottonAvood, and being subjected  to periodical overfloAv.  It differs, however, in a   material
respect—in elevation.
   After the termination  of the third quarter, Ave continued for  some time upon Ham's  fork,
moving occasionally a few miles for better grazing.  For the first half of the month of October,
the Aveather was warm, and the atmosphere had all those peculiarities which unite to constitute
"Indian summer."   It Avas during this period that the Tenth Infantry suffered so severely from
the intermittent and remittent fevers.  The intermittents, if not quickly controlled by the heroic
administration of quinine, passed  into the remittent, whilst the remittents tended to assume the
typhoid type.   These fevers differed in no respect from the same forms of disease in  the low
country, if I may except this adynamic tendency.   The type  of the fever was usually quotidian,
the remission occurring in the morning.  A large proportion  of the cases commenced by a severe
rigor, variable in  duration.  During the exacerbation the pulse was  full, soft, and sometimes
dicrotic; skin hot and dry; tongue heavily furred in the centre, red and dry at the tip and
edges; no  sordes accumulated.   There Avere present, also, intense cephalalgia;  severe aching in
the back and limbs; suffusion of the eyes; loathing of food; and sometimes nausea and vomit-
ing.  At the acme of the  exacerbation in some cases, I observed delirium, sometimes  noisy and
violent.  In the remission the debility Avas considerable,  accompanied by listlessness and indis-
position to the slightest exertion;  countenance dull and  tinged a  peculiar dirty yellow; pulse
small, quick, and feeble.   Diarrhoea Avas  in  all cases  a persistent symptom, requiring astrin-
gents.  The  stools Avere thin, dark brown, greenish, or black, and very offensive in odor.  Large
doses of quinine were not only borne with impunity, but absolutely required; and I had the most
satisfactory evidence of the power of the anti-periodic in jugulating the febrile action.   Ten, fifteen,
or tAventy grains administered at a single dose during the remission, manifested all the antidotal
poAver observed in malarial regions, except in a few cases, which,  uncontrolled, passed  into that
adynamic condition, by common consent denominated typhoid—a state characterized by extreme
muscular debility,  Ioav muttering  delirium, subsultus tendinum, &c.  Two of the cases  thus
protracted  proved fatal.
   These are the facts: Intermittent and remittent fevers occurring at an altitude of 6,240 feet
above the  sea manifesting all the phenomena of similar or identical forms of disease in  low
countries and controlled by the same remedy.   In the consideration of these facts three questions
arise:
   Is this periodical fever a distinct and peculiar disease, to be properly designated as mountain
fever?
   Is the poison malarial  in origin and brought into the  mountains in a state of incubation and
there developed by a process of zymosis ? 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.                           293
    Is malaria a product of this region ?
    A remittent febrile affection, denominated the "mountain fever," is described by Dr. EAving,
 in the St. Louis Bledical and Surgical Journal, for March,  1855, as a disease peculiar to the
 elevated regions of the Rocky Mountains.   He considers it as totally distinct from the fever of
 malarial origin, but it seems to me upon insufficient grounds.  He founds  his differential  diag-
 nosis upon the accident of situation and the absence of nausea in the mountain fever.  Upon a
 careful consideration of his description,  I do not find that the mountain  fever differs very
 materially from the febrile disease herein described, and I make no doubt Avhat Dr. Ewing saAv
 Avas precisely what it has happened to me to see.   We differ  as to nomenclature and as to cause.
 The term "mountain fever" is in common use among the hunters and trappers; but, certainly,
 rarity of  air cannot be considered as a  cause of disease, as Dr. EAving intimates, in those who
 have been long habituated to it;  nor has this cause in any other mountainous region, as  far as
 I can ascertain, produced similar effects.   Moreover, the coincident occurrence of intermittent
 fever evidently indicates a different origin.  The  cause must, in my opinion, be sought elsewhere
 than in rarified air.
    A  certain fact  Avith regard  to the behavior of malaria, long knoAvn, may be adduced in
 explanation of this apparent anomaly.   It is Avell ascertained that the poison may be conveyed
 from a low country, where the usual developments may or may not have occurred, to a high,
 salubrious, and mountainous region, where all the phenomena of this species of poisoning are
 made manifest.  This circumstance has not unfrequently occurred, it is not a matter of opinion,
 and may explain the occurrence of the epidemic herein recorded ; but not with absolute certainty.
 Upon inquiring into the previous history of the cases of fever, I find some  who have been living
 in malarial regions; some  residents of the northern  States,  where malaria  is  unknoAvn; all,
 however,  transiently exposed to  it at Camp Walbach, on the Missouri, and along the valley of
 the Platte.
    The third inquiry—Is malaria a product of this region?—may be considered as an  altogether
 absurd inquiry, so  antagonistic  is it to  the commonly received doctrines  upon this subject.   I
 have already intimated my opinion that many of the conditions usually considered necessary to
 its  elaboration  exist in these mountain valleys.  The constitution of the  soil, productions,
 periodical inundations, &c, render the similarity between them and the low malarial countries
 striking.   Having these conditions,  let  it  be supposed  that there prevail  for several months a
 continuously, high temperature—not improbable  either—might not the peculiar serial substance
 known as malaria  become developed?  Not, it may be, constantly at  the  ordinary season, but
 capriciously at long intervals, when, as it  may but seldom happen, various  coincident circum-
 stances conspire to cevelop it.  At all events, the subject is deserving of some attention.
    The second inquiry, according to present received doctrines, explains most satisfactorily the
 occurrence of periodical fever in  the elevated regions of the  Rocky Mountains; but if Ave deny
 that malaria  can be  here  elaborated, many  anomalous  circumstances  remain unexplained.
 Notwithstanding there is  much known with certainty upon this subject, more continues obscure,
 and we are consequently continually surprised by new phases and unexpected developments.
   I have been thus particular in recording in this and a preceding report the  history of this
 epidemic,  not in the vain expectation of adding any new facts to medical science, but the rather of
 exhibiting old facts under somewhat novel and extraordinary circumstances.

                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP SCOTT.
                           Assistant Surgeon John Moore : December, 1857.

   Camp  Scott, the  wintering place of the army of Utah,  is in latitude 41° 18' 12" N., lono-itude
 110° 32' 237 W. from Greenwich;  this is  on  the authority  of obsen'ations  made by Captain
Stansbury, in 1849, 1850, at Bridger's Fort, an  Indian  trading post near our  camp, and noAv 
 294                    REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY

 used as a public storehouse.   The altitude of our present position, as near as can be ascertained
 from  geognostic profiles, made, I think, by Captain Beckwith in his railroad survey, is about
 7,800 feet.   Distance from Fort  Laramie, by  the emigrant  road, over the South  Pass  of the
 Rocky Mountains, 440 miles; and from Great Salt Lake City in a northeast direction, 124 miles.
    Our encampment is in the valley of Black's fork of Green river, a  tributary of the Colorado
 of the West.  The  average Avidth of the valley is from one to  tAvo miles, with a  depression
 below the surrounding plains  of eighty to one hundred feet.  The strata in the surrounding hills,
 so far as  they can be seen, are nearly horizontal, consisting of magnesian limestone, clayey and
 slaty shales, and sandstone.   The soil is made up of the detritus of the surrounding rocks inter-
 mingled with some vegetable mould.  The stream is  one of considerable size, water excellent,
 with  a  rapid  current over  a bed of small  boulders, composed  principally of metamorphic
 sandstone.   It has its source in the Uintah Mountains, a lofty chain some fifty or sixty miles to
 the south, and whose summits—in plain view from  our  camp—reach  the altitude of perpetual
 snow.
    Clumps  of cottonwood, Avillow, haAvthorn, black and white currant, fringe the borders of the
 stream, and scrubby cedars grow on the escarpments of the hills, some three or four miles distant.
 It is said that coal has been found in the neighborhood, but none has been seen since our arrival.
 It is not improbable, however, that it exists, as the  red  sandstone of the carboniferous period,
 has been  seen cropping out Avithin a day's march  of this place.  The plains in our vicinity are
 in no respect different from those extending for hundred of miles on every side of us.  They are
 utterly barren;  covered with artemisia, (Artemisia tridentata,) asters, and cacti, interspersed
 Avith occasional clumps of  grass.
    Our arrival here Avas in the midst of Avinter ; and as the ground has been almost constantly
 covered with snow, but limited  opportunities have been afforded  for geological  investigations.
 No chemical analysis of the soil has been made, because of the want of necessary chemicals.
    In the absence of topographical details, some observations of a more general character may
 not be Avithout interest.  We are  encamped in the midst of the "Great Basin"  of Fremont; in
 speaking of  which, it is perhaps not generally  known  that the term "Great Basin," is applied
 to one of the most remarkable plateaus on the surface of the globe; being greater in area and
 almost if not equal in altitude to  the table-lands  of Mexico.   In a direction east and west, it
 extends  from Fort  Laramie, which is  at  an altitude of 5,300 feet, to the Wahsatch range of
 mountains some fifty miles to the Avest of our camp; and in a course north and south, from the
 thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth parallels of latitude.
    From Fort Laramie to the South Pass, there is a gradual but constant sAvelling of the ground
 to the " divortia aquarum," or culminating ridge, where it attains an altitude of 7,490 feet.  The
 distance between these two points is about 300 miles.  Although this is an elevation greater
 than that of the famous passes of the Simplon, (6,576,) of the St. Gothard, (6,865,) and but
 little short of that of the Great San Bernard, yet the ascent is so gentle as to be scarcely percep-
 tible, and, without artificial improvement, to afford a beautiful  road for every description of
 Avheeled carriage.  In thus offering an easy communication betAveen the valley of the Mississippi
 and the growing States on  the Pacific, it exerts an important influence on the social progress of
 the country, and there can be little doubt that a region so elevated and so extensive in length,
 corresponding to the  distance from Maine to  Georgia,  and in altitude varying from 5,000 to
 8,000 feet, must exert an important climatic influence on the  portions of the continent to the
 east and south  of it.
   Flora.—Of the botany of this locality I am unable to add anything to the  few specimens
 already mentioned  as skirting the stream or covering the plains.
   Fauna.—Animals, Avith the exception  of  the large and small prairie wolf, rabbits   and
hares, are not numerous during the Avinter.  The black and  grizzly bear are occasionally met
with in the  mountains.  In the more protected valleys to the north and south of us the common
and black-tailed  deer, elk, and antelope are found.   The following, though not abundant,  are 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  UTAH.
295
 sometimes seen, viz: Rocky mountain sheep, red fox, grey fox, mink, ermine, badger, muskrat,
 beaver, prairie squirrel.  FeAv birds have been seen since our armTal, except the crows, ravens,
 and turkey-buzzards attracted by the offal of the slaughtering pens around the camp; but in
 summer I am told that Avild geese and ducks of various kinds, among Avhich are the mallard and
 the greenAvinged teal, with other migratory birds, are numerous.
    Any attempt to enumerate either the flora or fauna, from such limited observations as could
 be made in a few weeks in the rigor of Avinter, must necessarily be incomplete.   Any omissions
 in this  respect can be supplied by some future observer, as measures are being taken to establish
 a permanent military post in this neighborhood.
    From the old hunters I learn that the buffalo (Bos americanus) has not been seen Avest of the
 Rocky Mountains within the  last thirty years, although, previous to that time, this country Avas
 one of his  favorite feeding grounds.  This is attested by the numerous skulls and other portions
 of his  skeleton found bleaching on the prairie  in  every direction over  the valley included
 between the Rocky and Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  The fact is  familiar,  that he has retreated
 before the  advancing settlements from Virginia and  Kentucky, to his  present  habitat on the
 plains of the Missouri and Arkansas rivers.   But it would  be interesting to knoAv why he has
 abandoned the plains west of the Rocky Mountains in advance of civilization.  The only expla-
 nation I have heard of a  phenomenon  so singular, is,  that  about thirty  years ago they Avere all
 killed by an unusually severe Avinter, and that subsequent  to that time they have never been
 seen here.
    Indians.—When Bridger's Fort was used as a  trading post, it was  frequented by the
 Shoshones  or Snakes, whose wintering  place is some  hundred miles  to  the north of  our camp:
 and by  the Uintahs and Utahs, about the same distance to the south. Owing to the  scarcity of
 provisions, they have not been encouraged to visit us; in consequence I  have rarely seen them,
 and so know little of their customs or diseases.  In regard to the Snakes, I have been assured by
 old hunters, who  have spent  a  considerable portion  of their lives  among them, that within
 thirty years past, they have been reduced by epidemics of small-pox, from 900 lodges to a fourth
 of that number.  Their treatment for this as for almost  every  other  disease,  consists of hot
 vapor baths, followed immediately by  plunging  into  cold water.  The result in almost every
 case fatal.   They believe that the disease was designedly introduced among them by the Hud-
 son's  Bay Company.  Syphilis  is  a  very  common and destructive  disease among them •  but
 Avhether of domestic origin or foreign importation, seems uncertain.
    From these same hunters  I  learn another interesting ethnological fact, which is, that their
 language is identical with that of the Camanches, inhabiting Northern Texas, except in reference
 to the names of such animals or implements, as have been  introduced among them since their
 contact  with the Avhite man.  Thus proving beyond question, that prior to this event, these two
 tribes, now so far removed from each  other, with other  tribes  intervening, were  one and the
 same.
   I have seen it someAvhere stated, that the Camanches have a tradition that some four or five
 centuries  since, their ancestors  emigrated  from  South America; whether the  Snakes have  a
 similar  tradition, I have not been able  to  learn.  It  is not improbable, that this similarity of
 language between tribes so remote from  each other, may be  Avell known; but being neAv to me
 I thought it of sufficient interest to be mentioned.
   I will noAv speak more immediately of that  portion of the command, with which  I am
 serving. From the first of the present quarter to its close, the Tenth Infantry in common with
 the Fifth, have been exposed to more than the usual hardships of active service in  the field in
 a winter climate of unusual severity ; and during the first part of the quarter, many of the men
 Avere poorly clad, and furnished with a  very limited supply of blankets.
   The  vigilance required for  the protection of long trains of wagons, and  laro-e herds of
animals, from  the marauding attacks of Mormons, who Avere daily  seen in our  neighborhood 
296
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
made it necessary to mount large guards, for "a time only alloAving the men tAvo or three nights
in bed  in the  Aveek.  For several days, during the early part of October, the thermometer
ranged in the hottest part of the day, from 80° to 90° in the shade, the nights at the same time
being below 32°.   The  regiment was then encamped on Ham's  fork of Green  river, at an
elevation of about 6,000 feet.   An encampment of ten days was made  here.  During this time
two companies were on guard nightly, and the whole command drilled three or four hours daily.
The great alternations of temperature experienced during these hot days, told on the health of
the men.  Fifteen of the twenty cases of malarial  fever, and two-thirds  of cases of diarrhoea,
reported for the quarter, occurred here.   From the previous history of those attacked with
remittent and  intermittent fever, together with  the nature of the locality in which it occurred,
I am convinced it was due to exposure on the Missouri or other miasmatic regions, before leaving
Fort Leaven worth.   From men Avho have  lived for fifteen or  twenty  years in this country, I
learn that fever and  ague is entirely unknoAvn as an indigenous disease.
    Between the 20th October and the 10th of November,  while on the march, we had four or
five falls of snow, each varying  from tAvo to five inches in depth.  About the latter date, the
arrival of a large train with clothing, tents, &c, afforded  the means of making the men much
more comfortable than they had been previously.  The conical or Sibley tent was issued to the
whole command in place of the one before used, the common bell tent.  This neAv tent, in  cold
Aveather, will very comfortably accommodate twelve or fifteen men; and having an aperture at
the  top for the escape of smoke, a cheerful fire may be built in the centre,  either on the ground,
or in a  pot, or in any other method that ingenuity can devise.
    In a climate like this, where men are to winter under canvas, the Sibley tent I think a great
improvement over any heretofore in use in our service.
    From the 10th to the 15th  of November, the thermometer, at 7, a. m., ranged from —4° to
—16°.   Some ten or twelve men, while on guard or picket, had their feet  and toes more or less
frozen.   All recovered without loss of substance, except one.   In this  the last  phalanx of the
four lesser toes sloughed off.   In addition  to the remedies usually employed, the fresh gall of
the ox was used with great benefit in all cases where the injury was superficial.   It was applied
as a liniment, or by pieces of lint saturated with it.
    On  the 20th of November the AA'hole body of the command  had reached this camp, having
been sixteen days in making the last fifteen miles.  The weather Avas  excessively cold, and the
Tenth Infantry coming up in several detachments, as  escorts to ox trains, were often  detained
until midnight on the road, and when, half frozen, they reached the camp, had then to pitch their
tents on  the siioav,  and seek  that rest so  necessary after the day's fatigue, and which only the
Aveary  can knoAv.   As an indication of the severity of the Aveather on  this last  part  of the
march, it may  be stated that in making the last sixteen miles before reaching this camp, more
than two thousand  of our animals died from  cold and starvation.   NotAvithstanding all this
exposure, the number of sick was  much less than during the warm weather in the early part of
October.  Since the  arrival of the regiment at this camp, the soldiers  have been as comfortable
as it is  possible for men to be in tents.  They are not required to go on guard oftener than  once
a week; but  as all  our animals have been sent to a distant grazing ground, our Avood has to be
hauled  by the soldiers from a cottonwood grove tAvo or three miles distant. This, with drilling
and the ordinary police duty of the camp, keeps them for the greater portion  of each day in the
open air.  As  the Aveather, although cold, has been dry, bracing, and sparkling,  this outdoor
exercise has, without doubt, been of great advantage.
    No  neAv cases of  scurvy have occurred during the present quarter, and  all those reported in
the previous one are either well or recovering.  This immunity, I  think, is probably due,  in  a
great measure, to the desiccated vegetables  supplied by the commissary department, in praise of
Avhich,  as  a wholesome and agreeable addition to the ration, too much cannot  be said.  In
consequence of the limited supplies on hand, the entire ration has been reduced one  fourth,  with 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  UTAH.
297
the exception of beef; this has been increased to two pounds.   It is, hoAvever, of a very inferior
quality, being the flesh  of the oxen  that were  used  in  drawing our train from Fort Leaven-
worth, a distance of one thousand miles.  For nearly two months past no salt has been issued;
but up to this time I have seen no bad effects  from  this reduction of  the  ration.   If scurvy
should not make its appearance in the spring, the exemption will be  one of the most remarkable
in the history of the army.
   For hospital, I have one hospital tent and three Sibley tents.  The Sibley tents I have floored
with dry beef-hides, which keeps the  bedding from the dirt  and dampness of  the ground, as
well as adding materially to its warmth.  In one of these tents six or seven men can be made
more comfortable than in any other method heretofore  adopted in the field.

                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP SCOTT.
                         Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely: January, 1858.

   In accordance with existing regulations, I have the honor to submit the following remarks,
to accompany my quarterly report of sick and wounded for the fourth quarter of 1857:
   During the whole  of the quarter now ended, the Fifth Infantry has been engaged in military
operations within the Territory of Utah.  Until November 17 they were actively employed in
the field.   The almost constant presence of the enemy, Avho hovered about  our  flanks in small
bodies, endeavoring to cut off stragglers from the command and seize upon animals, caused the
duty  of the men to be excessively arduous, and entailed upon them much exposure to  the
elements.  In consequence of there being no mounted force with our  army, until after  the 2d of
November, the  Mormons, who were upon good horses, were very bold, and  could only be kept
beyond the range of our small  arms.   This rendered it necessary to  have large guards Avith the
mules and oxen, and to post pickets upon commanding heights by  night as well as by day, in
cold Aveather as well as  in warm.  The scarcity of  grass and the consequently large  range
required, made the duty  doubly onerous.  The long line of our ox trains  likeAvise  demanded
protection, and frequently several companies would not reach their  tents until  after  the night
Avas far advanced.  Occasionally the morning would find them absent from the camp,  and more
than once, I believe, they have passed tAvo consecutive  nights upon the road.  All this has been
performed when the thermometer indicated a temperature considerably below zero.
   Since the arrival of the command at its site for a winter encampment,  its condition has been
much ameliorated.  Nevertheless, its task continues to be a hard one.   The sustaining of out-
posts and pickets, the maintenance of a strong guard, and the procurement of fuel, tax all the
energies and almost all the time of the soldier.
   The climate of this region is certainly a cold one.   Never have I seen such severe weather,
at the same period of the  year, as we experienced in October and  early in November.  Upon
the morning of October 19 the  mercury stood at 4° Fahrenheit; upon November 5 the mercury
was at ^° Fahrenheit; upon the mornings  of November 12 and 14  the mercury stood at —17°
and —13° Fahrenheit.  It  may  be stated, in  general terms,  that  the cold  was extreme and
unseasonable during the month of October  and a large part  of November, during Avhich time
we were upon the march.
   The  snow commenced to fall  early in October, and was  frequently repeated during  the
campaign.
   Upon the night of  October  17 it covered the earth  to  the  depth  of about one foot in and
around our camp.  Sometimes it Avas accompanied with drifting particles and a strong cold
Avind, which were difficult to face; but the necessities  of our situation admitted no delay, and
we Avere compelled to move omvard.
   Since  our arrival at Camp Scott, contrary to all expectation based upon the past, the Avinter,
38----s 
298
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
though  regularly cold,  has  been moderately so.  The mercury has  not, I think, been lower
than —12° Fahrenheit, although frequently it is but little above zero  or someAvhat below it.
   The troops are quartered in the Sibley tents.   These, as they admit of a  fire within them,
around which their  occupants  can sit and keep warm, and thus forget the storm without, are
vastly more comfortable than the tents previously furnished.   Those officers who possess stoves,
with  an adequate supply of stovepipe, almost universally prefer  the Avail tent for their  own
residence, but, as soldiers are seldom in enjoyment of such luxuries, I deem  the introduction of
the Sibley tent the greatest boon which has, of late years, been conferred upon them.   It is to
be hoped that the Quartermaster's Department,  with its accustomed liberality, will, at an early
date, authorize the issue of these tents to laundresses and the  servants of officers,  as the health
 of these individuals  is surely entitled to some consideration.
    The hospital accommodations of the regiment consist, at  present, of one  hospital tent  and
 three Sibley tents, but will doubtless be enlarged should the number of sick render it desirable.
    The clothing  of the men has been sufficient, so far as my knowledge extends.
    The cleanliness of their persons has not been remarkable, in consequence, I suppose, of the
 difficulties attending the performance of ablutions.
    They have usually been temperate, as they seldom obtained the means of intoxication.
    Notwithstanding the  hardships  and  exposure to which  the men have been subjected, the
 health of the command has been good.  The ratio of sickness is not large, and of those reported
 a very considerable proportion  are classed under the heads of "wounds and injuries."
    Of the 202 persons taken sick, no less than twenty-one suffered from frost-bite,  or almost ten
 per cent, of the total number treated.  The frequent occurrence of diarrhoea during the months
 of October  and November, I attribute principally to the deprivation of. the men from the use of
 common salt as a condiment, and to the fact of the meat ration consisting chiefly  of fresh beef.
 The  alimentary  canal  having been accustomed to  the stimulus of salt,  probably required its
 presence for a due  enervation of the tissues concerned, and its withdrawal was followed  by a
 consequent relaxation.   By the month of December the system had become reconciled to the new
 order of things, and upon that month the number of those affected was  only  one half as great
 as upon the previous month.
    The fewness of the cases of  serious thoracic diseases may be  among the good effects resulting
 from the employment of the  Sibley tent.  This tent, being open at the top, permits the free
 escape of heated  air, the place of which must be  supplied  from without.   This produces  a
 constant though  imperceptible current of air through the apartment, and, by preventing it from
 becoming unduly heated, renders the change less great to one upon  emerging from it into the
 open atmosphere.  It may be,  too, that the perpetual renewal of oxygen imparts to the lungs a
 healthy tone,  which  renders  them  less  impressible to vicissitudes  of temperature and other
 disturbing causes.   The absence of scorbutus is a gratifying feature in the accompanying report.
 I have seen a few symptoms of this disease among those Avho Avere sick from other complaints,
 but it has chiefly been in the persons of employes of the staff departments.   This immunity is
 probably the result of the occasional issue of desiccated vegetables to the men.  It is to be hoped
 that subsequent experience will confirm this opinion.
    Camp Scott is situated upon Black's fork of Green river, one and three quarter miles above
 Bridger's Fort, and about one  hundred and ten miles from the city of the  Great Salt Lake.
 The stream is a mountain torrent, and has a fall of many feet per mile.  The  Avater is pure and
 pleasant to  the taste.  The banks are skirted Avith a wide  growth of willow  bushes, with here
 and  there  a grove  of the bitter cottonwood, interspersed Avith a feAv  stunted  box-elders.  The
 neighboring hills have, in places, dense  groves of cedar Avithin  their  ravines and  upon their
 slopes.   The distant mountains are also partially  covered with heavy groAvths of timber.   I
 have not been to them, but I imagine that the pine and fir predominate.
    The valley of Black's fork at this point does not exceed half a mile in Avidth, and, owing to 
AMONG  THE TROOPS IN  UTAH.
299
the tortuous course of the  stream, we are, to a great  extent, sheltered from the winds by the
high hills or bluffs which  arise immediately from the valley.   Beyond these, to the southward
and to  the  westward, may be seen the  lofty peaks  and elevated  ridges  of the Wahsatch
mountains, nowhere, probably, less than twelve miles from our camp.
    The dazzling whiteness of their summits, compared with the dark green of the forests below,
forms a beautiful and pleasing contrast.   OAving to the presence of the snow and the inclemency
of the season, I have not been able to investigate the geological peculiarities of the vicinity.
    Magnesian limestone has been found in abundance in the neighborhood.

                             SANITARY REPORT—CAMP FLOYD.
                         Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely : September, 1858.

    Early in July the command moved from its  encampment up'on the Jordan, near Great Salt
Lake  City, and occupied temporarily a position at the head of Cedar valley, and about forty-one
miles from the city above mentioned, in a southwesterly direction.  Upon and about September
the 8th, the army marched down the  valley, tAvelve  miles in a  southerly course,  and located
upon  the  site designated  for  the permanent camp.   Adjoining the camp is a small Mormon
settlement.  In front of the left portion  of the  camp, arises a large spring, from which a  small
rivulet flows to the distance of a few miles, when  it spreads out upon the  surface of the earth,
and ultimately disappears.  Near the head of the stream an acequia has been constructed, which
leads  into the Mormon field, and by means of many smaller ditches, serves to irrigate the land.
    The stream is at times sluggish, and its surface almost  hidden by aquatic plants.   The
water of the acequia moves with celerity and regularity.  It is more than probable  that pes-
tiferous miasmata are exhaled from the stream and from the marshes which it forms.  Hence,
in part, perhaps, have arisen the cases of fevers reported in the table.  About 1,600,000 abobes
have been made upon the outskirts of the  camp, and  it is possible that the exposure of so  much
virgin earth may have had a deleterious influence upon the health of the troops.   The  soil is
principally of adhesive clay, such as is  adapted  to  the formation  of adobes.  Except in the
vicinity of the  stream, the irrigating ditches, or  the marshes, no grass  is to be found within
several miles  of the camp: the ground affording but a stunted  growth of greasewood and  of
artemisia.
    Cedar  valley is from thirty to  forty miles long, and from one to ten miles in width.   It is
surrounded  by mountains.   There are passes, however,  to Rush valley on the west,  and to Utah
valley on  the east.   There are but two settlements in the valley.   The inhabitants cultivate the
land exclusively by irrigation.  It is my  opinion, that  no locality  suited to farming  purposes
remains unoccupied.
    The days  have usually been  hot and the nights cold.  Never before have I  seen the
difference  so extreme betAveen the temperature by day and that by night.   This cause must have
had a powerful influence in the production of disease.
    There  has been a considerable amount of sickness among the inhabitants of our neighbor-
hood.   Hundreds left their homes and came to the army, for the purpose  of seeking  employment
in making adobes, and so  forth.   They were generally much exposed to  the weather, having at
best, but the imperfect protection of a wagon.   The diseases which I found most prevalent were
pneumonia,  dysentery, diarrhoea, and periodical fevers.   One  case of  erysipelas was fatal.
    The troops have been employed in the erection of temporary quarters.  Some of them have
been in the  mountains engaged  in  cutting the timber  for the houses,  but  the larger portion
have been working at the buildings.
    As the adobes were furnished by the Mormons, the  labor of the men has not been  arduous.
Before our removal from the temporary encampment the recruits, comprising more than one hall
of the regiment, were drilled several times each day. 
300
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
    The diet of the soldier has consisted of the ordinary ration, with certain extra allowances of
 antiscorbutics.  A liberal supply of most  excellent vegetables could  also  be  obtained  in  the
 market.   The men were unaccustomed to this description  of diet, and many cases of diarrhoea
 were thereby induced.  This unwished for  result was more than compensated for, by the anti-
 scorbutic qualities of the food.  Many of the recruits arrived from the States, with evident signs
 of scurvy, but this condition  is fast being dissipated.  The water for drinking has been good,
 and I have not found it to disagree with the men.
    The soldiers have been comfortably clad, although  I believe there  has been a deficiency of
 clothing in the storehouses.   Temperance has  prevailed  in the  camp;  but  there  have been
 some cases of  drunkenness, and consequent  sickness.   A vile sort of  beer was for  a time vended
 by the Mormons, and many cases of diarrhoea were thereby occasioned.

                           SANITARY REPORT—UTAH TERRITORY.
                         Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow :  September, 1858.

    During the past quarter having, in the  course of duty, passed over the most important part
 of the Territory of Utah, I have thought it not improper to speak somewhat upon its medical
 topography, productions, and upon the social  customs  of its  inhabitants.   This report  will
 exhibit one fact with especial prominence—the salubrity of the climate.   How far this quality
 redeems the general barrenness and dearth of interest, is differently estimated according to  the
 temperaments of individuals.  It is  generally  conceded in the army, hoAvever, that Utah is a
 very proper "Zion" for the Mormon  community, but for other  sentient beings not particularly
 suitable.
    Ranges of mountains, with  intervening  table-lands and  valleys, constitute the general
 features of the country.   In the  valleys, hard by the mountain  streams, are the only habitable
 portions of the  Territory, and even  in these, the labors of life are at the maximum, and  the
 recreations at the  minimum.  By unremitting exertion, the  inhabitants wrest  from the soil
 certain of  the cereals and some  of the leguminiferae and  cruciferae.  The soil  is  sufficiently
 productive per se, but the infrequency of rain, renders  irrigation  absolutely necessary for  the
 production of crops.  The amount of human life which may be  sustained in  the Territory,
 depends,  therefore,  upon  the amount of water available for  irrigation: unfortunately,  this
 supply is limited.   The valley of the  Jordan, best adapted for agricultural purposes, is culti-
 vated to a  very limited  extent, and almost  entirely upon the  eastern side of the river, for  the
 reason that water is to be obtained, only  upon  that  side.  Another  circumstance  influences
 the quantum  of production.  In many situations, the soil contains  a  very  large percentage of
 the soda, potash, and magnesian salts, and is, in consequence, hopelessly barren.  The crops on
 the fertile  and cultivated  portions of the country, are not unfrequently destroyed, by a sudden
 and unaccountable increase in the quantity of these salts.
    Whatever  of value is  produced in this  territory, comes  by  the labor of man. Nature has
 accomplished little toAvards enriching  the  country  in  the varied  productions of the  vegetable
 Avorld.  In the spring and early summer, the valleys are clothed in a luxuriant herbage, but as
 the season  advances, the grasses quickly grow sere and  yelloAv, and the whole country becomes
 arid and dusty.   Along the streams occasional groves of cottonwood (Populus angustifolia,) and a
 thick growth of a herbaceous  willow are seen, but on the table-lands no vegetation lives,  except
 the  wide-spread  artemisia.   In  the mountain  ranges, several varieties  of the  pinus (Pinus
pcdustris and P. abies) grow, but not abundantly, except in a feAv situations.   Mineral springs,
 hot, cold, and of all intermediate temperatures, abound.   In a geologic  point of view, the whole
 Territory is full of interest; not, at present, in an economic vieAv; not until extended researches
shall develop the mineral resources.  Judging by the formations usually connected with mineral
wealth, the indications are not without certainty.  A rigid concealment  of these indications, 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
301
 has been a measure of policy with the Mormon people, who, wisely enough, foresee how injurious
 an influence the discovery of mineral wealth would exert over their peculiar social, religious,
 and political institutions.
    The most notable feature in the  meteorology of Utah,  is the almost constant prevalence of
 high winds.   In the  valley of the Jordan, owing to some peculiarities in the  conformation of
 the hills, whirlwinds hourly sweep  along, carrying up huge columns of sand and dust.  This
 source  of annoyance  is much  less frequent  at  Fort Bridger than at  Camp Floyd.   Wind of
 more or less intensity, however, blows so constantly at this post, from west and southwest, that a
 calm day is quite a phenomenon.  With the rising of the sun, commences the wind, and blows
 with progressive violence, until  about 3, p.  m., when it  begins to subside, leaving  the nights
 calm and clear.  The degree of  humidity, as indicated by the hygrometer, is very  slight, and
 rains are unfrequent.  As might be anticipated, at an elevation so  great as Fort Bridger, 7,010
 feet above the Gulf, snow falls during every  month in the year, except July and August, and
 even in those months occasionally.
    In the animal kingdom, I have seen but  few specimens, except the  domestic animals.   The
 mountain fastnesses are frequented by the grizzly bear, (Ursus Americanus,) the mountain sheep,
 (Ovis montana,) the skunk, (Blephitis putorius,) and the table-lands are tenanted by that curious
 little  animal,  the  prairie-dog,  (Arctomys ludoviciana.)   Along  the various streams, beaver,
 (Castor fiber,)  are  quite abundant.   Other  rodentia are  occasionally  seen, as the porcupine,
 (Hystrix cristata,) hares, (Leporidw,) &c.   The following birds are  found in considerable
 numbers: of the columbinae—the turtle dove, (C. turtur,) the wild pigeon, (C. migratoria;) of
 the tetratonidae—the sage-hen,  (Tetrao urophasianus,) the quail, (T.  cotumix;)  of the chara-
 driadrae—the curlew, (Numenius  longirostris.)  The lakes and  streams are visited by large
 numbers of water-fowl, at their appropriate seasons.  The following  varieties have come under
 my notice: the  wild  goose, (Anser canadensis,)  the mallard duck,  (Anas boschas,) the green-
 winged teal,  (Querquedela carolinensis.)  The most important animal here as elsewhere, is that
 of  the  order Bimana, and genus homo sapiens.   The Mormon, of all the  human animals now
 walking this globe, is the most curious  in every  relation.   It Avould be quite beyond the scope
 of  this  report to say  anything of the political and religious aspects of Mormonism;  but as a
 great social solecism, seriously affecting the physical stamina and mental health, it is full of
 interest to the medical philosopher.  Isolated in the narrow valleys of Utah, and practising the
 rites of a religion grossly material, of which  polygamy is the main element and  cohesive force,
 the Mormon people have arrived at a physical and mental  condition, in a feAv years of  groAvth,
 such as densely-populated communities in the older parts of the world, hereditary victims of all
 the vices of civilization, have been ages in reaching.  This condition is shown by the prepon-
 derance  of female births, by the mortality in infantine life,  by  the  large proportion of the
 albuminous and gelatinous  types of constitution, and  by  the  striking  uniformity in  facial
 expression and in physical conformation of the  younger portion of the community.   The '' peculiar
 institution,"  is practically upheld by the older men, the elders, bishops, apostles, and prophets ;
 and so eager is the  search  for young virgins, that  notAvithstanding the preponderance of the
 female population, a large percentage of the younger men remain unmarried.   To sustain the
 system, girls are "sealed" at the  earliest manifestations of puberty, and  I am credibly informed,
 that means are not  unfrequently made use of to hasten the period.   The activity of the repro-
 ductive  function, as a rule, is not diminished by polygamy; on the contrary,  the Avomen are
remarkable for fecundity; but in the  harems the  proportion of children  arriving at maturity, is
much less than in the  rural districts of our country.   An  illustration of this fact is afforded by
the results in that chief of polygamists, Brigham Young's case.  He has, at least, forty Avives.
A large number of children have been born to him, a majority of Avhom died in infancy, leaving
tAventy-four,  according to  the most reliable accounts.  These forty Avomen in monogamous
society, married,  Avould have borne, probably, one hundred and sixty children, tAATo thirds of 
302
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
Avhom under hygienic circumstances  equally favorable, would  have been reared.  In Brigham
and his Avives, Ave haA^e presented the most favorable conditions for successful polygamy possible
in  Mormon  societv, yet,  in  this instance, the  violation of a natural law, has been  speedily
evinced.  One of the most deplorable effects of polygamy, is shoAvn in  the  genital weakness  of
the boys  and young men, the progeny of the  "peculiar  institution."  The most observant
Mormons, cannot hide from themselves the evidence of these sad effects.   One of their saints,
Heber C. Kimball, in  recent sermons, has  adverted to this sexual debility, but, with a  singular
blindness, attributed it to a vicious style of dressing.  The sexual  desires  are stimulated to an
unnatural degree at a very early age, and as female virtue is easy, opportunities are not  wanting
for their gratification.  It is a curious fact, that Mormonism makes its impress upon the coun-
tenance.  Whether owing to  the practice of a purely sensual and material religion, to the
premature development of the passions, or to  isolation, there is, nevertheless,  an expression of
countenance and a style of feature,  which  may be styled the Mormon expression and style; an
expression  compounded of sensuality, cunning, suspicion,  and a  smirking self-conceit.  The
yellow,  sunken, cadaverous visage; the greenish-colored eyes ; the thick, protuberant lips; the
low forehead; the light, yellowish hair;  and the lank, angular person, constitute an appearance
so characteristic  of the new race, the production of polygamy, as to distinguish them  at  a
glance.   The older men and Avomen, present all the physical peculiarities of the nationalities to
which they  belong ; but  these peculiarities are not propagated and continued  in the new race;
they are lost in the prevailing Mormon type.
    If Mormonism received no additions from outside sources, these  influences  continuing, it is
not difficult  to foresee that it would eventually die out.  The  increase of population, indepen-
dently of large annual accessions from abroad, has not been coequal with the increase in other
portions of  our country.   The results  of polygamy here are not to be compared, without some
limitations, to the results  of the  same institution elsewhere: its  decadence must  follow more
speedily.   In eastern life, where it has been a  recognized domestic institution  for ages, women
are prepared for its continuance, and  do  not feel degraded by their association with it.  The
women  of this Territory, hoAv fanatical and  ignorant soever, recognize their  wide departure
from the normal standard in all Christian  countries ; and  from the degradation of the mother
follows  that of the child, and physical  degeneracy is  not a  remote consequence of moral
depravity.
    Mormonism, considered  in  a  relation purely sanitary, presents some interesting  features.
The Mormon theology, contemplates the cure of disease by miraculous interposition; hence, the
disciples of  the healing art are not held in much estimation.  The church authorities are exceed-
ingly jealous at an attempt to cure  by ordinary therapeutics, and denounce  from the pulpit any
invasion of  their  special province.   Though they claim for the "laying on of hands" (cheir-
apsia) wonderful  efficacy, the  number of  deformities, the result  of malpractice, to be seen in
any of the populous towns, rather indicates a necessity for the use of carnal  means.  The art of
surgery is at a low  ebb.  Epidemic erysipelas of a virulent form is reported to prevail in this
Territory, but, thus far, no cases of the disease have fallen under the observation of the medical
officers serving with this  army.  I have reason  to believe  that  "erysipelas," is a conventional
term applied to various dissimilar affections, as rheumatism, erythema, anthrax, &c.
    Under the term "mountain fever,"  a   febrile affection, in some respects anomalous, is of
frequent occurrence.  In previous reports, I have already indicated my belief,  that this disease
is a form of periodical fever, modified by  elevation and other hygienic conditions.  As some
differences of opinion have arisen among medical officers, serving in this department, as to the
nature and causes of the fever, I present a  faithful portraiture of it, from notes of cases taken at
the bedside.
    The  fever usually commences by  a  general feeling of malaise, a sense of weariness, and
dull aching in th« head, back, and limbs.   The patient experiences a sense of chilliness, seeks 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
303
 the fire, but does not have a distinct rigor.   He  loathes the sight of food, especially the odor
 and taste of coffee;  has a constant feeling of nausea, and occasionally vomits.  The bowels,
 previously constipated, become relaxed ;  the stools  are dark broAvn, watery,  contain scybalous
 masses, and are extremely disagreeable in odor.  The countenance assumes a dull, despondent
 expression, a dirty, yellowish hue, with a spot of dark broAvn in the cheek.   The appearance of
 the tongue is peculiar; in most  cases covered Avith a whitish  fur to  the very  tip,  moist and
 tremulous,  like the  tongue of delirium tremens.  In some instances, the  papillae are quite
 prominent, shoAving distinctly through the whitish fur like the  "strawberry tongue" of scarla-
 tina.  The stage of chilliness lasts a variable period,  from two to twenty-four hours duration,
 and passes gradually into the hot stage.   Sometimes the hot and cold stages seem commingled,
 for during the highest febrile excitement, the patient experiences alternations of cold.   With
 the febrile exacerbation, is experienced an increase in  the aching of the head and limbs; a most
 painful sense of fatigue, and an indisposition  to the slightest exertion.  The  pulse  is now
 quick, frequent, sometimes dicrotic, and  ranging from 85 to  112.  Heat  of  surface pungent.
 The exacerbation is very constantly in the evening, and is accompanied with delirium, frequently
 violent.   The hot stage lasts from twelve to  forty-eight hours, and in  but few cases  is followed
 by a sweating stage; more usually a sensation of coldness and extreme muscular and mental
 debility, follows.   As the  paroxysm subsides, the patient passes  a quantity of deep-red urine,
 laden with  an abundant lateritious sediment.   The fever is  either quotidian or tertian in type,
 more usually the former, and may be either intermittent or remittent.  The mild cases, if not inter-
 fered Avith by treatment, naturally recur to the healthy condition;  the paroxysms becoming less
 and less violent, and  finally ceasing, leaAring the patient much debilitated.  In the more serious
 cases, the remittent, the tendency is to assume the  continued  form and a protracted duration.
 The cases of mountain fever, assuming the continued  form, which it has happened me to see,
 were in teamsters,  in the  contractor's  supply trains,  who were taken upon the road, and after
 several days or weeks of travel, left at this post.   These are  severe cases.  If quinine had been
 administered to these during the  periods  of intermission or  remission, I doubt not the disease
 had been  promptly arrested, but  the time has passed  for the  exhibition of this remedy, when
 the type of the  fever becomes continued.  The continued form of the fever  is not  properly a
 typhoid state.  Low  muttering delirium, subsultus  tendinum, and an  accumulation  of sordes,
 with dry, brown tongue, are not present.  The tongue  throughout presents  pretty  nearly the
 character  already described, it may be becoming somewhat drier towards the close.
    The most painful  symptoms in  this disease, are  the aching  in the limbs, and the sense of
 weariness.   These pains are so severe and characteristic, that the fever  is likened to the dengue,
 by officers Avho have  suffered from attacks of both.   The sense of fatigue, is one of the first
 symptoms, and the most persistent.  Convalescence  is  ordinarily sIoav and protracted, and it is
 not always easy to determine AAdien it begins, especially in the continued form  of the disease.
 In many instances, the first evidence of commencing  convalescence, was  a violent pain in the
 soles of the feet, increased at night. The fever, after having apparently ceased, has a tendency
 to recur, at irregular  intervals, and usually in the milder cases, treated upon the expectant plan.
 I am inclined to think, that the  relapse  in  these  cases, happened  because the  antidote  to the
 poison  had  not  been administered.  In  all cases, however, the intermissions, remissions, and
 exacerbations, are very irregular,  both as regards their  duration and periods of return.  Ha vino-
 suffered an  attack  in propria persona, I  was enabled to  verify this  observation  in  the most
 satisfactory manner.
    With regard to the necessity for the use of quinine in mountain fever, the most  discrepant
and contradictory opinions are held.  These differences, it seems to me, may be explained by a
reference to the tAvo forms in which the fever usually  manifests  itself;  the mild and  the grave.
Whilst the former variety tends to  health without remedial interference, the latter, if uncontrolled,
passes into the continued form.   The cases of the  first variety, however, are promptly arrested 
304
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
by quinine, if administered; but a few days of the diet and regimen of the hospital suffices to cure.
In the grave form, quinine is exhibited with success, only, when the fever is obviously remittent.
   The tAvo classes of cases, therefore—one in which quinine seems useless, because unnecessary,
and the other, in which if not administered at the proper time it fails of effect—have, in my
opinion, given rise to the discrepant opinions on this subject.  That this reason is not more fanciful
than real, three cases lying side by side in the same ward, two of the mild variety, and a third one,
grave, presented an opportunity for determining.   The former Avere  remittents of the quotidian
type, the latter, of the tertian.   To neither, did I for the first three days administer any medicine.
In the mild cases, the fever gradually exhausted itself and ceased; in the grave case, the remis-
sions became less and less marked, until I was forced  to administer sulph. quinia,  gr. xv, lest
the fever should get beyond control.  The power of the quinine was characteristically exemplified
in sedating the heart  and arteries, and in producing  a distinct  remission  on the following
morning ;  an additional ten grains  sufficed to  cut short the fever entirely.
   Mountain fever, is the only disease which presents features peculiar to this  region.  Whether
it originates from any other cause than that which  gives rise to the ordinary periodical fever, is
far from being determined.  In previous  reports, I have given reasons for supposing that the
malaria maybe developed in this region,  under favorable conditions as to moisture and tempera-
ture.  If malaria can exist  in Iceland, as recent investigations tend to establish, why not in
the latitude and at the elevation of Fort Bridger ?   In the present state of our knowledge upon
the subject of this aerial poison,  it  must  be confessed, hoAvever, that  the cause of this fever must
be sought elsewhere than in the  theory of a local  poison.  The occurrence of this fever may,
quite plausibly, be  accounted for upon  the theory of latent malaria  becoming  sensible, in a
rarified atmosphere, and at  a considerable elevation.
    Besides mountain  fever, no  diseases  of severe  character prevail  in this Territory.  The
climate is unrivaled for health fulness, and consequently the  duties of the medical  officers are
light.  A pure and bracing atmosphere, conjoined with a nutritious diet  without luxuries, and
a freedom from grave diseases, constitute  the  pleasurable portion of life in Utah.   The mental
condition is so closely dependent  upon the  bodily, as  to health and disease,  that I  doubt not,
the invariable cheerfulness Avith which hardships  and exposure have  been borne by the troops
serving in this department,  was due to the high health felt by almost all.  When the "animal
sense" of existence becomes a delight, the source of true happiness is not remote.

                 SANITARY REPORT—SIXTH INFANTRY £JV ROUTE TO UTAH.
                          Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau : September, 1858.

    On the 1st of July,  1858, the first column  Utah forces, consisting of company A  Engineers,
and six companies of the Sixth Infantry, in all, nineteen officers, and 348 enlisted men, under
command  of Lieutenant Colonel Andrews, Sixth  Infantry, encamped  at Elk or  Butte creek,
near  the base of Medicine Bow butte; latitude 41° 41' N., longitude 106°  36' W.; elevation
above level of the sea, about 7,000 feet.
   The camp was pitched in a grassy valley, watered by a number  of  small steams coming
directly from the melting snows on the mountains :  the water was icy cold, clear, and perfectly
free from the alkaline  taste, generally found  in the waters of that region.   The neighboring
mountain Avas clothed with  a  dense forest  of spruce, fir, and pine, and its upper third covered
with snow.
   As this locality presented every  advantage  for a good and healthy camp, the command made
a halt for five days, for  the  purpose of recruiting  and refitting ; on the 3d of July, a working
party of ninety men, was sent on ahead to make the road on Stansbury's trail, through Bridger
Pass.
   On the fourth day of the halt, a severe form of fever  very unexpectedly made its  appearance 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  UTAH.
305
in the command, which in four days  placed thirty-five men on the sick report, and  news was
sent back from the working party that twenty of the ninety men were unfit for duty on account
of this disease.
    The camp was  broken up, and  the  command  continued  its line of march, making  easy
marches  and frequent halts, but the disease continued for nearly three weeks, and until the
column reached Green river.   Five officers and  105 enlisted men, were treated for the disease,
besides a large number of teamsters and herders, of whom no record Avas kept.
    Description of the disease—name.—This disease is called  mountain fever by the trappers
and mountain men, who state that they are frequently affected  Avith it in  the spring, Avhen
following up the rivers to their sources in the mountains,  for  the  purpose of trapping beaver:
this is in May and June, when the ice in the streams breaks up, and the snow commences
melting.  These trappers also  state, that the  Indians are subject to the same  disease when
roaming through the mountains  in the spring.
    Symptoms.—The disease commences with a  slight  chill of one or two hours duration; the
chill is sometimes  so  slight  as to escape  the  observation of  the  patient.   The cold  stage is
suddenly succeeded  by the following symptoms,  which come on simultaneously, viz: high fever;
hot skin; flushed countenance; bloodshot eyes; excruciating pain in the head, especially over the
eyebroAvs; violent pains in the back, particularly  in the loAver part of the loins; severe pains
and sometimes cramp in the legs ; pulse quick and full; tongue covered Avith patches of thick,
white, cheesy fur ; papilla? red, inflamed, and prominent: nausea is a very prominent symptom,
but attempts to vomit generally  ineffectual; the bowels nearly ahvays constipated.  The pain
in the head is  described by patients as being intolerable, and feeling  very much as if the head
Avere being mashed between  rollers.  The  headache, fever, and other symptoms  last  about
twenty-fours, but gradually diminishing in intensity during that time, and at the end of thirty-
six hours all the symptoms disappear, leaving the patient very much prostrated,  but free from
pain.  On the fourth day after the first accession  of the fever, the patient feels very well, and
desires to be restored to duty;  but on the  fifth day, in a large proportion of cases, the symptoms
return, but with much less severity than  at first,  and only last from twelve to eighteen hours;
after this relapse the  patient  convalesces slowly, and  there is no further  return of the fever.
One of the most remarkable features of this disease, is the uniformity of the train  of symptoms
in the different cases.
    Cause.—When the  disease showed itself the  command was encamped in a locality which
seemed  free from all local  cause of disease.  It attacked both officers and men with  equal
violence; those Avho had marched  and those Avho had ridden; those who had been on  guard and on
fatigue, and those whose duty  was light;  those who had worked in the water,  making roads and
crossing trains, and those Avho had remained in camp, comparatively idle; all appeared equally
subject to the influence of the disease.  The first case that occurred was  that of a sergeant,
who had been hunting in the mountain, and becoming much overheated  and thirsty, drank
freely of the melting snow ; the next two cases occurred in men who had been burning charcoal
in the mountain.   I naturally concluded  that the cause was to be found in the mountain, but
Avhen the disease spread generally throughout the command, Avithout reference to  the nature of
their exposure, I was at a  loss  to find a satisfactory cause.   The Avater used by the troops came
directly from the melting snow on the mountains.   The temperature  in camp ranged from 32°
at night, to nearly 90° in the day; and  I think that  the  combined  influence of hot days, cold
nights, and the use  of snoAv-Avater, Avas one element in the cause producing the disease.  The
trappers say that this fever is a "kind of seasoning" to the mountain air, and I am disposed to
look upon it as a fever of acclimation.
    Treatment.—As the tendency of the disease  is to health, there is not much to be done in the
Avay of treatment, except to folloAv the indications,  and to relieve the nausea and constipation.
With this vieAv, I prescribed first, an emetic of tartrate of antimony and ipecacuanha, and bv the
             39----s 
306
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
administration of warm Avater free emesis was produced, with ejection of bilious matter.   The
vomiting  relaxed  the skin, produced perspiration, and afforded some  relief to the head.  As
soon as the stomach  could bear it, I prescribed  blue mass and colocynth each grs. x, or blue
mass and  croton  oil, folloAved  the next  day by  salts or  seidlitz.  Vomiting and  purging
did more to relieve the symptoms and to prevent the relapse on the fifth day, than any other
form of treatment.
   In several  cases I prescribed  quinine  during the remission  produced by the emetic, but its
action  was not at all favorable, and I abandoned its use.   I tried in several cases to prevent the
relapse by administering  quinine until the head gave evidence that the system was under its
influence, but it did not have the desired  effect; the  relapse came  on, and  lasted longer than
usual;  in fact, I consider  that quinine is injurious in this  disease.  Under the emetic and  purg-
ative treatment, patients  generally AArent to duty in seven or eight days after  the accession of
the fever.
   All the cases treated recovered Avith the exception of one, Avhich resulted in death.   In this
case the fever  ran very high, and head  symptoms were accompanied Avith delirium ; one Aveek
after the accession of the  fever paralysis came on, and two days afterwards the patient died of
apoplexy.
                             SANITARY REPORT—FORT BRIDGER.
                          Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow: March, 1859.
    History.—For many years past Fort Bridger has enjoyed some celebrity as a trading station,
occupied by James Bridger, a famous mountaineer.   The fort originally consisted of an irregular
collection of log houses,  surrounded by a stockade, arranged  in part for defense  against  the
Indians, in part for the kind of trade here carried on.   When the Mormons occupied the valley
of Salt Lake,  and  greAV into a formidable community, the fort  came into their  possession, and
was further strengthened by the erection of a quadrangular wall.  Upon the arrival of the army,
in the  fall of 1857, nothing remained of Fort Bridger but this wall, all  the wooden structures
having been burned  by the Mormons when they could no longer maintain possession.
    The erection of  the necessary quarters for a garrison of five companies commenced  imme-
diately after  the  advance of the  army in  June,  1858;  but, owing  to the  scarcity of  the
indispensable  materials,  the buildings, though  in  a state of considerable forwardness, are, as
yet, uncompleted.   The  hospital was so far  advanced toward  completion as to be considered
habitable in December last, and the company quarters a few weeks later.  In this half-finished
state, the officers' quarters were occupied in  January.  The  quarters are built in a substantial
manner of logs.  The Avork of completing them is still going on as vigorously as the coldness of
the Aveather will permit:  they make haste slowly.
    Medical Topography, &c— Fort Bridger lies in latitude 41° 18' 12" N., and longitude 110° 32'
38" W., and in the valley of Black's fork, a mountain stream tributary to Green river.  The valley
of Black's fork has an average  Avidth  of about one thousand yards; wider at this point than
elsewhere.   The transition from the valley  to  the table-lands is much more  gradual in  the
vicinity of the fort than at any other point, and consequently this  part of the valley is  more
exposed to the prevalent high Avinds.  The  bluffs which bound the  valley consist of sand, con-
glomerate, and shale, and, in some situations,  magnesian limestone, (dolomite.)  The  soil of
the  valley is  a sandy alluvium, light,  porous, and superficial  in depth, and  incapable of
sustaining a luxuriant vegetation.  Under the soil lies a stratum of sand and rubble stone of
great thickness, through Avhich the Avater constantly percolates.   Numerous ravines and mounds
of exposed rubble stone  attest that the valley is overflowed when the melting snows swell the
stream.
   The herbage of the valley is sufficiently luxuriant to contrast strongly with the barren  table-
lands coArered  with the wild sage, (Artemisia tridentata.)  The cottomvood (Popidus angustifolia) 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
307
and an herbaceous willow are the only trees which grow in  the  immediate vicinity of the post.
On the hills, five  miles distant, grow groves of stunted cedar trees, from  Avhich the  fort is
supplied Avith fuel.  The buildings recently erected are arranged in a quadrangle, the wall of
old Fort Bridger forming one side.   Through the parade ground, and in front  of the  line of
officers' quarters, runs one of the numerous branches into which Black's fork is divided at this
point.
    Climatology.—The mean height of the barometer for the five months during Avhich observa-
tions  have been taken at this post, is 23.48 inches.   By a recent calculation, I determine the
elevation to be  6,646  feet.  Accordingly, at an elevation so great as this, and at the forty-first
parallel of north latitude, the climate  of  Fort Bridger properly belongs to the "upper or cold
regions" of meteorological writers.   The  mean  height of the thermometer  for eight months,
commencing in July last, is 39.22°.  The proportion of summer months in this estimate is too
large for the mean of the year, which would be lower.   The lowest degree of the thermometer
since the occupation of this post was —22° Fahrenheit.  Extreme cold is less appreciable to the
senses, owing  to the dryness  of the  atmosphere; and a less  amount of clothing is necessary
than will suffice in latitudes warmer but moist.  The most  annoying, as the most prominent,
feature of this climate is the almost constant prevalence of high Avinds.  This prevailing wind is
from the southwest.   Few days are without it;  and Fort Bridger, unprotected by bluffs, is fully
exposed.   Snow-storms are frequent; in fact, no month in the year is exempt from such visita-
tions of greater or less intensity.  A few miles up the stream, on the summit of the Uintah, the
domain of "perpetual  snoAv" is reached; there great fields of snow lie all summer.
    The barometer, as a weather indicator, may be confidently relied upon at  this post.   A con-
siderable fall of the mercury constantly portends high winds and a snow-storm, whilst a rise, no
matter how threatening the appearance of the clouds, as constantly indicates fair weather  and
calm.
    Hygiene.—The foregoing observations, Avith great propriety, introduce the subject of hygiene.
I  include, under  this  designation, air, exercise, food, clothing, habits, and the duties  and
employments of the troops in so far as  these influence their sanitary condition.
    From the preceding account  of the situation and climate of  Fort  Bridger, it Avill be at once
perceived that due ATentilation has been secured by the location and  plan  of  that post.  The
company quarters now occupied are much too small for the full standard of strength; conse-
quently additional buildings are in process of  construction. By crowding the men into too
confined a space, sufficient regard has not been paid to cleanliness.  This is more especially the
case \vith the dragoons, who, by reason of their employments, are more exposed to filth, yet are,
personally, less regardful of appearances.
    The hospital,  built in all respects like the other quarters, is  sufficiently commodious, but
sadly defective in  arrangement.   I desire  to record  that I  am in no respect responsible for the
plan  of this building.  I Avas not consulted by the architect, and,  of course, abstained from
making suggestions which would have met with no attention.
    Since the arrival of the present garrison at this post, a large portion of it has been engaged
in the labor of building, and of the necessary police.   These employments have  not  influenced
the health of the command, except by the occurrence of such injuries as  happen from the use of
cutting tools by unskillful hands.
    The Avater supplied by the branch  of  Black's fork, Avhich runs through the parade, is clear
and free from visible impurities.  If this were the only beverage used by the men in this com-
mand, my professional duties Avere the lighter.   A vile concoction, knoAvn as whisky, has been
from time  to time surreptitiously sold to the troops, notwithstanding prohibitory orders from the
commanding officer.   Manufactured by traders from alcohol, tobacco, and other narcotics, this
liquor has, in one instance, produced an  immediately fatal  effect,  and  more or  less  alarming
symptoms in  various  instances.  The only death during  the  present  quarter  Avas from this 
308
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
cause:  a private of company F, Seventh Infantry, having swallowed a considerable  quantity of
this liquor, died in a few minutes, and before relief could be obtained.
   Diseases.—I arrange these into two classes:
   I.  Ubiquitous diseases, which occur under all  circumstances of climate and local conditions,
including fevers, inflammations, and specific diseases.
   II.  The  diseases belonging more especially to this  region, including scorbutus, neuralgia,
rheumatism,  and a certain febrile state, known as  "mountain fever."  Certain surgical diseases
and injuries may be considered under this head.
   It has happened me not to meet at Fort Bridger many of  the  diseases included in  the first
class.   During the past fall I had  under treatment in  the  hospital several  cases  of common
continued fever, (typhoid.)  Its behavior at this elevated position was, in many respects, anom-
alous,  and deserving of consideration.  This continued fever constantly assumed the periodical
form, and was not easily distinguished from the "mountain fever," a periodical affection, which
as constantly determined toward  the continued type.  In two  instances only was a hesitating
diagnosis confirmed by the  discovery of the characteristic "rose spots."   In all were absent, to
a  great degree, those external  symptoms,  pathognomonic  of typhoid  fever:  coma, subsultus
tendinum, low muttering delirium, floccitatio.  The nature  of the fever was recognized by its
duration, by the impossibility of arresting it by the heroic use of quinine, by the mental disturb-
ance and stupor, by the epistaxis and cophosis, by the  gurgling on pressure over the ileo-caecal
valve, and the  peculiar, greenish-colored stools.   The only  instance of death  in the  hospital
from this cause disclosed a lesion so peculiar as to justify the  insertion  of the  notes of a post
mortem examination.
    Private Hilt, of company  "I," Second Dragoons, died on the 10th of November:  autopsy,
twelve hours after death.
    Body much  emaciated ;  numerous bed-sores  over the sacrum, trochanters, scapula, and left
 ribs.   Left nipple and mammary gland inflamed, and containing pus.
    Thorax.—Cavity  of pleura contained about six ounces  of serum.   Lung healthy, except
post-mortem  congestion in dependent portions; sack of pericardium contained one ounce serum  ;
 heart  normal in size and healthy, and upon section about one ounce of dark fluid blood, flowed out.
    Abdomen.—Liver  healthy, weighing four pounds and  fifteen ounces; spleen  friable  and
enlarged, weighing fourteen and a half ounces ; stomach healthy, of normal size, and containing
 a small amount of ingesta ; no fat in the  omentum majus,  very transparent; upper portion of
 small  intestine healthy, and distended by  some gaseous accumulation; some dark  points of
 congestion  near ileo-caecal valve; Peyer's  patches  thickened, indurated, and  in some  places
 ulcerated, in others healing;  large intestine, healthy, except a general diminution of caliber  ;
 in some places dilated into pouches containing scybala; left kidney, friable, enlarged, and upon
 pressure drops of  pus exude from the cut surface; left supra-renal capsule, disorganized, pulpy,
 diffluent; right kidney in great  part disorganized, and occupied by a large abscess, containing
 about sixteen ounces  of thick, creamy pus; bladder, healthy; urine clear, amber-colored, normal.
    Brain.—Frontal sinuses very healthy;  dura mater healthy; small quantity of fluid (serum)
 in lateral ventricles ;  sub-arachnoid space filled with serum ; substance of cerebrum, healthy;
 left lobe of cerebellum softened and pulpy ; medulla oblongata, healthy.
    There had been no symptom in this  case to indicate  so serious a lesion of the kidney.
 Beside the lateritious sediment common  in typhoid fever,  the urine afforded no evidence of
 disease.  A  deposit similar in character and amount, was  observed in the other  cases  which
 proceeded to a favorable termination.
    This command has been singularly free from  the inflammations; common  inflammations as
 opposed to specific.  The tendency in high  latitudes and considerable elevations, is said to be to
 thoracic inflammations: manifestly an error as regards this region.   No  cases of idiopathic
 pneumonia or pleuritis, have  fallen under my observation, and  but few cases of catarrh.   The 
9
                              AMONG THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.                           309

most interesting fact, however, with regard  to the influence  of this climate upon the thoracic
affections, is the amelioration and cure of the pulmonary tubercular disease.  Not a single case of
phthisis has occured at this post, and those who came hither, laboring under the symptoms more
or less  advanced, notably improved.  How this  change is accomplished, other  than  by the
increased expansion of the  lungs in consequence  of diminished  barometric  pressure, by the
determination to the surface, and by the purity of the respired  atmosphere, does not appear.
The same facts are true and  apposite Avith respect to other inflammations,  except the  rheu-
matic.
   The exanthemata prevail occasionally as epidemics, modified,  as typhoid fever, by the con-
ditions consequent upon elevation.   Large  numbers of Indians Avere  formerly carried off by
A-ariola.  Syphilitic affections rapidly improve; at least, the secondary  symptoms, which,  only,
I have observed.
   Again, certain diseases manifest for this climate an aptitude, whose  invariability amounts  to
a special affinity.  The neuralgic and rheumatic affections only,  belong properly to this class.
Whilst scorbutus is  an ubiquitous disease, it may be said to have a special affinity for this
region.   Ten cases are, at present, under treatment in the hospital.
   Most usually, the first symptom of an attack  of scorbutus, is  a  pain in  the popliteal  space
or calf, with lameness of the muscles.  This pain  persists for some days, before the appearance
of the discoloration  and SAvelling.   The  discoloration  is peculiar;  like  the  discoloration of a
bruise, yet in reverse order, the yellowness preceding  instead of following the dark brown, dark
blue,  or black hues.  A general anaemic condition, Avith sponginess of the gums, fetor of breath,
and hemorrhages follow the pain and discoloration.
   At the head of the causes of this  disease, I place drunkenness.  Filth, despondency, ennui,
and an unvaried diet from which  vegetables are absent, are  next in frequency the  producing
causes.
   The treatment I  have finally  adopted, consists  of certain hygienic means; cleanliness,
regularity of  habits,  such  mental  amusements  as may relieve  the  tedium of confinement,
and the use  of  an exclusive  vegetable diet.  In but few cases  are medicaments administered.
The first cases  of scorbutus it happened  me  to treat, I put in  practice the various methods  of
cure by medicinal agents, but  with a less satisfactory result than the plan here adverted to.
   Having,  in  former reports, discussed the question of "mountain fever," it is unnecessary for
me to add anything further, except to declare my unaltered conviction,  that this febrile disease,
is a modified form of periodical or malarial fever.
   The surgical diseases included under the class of diseases belonging to this region, are, the
affections resulting from the application of cold.
   Phenomena of frost bite.—Exposed to cold, a greater or less period according to intensity,
the parts, usually the feet or  hands, lose sensibility; become, in common parlance, benumbed.
If examined at this stage, the integument is found to be white, bloodless, shrunken,  and insen-
sible to irritants ;  but yet capable, by  very gradually applied warmth, of being restored  to
health.   The  return of circulation under the proper  manipulation,  is announced  by severe
"stinging pains" in the bitten part,  and a generally diffused blush or redness.   If, hoAvever,
Avhilst frozen, the hands and feet are thrust before the fire, as is usually the case with teamsters
and  soldiers, the reaction induced  is excessive,  and  passes  sufficiently beyond  the healthv
condition  to constitute inflammation.  Under these  circumstances,  the parts become  covered
with large vesicles, filled Avith  broAvnish-yelloAV  serum, and turn bluish-black.  Sensibilitv for
a time is excessive  (hyperesthesia); severe nocturnal pains  harass the patient,  and  prevent
sleep ; but these soon subside,  and deep incisions may then be made, Avith but little appreciation
on the part of the patient.   The parts, then  gradually turn black, and shrink, and  the line  of
demarkation is established.  Where the vis vitae is  accomplishing the  separation of  the dead
from the living parts a disagreeable odor is exhaled, but the mortified  parts are dry and free
from odor. 
310
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
   Treatment.—Wrhen a frozen part is seen before reaction has commenced, it should be rubbed
diligently Avith snow, and if this is not at hand, should be immersed in cold Avater, in a room
Avithout fire, until  the pains  and  redness indicate a restoration of the circulation.   If these
means have not been resorted to, and the part is  covered with vesicles, I evacuate the fluid and
direct the  parts  to be covered with lint, moistened Avith  the following : 01. terebinthinae,
alcoholis, tinct.  camphorae, aa. oz.  i.  Depletion by blood-letting or  purging, is necessary.
When the sloughs form, use poultices  of flax-seed and elm to favor  separation.   The most
important question with regard to the treatment, is the question of amputation.  I have acted
upon this  plan:  wait until the line  of  demarkation is  established; if the separation proceed
favorably, no interference is necessary, except the section of the bones and tendons, or disarticu-
lation, if the line  of  separation is in the vicinity of joints.   After  the sloughs are entirely
detached, use  water-dressings, until the  healing  process is completed.  Under this treatment,
the formation of pus is prevented, and granulations are never exuberant.

                        SANITARY REPORT—FIFTH INFANTRY, UTAH.
                          Assistant Surgeon Charles Brewer: December, 1859.

    The fever in the monthly reports of sick and wounded of the fifth regiment  of infantry for
the months of July, August, September, October, and November, recognized as "remittent and
intermittent fevers," but by the residents of the country called the "mountain fever," I consider
to differ in  no very material characteristics from the ordinary malarious fever as it occurs in
varied force and type in the malarious districts  of our southern and eastern country.
    Of the various symptoms and phenomena  of this disease Avhich have here lately fallen under
my observation, some may, however, be possibly considered as peculiar to it only when occurring
in a mountainous country, or region of almost perpetual snows.
    What are the special influences Avhich, under such circumstances, modify  its already estab-
lished character remains to be investigated.
    The paroxysm is ushered in by a sense of chilliness; but  more frequently  a series of chilly
sensations, followed by the accession  of fever, accompanied by aching  in the  head,  often severe
and obstinate, pains in the back and  limbs, and  occasionally by delirium.  These paroxysms of
chill and heat occur at all times of the day, the remissions  appearing equally in the morning or
evening.
    Almost  perfect  intermissions are  of occasional  occurrence, in  a few days giving  place to
remissions; these remissions, as the disease progresses, becoming less and less distinct, the fever
then assuming somewhat the character of continued fever.
    Throughout the course of the malady, previous to the remissions, copious  perspirations occur ;
these occasionally being more  moderate, but more frequently requiring  restraining, as, after a
short period, so far from affording the patient relief, they debilitate  and exhaust.
    In the early stages of the  disease, and during  its continuance, the tongue appears smooth,
flabby, and moist, and laterally indented; these indentations becoming deeper and more conspic-
uous.  In the  latter stages of the more violent attacks, it appears covered with a brown crust,
fissured and bleeding.   The skin,  more  generally dry, and of not  very exalted temperature, is
often moist and unpleasantly clammy throughout the duration  of the complaint.   In the milder
cases, convalescence seemed to be indicated by the surface  of the tongue beginning  to roughen,
exposing the filiform papillae, and  the flow of saliva to be less abundant.
    The pulse at first  accelerated,  then frequent but compressible, was occasionally full, and
most generally lacking force.   Later, it became frequent,  small, and feeble, resembling  the
pulse of irritation ;  and still later, and during convalescence, that of debility.
    At the commencement of the epidemic in  this regiment, in the month of July, the effect of
the sulphate of quinine, administered in  large  doses, seemed marked and favorable.  After its 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
311
prevalence for a few weeks, the patients did not seem to derive that  amount  of benefit usually
accruing from the employment of quinine in ordinary remittent fever after the remissions become
less distinct.
   The treatment employed up to the month of October, consisted of a  prompt emetic in the
early stage, followed by a moderate mercurial and local depletion, and  counter-irritation when
seemingly required;  the sulphate of quinine in the early intermissions and marked remissions;
nitrous  diaphoretics  during the febrile paroxysms, accompanied with a dry skin; mineral acids
for excessive sweating, and alcoholic stimulants in the  obscure remissions of a later period, or
Avhen there existed much depression of the vital powers.
   During the month of October the number  of cases  occurring in the regiment someAvhat
diminished.   Of sixteen reported, five were recruits, who were, for  the first time, attacked with
the disease in Camp Floyd;  four had previously labored under it; twro were first attacked on the
road from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, to  Camp Floyd, Utah Territory; and one on
the banks of NeAvfoundland.   Of the four Avho were old soldiers, two had experienced several
attacks previously;  one had had the ague at Ringgold Barracks,  and another in Florida.  With
the exception of two, they wTere all men of apparently good constitutions.
   During the month of September the continuance of the  disease varied  from three to  thirty
days, the average duration of the twenty-four cases being nine days.
   During the month of October its continuance varied from three to twenty-six days, and the
average duration of the sixteen cases ten days.
   In the majority of these cases the periods  of the remissions Avere exceedingly irregular.  In
very few could the patient conclude when to expect the chilly paroxysms.
   As  during the previous month, the stages of cold and sweating occurred, in many cases, several
times during the twenty-four  hours, the  duration  of the chill  varying from ten or fifteen
minutes to one hour.
   In those cases having a tendency and similitude to continued fever, where  the tongue at first
moist and furred at the base, and red and  dry at the tip, became afterwards dry over its Avhole
surface,  and  thickly coated Avith a brown crust, the  administration of the oil of turpentine in
infusion of serpentaria was of decided benefit, the tongue cleaning  and the frequency of the
pulse diminishing under its use.
    On  manipulation or percussion no decided enlargement of the spleen  or  liver could  be
detected.  Local depletion and  counter-irritation were, however, made in  the neighborhood  of
these organs, but Avith no very striking benefit.  In  the  majority  of the cases the skin was
salloAV, and occasionally the cornea icteric.
    The cases occurring during my absence in the early part of the month  of November, eleven
in number, and  in  charge of Assistant Surgeon Joseph C.  Baily, and  called by him cases of
quotidian, were evidently of a milder character, the disease apparently yielding on the approach
of frosty weather.  Snow  falling  heavily  upon  the neighboring mountains  on the  21st  of
September; the first white frost occurred on the 25th.
   The average duration of the eleven cases Avas eight days.  Most of these cases terminated in
catarrh.  The treatment pursued Avas the administration of mild mercurials and the sulphate of
quinine in free doses.   During the latter part of the month no new cases have occurred, although
other diseases have assumed an intermittent type.
   Whether this disease be the same Avith  that met Avith by my friend, Assistant Surgeon J.  J.
Milhau, during the summer of 1858, whilst with the Sixth Regiment of Infantry, passing through
the Black Hills, I am unable to decide.  Cases of obscure intermittent and remittent did at that
same time exist among the recruits for the army of Utah under my charge, Avhich Avere of a some.
Avhat novel character, and were noticed in my sanitary report forAvarded on the route to this post.
   Having in vieAv the knoAvn altitude of our position, the mountainous character of the country,
the general condition of the atmosphere as regards heat and moisture, the Avell-knoAvn barren- 
312
REPORT ON THE  SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
ness of the soil, and its scanty supply of vegetable growth, the existence of malarious disease
may to many appear singular.  It then becomes us to consider carefully whether  such cases as
have occurred at this point may not be attributable to some local cause.
    From  information procured  from the more intelligent of the inhabitants of the villages
bordering Lake Utah, and from those who with some medical education, have undertaken the
treatment of diseases, I am induced to believe that the special  malady under consideration, is
not peculiar to our camp, but exists to some considerable extent throughout the Territory.
    Lake Utah lying in a  great basin, bounded on the east by a lofty chain of the Wahsatch,
and separated from Camp Floyd  on the  west by an isolated group of mountain  spurs, has its
outlet towards the north,  in the Jordan, and receives numerous tributaries upon  the south and
east.  Among these the Tympanogus river upon .the east, and Salt creek upon the south, may
be  considered proper types of the two distinct characters  of streams  here found.   The former,
a mountain stream, rising in the gorges to the east of the lake, descends with a  rapid current
on its bed of shifting boulders, and with a gradually diminishing descent and current, passing
over a sandy and gravelly soil, enters Lake Utah.   Its Avaters  are cold, clear, and with no trace
of alkaline taste, and are  frequented by abundance of fine trout.  Salt creek, a valley stream,
rising in the gorges to the west of the city of Nephi, enters and courses through nearly one half
of the valley of  Juab, in a direction northward; its current is  here sluggish, its bottom muddy,
and containing abundance of \Tegetable  growth; its  waters  are somewhat opaque,  brackish,
and containing few and minute fish; the soil in its vicinity is dark and loamy, and it is bordered
by  extensive marshy grounds, which, Avith the aid of heat, seem sufficient for the generation of
malaria; and springs which, with an outlet of a few yards, again sink and disappear.   Passing
through a gap in the irregular chain of mountain spurs separating Juab from Goshen valley,
it appears in the latter, and a feAV hundred yards beloAv the old settlement of Goshen, its current
having  become gradually more  sluggish, sinks and disappears.   Between this  point and the
lake the country is  interspersed with numerous alkaline ponds, surrounded by marine vegetable
groAvth, some of these being superficial, and others having apparently both an inlet and outlet.
The AA-aters of the lake are brackish, and contain  Avild celery and other grasses, upon which the
Avild foAvl feed;  the lake itself being bordered with a salt marsh varying from twenty to two
hundred yards  in width,  and clothed in a luxurious growth of cane from six  to ten feet in
height, and also the giant rush.  This bog in only a  few places allows  the  approach of herds
to the borders of the lake ; the soil being black, and composed chiefly  of the remains of previous
crops of cane.  The bottom of the lake is composed of a mixture of light blue clay and lime,
the latter the debris of  the  myriads of small convoluted  marine shells, which at one time in
greater numbers, but even now in multitudes infest the marshes.  Rush valley, upon the west,
contains a small alkaline lake a few feet in depth, and a stream much resembling Salt creek
near its mouth.
    Having glanced cursorily at the topography of the  neighborhood,  so  far as it was likely to
bear upon the  question  under consideration, we  now notice  briefly  that  of our  immediate
vicinity.  With  a  latitude of 40° 13' 57" N., and longitude of 112° 16' W., at  an altitude
of 4,725  feet above the  ocean, Camp Floyd is situated  near the center of Cedar valley, and
somewhat nearer to its western slope, the land  gently  declining upon  its eastern  side to  a
bottom.   The stream (a valley stream) supplying it Avith  Avater rises upon the northwest corner
of the camp, and skirting it upon the north  side diffuses  itself through the low lands, forms,
at the distance of a mile beloAv, numerous sloughs and marshes of no  very considerable extent,
but still  possibly sufficient for the generation of malaria.   This stream, upon  whose  banks
occasional patches of alkali are seen in a state of  effloresence, has been obstructed in its natural
course b}r a mill-dam, occupying the interval between  the Fifth and Seventh Regiments, and
having become of course to some extent stagnant the quantity of vegetable matter  (grass of
various  kinds) contained  in it seems  to have increased.   Bordering  the  stream  upon the out- 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS IN UTAH.
313
skirts of Fairfield, and  at the eastern  extremity of the camp, are numerous excavations,  left
during the manufacture of adobes, many of these being filled with stagnant water.   The soil of
the post is a compact silico-aluminous one,  Avith probably some considerable A^egetable matter
from the remains of the abundant growth in successive years of artemisiaand greasewood and the
so-called rabbit-bush.  This becomes more abundant as we approach the low lands, where the
soil is darker and more  porous.  The water procured from the numerous Avells Avith Avhich camp
is supplied, is to some  slight extent, but perceptibly,  brackish.   Mountaineers, to whose  long
observation and  experience  in  the Avilds some  attention is  due, attribute the origin of the
so-called "mountain fever," to the  melting  of snows and the drinking of snow water.   Snow
is visible upon the chain of mountains  completely encircling  Cedar valley until  the month of
August, and again falls during the month of September.   During the former, however, as well
as the month of July, it has almost completely disappeared from  the eastern face of the moun-
tains upon the west, which are exposed to the  sun  for  the  greater portion of the day;  the
greater  bulk remaining  upon the western slope of the ranges, which all lie  mostly in a direction
north and south.   The water Camp Floyd receives from these mountains, must descend from
their eastern face.   The first perceptible amount of snow upon them in the autumn, fell, in the
year 1859, on the 21st of September.
    The atmosphere of the valleys of this climate is generally considered to contain but a small
amount of moisture.  Its highly electrified condition, manifested during the day by the constant
ascent of land-spouts, and at night by the displays of aurora borealis, would seem to tend to
strengthen this conclusion.  During the spring and  summer of the  present 3rear, the fall of
rain has been unusually large.  The following data from the meteorological register of the year
are thought of sufficient interest to admit of introduction here, as indicating  the amount of
humidity of the atmosphere, and the temperature during the prevalence of the fever.
    Total amount of rain fallen during the months April, May, and June:  Inches 1.91.

        AVERAGE DAILY MEAN PER MONTH  OF THE HYGROMETER, THERMOMETER, &c.
July........
August.....
September
October....
November
Average daily mean
 per month of the
 Hygrometer.
Amount of rain.
6920
65.56
54.18
16.31
34.79
     2.67
     0.18
     1.72
  Inappreciable.
Rain and snow 3.21
Average daily mean
 per month of the
 thermometer.
76.47
72.14
58.59
50.06
36.27
   Exposure to the unequal  temperature of the  days and  nights, a prominent feature in the
climate of the country, I believe to be one of the  chief predisposing causes to this disease.  To
sustain this fact Avith  regard  to temperature it is to be regretted that the statistical records of a
differential thermometer  are  not at hand, and that we must mostly depend on personal experi-
ence.   Situated Ioav down in  a broad valley, at midday receiving the direct rays of the sun, the
temperature of the camp is warm and pleasant.   When  the sun  disappears  behind  the mount-
ains, of altitude some thousands of feet above the camp, the  atmosphere becomes  heavy and
chill, and masses of cold air, resembling fog, containing a large column of dust, settle over the
marshes, and  move over the camp in layers Avhose limits are perfectly defined.  The disease I
find to occur  most  frequently  among those who have been most  exposed upon night  duties,
and  particularly those  employed at the base of the mountain in obtaining a winter's supply
of fuel for the post,  and who  are detailed for this  duty for the period of one month: some of
these cases Avere of severity.
             40----s 
3L4
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
   The police regulations of camp, since its  establishment,  have  been most excellent;  the
food of good quality, and the habits of the  men  cleanly, and facilities offered for preserving
them in a good hygienic condition.
   Of the eighty-six cases occurring  during the  five  months only one  proved  fatal.  The
conclusions, then, which are to be justly deduced from the above observations, I believe to be the
following:
   1st. That the so-called "mountain fever" of this country  is  a form of malarial fever, its
Avell established character being here  modified by  causes which are not yet sufficiently obvious.
   2d. That there do exist here sufficient  local causes for its production, but that it is not  a
malady peculiar to this position, but one extending through the Territory.
   3d. That in addition to the predisposition engendered by previous attacks of intermittents,
impaired  constitutions, &c, susceptibility to  it  is  much increased by exposure to the unequal
temperature of the days and nights.
   4th. That the proximity to or use of snow water has no perceptible influence in its origin;
the disease occurring at  points where  little  or no snow water is received, and  not occurring at
the period Avhen the melting snows most abundantly descend from  the mountains.
                      DISEASES.

TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS AND MORTALITY.
Quarters.
First quarter......
Second quarter...
Third quarter....
Fourth quarter..


   Annual ratio
Mean strength.
4,833
4,982
5,963
7,590
5,842
Number treated.
Deaths.
1,837
2,294
3,255
3,395
 7
 7
13
21
10,781
48
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
380
460
546
447
1,845
1.5
1.4
2.2
2.7
8.2
   It is  shoAvn by this table, that  the annual  proportion of cases  of sickness, to  the  mean
strength of the troops in Utah, is 1.84 to 1; and  the corresponding ratio of deaths 1  in 121.79,
or 0.82 per cent.   The proportion of deaths to the  number of cases  treated, is 1 to  225.52, or
0.40 per  cent. 
AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN UTAH.
315
FEVERS.
Quarters.
Strength
Febris congestiva.................
Febris continua communis.....
Febris intermittens quotidiana.......    19
Febris intermittens tertiana....
Febris intermittens quartana..
Febris remittens...................
Febris typhus et typhoides....
Febris typhus icterodes.........
Total.
FIRST.	SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		Proportion of deaths to	
4,833	4,982		5,£ Cases.	63	7, Cases.	590 Deaths.	5,842			a tl
Case?. Deaths.	Cases. Deaths. i			Dcatlis.			Cases. 1 Deaths.			
0 0	2	0	2 0		0	1	1 4 i 1		lin	4
4 0	8	0	7 0		21	1	40	1	1 in	40
19 0	152 ' 0		106 0		81	0	358	0	0 in	358
27 0	187 0		76 0		57	0	347	0	0 in	347
0 0	3 0		1 0		0	0	4	0	Oin	4
5 j 0	189 ! 0		152 1		94	3	440	4	1 in •	110
4 2	1 0		0 0		8	6	13	8	lin	1.6
0 0 !	0 0		0	0	0	0	0	0	Oin	0
59 2	542	0	344	1	261	11	1,206	14	lin	86
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
Cholera Asiatica.....
Diarrhoea...............
Dysenteria acuta.....
Dysenteria chronica.
Enteritis................
Hepatitis acuta.......
Hepatitis chronica...
4,833    !    4,982        5,963
7,590
5,842
Cases. [Deaths. Cases. Deaths.  Cases. Dcatlis.  Cases.'Deaths.  Cases. Dcatlis
  0
219
 29
  1
  1
  0
  0
 86
Obstipatio...............................
All other diseases of this class.......!   101
  0
277
 35
  4
  1
  0
  0
131
101
  0
838
112
  2
  0
  1
  0
181
216
  0
530
 89
  0
  2
  0
  0
137
159
    0
1,864
 265
    7
    4
    1
    0
 535
 577
2	o
	o •
—	>-H ~
	
	
	
	
	
	
C o	ti a
	
	
	c ^
	
s-	~
0 in 0	
1 in 932	319
0 in 265	45
lin    3.5
1 in    2
1 in    1
0 in    0
0 in  535
lin  577
Total.
437
549
1,350
917
3,253
1 in  406
556 
316      REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY AMONG  THE TROOPS IN UTAH.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Quarters.
Strength
4,833       4,982
5,963
Cases. Deaths.; Cases. Deaths., Cases.
Bronchitis acuta et chronica..........   51    0
Catarrhus..................................|  421    0
Phthisis pulmonalis.....................    l    0
Pleuritis.....................................    2    0
Pneumonia.................................;   15    1
All other  diseases of this class.......!    3    0
19    0
263
  1
  7
 10
  9
 24
221
  1
  3
  3
  2
Total................................   493
309
Rheumatismus............................  150    0  I   161
254
175
Deaths,
,590
Cases. Deaths.
5,842
 55
583
  5
  3
 13
149
15
41
21
666 I   2  11,722
0    202    1
0 in   149
Oin  1,488
1 in     8
Oin    15
lin    14
lin    10
1 in   287
1 in   688
 25.5
254.7
  1.3
  2.5
  7
  3.6
295
11" 
            ABSTRACTS






              OF THE








PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS






       OCCURRING AMONG THE TROOPS






               IN







             UTAH. 
318
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





    ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
CLASSES OF DISEASES.				FIRST QUARTER.					
		1857.		1858.		1859. Toi			*AL.
									
		1,816.				3,017.		4,8	33.
									
SPECIFIC DISEASES.		Cases. Died. , Cases, i Died. ' Cases. Died. Cases.							Died.
				2 ........ 2 ........ 4 8 ........! 11 !........ 19 18 ........! 9 '........ 27 i					
									
									
									
				4 ....... !........				5 4	
			........			4 | 2			2
			........! "						
			1			2 ........		2	
	3 v ..............................								
									
									
						1			
					..."				
				140 8 1 1	1	79 .......		219 29 1 1	
						21			
									1
Diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system. }									
									
									
				43		43 68 38 267		86 101 51 421 1 2 15 3 3	
				33 13 154 1 2 1					
									
		I							
1		........							
Diseases of the respiratory system., .j									
		1			........	14 3 3	1		1
		1							
I									
f		1 i							
Diseases of the brain and nervous				2 ........		3 13 3	........i 5 ........ 18 ........ 4 ........! 1 0		
system.				5 1 1 1					
1									1
						1			
				1 ........					
Diseases of the urinary and genital									
organs.				4 !........' 4 9, ... 14				8 16	
									
Diseases of the serous and exhalent c vessels. < Diseases of the fibrous and mus-cular structures. 1 f i				t					
					■ i				
				33	1	24		57	1
									
		. i		57		93		150	
									
				23		45 8 9		68 19 14	
									
									
									
				36		73 3		109	
								3	
		1 i							
.		1 1				!			
■				13!........ 21 !........ 8 i........ 1		28 '........1 41 24 !........ 45 17 1........ 25 7 ! 7 6 !........ 10 3 1........' 8 13 1...... ! If.			
									
									
									
				4 | \ 2 1........					
i									
									
				4 !........! 4 '........: 8 1 ........1 4 '.......					
									
				10 '........! in			...... on		
				23 1-2	........ 25 ........ 16		........	48 28	
									
									
				| 49 !........i 60					1
i									
	Total.............................			761 3 | 1,076 4 j l.t:J7					7
									
 
                                             AMONG  THE  TROOPS  IN  UTAH.

AMONG THE  TROOPS IN THE  DEPARTMENT OF UTAH.
319
CLASSES OF  DISEASES.
Fevers.
Eruptive fevers.
Diseases of the organs connected
  with the digestive system.
Diseases of the respiratory system..-
Diseases of the brain and nervous
  system.



Diseases of the urinary and genital ]
Diseases of the serous and exhalent <
   vessels.                       i

Diseases of the  fibrous and  mus-
  cular structures.
                                 1
                                 f
Abscesses and ulcers...............j
                                 I
                                 f
Wounds and injuries.
Miscellaneous
SECOXD  QUARTER.
Years
Mean strength.
1859.


2,963.
SPECIFIC DISEASES.
Cases.   Died,  j Cases.   Died.  : Cases,  i Died.  ! Cases.   Died
Febris congestiva.............
Febris continua communis.....
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana....
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris rem ittens...............
Febris typhus ct typhoides.....
Erysipelas.....................
Rubeola—
Scarlatina.,
Variola
Varioloides................
Cholera Asiatica............
Diarrhoea...................
Dysenteria acuta............
Dysenteria chronica.........
Enteritis....................
Hepatitis acuta..............
Hepatitis chronica...........
Obstipatio..................
All other diseases...........
Bronchitis, acuta et chronica.
Catarrhus...................
Phthisis pulmonalis.........
Pleuritis....................
Pneumonia.................
All other diseases...........
Cephalalgia.................
Delirium tremens...........
Epilepsia....................
Neuralgia...................
All other diseases...........
Gonorrhoea.................
Strictura urethra............
Syphilis primitiva...........
Syphilis consecutiva........
All other diseases...........
Ascites.....................
All other diseases.
Pernio............
Podagra...........
Eheumatismus.
Fistula........
Phlegmon et abscessus.
Ulcus................
Ambustio..............
Amputatio...........
Contusio.............
Fractura .............
Luxatio..............
Punitio...............
Sub-luxatio..........
Vulnus incisum.....
Vulnus laceratum...
Vulnus punctum
Vulnus sclopeticum.
Debilitas............
Ebrietas............
Hremorrhois   .......
Hernia.............
128
168
 24
 19
  1
103
  1
  1
209
 24
  4
. 83
 58
 17
198
  1
  3
  3
  6
 10
  2
  5
 10
Morbi cutis...
Morbi oculi...
Scorbutus
Suicidiuin___
All other <tise;i
Total......................................,........  1,139
61
   1
   8
   9
   3
   6
  48
  16
   1
  108

1,155
  2
  8
152
187
  3
189
  1
  1
277
 35
  4
  1
131
101
 19
263
  1

 10
  9
 13
  2
  8
 16
  9
  1
92
 4
 8
 2
42
35
25
 5
15
17
 e
15
 3
 8
r>8
39
  1
169 
320
REPORT  ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY





    ABSTRACT OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING
	j	THIRD QUARTER.							
		1857.		1858.		1859.		To	
CLASSES OF DISEASES.									
		1,241.		2,180.		2,542.		5.963.	
									
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases, j Died. 1 Cases.			Died. 1
		1 5 37 37				1 ........ i		2 7 106 76 1 152	1
				2 46 34 1					
						23 ........ 5 '			
									
									
									1
									
				i		5		5	
									
				i					
									
					1				
		1							
		462 I........ 59 ........		194 18 2	1	182 35		838 112 2	
									
Diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system.									
		........1........							
		........1........		1		1		1	
				i					
		57 23 19 43 1 2		37 72 2 27	1	87 121 3 151	1	181 216 24 221 1 3 3 2 22	
									
									~
									
Diseases of the respiratory system., j									
						1 1 o 8			
				2					
			1						1
Diseases of the brain and nervous i system.				8					
									
		1 1 1 18				1 4		2 10 1 20 1 22 21	
				5					
[									
Diseases of the urinary and genital j				1 1		1			
									
		7							
				12 10		1 4			
[		7 1 I							........
Diseases of the serous and exhalentf									
vessels. (						2		2 2 15 175	
Diseases of the fibrous and mus-cular structures.		1 15 27		1					
									
				65		83			
r									
	Ulcus................................	37 9 2		38 '........ 8 ........		79 8 6		154 25 8	
1 f									
									
				. 1.					
						56 1 3			
		i		1 5			........ 2 ........1 8		
		.... 1..							
									
		11 !........ i !........ 3 1........ 4 1 8 !........ 5 ........ 1 r:::::' 18 i........ 6 ........ 15 |........		11 22 11 1 2		43 42 25 3 13	........ 79		
									
									
									
							2	19 29 37 33 2 33 40 34	3 1 1
				13 i					
				t 1					
						21			
									
						8 24			
				10 19					
									
									
I	All other diseases...........	49 1		46 1 | 115			1	210	3
									
		1 102 4					5	3,255	13
					*	'			
 
                            AMONG THE TROOPS  IN  UTAH.





AMONG THE TROOPS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF UTAH.
321
		FOURTH UL'ARTER.							
		1857.		1858.		1859. J To			
CLASSES OF DISEASES.									
		1,714.		3.175.		2,701. j 7,			590.
		'							
	SPECIFIC DISEASES.	Cases. Died. Cases. ! I			Died. Cases. Died. Cases.				Died.
(			1	i					' 1
					1 1 5 ........'' 21 ........ 14 ........ 57 1				1
		16 '........ 37 24 i........ 19							
									
									
									
		18	........ 5 1 6		1 ■ 71 j 2 3^2 2			94 8	3
									t;
									
						10		in	
		i							
							I i		
		:			!				
		1			1				
		|			i 1 ! !				
		194 1 20		196 42	........1 140 |........ 530 ........1 27 |........ i-'9				i
									
									
Diseases of the organs connected 1						2 ! 1 1 9			l
with the digestive system.							1 j........		l
		'			1				
		. 2, 1........ 24 i		56 65 19 176 3 1 4 2 12	fin 1.. l m				
						70 1........ 14 i........ 210 '........ 1 1 1 1 ........		159 55 583 5 3 13 07	...
1		22 197 1 I 7							
[									
1									l
Diseases of the respiratory system.. 1									
									
|					........'' 4 | 1 in				l
|						4 A			
Diseases of the brain and nervous 1		3 8 1 2	fi					9 OR	
system.				5 o 9					
					........! 1 '........! 4 1 A				
									
		1 ........ 2							
Diseases of the urinary and genital						1 ........ 1			
organs.		16 '•........1 6 4 1 | 3							
1							........I U		
									
						1			
Diseases of the fibrous and mus-j		96 ........: 27 !........						143	
									
cular structures.		47 j 1 1		86		69 ........		202	l
A sces.es and ulcers..............									
		35 1 11 i........ 2 !		47 7 7		79 ........ 17 ........		161 35 16	
	Ulcus.................................								
1									
					!				
		60 2		59	RJ			203 4 5 I 70 82 73 8 15 14 29 44 4	
						2 1 '"" 2 ...			
				3					
		1 12 '							
				16 46 31 3 4 8 7 15		42 '........			
		14 ........ 4 '........ 2 ........ 6 ;........ 1 :........							
					........i 38 j........ ........ 3 i....... ........! 5 !........ ........ 22 l........ ........ 14 ........ ........I 1 I........				
									
									
I									
									
		15 .......							
		1		3					
		4 ........							
		23 ........'' 19 7 ........ 3 39 i 1 77							
								10	
									
	Total.............................								
		972 7 1,160 l 6				1,263 | 8 3,395			
									
41---s 
322
REPORT   ON   THE  SICKNESS  AND  MORTALITY
CONSOLIDATED  ABSTRACT OF  THE PRINCIPAL  DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING  IN THE
                                           ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.
Years.................................  1840 to 1854.*
Mean strength
120.622.
Cases.   Died,
Febris congestivaf............
Febris continua communis
Febris intermittens quotidiana.
Febris intermittens tertiana . ..
Febris intermittens quartana...
Febris remittens..............
Febris typhus et typhoides___
Febris typhus icterodes........
           ERUPTIVE FEVERS.
Erysipelas..............................
Rubeola................................
Scarlatina.............................
Variola................................
Varioloides.............................
All other diseases of this classf..........
DISEASES OF  THE  ORGANS  CONNECTED
     WITH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Cholera Asiatica.......................,
Cholera morbus........................,
Colica................................
Constipatio............................,
Diarrhoea............................,
Dysenteria acuta.......................,
Dysenteria chronica....................,
Dyspepsia.............................,
Enteritis.............................,
Gastritis...............................
Hoematemesis..........................
Hepatitis acuta........................
Hepatitis chronica.....................
Icterus ................................
Parotitis...............................
Peritonitis.............................
Splenitis..............................
Tonsillitis.............................
A11 other diseases of this class..........
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Asthma................................
Bronchitis  acuta.......................
Ilronchitis  chronica....................
Catarrhus epidemieus..................
Catarrhus..............................
Hemoptysis...........................
Laryngitis.............................
Phthisis  pulmonaIis||...................
Pleuritis...............................
Pneumonia............................
All other diseases of this class..........
 2,207
36,956
31,916
 1,282
10,299
   557
   723
545
203
 67
 85
 37
 23
 22
  5
  2
210
118
209


 14
  1
 1,628
 2,025
 4,757
10,582
43,851
15,081
 1,739
 1,841
   230
   905
    55
   263
   210
   369
   344
   193
   145
 3.048
   291
 1,614
   246
 2,142
30,969
   265
   18-1
   442
 2.363
 1.416
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
Aneurisma...........................
Angina pectoris........................
Carditis...............................
Endocarditis...........................
Pericarditis............................
Varix et varicocele....................
1855.
9,367.
Cases.   Died
596
 20
  2
  2
385
168
276
  1
 38
 21
  3

 14
  4
  1
 24
  1
  4
 11
  6
257
 21
127
  147
3,031
2.368
   53
  428
   39
   48
 39
142
  451
  140
  325
1,424
4,403
  962
   87
  118
   16
   38
    6
   11
    7
   22
   29
    3
   12
  291
   29
   22
  321
   38
   50
2,762
   15
   20
   25
  128
  155
    1
14,434.
Cases.  Died.
104
  3
  4
    4
  294
4,515
4,044

  841
  124
    3
  216
  113
  666
2,108
6,768
1,816
   71
  227
   41
69
 25
439
 52
4,538
   41
   31
   46
  171
  110
    9


    1
    9
   10
1857.
1858.
1859.
AGGREGATE
STRENGTH.
   12,701.        14,510.        15,510.       187,144.

Cases.  jDied.  Cases.  Died.  Cases. iDied.; Cases.   Died.
	
-	
7	2
92	2
2,649	
2,254	
180	
599	5
35	14
92	14
38	
53	1
2	1
6	
  124
  434
1,423
4,671
1.012
   71
  198
   30
   59
    5
   28
   14
   22
   89
    o
   11
  505
  281
   43
  336
2,835
   24
   31
   42
   99
  108
    4
  165
1,808
2,400
   92
  602
   94
   12
  180
  531
1,592
4.966
  961
  125
  219
   23
   53
    9
   22
   16
   29
   56
    9
   10
  538
   24
  493
   20
  536
3,829
   18
   19
   46
  130
  167
  165
2,664
1,875
   73
  626
   68
  132
  129
  405
1,522
3,823
  757
   39
  209
   10
   44
    4
   13
   10
   14
522
181
  501
   34
  296
4,125
   25  I
   30
   60
  142  |
  117  j
    3
8	3
12	1
17	1
93 ,	
23	47
3,070	40
51,623	26
44,857	5
1,757	9
13,395	250
917	202
1,000	317
729	15
322	0
85	2
134	15
115	o
14	
2,312	764
2,711	28
7,118	8
18,651	2
68,481	460
20,589	211
2,132	325
2,812	2
350	54
1,177	26
84	5
350	8
271	18
506	7
553	2
239	37
195	0
5,390	5
279	o
406	4
3,649	27
433	18
3,360	
49,058	9
388	17
315	6
661	344
3.033	30
2,073	224
13	3
19	7
91	2
58	17
42	2
93	15
365	
 
IN  THE   ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.
323
CONSOLIDATED  ABSTRACT  OF THE PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND  DEATHS OCCURRING  IN  THE
                                    ARMY OF THE UNITED  STATES—Continued.
Years.
1840 to 1854.
1855.
1857.
1858.
Mean strength.
DISEASES.
Died.
9,367.
14,510.
AGGREGATE
STRENGTH.
15.510.
Died.   Cases, i Died.'  Cases.  Died.  Cases.  Died.1 Cases.  Died.  Cases.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS
              SYSTEM.
Apoplexia..................
Cephalalgia.................
Cerebritis..................
Chorea.....................
Diliriuin tremens............
Epilepsia...................
Ictus solis.................
Mania......................
Melancholia................
Meningitis..................
Neuralgia...................
Paralysis....................
Tetanus....................
All other diseases of this elas
DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENITAI
  ORGANS AND VENEREAL AFFECTIONS.
Calculus.....................
Cystitis.......................
Diabetes......................
Enuresis......................
Gonorrhoea....................
Ischuria et dysuria............
Nephritis.....................
Orchitis.......................
Strictura urethra..............
Syphilis primitiva............
Syphilis consecutiva.........
Ulcus penis non syphiliticum.
All other diseases of this class
   93
6,699
    2
   20
1,699
  894
   30
  182
   47
   49
  889
  187
   17
DISEASES OF THE SEROUS EXHALENT
            VESSELS.
Anasarca
Ascites.....
Hydrarthrus.
Hydrocele ..,
Hydrothorax ,
DISEASES OF THE FIBROUS AND MUSCULAR
             STRUCTURES.
Podagra.................
Rheumatismus acutus....
Rheumatismus chronicus.
       ABSCESSES AND ULCERS.
Fistula .........................
Paronychia^....................
Phlegmon et abscessus..........
Ulcus...........................
WOUNDS AND INJURIES
Ambustio.........
Concussio cerebri.
(.'ontusio..........
Fractura..........
Gelatin (Pernio)...
   33
   72
   39
   85
5,547
  271
  104
1,017
  234
2,883
1,163
  166
237
115
  5
 31
 29
    70
 8,792
 4,365


   197
   304
14,802
 6,541


 1,315
   124
16,676
   825
   si-i
 14
343
112
 47
  8
 13
  6
  1
106
  6
  1
 11
  I
  3
  5
  1
537
 15
 11
104
 17
283
 94
  9
 25
  3
729
277
12	1,788
5	414
4	106
14	19
10	1,701
21	53
3	73
 13
617
  1
124
 68
 14
  9
 10
  3
174
21	2
2	1
	0
	
 10
615
 28
 17
153
 27
302
133
 26
 39
    4
1,122
  462
2,294
  609
6 6 1 2 o	2 1	19 7 1 2	3
!			
  5
416
  4
 13
531
123	5
51	
8	0
24	
9	
3	
157	
12	1
1	
  1
  2
  9
819
 39
 10
152
 37
358
145
 20
 74
11 j.
 4
 6 i.
   22
  215
1.772
  543
  141  .....  !    144
   16  I    1  |     19
2,214  ......!  2.394
  109  I......!    112
  279      1      228
189
 62
 31
 19
  8
  3
199
 16
  2
    1
   10
    1
   13
1,026
   27
   19
  134
   31
  493
  289
   19
  133
    6 !......
1,379      1
  660      1
496
  1
125
 70
 11
 17
 11
  4
  9
964
 31
  4
172
 38
445
345
 23
151
    1
1,160
  787
   17  ......      10
  184 '......'........
1,778 |......i  1,877
  626 '......!    539
4 173 20 20	1 4
  143
9,102
    6
   22
2,372
1,192
  102
  264
   P8
   63
1,698
  262
   2-1
47	
111	5
51	
127	
9,508	
411	3
165	8
1,732	1
384	
4,764	2
2.169	13
263	
429	o
141
 14
 41
85	
14,270	18
7,127	15
265	1
703	
24.311	18
9,272	9
  140 ......     160 J    2   2.006 j     7
   11 I    2      17 ,    1     206     18
2,399 '......|  2,459 I    1  27,843     13
  108 j    1 j    114 j    2 I  1,321     2-
  118 I    2     123 '    1 '  1.633      •' 
324
REPORT  ON  THE  SICKNESS  AND MORTALITY
CONSOLIDATED ABSTRACT OF THE  PRINCIPAL DISEASES AND DEATHS OCCURRING IN THE
                               ARMY OF THE  UNITED  STATES—Continued.
	1840 to 1854.		1855.		1856.		1857		1858.		1859.		AGGREGATE	
														
	120,622.		9,367.		14,434.		12,701.		14,510.		15,510.		187,144.	
														
DISEASES.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.	Cases.	Died.
wounds and injuries—continued.	700 631 65 218 4,881 6,659 1,605 1,081 1,233 73 334 5,680 1,001 114 8 7 243 2,352 3,830 28 22 1,951 1,804 19 3 2,166 52 6 2,132 175 19 345 200 146 22,941	1 2 1 14 6 20 161 1 1 3	32 49 10 9 520 477 236 139 100 8 35 408 98 10	1 8 6	69 51 18 13 711 620 363 153 199 8 31 681 204 20	5 2 29	67 64 6 29 645 673 520 152 199 10 72 646 159 5 3	3 2 1 11	52 72 4 38 634 635 608 197 138 4 26 617 153 4 4	1 5 16	54 65 4 12 778 664 670 188 127 5 10 660 127	1 6 13	974 932 107 319 8,169 9,728 4,002 1,910 1,996 108 508 8,692 1,742 153 15 9 267 4,227 6,272 37 42 3,150 3,319 31 7 3,922 84 9 4,935 276 40 648 266 305 31,572	4
														2
														1
														23
														7
														42
														236
DISEASES OF THE EYE.														
														
														1
DISEASES OF THE EAR.														1
ALL OTHER DISEASES.														3
														
		6 16 53 1 2	1 1 387 315	2 2	1 8 557 373	1 3 3				!				7
							5 425 491 9 3 220 325 1	1 3	6 268 638	4	4 238 625	1 1 2		1
														23
														67
														1
			o 158 171 2		1 257 301				8 279 386 4 4 417 7 1 310 18 4 68		6 285 332 5			
														2
														
														
														
		2 40 3 19 3	253 1		365 5		370 5 1 600 19 3 57 27 30 1,735	3		2 4	351 14 1 439 19 9 89 39 46 1,514	2 9 3 4		
														
														2
			386 14 2 47	1 2 1	1,068 31 3 42	7 3 1								52
														3
														40
														8
														
		136	17 1,456	8	32 2,079	12		12	34 1,847	13				
														185
														
Total.............................	352,785	3,617	30,429	309	46,319	358	35,779	172	38,188	207	36,599	1 : 247 '540.099 ! 4.9in		
													1 ;	
* The statistics of 1847 and 1848 (war with Mexico) are excluded, it having been found impossible to collate correct statistics for those years.
fThe deaths reported from " febris congestiva" are to be considered as congestive terminations of intermittent fever.
I Cases of vaccination, in which the soldier has been incapacitated for duty.
|| Soldiers with "phthisis pulmonalis" are frequently discharged from the service, in accordance with their own wishes.
§ Cases of" paronychia" have been very generally reported under "phlegmon et abscessus." 
IN  THE ARMY  OF  THE UNITED  STATES.
325
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region.''
Regions.
Mean strength.
Coast of New England.........................
Harbor of New York...........................
West Point.........................................
North Interior, East............................
Tiie Great Lakes................................
North Interior, West...........................
Middle Atlantic...................................
Middle Interior, East...........................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky...............
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal
Middle  Interior, West..........................
South Atlantic.....................................
South Interior, East............................
South Interior, West............................
Atlantic Coast of  Florida......................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida.........
Texas,  Southern Frontier.....................
Texas, Western Frontier......................
New  Mexicof.....................................
California, Southern.............................
California, Northern............................
Oregon  and Washington.......................
Utah..................................................
 4,529
12,856
 9,400
 3,553
10,770
13,892
 7,671
 3,804
 2,475
 6,956
 9,681
 3,401
 6,419
12,312
 1,835
 3,939
 7,310
13,183
13,445
 3,865
 3,853
 8,974
 5,842
Number treated.
 7,848
40,899
43,423
 6,426
23,514
31,470
17,921
12,098
 6,655
25,062
25,384
 9,040
19,189
41,303
 6,451
19,312
26,169
40,384
34,823
 8,139
10,729
20,661
10,781
Ratio per 1,000 or mean-
      strength.
 40
237
 37
 39
142
166
 85
 57
 72
304
217
 93
260
271
 45
119
363
259
249
 70
 99
 88
 48
1,755
3,]sl
4,619
1,808
2,183
2,265
2,336
3,180
2,692
3,603
2,622
2,658
2,989
3,354
3,515
4,902
3,580
3,063
2,590
2,105
2,784
2,302
1,845
 8.8
18.4
 3.9
10.9
13.1
12
11.1
14.9
29.3
43.7
22.4
27.3
40.5
22
24
30.2
49.6
19.6
18.5
18
25.6
 9.8
 8.2
* Asiatic cholera excluded.
f Gunshot wounds excluded.
Consolidated, table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality for each region
                                                 from fevers.
No.
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Regions.
Coast of New England..........................
Harbor of New York...........................
West Point..........................................
North Interior, East..............................
The Great Lakes.................................
North Interior, West............................
Middle Atlantic*...................................
Middle Interior, East............................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky.................
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal.
Middle Interior, West...........................
South Atlantic......................................
South Interior, East..............................
South Interior, West............................,
Atlantic Coast of Florida.......................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida........,
Texas, Southern Frontier.......................
Texas, Western Frontier.......................
New Mexico......................................,
California, Southern..............................
California, No I'll ie rn.............................
Oregon and Washington........................
Utah...................................................
Mean strength.
Number treated.
 4,529
 12,856
 9,400
 3,553
 10,770
 13,892
 8,407
 3,804
 2,475
 6,956
 9,681
 3,401
 6,419
 12,312
 1,835
 3,939
 7,310
 13,183
 13,445
 3,865
 3,853
* 8,974
 5,842
   566
 3,307
 1,221
   384
 3,503
 4,106
 2,513
 1,103
 1,593
 6,114
 8,629
 1,080
 4,460
15,910
 1,625
 8,073
 8,911
11,387
 5,725
   699
 3.43:)
 2,117
 1,206
Deaths
  2
 50
  3
  3
 22
 17
 45
  8
  9
 54
 27
 44
 90
 44
 21
 39
133
 211
 30
 13
 22
  4
 14
 Proportion of
deaths to cases.
Ratio of cases
 per 1,000 of
 mean st'gth.
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
283	125
66	256
407	130
128	108
159	325
241	295
56	299
138	2*9
177	643
113	879
319	890
25	317
50	694
362	1.292
77	885
207	2,049
67	1,219
569	863
191	425
54	181
156	890
529	236
86	206
'This includes cases of yellow fever brought to Fort Monroe from Vera Cruz, in 1848. (See pages 83 and 84 of this report ) 
326
REPORT ON  THE SICKNESS AND  MORTALITY
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annucd ratio  of sickness and mortality in each region
                   from diseases of  the organs connected with the digestive system.*
No.
Regions.
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Coast of New England..........................
Harbor of New York............................
West Point.........................................
North Interior, East.............................
The Great Lakes.................................
North Interior, West...........................
Middle Atlantic....................................
Middle Interior, East ...........................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky................
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal
Middle Interior, West..........................
South Atlantic....................................
South Interior, East............................,
South Interior, West...........................
Atlantic Coast of Florida......................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida........
Texas, Southern Frontier.....................
Texas, Western Frontier.....................
New Mexico......................................
California, Southern............................
California, Northern............................
Oregon and Washington......................
Utah.................................................
Mean strength.	Number treated.
4,529	1,742
12,856	11,463
9,400	8,782
3,553	1,470
10,770	4,649
13,892	7,271
8,407	4,948
3,804	3,830
2,475	2,004
6,956	8,254
9,681	7,837
3,401	2,460
6,419	5,351
12,312	7,251
1,835	2,098
3,939	4,374
7,310	5,669
13,183	8,890
13,445	7,056
3,865	2,090
3,853	2,006
8,974	4,452
5,842	3,253
  9
 52
  6
  3
 27
 39
 27
  8
 18
 99
 41
 15
 65
 72
 11
 38
105
 91
 59
 23
 29
 10
  8
 Proportion of
deaths to cases.
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
1 in
1 in
lin
1 in
lin
  193
  220
1,464
  490
  172
  186
  183
  479
  111
   83
  191
  164
   82
  100
  190
  115
   54
   98
  119
   91
   69
  445
  406
Ratio of cases
 per 1,000 of
 mean st'gth.
  384
  891
  934
  413
  431
  523
  588
1,007
  809
1,186
  809
  723
  833
  589
1,143
1,110
  775
  674
  524
  540
  520
  496
  556
* Asiatic cholera excluded.
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region
                                 from diseases of the respiratory system.
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Regions.
Mean strength.
Coast of New England.................................
Harbor of New York..................................
West Point................................................
North Interior,  East....................................
The Great. Lakes........................................
North Interior, West...................................
Middle Atlantic..........................................j
Middle Interior, East..................................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky.......................
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal........
Middle Interior, West..................................
South Atlantic............................................
South Interior, East....................................
South Interior, West................................
Atlantic Coast of Florida...........................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida.............
Texas, Southern Frontier.........................
Texas, Western Frontier..........................
New Mexico...........................................
California, Southern.................................
California, Northern.................................
Oregon and Washington...........................,
Utah......................................................
 4,529
12,856
 9,400
 3,553
10,770
13,892
 8,407
 3,804
 2,475
 6,956
 9,681
 3,401
 6,419
12,312
 1,835
 3,939
 7,310
13,183
13,445
 3,865
 3,853
 8,974
 5,842
Number treated.
1,521
6,812
9,287
1,586
4,369
4,895
3,171
1,780
  965
3,390
4,489
1,309
1,615
3,209
  289
1,185
1,870
2,813
3.840
 '853
1,024
2,516
1,722
Deaths.
 9
70
16
16
51
52
29
14
15
85
56
10
39
61
 3
13
32
38
41
14
12
22
 6
 Proportion of
deaths to cases.
1 in
lin
lin
1 in
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
1 in
lin
lin
169
 97
580
 99
 85
 94
109
127
 64
 40
 80
130
 41
526
 96
 91
 58
 74
 93
 61
 85
114
287
Ratio of cases
 per 1,000 of
 mean st'gth
336
529
988
446
406
352
377
468
390
487
463
385
252
260
157
300
255
213
285
220
265
280
295 
IN  THE ARMY OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.
327
Consolidated, table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio  of sickness and mortality in each region
                                          from phthisis pulmonalis.
Regions
Coast of New England.........................
Harbor of New York...........................
West Point........................................
North Interior,  East............................,
The Great Lakes.................................
North Interior, West...........................
Middle Atlantic....................................
Middle Interior, East...........................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky...............
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal
Middle Interior, West.........................
South Atlantic....................................
South Interior, East.............................
South Interior, West...........................
Atlantic Coast of Florida......................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida.........
Texas, Southern Frontier....................
Texas, Western Frontier.......................
New Mexico......................................
California,  Southern............................
California, Northern.............................
Oregon and Washington........................
Utah..................................................
Mean strength.
,529
,856
,400
,553
,770
,892
,407
,804
,475
,956
,681
,401
,419
,312
,835
,939
,310
,183
,445
,865
,853
,974
,842
Number treated.
21
73
14
17
49
44
28
11
 9
26
36
27
44
41
 5
31
24
48
25
19
21
45
 6
40
14
10
34
27
19
 6
 6
24
21
 6
29
28
 2
 6
16
22
 4
 9
 9
10
 1
 Proportion of
deaths to cases.
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
2 in
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
1 in
lin
lin
3.5
1.8
1
1.7
1.4
1.6
3
1.8
1.5
1.1
1.7
4.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
5
1.5
2.2
6.2
2.1
2.3
4.5
8
Ratio of cases
 per  1,000 of
 mean st'gth.
4.6
5.6
1.5
4.7
4.5
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.7
7.9
6.9
3.3
2.7
7.8
3.3
3.6
1.8
4.9
5.4
5
1.3
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region
                                             from rheumatism.
No.
  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Regions
Coast of New England.........................
Harbor of New York..........................
West Point........................................
North Interior,  East............................
The Great Lakes................................
North Interior, West..........................
Middle Atlantic...................................
Middle Interior, East ..........................
Newport Barracks, Kentucky...............
Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal
Middle Interior, West..........................
South Atlantic....................................
South Interior, East.............................
South Interior, West...........................
Atlantic Coast of Florida......................
Interior, and Gulf Coast of Florida........
Texas, Southern Frontier....................
Texas, Western Frontier.....................
New Mexico......................................
California, Southern............................
('alifornia, Northern............................
Oregon and Washiii" imi.......................
Utah ....................:............................
Mean strength.
Number treated.
 4,529
12,856
 9,400
 3,553
10,770
13,892
 8,407
 3,804
 2,475
 6,956
 9,681
 3,401
 6,419
12,312
 1,835
 3,939
 7,310
13,183
13,445
 3,865
 3,853
 8,974
 5,842
  386
1,378
1,079
  270
1,185
1,721
  875
  399
  156
  671
1,305
  381
  840
1,434
  229
  552
  955
1,581
2,299
  450
  505
1.381
  6S8
 Proportion of  | Ratio of cases
deaths to cases.   per 1,000 of
             1 mean st'gth.
0 in	386	85
lin 1	,378	107
lin 1	,079	115
lin	270	76
1 in 1	,185	110
lin	574	123
1 in	875	104
lin	399	104
Oin	156	63
Oin	671	96
Oin 1	,305	134
Oin	381	112
Oin	840	131
lin	717	116
Oin	229	124
Oin	552	140
lin	318	13
1 in	316	120
lin	460	171
lin	225	116
Oin	505	131
1 in	691)	154
1 in	688	117
 
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APPENDIX.
ARMY METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER,



          FOR FIVE YEARS,
JANUARY, 1855, TO JANUARY, 1860. 
INTRODUCTION.
   Upon the organization of the Medical Department of the Army in 1819, the Surgeon General
instituted a system, of meteorological observations at the military posts of the United States,
which, modified from time to time, is still in operation.
   The results of these observations for 1820 and 1821 were published at the end of each year.
Those  of subsequent  observations  have been  published in  a  series  of army meteorological
registers, of which the  first volume, embracing  the years from  1822  to  1825, inclusive, was
issued by Surgeon General Lovell  in 1826.  The second, third, and fourth volumes, (the last a
quarto of v63 pages,) comprising, respectively, the years from 1826 to 1830, 1831 to 1842, 1843
to 1854,  inclusive,  were prepared and published in 1840, 1851, and 1854, under the direction of
present Surgeon General.
   The  published contributions of the  Medical  Department of  the Army to the science of
meteorology have been confined to  observations of the thermometer, the direction and force of
winds, clearness of the sky, and fall of rain and snow.  The system,  however, includes  observa-
tions of  the  barometer,  attached thermometer, and hygrometer.  For a long period hourly
observations were taken at the equinoxes and solstices.
   The original registers of these observations, have been transmitted  monthly to the Surgeon
General's office, and now form sixty-four  large folio volumes.  These, though too  voluminous
for publication, have been  frequently  consulted  by officers  engaged in the explorations for a
railroad  from the Mississippi river to the Pacific, and in various boundary surveys, and also  by
persons desirous of elucidating some special point in meteorology.
   These observations, have now been  continued forty-five years,  and have been taken at more
than two hundred  stations, extending  from  the  Atlantic to the Pacific coast, and from the
northern to the southern boundaries of the United States.
   The positions and  altitudes of the military posts have been obtained as far as  practicable,
from the official reports of officers in charge of the  northeastern boundary survey, of the Coast
Survey, of the Mexican  boundary survey, and  of the several surveys for a route for a railroad
to the Pacific.  Where positive astronomical determinations could  not be obtained, the positions
and  altitudes are given as reported  by medical officers, and are to be considered as close approxi-
mations  only.
   To insure accuracy in the following tables, all the  original  monthly registers have been
carefully examined and recomputed.  In the preparation of the consolidated temperature and
rain  tables, the series  of "Consolidated Temperature and Rain Tables"  published in  the  report 
INTRODUCTION.
331
of 1856, has been compared with the original records, the errors corrected, and  the means for
months, seasons, and years recalculated.   This examination has served to prove the general
correctness of those tables; the principal errors being in the means for 1843, and in the table for
Fort Constitution, in 1842; the observations at 9, P. m.,  at that post, having been transcribed
from the printed register for that year, instead of the means of  the four daily observations, the
two columns being parallel.
   It is not to be expected that meteorological  observations can  be taken at military posts with
that extreme accuracy which is attainable in institutions where persons are exclusively engaged
in such pursuits.   The medical officers have other and more imperative duties to perform, and
these observations must at times be taken  by the hospital stewards, who, though generally
sufficiently intelligent, may not always observe the prescribed regulations.
   The original registers are carefully examined when received at the Surgeon General's office,
and every effort is  made to ascertain the correctness of unusual records,  whether of  temperature
or of rain.  It is believed that the errors which have failed to be corrected are  so unfrequent
and slight as not to affect the accuracy of  the results here presented.
   From January, 1819, to January, 1841, the army meteorological observations were made
three times daily, at the hours of " 7, a. m., 2, p. M., and 9, p.  m."   In 1841 they were taken
at "sunrise, 2, p.  m., and 9, p. m. ;" and in  1842 at "sunrise, 2, p. m., sunset, and 9, p. m."
From 1843  to 1855, the hours of observation  were "a little before  sunrise, 9,  a.  m., 3,  p. m.,
and 9, p. m."
   In  the preparation of the Meteorological Register, published in  1854, it  was satisfactorily
proved, by an extended  examination of the records of "hourly observations," that the mean
of observations of  the thermometer at  7, A. m.,  2, p. m., and 9, p. m.,  more nearly approximated
the true daily mean, than  did the means of any of the  four daily observations that had  been
tried.
   It was therefore determined  to return to  the  hours originally adopted by the  Medical
Department of the Army, but as this change was not effected simultaneously at all the stations
the registers for part of 1855 were  not  uniform, and the results of some of the observations
could not be presented in the form of tables that had been decided upon for this report.
                                                                               R.  H. C. 
332
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF JANUARY, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS. WEATHER.										RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE. RANOE.							DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		c 1.5 <
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean. Max.		Min. |Range		K. NE.		E.	i BE.			w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	
				31 32 ^4		14 11 15 16 -10 11 15 15 18 26 29 37 49 54 40 34 28 23-25 10 8 6 5 4 11 — 5 — 7 —25 —28 —22 — 3 — 2 — 7 2 5 11 14 13 20 35 39 29 15 20 27 22	40 34 29 28 58 44 35 46 34 37 38 39 40 23 39 40 44 52 50 61 60 63 61 61 51 55 49 79 "o 72 69 69 69 62 70 67 64 58 64 45 48 56 73 71 56 59					|	1					6 6 5 9 6 4 4 6 5 4 7 16 12 6 5 3 4 3 3 3 5 5 6 5 6 1 7 0 9 0 3	3 3 6 3 6 2 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 3 8 0 7 13 6 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	6.34
				30.93 31.25 30.85 28.13 32.27 30.38 34.93 36.61 43.48 51.53 63.90 65.35 67.18 63. 75 59.93 56.43 53.19 55.95 44.19 41.09 40.69 34.22 30.90 34.14 17.98 9.45 17.09 8.42 12.46 28.13 29.46 23.55 35.85 41.94 45.92 48.89 46.74 54.51 60.23 59.38 56.63 52.21 50.51 44.06 49.13	45 44 44 48 55 50 61 52 63 68 76 89 77 79 74 72 75 75 71 68 69 66 65 62 50 42 54 47 50 66 67 62 64 75 78 78 71 84 80 87 85 88 91 83 81								1							3.71
																				3.30
																				3.63
													1							1.90
													I							2.15
												! i								3.37
																				2.49
													I							2.50
																				1.60
																				.81
																				4.81
																				9.01
																				3.94
																				3.20
																				2.34
																				1.09
																				.45
																				.75
																				1.16
																				3.25
																				.93
													I							4.99
																				4.20
																				3.06
																				4.74
																				2.13
																				1.67
											i 1									41
											i :									2.34 .59 .61 1.00 .04 .20 0 1.10 .09 .35 3.47 1.06 .25 .10 0
											! 1									
											1							3		
											I		i					0 0 2 0 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 o		
											1									
											!		I							
											1									
											I									
											i				....	......				
											1									
										!					!		.			
																i				
												|				1				
												j								
												| |				I				
											i 1							' 0 1 0		
											1 !					i				i U 0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
333
MONTH OF JANUARY, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS. 'WEATHER.							RAIN &. S?		•ow.
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE. RANGE.						DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. DAYS.								DAYS.		
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Rangej n.		NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w. n\v. Fair. Cl'dy.	Rain. Snow. = — <		
				50.32 50.08 39.44 40.54 34.57 31.88 35.93 19.09 25.77 24.72 57.92 50.11 46.54 50.14 45.78 44.64 45.50 27.68 40.16 37.59 42.12 48.04 41.95	7«1 76 75 77 63 49 64 47 47 63 80 78 70 72 69 71 66 60 62 64 56 65 58	34 16 10 18 9 5 9 —16 0 —17 38 28 32 35 32 32 30 — 4 16 27 28 34 22	36 63 65 59							1	0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .09 0 0 0 2 2 .20 2 2 .57		
		i						i									
														I :			
								1						••"V" 1............			
							54 44 55 63 47 80 42 50 38 37 37 39 36 64 46 37 28 31 36							! i			
														j			
														' '	0 0 o 3 1 2 3 5 5 5 6 0 9 4 10 15 14	0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5	
																	
														j			1 42
														1 ,			83
														I ! 1			12
											| ! 1			1 i			2 40
										; !				I ! !			1 48
										Ill; ;							2.89 2.86 3.69 3.30 1.58 3.03
												j , ••••, I					
												1 1 !					
												1					
								....				1		I			
												|		'"'!'" i......|......			
												••••;••••,••••;■■••!......[......					
											! < 1 ' i '•						
												! |T|......i......					
																2 | 5.10	
														! 1 !			
* This amount, though greater than the average for January, at Fort Vancouver, appears to be correct. 
334
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF FEBRUARY,  1855.
THERMOMKTKR.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
A. m. | 2 p. m. j 9 p. m. I Mean.  Max. ' Min. [Range
Fort Independence..............;.......  ........   23.05
Fort Hamilton...............
Fort Columbus..........:.....
West Point............  .....
24.37
23.86
22.60
Fort Ontario....................I...............!  19.71
Alleghany Arsenal.
Carlisle Barracks ..
Fort Delaware.....
Fort McHenry.....
Fort Monroe.......
Fort Moultrie......
21.71
22.94
27.95
28.92
34.03
46.89
FortCapron............!........I................   G2.24
Fort Dallas............
Key West Barracks
Fort Myers.............
Fort Deynaud..........
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas Barracks
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
Baton Rouge...........
New Orleans...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith.............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Brady............
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
63.24
65.94
61.87
64.41
56.46
50.14
48.39
50.4.")
51.85
42.82
40.82
38.07
30.17
26.19
24.46
 8.01
 5.21
12.62
 8.22
11.49
38.23
29.41
35.69
29.01
Fort Arbuckle..........:........|................i  39.86
Fort Belknap....................  ........ ........   44.49
Fort Chadbourne........................ ........;  45.88
Fort McKavett..........i.......................   41.51
68
62
51
36
53
38
32
40
53
74
68
63
83
80
74
08
S6
-10
   4
— 6
—10
—16
— 7
   0
   0
   0
  18
  29
  39
  40
  49
  40
  37
  36
  26
  22
  27
  30
  12
  11
   6
   6
—22
—32
—23
—22
—16
— 3
— 5
— 8
— 6
  10
  11
  1G
   8
  26
Fort Merrill.....................................   54.65
Fort Brown.............[........j........(........I  61.60 I  89  ;  38
Ringgold Barracks......j........'........j........   59.(13   90  '  28
Fort Mcintosh..........j................:........|  57.30|  92  j  29
Fertilise...............'................;........   50.63'  90  !  24
                      I                i        j        !      i
Fort Duncan......................................  53.2.J ,  92  [  26
52
35
46
50
60
47
40
42
50
32
35
41
39
29
39
51
36
-1-1
55
48
43
66
62
72
63
60
45
58
S5
61
54
56
56
79
70
69
73
69
58
60
00
51
r,:>
WEATHER.I  RAIN & SNOW.
Cl'dy. Rain.
63  j.
63  |.
06  '.
1.40
1.86
 .91 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
335
MONTH OF FEBRUARY,  1855
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER., RAIN  &. SNOW
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
7 a. m. : 2 P. M.  9 p. M.  Mean, j Max. . Min. Range  N. , ne. i  E.  se. : s.
n\v. Fair.  Cl'dy.  Rain. .Snow
Fort Clark.............. .......  j........\........;  42.36
Fort Davis.............. ........!........;........'  50.89
                     !        I       !
Fort Bliss..............................'........   53.75
FortFillmore...................I........\........   50.62
Fort Thorn..................... ................   47.65
Fort Craig..............'........|....... j........   46.04
Albuquerque...........'........'................   40.61
Santa Fe................................ ........   36.26
Fort Union............. ........................;  31.95
Fort Massachusetts......'........................   25.64
                     !               I
Cantonment Burgwin...........................   32.70
                     1               ■        i
Fort Defiance...........................!........:  33.62
Fort Yuma............................. ........j  61.20
San Diego..............................'........!  55.72
Fort Miller..............................j........i  53.66
San Francisco..................................   54.99
Benicia Barracks........................1........   52.17
Fort Reading............................1........  51.56
Fort Humboldt..................................  49.97
Fort Jones......................................  39.41
Fort Dalles.............. ........|................  42.57
Fort Lane..............................'........  44.01
Fort Vancouver......... ........ ........ ........  43.71
Fort Orford.....
Fort Steilacoom
49.30
43.15
88	25	02
82	21	Gl
70	36	34
74	30	44
77	11	66
81	21	60
75	18	57
54	20	34
64	5	59
52	— 5	57
52	6	46
61	12	49
80	40	40
81	38	43
70	41	29
71	41	30
70	36	34
72	34	38
67	29	38
70	16	54
62	17	45
66	28	38
64	24	40
67	31	36
62	22	40
 
336
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTH OF MARCH, 1855.
			THERMOMETER.						WINDS							1 WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE		DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		fi
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 p. m. Mean, j Max.			Min.	i Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW	w.	i NW	Fair.	CT'dy	Rain.	Snow	§1 <
				33.96 35.75 36.04 34.79 30.89 35.41 36.27 39.31	62 59 57 58 51 58 53 59 60 62 74 82 80 81 87 97 81 75 85 83 80 85 81 81 72 62 41	14 17 17 12 17 5 14 18 20 29 28 38 42 49 38 36 34 23 23 28 29 21 20 20 13 10 16 — 2	48 42 40 46 34 53 39 41 40 33 46 44 38 32 49 61 47 47 62 .'5 51 64 61 61 60 52 40											4 0 0 1 2 5 2 3 0 6 5 4 5 5 4 0 3 4 5 3 6 1 3 4 5 5 4 2 7 0 1 J 5 I 0 2 2 1	1 5 1 6 4 2 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 2 1 1 4 3 4 5 0 3 3 6 0 0	1.16
										!		.................								1.41
								! ! 1				I !								1.20
								!			i !									83
								!			:				I					1 20
								i			i ! __________I. . . .1				:					3 08
										1 1 I |										1 88
										: • ! :										2 02
				39.46 44.00 53.64 64.91 64.73 70.28 66.40 68.93 62.68 5^.51 57.85 59.46 59.J-0 51.17 4:t.l9 47.80 39.41 37.16 37.50 23. ,0								! 1 1								2 80
!									i 1			i		:						2 00
														1						4.83
i												i			i 1					2 80
										|					1 1					3 90
										i i					i					2 87
										i										6 40
																				o
																				3 89
																				2.86 1 17
Mount Vernon Arsenal..																				
																				1 07
																				.82 .13 .50 .57 3.98 7 15 2.51 1.00 1.01 1.87 1.12 2.32 .42 .51 1.35 1.41 .35 .10
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
											1		1 1							
							43	|					1 j							
								|					1							
				25.30 23.69 27.05	49 52 ' 52 72 78 73 68 87 88 94 84 98 87 97 103 94	—16 —17 — 5 6 5 — 2 0 18 23 24 25 29 42 j 32 1 31 28 32	65 69 ",7						1							
										1			i							
								....		_____!			i							
				52.26 38.72 32.86 36.41 49.09 53.69			66 73 75 68 69 65 70 59 69 45 65 72 66 65		! 1				1 1 1 1			1				
									i				1							
									!		1 1									
									!		j		1 1 1 !'							
1									....LI				1 !							
								■ i				i.								
				56.68 53.66 61.82 66.24 65.54 65.29 61.22				i !					j		j					
								i					i !			i		4. | » | 2 1		.08 .13 3.03 1.43 .33
								i					I							
								i			1 i							2 4 2 1 0	0 0 0 0 0	
								i i 1			! I i									
								i	1 1			: 1				1				
i f ; i									1 1							i				
i i				61.24 ! 97 !					j											0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
337
MONTH OF MARCH, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.				
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS. '" .•		
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	SW.	W.	NW	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow. _= ■-	
Fort Clark..............				61.11 56.76 67.50 54.86 57.20 50.45 36.26 39.84 33.20 39.66 40.28 69.73 58.42 51.12 59.75 56.61 56.38 57.31 52.59 46.17 49.33 51.07 50.04 51.23 47.75	97 87 85 89 94 83 54 70 60 65 76 90 84 72 79 78 79 81 72 76 74 81 82 75 70	30 21 35 25 26 23 20 8 — 1 7 16 45 36 28 35 43 36 34 32 20 20 32 £9 33 23	67 66 50 64 68 60 34 62 61 58 60 45 48 44 44 35 43 47 40 56 54 49 53 42 47											1 1 0 2 2 5 1 0 0 2 6 0 6 7 5 6 8 9 7 15 8 7 6 15 ,0	0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 6 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0	.45
																				.19
																				0
																				.80
																				.12
																				1.02
																				.20
																				.40
																				1.47
																				.19
																				3.30
																				0
																				1.53
																				1.58
																				3.64
																				3.23
																				3.13
																				5.68
													/							6.80
																				5.21
																				1.87
																				3.26
																				3.99
																				9.84
																				7.85
								........												
43- 
338
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTH OF APRIL, 1855.
	THERMOMETE				R.			WINDS.								WEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		c
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	SW.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	11 <
				44.08 47.76 46.56 46.48 41.80 51.88 50.95 51.84 57.73 59.43 63.70 74.33 75.09 72.82 73.55 72.50 71.01 68.75 72.34 70.33 71.35 68.41 66.68 66.41 61.96 60.10 57.83 38.79 36.22 49.86 46.16 51.48 60.24 63.40 54.39 52.94 67.43 70.00 68.51 67.05 74.50 74,98 76.21 78.08 75.26 74.48	69 77 73 72 72 84 86 82 89 91 86 90 78 81 87 91 86 82 95 84 87 88 92 91 93 91 89 60 70 88 87 90 96 95 92 80 91 92 91 84 90 90 91 99 97 95	19 25 24 22 18 18 24 26 30 40 46 54 63 64 55 55 50 43 44 45 41 39 44 41 32 30 28 6 — 2 16 10 17 30 33 23 26 38 51 34 49 42 60 41 55 36 41	50 52 49 50 54 66 62 56 59 51 40 36 15 17 32 36 36 39 51 39 46 49 48 50 61 61 61 54 72 72 77 73 66 62 69 54 53 41 57 35 48 30 50 44 61 54											10 9 7 9 5 4 7 6 4 2 2 7 2 4 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 5 7 12 4 5 4 7 6 3 5 3 2 4 5 2 5 3 4 3 2 0 0 1 2 2	2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	2.72
																				2.45
																				2.40
																				2.52
																				.70
																				2.60
																				1.72
																				2.15
																				.39
																				.45
																				.96
																				1.14
Key West...........																				.24
																				3.00
																				.50
																				0
																				.75
																				1.00
																				1.52
																				2.00
																				.40
																				3.47
																				2.99
																				3.63
																				1.71
																				2.18
																				3.32
																				1.55
																				1.07
																				.28
																				.36
	1																			.25
																				.27
										i										.63
																				.68
																				.65
																				2.28
																				.30
								i												3.35
																				2.29
								|												.23
								1 !												0
								1												0
								1 1 !				1								.01
								j j !												.28
								1 i i				|								.17
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
339
MONTH OF APRIL, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.						WINDS.									WEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		2 ^
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	M n.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	<-
Fort Clark..............				71.72 66.63 65.50 69.39 65.01 63.67 59.19 50.58 48.42 50.73 44.41 45.06 72.96 63.76 48.86 61.22 55.98 56.91 59.92 53.40 49.70 53.41 48.39 51.46 50.63 52.02	92 96 88 89 99 88 93 69 78 74 71 80 96 90 66 81 72 82 86 68 78 82 72 82 62 73	32 31 45 33 33 35 28 26 20 24 16 22 56 42 32 42 46 42 41 35 28 33 30 33 39 32	60 65 43 56 66 53 65 43 58 50 55 58 40 48 34 39 26 40 45 33 50 49 42 49 23 41											2 8 0 4 1 1 3 4 3 0 0 5 0 5 6 5 3 6 12 9 11 6 12 2 10 5	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	.31
																				3.58
																				0
																				.45
																				.20
																				.10
																				.74
																				.85
																				.05
																				0
Fort Massachusetts.....																				.41
																				.51
																				0
																				1.82
																				3.78
Fort Miller............																				4.44
																				3.65
																				3.25
																				5.17
																				5.40
																				1.50
																				98
																				7.14
																				2 04
																				5 17
																				17
															1					
 
340
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTH OF MAY, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE		DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		a
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	SW.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	11
				56.17 59.28 58.56 59.96 51.10 59.66 59.58 60.95 64.77 65.72 71.82 78.17 76.90 79.13 77.40 76.14 75.93 76.50 78.48 77.79 79.16 76.38 72.90 47.17 66.85 65.56 65.19 53.12 51.20 61.29 56.70 61.00 64.61 71.08 60.89 59.82 75.39 76.80 74.84 73.61 81.13 81.77 83.51 84.20 83.80 78.13	81 80 80 78 79 83 83 84 82 85 89 94 84 85 93 92 90 88 102 94 95 93 93 99 92 95 89 87 76 90 85 84 90 92 84 83 100 99 102 92 100 93 100 105 105 101	38 38 38 38 37 32 33 41 45 53 56 64 68 72 63 60 58 62 57 64 65 49 50 53 36 30 39 27 33 32 23 33 41 45 36 35 50 52 57 59 67 68 71 70 64 65	43 42 42 40 42 51 50 43 37 32 33 30 16 13 30 32 32 26 45 30 30 44 43 46 56 65 50 60 43 58 62 51 49 47 48 48 50 47 45 33 33 25 29 35 41 36											4 4 6 5 4 5 4 6 4 4 9 18 5 3 4 12 8 5 2 1 3 4 11 10 12 11 3 0 2 6 2 6 7 10 12 8 10 6 4 7 3 3 5 7 5 5	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	1.62
																				3.91
																				3.85
																				4.16
																				.72
																				2.33
																				1.81
																				2.63
																				.91
																				2.10
																				6.34
																				5.54
																				*14.69
																				3.55
																				3.00
																				3.56
																				1.77
																				1.92
Mount Vernon Arsenal..																				.20
																				60
																				1 77
																				2 11
Fort Smith.............																				4 92
																				5 65
Jefferson Barracks......																				4 70
																				8 32
																				2 35
																				
																				
																				1.23 1.68 .97 1.98 3.93 4.91 2.79 3.13 3.55 6.33 2.63 1.21 1.92 2.40
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
	|																			
	1																			
	i																			
	|																			1 44
								1		1										4.29
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
341
MONTH  OF MAY, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS. ^ j		
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E. SE.		s.	sw	w.	kw., Fair. 1		1 'CTdy. Rain.		Snow. = -=	
				74.76 75.43 71.81 73.29 67.30 59.64 57.34 51.19 53.79 49.16 78.41 66.06 55.77 65.85 56.01 58.29 64.44 57.56 54.65 57.66 59.08 57.57 52.54 54.79	100 97 101 97 96 76 78 78 81 87 101 96 90 103 73 95 95 73 96 81 84 82 68 80	54 55 39 44 43 30 32 23 26 21 56 42 35 46 46 42 45 33 30 31 32 45 38 38	46 42 62 53 53 46 46 55 55 66 45 54 55 57 27 53 50 40 66 50 52 37 30 42			|					!			7 0 2 | 0 0 1 n		1.16
																				
Fort Thorn.............																				
																		1 3 5 4 4 6 1 0 1 4 4 2 5 12 4 11 7 7 5 12 13	0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	
																				89
																				68
																				2.88 98
																				
												1								.11
												1								
											..... '....									0 .10 .61 .34 1.42 2.01 5.43 2.80 .87 1.08 1.33 3.77 8.60 5 81
											| i									
										:										
										i										
										!					....					
												j			j					
												i			i					
												1								
												1			!					
												I								
												i								
												1 1								
												i				|				
												1				j				
												1				1				
*The original register records the fall of 11.04 inches of rain at Fort Dallas on the 16th and 17th days of this month. 
342
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF JUNE, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER.		RAIN &. SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		c c 2
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	1.2 <
				66.00 69.92 68.09 68.10 52.56 66.06 66.90 69.19 71.23 74.79 76.18 81.31 82.23 80.93 79.71 79.03 80.76 78.65 78.98 81.88 80.46 77.45 75.45 75.43 75.46 73.02 68.06 56.18 57.83 66.15 62.90 65.64 69.78 73.75 69.44 69.44 77.61 79.12 77.06 73.84 81.00 81.05 82.73 82.18 80.45 77.28	82 96 92 95 86 93 98 97 97 96 86 92 87 95 84 91 91 88 93 92 91 99 93 96 81 97 84 81 93 95 92 92 93 101 96 94 100 100 98 87 96 93 100 99 97 99	54 52 54 52 42 45 46 54 60 60 60 72 78 69 76 67 63 62 62 70 70 53 53 50 51 61 49 35 35 40 30 39 43 47 44 48 64 58 56 55 64 70 65 64 64 51	28 44 38 43 44 48 52 43 37 36 26 20 9 26 8 24 28 26 31 22 21 46 40 46 30 36 35 46 58 55 62 53 50 54 52 46 36 42 42 32 32 23 35 35 33 48	2	2	3	19	11	20	15	18	14	16	9 9 4 13 11 13 9 11 10 8 6 17 9 13 5 17 10 11 11 10 8 6 6 9 9 9 9 7 5 6 11 7 6 8 10 5 6 4 5 5 7 13 10 5 4 3	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	3.18
																				5.06
																				3.70
								25	0	0	5	36	2	7	15	14	16			4.50
																				3.60
								10	7	6	2	15	23	20	7	11	19			7.58
																				5.80
																				8.59
								0 2	15 3	1 14	10 3	5 8	27 22	17 24	15 13	15 19	15 11			2 79
																				3 80
																				7.58
																				5.41
																				4 47
																				10 20
																				3.20 8.38 7.07 4.21 2.22 1.75 4.43 2.07 3.15" 4.85 2.71 4.25 9.30 1.76 1.10 2.38 4.88 3.21 1.09 5.06 2.20 3.25 3.38 3.1i 3.31 1.19 8.75 10.47 5.18 4.50 4.77 .43
																				
																				
																				
Mount Vernon Arsenal..											1									
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
								6 1	1 0	1 0	6 0	23 0	19 32	11 37	23 12	21 19	9 11			
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
													!							
													i							
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
											....									
																				
																				
 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
343
MONTH OF JUNE, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.				
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		= ~i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	sw.	W.	sir	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	
				83.00 83.19 80.90 79.33 68.66 61.56 62.37 59.01 68.61 90.25 72.40 70.44 84.23 56.35 70.66 81.65 59.19 67.71 57.58 70.58 64,97 71.19 59.11	104 102 102 106 89 83 91 88 94 110 90 96 108 70 95 101 75 98 70 98 87 104 86	65 63 59 58 48 35 33 32 34 68 60 46 52 51 54 64 49 38 48 45 54 50 48	39 39 43 48 41 48 58 56 60 42 30 50 56 19 41 37 26 60 22 53 33 54 38											1 2 0 2 3 4 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3 2 3 5	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	.05
																				.07
																				0
																				.21
																				1.77
																				2.12
																				.20
																				.86
																				.43
												!								0
									|			i								0
																				0
																				0
																				
																				0
																				.20 1.60 .08 1.80 1.03 2.43 .24 1.40
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
																				
 
344
METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JULY, 1855.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
2 P. M.  9 P. M
Mean.	Max.	Min.
74.64	89	62
76.70	96	62
74.55	92	60
73.27	88	60
74.19	92	61
68.09	88	54
75.90	96	60
77.80	97	60
78.05	96	65
82.30	97	70
82.25	92	75
82.40	87	76
80.23	93	72
81.94	88	74
78.43	90	71
81.25	90	74
78.84	93	70
82.78	93	76
81.04	94	73
82.74	100	62
81.85	98	65
84.21	99	68
80.26	96	69
79.27	96	68
78.41	94	62
64.20	82	50
73.31	96	51
68.74	93	54
70.99	90	50
77.12	98	60
81.64	106	62
76.12	97	53
72.46	92	54
77.15	101	63
85.67	104	70
85.46	107	70
77.07	92	67
81.59	97	70
83.07	91	75
82.15	94	71
84.72	101	72
83.31	98	73
80.57	94	72
75.46	101	62
83.05	104	68
83.44	106	69
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
WEATHER
Fair.  Cl'dy
RAIN & SNOW.
Snow.
S -2
<
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus........
West Point............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Fort Ontario...........
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Key West Barracks___
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas...........
Fort Deynaud.........
Barrancas Barracks
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge..........
Fort Washita.........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson...........
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort McKavett........
Fort Merrill...........
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Davis.............
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Fillmore..........
70.93
73.38
79.64
82.48
69.90
70.34
77.12
81.45
70.12
74.19
78.35
79.67
81.41
84.87
88.70
85.87
83.80
75.22
78.77
83.64
84.90
77.58
86.61
78.74
71.61
74.22
73.90
93.58
86.45
87.32
85.35
66.38
64.22
81.60
78.83
75.74
91.09
78.64
77.96
72.19
78.09
82.09
96.32
96.90
84.25
90.06
87.74
79.00
77.48
75.29
70.61
92.38
91.93
88.74
82.90
73.33
74.25
72.80
70.80
74.90
75.09
79.87
81.22
82.00
76.45
80.09
78.93
80.32
77.74
76.29
76.00
71.77
63.87
81.64
81.54
74.77
76.64
79.39
82.80
80.32
72.87
27
34
32
28
31
34
36
37
31
27
17
11
21
14
19
16
23
17
21
38
23
31
27
28
32
32
45
39
40
38
44
44
38
38
34
37
25
27
16
23
29
25
22
39
36
37
14
 17
 5
 20
 12
 11
 5
 13
 23
 15
 20
 27
 31
 17
 23
 8
 6
 20
 22
 9
 23
 17
 16
 15
 17
 15
 23
 22
 17
 18
27
 16
22
27
 14
 26
 11
 19
 20
 26
 18
 8
 16
 11
 4
 0
 14
 8
23
25
11
 9
22
 8
14
15
16
14
16
 8
 9
14
13
 4
15
 9
 4
15
18
12
10
 8
12
 5
11
11
17
 7
21
20
18
16
11
 6
 5
 6
12
11
 3
11
11
 3.57
 2.34
 6.00
 6.26
 5.57
 5.20
 6.07
 4.79
 2.62
 1.65
 3.59
 4.59
 6.80
11.32
 7.97
18.61
 9.85
 7.24
 3.61
 2.39
 1.56
  .74
 7.78
 6.05
 2.55
 7.10
 1.32
 4.03
 2.44
 1.70
 2.15
 3.90
 1.45
  .38
 3.50
  .53
 2.08
 4.43
 7.58
 5.38
 3.50
 3.84
  .57
 4.21
  .16
 2.63 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
345
MONTH OF JULY, 1855.
	THERMOMETE				R.		WINDS.									WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE	DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.									DAYS.		DAYS.		% i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	1 Range n. 1 ne. 1			E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	< ~
Fort Thorn.............1.....				81.33 79.69 73.00 65.02 66.49 60.56 67.16 93.86 75.57 87.60 58.77 58.85	105 108 99 87 94 83 99 116 98 110 89 70	65 60 55 46 50 35 36 74 60 66 51 46	40 48 44 41 44 48 63 42 38 44 38 24									29 0 15 21 25 23 29 30 24 31 28 13	2 0 16 10 6 8 2 1 7 0 3 18	5 5 19 9 3 4 1 0 0 0 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	3.64
																				2.31
Santa Fe.............																				2.09
Fort Union.............									1											4.37
Cantonment Burgwin...........																				0.37
Fort Massachusetts..... _____																				2.60
Fort Defiance..........	|																			1.54
	1 1																			.10
San Diego.......	|																			0
Fort Miller...........	1																			0
San Francisco.........																				0
Fort Humboldt.......	55.74	69.26 56.55						12	0	0	0	10	7	4	22					0
                                                         Explanatory Note.

    Observations of winds were made at 7, a. m , 2, p. m., and 9, p. m., daily.  The direction and force were observed and registered together; but the
direction only is given in this series of tables.  The number of observations recorded under any point of the  compass, divided by 3, gives the number
of days from that point;  and one third of the whole number of  observations should be the number of days  in the month.  This, however, will not
always prove to be the case, because many observers,  instead of recording the direction of the vane in calms,  indicate that condition by a cipher.
Thus, in the record for Fort Humboldt, as printed in the above table, the total  " number of observations" is 55, but the original register shows 38
observations recorded in cipher.  (55-+-38 = 93-7-3 = 31, the  number of days in July.)
    It was found impracticable to add a column for " calms" to the present series of tables without changing the mode of printing  and  increasing the
size of the report.                                                                                                          R.  H. C.
44- 
34G
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF AUGUST,  1855.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Fort Ontario...........
Alleithany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Deynaud.........
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas Barracks....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Brady.............
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett.........
Fort Merrill...........
Corpus Christi........
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.  2 P. M.
64.09
70.19
65.13
66.87
71.00
82.26
82.22
81.80
78.00
80.77
76.61
77.77
78.70
75.64
81.25
76.35
75.54
73.03
75.32
71.19
68.87
71.03
77.42
78.96
Mean.
75.03
78.25
79.67
56.51
69.19
58.13
64.61
67.87
70.00
68.66
67.06
62.67
75.64
79.06
73.67
72.03
79.45
82.19
84.64
62.20
89.40
85.61
89.03
85.22
84.77
86.80
87.13
85.87
88.32
85.74
88.38
87.84
88.84
82.35
81.26
84.00
69.80
73.29
71.03
72.87
81.09
80.42
62.93
80.35
75.48
92.16
94.83
89*42
84.68
92.00
85.71
89.77
67.74
71.45
67.00
71.29
81.03
81.70
82.93
80.19
81.38
78.64
78.29
80.57
77.83
82.84
78.29
79.38
79.61
75.51
73.59
71.65
75.35
53.77
65.48
60.29
64.67
74.00
72.93
74.26
71.38
67.48
78.03
81.25
77.51
75.83
78.42
83.55
80.16
78.35 |  94.19 |  82.93
69.78
73.53
70.44
71.95
65.86
70.13
72.61
73.94
75.89
79.44
83.16
84.44
83.44
82.40
82.46
80.00
80.95
82.13
79.78
84.80
80.12
81.10
80.16
80.55
75.70
73.92
76.79
62.82
60.02
66.65
63.15
67.38
74.32
74.45
75.28
72.93
68.53
81.94
85.04
80.20
77.51
83.29
83.81
84.85
82.23
85.15
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
 83
 87
 84
 82
 84
 84
 90
 86
 93
 94
 94
 93
 89
 95
 88
 91
 95
 93
 92
 93
 94
102
 97
101
 92
 95
 93
 81
 96
 81
 83
 85
 97
 99
 96
 89
101
107
110
110
 94
 99
 93
 94
51
58
55
62
48
52
54
57
60
72
69
74
78
73
73
72
74
74
71
78
73
70
58
63
54
55
60
46
40
54
42
52
56
61
60
54
51
64
71
66
61
71
76
77
70
Range
32
29
29
20
36
32
36
29
33
22
25
19
11
22
15
19
21
19
21
15
21
32
39
38
38
40
33
35
56
27
41
33
41
38
36
35
50
43
39
44
30
28
17
17
26
31
9  19  52
17   4 |  5
30 l  2 ! 17
20
18
19
21
15
15
18
19
22
10
12
19
15
10
 6
18
12
18
15
18
16
13
21
14
15
26
20
23
22
12
16
20
20
21
15
Cl'dy
RAIN &. SNOW.
Rain. Snow 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
347
MONTH OF AUGUST, 1855.
			THERMOMETER.								WINDS.				i	WEATHER.		RAI>	&. SNOW.	
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				Max.	1ANOE.		DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		t t
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.		Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	< "
	78.93 76.96 68.93 74.43 78.03	93.41 89.93 87.45 90.35 70.16	79.22 79.45 72.90 77.00 79.38	83.85 104		69 71 63 68 70 59 58 51 52 52 50 77 60 63 90 51 55 70 46 46 50 45 59 50 13	35 29 32 31 26 39 47 47 39 27 38 32 34 40 18 25 42 33 24 52 22 53 26 54 71	0 0 4 0	5 5 0 13 0	0 21 0 9 8	46 14 0 15 15	0 45 19 9 43	0 0 11 6 13	3 1 5 1 13	0 0 6 3 0	25 20 22 20 23	6 11 9 11 8	7 9 8 5 1 6 5 0 8 9 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	2.97
Fort Clark..............				82.11 76.42 80.59 82.52 78.30 80.15 70.90 70.01 64.94 65.11 92.42 75.22 75.91 90.90 62.02 66.69 83.87 58.85 72.61 59.58 73.09 67.70 76.01 65.29	100 95 99 96 98 105 98 91 79 68 109 94 93 108 76 97 103 70 98 72 98 85 104 84															3.76
																				3.33
Fort Bliss...............																				1.12
																				1.29
																				1.21
	70.20 65.84 64.68 60.35 60.42	97.58 85.35 77.35 73.03 75.77	72.67 65.51 68.00 61.46 59.16					20 1 8 21 5	1 8 14 5 3	9 4 9 2 1	2 12 8 4 21	30 6 9 27 44	4 5 11 5 10	23 0 15 5 7	4 6 19 17 2	25 9 17 16 8	6 22 14 15 23			.57
																				0
																				7.89
																				1.46
Cantonment Burgwin...																				2.39 0
	68.89 68.61 80.00 58.39 59.96 75.16 55.74 56.72 56.48	86.74 87.00 102.90 73.00 79.63 94.70 64.26 88.78 66.29	70.06 72.13 89.81 54.77 60.48 81.76 56.55 72.34 55.97					0 0 9 0 0 6 12 23 5	8 2 7 0 0 7 0 4 0	14 0 14 0 0 2 0 1 0	12 1 6 0 0 9 0 2 8	13 0 14 0 0 53 10 18 18	25 21 14 70 8 9 0	18 1 17 22 85 1 4 5 0	3 38 12 1 0 3 22 9 62	22 29 25 14 24 26 13 21 20	9 2 6 17 7 5 18 10 11			0
																				0 0
																				0
																				0 0
																				0
																				0
Fort Orford.............																				.10
																				
Fort Vancouver........	63.35 60.77 58.87	74.93 93.60 76.22	64.84 73.66 60.80					0 0 2	1 6 0	0 0 0	1 31 0	0 3 11	1 53 5	1 0 33	4 0 6	30 29 22	1 2 9	0 0 1	0 0 0	0 0
																				.06
 
348
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF SEPTEMBER, 1855.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. M.   Mean
WEATHER
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Max.  Min.  Ran<re  n.  ne.  e.  se.  s.  sw. w.  nw
Fair.  Cl'dy.
RAIN &. SNOW.
Snow
Fort Independence......
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Fort Ontario............
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fert Moultrie..........,
Fort Capron...........,
Key West Barracks____
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Deynaud..........
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Brady............
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre.............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
Fort Merrill............
Corpus Christi.........
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks.....,
Fert Mcintosh..........
Fort Duncan............
58.30
64.70
73.23
75.06
61.80
56.66
61.76
61.96
69.76
67.76
73.93
75.60
65.26
73.86
76.20
80.16
81.86
77.80
79.26
75.67
76.20
77.33
73.83
79.70
74.66
74.20
73.70
74.93
69.73
62.20
69.33
55.60
58.40
56.76
51.53
58.73
66.83
70.86
62.53
58.26
72.43
84.60
72.86
71.50
76.86
76.70
78.06
83.17
89.46
84.63
87.86
85.10
86.17
86.50
85.70
84.23
85.80
84.26
87.16
82.50
84.66
81.56
79.33
78.66
63.60
68.26
67.66
64.66
67.56
78.80
82.56
77.26
73.16
89.66
92.46
89.10
85.26
90.24
85.03
88.56
60.90
66.83
64.60
58.36
64.40
66.70
67.66
74.56
79.53
79.63
82.32
79.33
80.93
78.60
78.56
79.33
77.00
80.93
77.16
75.96
74.83
76.06
71.80
69.47
71.83
57.06
52.00
59.26
54.73
60.20
72.00
73.60
67.23
60.86
75.60
79.96
75.56
72.53
77.23
83.36
79.30
71
77.63
 6.43
92.83
83.46
81.00
65.43
65.38
60.92
66.66
68.08
68.33
69.87
75.49
79.63
83.08
82.93
81.33
81.41
80.14
80.42
80.78
78.35
82.14
78.69
79.07
77.01
78.55
74.03
72.33
73.27
58.75
59.55
61.18
56.60
62.16
72.54
75.46
69.00
64.10
79.23
85.67
79.17
76.82
81.44
82.41
82.85
79.83
83.82
79.58
 84
 87
 86
 87
 91
 86
 92
 90
 93
 93
 87
 93
 89
 89
 90
 92
 92
 93
 90
 95
 90
 94
 89
 89
 88
 76
 84
 85
 88
 85
 91
 95
 88
 99
 97
 96
 96
 90
 94
 92
 92
 92
100
 98
64
68
76

73
72
71
72
72
65
76
66
56
50
57
58
50
50
43
37
42
34
40
49
51
51
46
46
69
58
58
71

76
71
74
66
40
39
38
30
47
45
44
38
43
26
25
17
10
20
17
18
18
20
27
17
24
39
40
37
31
39
38
33
47
43
54
45
42
44
37
53
51
27
38
32
23
15
16
21
26
32
23
28
22
16
19
22
24
17
16
10
 7

 7
 9
15
12
21
 6
21
11
11
17
15 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
349
MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1855.
		THERMOMETER.					j			WINDS.					NS.	WEATHER.		RAI>	' & SNOW.	
STATIONS.	MEAK TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIO								DAYS.		DAYS.		i •/
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E. j SE.		s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	<
	75.36 67.86 71.00 72.13 65.63 64.20	86.43 82.00 86.00 84.96 86.13 90.73	76.40 70.20 74.00 74.60 68.16 68.77	79.39 73.35 77.00 77.23 73.30 74.56 61.09 63.55 53.96 60.06 58.95 69.69 64.46 79.91 61.65 65.93 75.51 59.80 37.43 58.76 61.56 64.63	1 91 | 94 95 97 93 103 80 82 78 74 80 90 88 98 84 92 92 73 56 73 73 94	73 58 67 63 58 60 39 50 32 49 42 50 48 57 52 54 56 49 18 49 53 47	18 36 28 34 35 43 41 32 43 25 38 40 40 41 32 38 36 24 38 24 20 47	3 6 2 I 10 24	2 0 25 2 9 6	29 0 10 6 28 11	16 2 19 3 4 2	40 6 56 10 30	0 12 14 1 5 3	0 12 0 20 4 14	0 6 12 1 20 0	17 18 18 17 12 16	13 12 12 13 18 14	8 10 7 11 0 10 9 10 13 16 0 2 0 0 0 3 4 7 1 5	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0	4.40
																				5.89
																				*7.22
																				2.31
																				4.97
																				2.98
																				2,86
	78.76 47.83 55.43 53.43 61.83 55.06 68.23 57.43 59.90 66.53 54.86 30.33 54.83 58.86 53.10	71.90 66.76 67.51 69.73 82.13 78.00 92.26 70.66 73.40 87.16 65.73 49.50 65.33 68.62 82.40	60.00 47.30 57.23 53.70 65.13 60.04 76.25 56.88 64.50 72.86 58.83 32.46 56.13 57.20 58.39					0 25 34 13 2 0 8 0 0 25 15 28 16	13 2 2 3 14 8 4 0 1 17 4 15 6	15 1 2 2 16 0 8 1 4 3 0 4 1	14 3 4 12 5 22 7 0 0 3 1 10 2	5 18 21 44 3 0 16 0 3 39 6 19 20	21 13 8 1 24 2 15 44 21 4 8 10 1	12 16 6 1 15 5 22 45 61 2 3 1 1	10 6 0 11 25 10 0 0 10 3 33	18 16 15 8 16 28 23 17 24 25 17 14 20	12 14 15 22 14 2 7 13 6 5 13 17 10			5.38
Fort Massachusetts.....																				3.33 3.83
Cantonment Burgwin—																				1.43 0
																				.99
																				0
																				0
																				0 .60
																				1.36
																				1.77
																				4.99
																				.46
								0	30	0 5		6	36	13	0	22	8			.69
																				
    * In the original register, the measurements of rain appear to be incorrectly expressed, the decimal points being misplaced.  As  recorded, they
would make the amount of rain 17.17 inches, instead of 7.22 inches, as given in the above table.  The latter is believed to be the correct reading.
                                                                                                                    R. H. C. 
350
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF OCTOBER, 1855.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Fort Ontario...........
Alleghany Arsenal......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Dallas.............
Fort Capron...........
Key West  Barracks___
Fort Myers............
Fort Deynaud..........
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas  Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita...........
Fort Smith.............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal.......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Brady.............
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre.............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap...........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
Fort Merrill............
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks......
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan............
Fort Clark.............
Fort Davis.............
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
A. M.
49.77
54.80
50.21
51.00
44.90
44.03
49.85
49.64
59.61
71.70
68.67
74.48
68.93
66.42
65.90
59.19
56.41
62.61
56.19
53.16
51.06
49.96
48.90
45.64
48.25
40.06
39.70
38.19
32.41
37.09
46.61
47.45
46.63
48.03
40.58
52.64
61.77
54.58
58.64
61.87
66.83
2 p. M.
58.70
60.29
58.03
56.19
52.12
55.83
58.87
59.67
72.64
82.93
81.03
81.54
82.16
79.16
76.25
72.38
72.80
71.19
71.45
71.06
69.12
69.12
61.70
60.77
60.74
49.48
47.03
56.03
51.12
53.51
63.39
65.80
64.23
66.06
59.64
74.29
70.41
73.19
73.54
80.45
9 p. M.
50.83
53.96
53.61
52.74
47.22
46.51
52.32
53.54
65.87
74.74
73.25
78.70
72.48
70.29
67.93
63.74
62.58
67.51
62.12
59.67
54.03
56.64
51.83
50.70
53.35
41.38
38.51
45.22
38.12
40.64
52.35
55.45
52.16
51.03
44.90
60.03
62.35
58.80
59.29
66.64
69.16
Mean.
63.74
60.63
61.74
54 00
81.51
80.21
76.41
73.93
70.93
66.07
66.61
64.70
53.10
56.35
53.95
53.31
48.11
48.52
53.68
54.28
66.04
76.45
74.31
79.24
74.52
71.95
70.02
65.10
63.93
67.10
63.25
61.29
58.07
58.57
54.14
52.34
54.11
43.64
41.74
46.48
40.55
43.74
54.11
56.23
54.34
55.04
48.38
62.32
64.84
62.19
63.82
69.65
72.32
71.77
73.06
68.97
68.25
64.21
35
40
30
40
34
32
32
30
40
58
46
67
52
51
45
44
35
42
45
29
31
29
28
26
33
28
29
23
18
19
26
26
 8
33
21
26
39
32
45
43
52
49
46
42
44
41
Range
39
35
41
31
37
40
38
46
44
29
42
21
37
39
38
46
61
36
35
56
51
52
51
48
43
30
34
56
58
56
52
58
76
49
65
60
40
54
43
49
37
35
47
55
45
43
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  NE.   E.   SE
SW.  W. NW
13  29 ;   5   2
45 j  0    0 !  2
 6 i 32 |   0   1
 i I  P;   4;  3
WEATHER.
RAIN & SNOW.
Fair.
16
21
16
17
 9
11
21
17
23
21
26
15
19
19
24
15
15
20
19
16
14
21
19
22
17
10
15
20
20
24
23
19
28
21
18
28
19
21
24
19
11
13
16
20
23
Cl'dy
15
10
15
14
22
20
10
14
 8
10
 5
16
12
12
 7
16
16
11
12
15
17
10
12
 9
14
21
16
11
11
 7
 8
12
 3
10
13
 3
12
10
 7
12
20

 5.19
 4.70
 5.50
10.25
 3.40
 1.54
 2.79
 3.70
 1.51
 7.90
 2.38
 7.97
 2.95
 2.59
 1.10
 2.14
 2.17
 2.10
 5.13
  .70
 1.47
 2.35
 4.61
 4 25
 1.37
  .89
  .80
  .90
  .06
   80
  .38
    0
  .18
  .62
  .42
  .57
 4.00
 1.26
 3.43
  .59
 5.79
 2.50
 2.36
  .57
 1.03 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
351
MONTH OF  OCTOBER,  1855.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m. 9 p. m.  Mean
Max.  Min. 'Range
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	SW.	w.
15	33	11	15	3	4	4
2	2	19	0	55	0	13
4	10	1	5	0	5	29
25	6	14	0	22	1	22
0	0	5	16	1	25	5
11	11	15	15	4	16	14
50	2	0	7	25	1	0
15	33	11	15	3	4	4
52	5	4	0	10	20	1
34	10	0	4	29	5	2
0	33	9	20	9	18	3
5	12	15	13	9	25	9
0	6	0	40	0	0	1
11	6	16	9	12	10	19
0	0	0	1	4	50	38
0	1	2	0	0	0	79
23	7	3	3	45	5	3
19	3	1	0	0	2	6
13	22	13	14	2	3	1
26	1	0	4	54	1	0
35	4	1	1	0	2	2
2	1	0	7	0	0	0
22	0	1	17	14	0	3
10	0	2	4	12	13	23
4	36	2	3	4	42	2
WEATHER.1 RAIN & SNOW.
DAYS.		DAYS.	
Fair.	CEdy.	Rain.	Snow.
23	8	1	0
28	3	1	0
23	8	1	0
30	1	1	0
13	18	3	0
23	8	0	0
24	7	0	2
23	8	1	0
27	4	0	0
27	4	0	0
27	4	2	0
14	17	2	0
27	4	1	0
16	15	0	0
15	16	0	0
23	8	0	0
25	6	0	0
20	11	3	0
26	1	1	0
22	9	1	0
21	10	2	0
22	9	3	0
14	17	7	0
23	8	10	0
28	3	2	0
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Santa Fe...............
Fort Union............
Fort Bliss..............
Fort Massachusetts.....
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Miller.............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Reading...........
Fort Humboldt.........
Corpus Christi*........
Cantonment Burgwin ..
Fort Lane.............
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Orford............
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Dalles.............
80.74
76.96
74.90
81.48
77.45
66.61
61.45
80.74
56.77
70.06
89.80
78.77
75.93
87.22
67.83
78.13
83.29
63.80
71.51
64.70
71.54
64.93
63.58
65.87
82.74
62.58
64.35
58.32
56.97
49.73
53.35
43.93
62.58
34.83
41.58
80.48
64.22
54.64
74.35
56.45
66.00
68.06
58.06
70.55
43.00
54.80
52.64
55.35
54.70
52.58
67.18
65.59
62.57
62.69
57.54
54.76
48.89
69.18
40.07
49.50
80.79
67.54
61.93
75.92
60.17
67.51
71.42
58.91
69.87
48.92
57.40
56.78
56.87
56.65
61.52
 85
 81
 81
 88
 87
 75
 68
 85
 61
 79
 98
101
 89
 95
 78
 94
 98
 71
 78
 70
 90
 73
 79
 71
100
59
50
50
41
40
38
27
59
24
32
64
50
44
57
52
53
54
48
53
26
35
58
41
40
40
26
31
31
47
47
37
41
26
37
47
34
51
45
38
26
41
44
23
25
44
55
15
38
31
60
* Observations made for twenty-seven days. 
352
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF NOVEMBER, 1855.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
 Fort Independence.....
 Fott Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus........
 West Point............
 Fort Ontario...........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe*..........
 Fort Moultrie.........
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Deynaud.........
 Fort Brooke...........
 Barrancas Barracks
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Key West Barracks....
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson...........
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 St. Louis Arsenal......
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Fort Brady............
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Pierre............
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett........
 Fort Merrill...........
 Corpus Christi.........
 Fort Brown...........
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Fort Mcintosh.........
 Fort Duncan..........
Fort Clark..............
 38.73
 43.13
 42.20
 42.33
 38.10
 39.93
 44.05
 44.10
 52.21
 59.26
 71.90
 68.86
 65.50
 66.70
 62.46
 58.00
 62.58
 58.86
 76.63
 45.83
 47.23
 41.66
 40.13
 39.10
 44.73
 33.96
 31.70
 27.76
 21.06
 26.00
 37.20
 37.03
 26.50
 33.60
 26.53
 42.56
 52.53
46.36
51 06
58.20
64.66
68.26
58.90
56.40
37.30
 45.40
 49.83
 47.86
 47.90
 44.00
 49.93
 51.08
 53.86
 55.78
 67.50
 81.70
 82.30
 79.40
 77.26
 70.40
 69.16
 71.28
 69.93
 79.96
 61.56
 63.73
 59.50
 52.06
 52.56
 52.16
 37.80
 37.79
 40.56
 36.03
 37.16
 47.43
 49.30
 41.50
 48.86
 40.70
60.70
63.46
68.60
67.56
77.93
70.33
77.56
78.30
75.26
71.16
 39.93
 44.50
 43.86
 44.73
 40.46
 43.03
 45.62
 48.06
 54.00
 62.30
 75.10
 72.96
 70.63
 71.16
 65.56
 61.83
 66.20
 63.00
 78.33
 52.80
 51.53
 46.50
 46.96
 43.56
 47.26
 34.66
 32.31
 32.83
 27.16
 30.70
 41.00
 41.97
 31.56
 38.56
 28.50
 48.03
 51.93
 50.66
 54.26
63.10
66.23
67.70
64.83
61.03
61.20
 41.35
 45.82
 44.64
 44.98
 40.85
 44.27
 46.91
 48.64
 53.99
 62.02
 76.23
 74.70
 71.84
 71.70
 66.14
 62.99
 66.68
 63.92
 78.30
 53.39
 54.16
 49.22
 46.38
 45.07
 48.05
 35.14
 33.93
 33.71
 28.08
 31.28
 41.87
 42.76
 33.18
 40.34
 31.91
 50.43
 55.97
 55.20
 57.62
 66.41
 67.20
 71.17
 63.90
 67.34
62.23
63.23
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Max.  Min.  Rane
20
27
28
29
21
19
28
26
42
42
52
53
43
45
42
42
48
40
67
32
33
29
21
21
26
20
13

 3
 3
16
26
 42
 41
 35
 34
 37
 48
 35
 46
 28
 35
 33
 36
 42
 37
 36
 46
 34
 42
 17
 44
 47
 43
 49
 53
 42
 28
 37
 51
 49
 50
 54
 43
 52
 50
 48
 49
 48
 59
 50
51
 35
 35
52
54
45
42
N.  NE.   E.  SE.  S.  SW. W. SW
WEATHER
 16
 12
 15
 15
 10
 12
 14
 14
 9
 15
 26
 12
 17
 25
 4
 8
 12
 10
 20
 12
 11
 19
 17
 18
 9
 14
 15
 15
 15
 14
 16
 12
23
 18
21
 19
 18
 16
17
15
30
13
16
 12
 10
 17
Cl'dy.
 14
 18
 15
 15
 20
 18
 16
 16
 10
 15
 4
 18
 13
 5
 26
 22
 18
 20
 10
 18
 19
 11
 13
 12
21
 16
 15
 15
 15
 16
 14
 18
 7
 12
 9
11
12
14
13
 15
 0
17
14
 18
20
 13
RAIN & SNOW.
16
 5
 8
10
12
11
 6

 2
 7
 2
 6
 6
 6
 8
12
12 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
353
MONTH OF NOVEMBER,  1855.
STATIONS.
Fort Davis............
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Thorn............
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque..........
Santa Fe..............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin ..
Fort Massachusetts
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Reading..........
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Jones............
Fort Lane.............
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Orford............
Fort Dalles............
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a.m.  2 p. M.  9 p. m.  Mean
69.33
65.10
64.60
57.23
60.06
49.93
42.48
42.07
41.90
36.60
49.00
72.10
67.43
55.03
62.03
62.30
65.20
61.66
57.23
49.50
47.63
51.90
39.33
53.00
62.73
52.60
52.80
51.40
43.13
43.36
35.20
34.09
30.87
26.63
25.26
32.73
64.33
51.26
42.28
55.40
50.50
55.00
47.66
50.26
32.46
38.40
41.90
38.16
43.80
40.60
55.15
55.32
53.38
46.69
46.78
37.87
42.03
35.12
33.44
30.73
27.30
35.93
64.39
54.93
45.20
55.13
54.15
56.06
50.68
50.89
37.43
40.39
44.92
42.11
47.03
46.41
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
Max.  Min. 'Range  n.  ne.  e.  se.   s.  sw.  w. nw. Fair. , CEdy.
51
44
43
47
48
58
40
41
47
53
59
56
38
38
40
30
24
44
42
26
38
30
34
36
28
52
6	0
9	3
16	13
6	0
8	26
5	0
5	33
11	0
1	1
15	4
2	0
4	2
4	0
0	0
34	1
12
 0
31
 3
27
 9
19
18
18
13
30
18
18
12
13
19
15
19
25
 4
21
18
20
22
14
 8
11
13
 9
20
 8
21
11
12
12
17
 0
12
12
18
17
11
15
11
 5
26
 9
12
10
 8
16
22
19
17
21
10
Rain.  Snow.l  =  —
 1.84
 1.25
  .45
 1.94
 1.43
    0
  .77
 2.69
 2.20
  .83
 5.27
 1.47
  .10
 2.23
    0
  .30
  .88
  .54
 1.33
 3.22
 1.77
 3.37
11.58
 2.05
14.18
 1.44
Observations made for nineteen days only.
45- 
354
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1855.
STATIONS.
  Fort Independence.....
  Fort Hamilton.........
  Fort Columbus.........
  West Point............
  Fort Ontario...........
  Alleghany Arsenal.....
  Fort Delaware.........
  Fort McHenry.........
  F*ort Monroe...........
  Fort Moultrie..........
  Fort Dallas............
  Fort Capron...........
  Key West Barracks___
  Fort Myers............
  Fort Deynaud..........
  Fort Brooke...........
  Barrancas Barracks....
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
  Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson............
 St. Louis Arsenal......
 Newport Barracks......
 Fort Mackinac.........,
 Fort Brady.............,
 Fort Snelling...........
 Fort Ripley.............
 Fort Ridgely............
 Fort Leavenworrh......
 Fort Riley..............
 Fort Kearny............
 Fort Laramie...........
 Fort Pierre.............
 Fort Arbuckle..........
 Fort Belknap...........
 Fort Chadbourne........
 Fori McKavett..........
 Corpus  Christi..........
 Fort Brown.............
 Ringgold Barracks......
 Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan............
Fort Clark..............
Fort Davis..............
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 A. M.
 29 32
 32.83
 32.19
 32.96
 27.12
 28.06
 33.19
 33.45
 44.78
 48.83
 66.64
 66.25
 72.54
 63.00
 60.48
 59.96
 51.67
 45.54
 55.19
 44.61
 32.06
 31.16
 25.90
 24.88
 29.90
 21.81
 16.03
 4.54
 0.01
 7.48
 21.45
 18.19
 8.42
 16.25
 7.41
28.48
32.90
32.19
37.19
54.48
58.29
2 p. m.  9 p. m. ; Mean.  Max.
 36.12
 29.00
 37.45
 38.00
 33.62
 36.09
 39.46
 41.61
 47.69
 57.35
 77.32
 75.74
 76.29
 75.25
 74.00
 70.61
 59.61
 57.87
 57.96
 58.58
 47.54
 44.35
 35.38
 35.77
 37.77
 24.00
 24.32
 16.77
 11.61
 15.06
 29.45
 30.61
 13.12
 27.13
 22.25
 47.19
 51.64
 55.51
 58.25
60.58
68.83
49.67	69.16	55.83
73.38	66.32	52.00
43.74	61.58	51.60
34.51	60.12	42.29
 30.29
 34.41
 34.41
 35.19
 28.51
 30.41
 34.58
 38.22
 46.07
 52.25
 70.50
 70.41
 74.70
 66.48
 64.35
 G4.87
 54.90
 49.96
 56.83
 51.54
 39.12
 38.61
 30.80
 29.10
 32.74
 22.12
 18.45
 7.29
 3.48
 8.64
 19.74
 22.19
 13.90
 21.64
 11.93
 35.00
 38.90
 38.87
43.19
57.38
59.58
 31.91
 35.41
 34.68
 35.38
 29.75
 31.52
 35.74
 37.76
 46.18
 56.14
 71.48
 70.80
 74.51
 68.24
 66.27
 65.14
 55.39
 51.12
 56.66
 51.57
 39.57
 37.37
 31.02
 29.56
 33.47
 22.65
 19.60
 9.54
 5.03
 10.39
 23.41
 23.66
 11.81
 21.67
 13.86
 36.89
 41.14
 42.19
 46.24
 57.48
 62.23
60.35
58.22
53.23
52.30
45.64
52
54
52
49
46
56
58
61
64
69
84
80
82
85
83
77
71
73
67
65
Min. Range; n.  ne.  e. ; se.
   7
  13
  14
  19
— 1
   6.,
  14
  16
  31
  42
  55
  45
  60
  45
  41
  40
  24
  21
  30
  18
  2
  2
63	_7
60	0
47	— 1
43	— 8
44	—33
39	—39
40	—24
60	—15
63	—14
47	—23
55	—24
48	—19
75	— 1
72	1
81	3
71	7
80	20
84	29
86	22
85	18
85	18
75	15
72	24
 45
 41
 38
 30
 47
 50
 44
 45
 33
 27
 29
 35
 22
 40
 42
 37
 47
 52
 42
 54
 65
 66
 73
 70
 60
 48
 51
 77
 78
 64
 75
 77
 70
 79
 67
 76
 71
 78
64
60
55
64
67
67
60
48
10 |  5
11  10
28 ; 26
 9 I  7
  5
  0
  5
  1
 16
 12
  9
  8
  0
  3
 20
 20
 22
  9
  6
 17
  6
 10
  6
 22
 22
 20
 20
  3
  0
 13
  7
 9
 5
 13
 8
 4
 0
 2
 8
 13
 1
 0
12
19
17
21   6   6   19
   I    !
 2 :  0   2 |  44
   i    .    ;
38 j  7  27 |   8
 »   1   1 I   1
WEATHER
Fair.  Cl'dv
 19
 10
 10
 16
  6
 12
 16
 15
  7
 12
 25
 22
 19
 11
 12
 27
 8
 10
 14
 12
 16
 17
 21
 23
 11
 4
 12
 21
 18
 15
 19
 19
 22
 16
 18
 23
 23
 19
 25
 31
 9
 19
 16
 12
21
22
 12
 21
 21
 15
 25
 19
 15
 16
 24
 19
  6
  9
 12
 20
 19
 4
 23
 21
 17
 19
 15
 14
 10
 8
 20
 27
 19
 10
 13
16
 12
12
 9
15
13
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain,
  6
 10
  6
  5
  6
  8
 10
  7
  7
 11
  2
 10
  9
 5
 5
 5
14
15
18
13
 5
 5
 4
 5
 5
 4
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 2
 1
 1
 0
 4
 4
 4
 0
 1
 8
 I
 4
 1
 0
 0
Snow. 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.                                 355
MONTH OF DECEMBER, 1855.
	THERMOMETER.								WINDS.							WEATHER.		RAIN	& SNOW.	
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		% i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW.	w.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	<
Fort Bliss..............	42.80 34.80 28.41 22.54 25.83 14.58 19.55 18.90 22.61 10.35 18.48 50.03 41.09 33.48 40.03 44.61 41.54 33.93 43.03 26.19 40.67 28.29 28.64 30.58 22.90	56.19 61.64 41.96 50.96 46.29 30.26 37.93 34.19 37.81 24.84 44.12 65.16 G2.16 47.87 52.87 55.12 53.14 46.54 49.93 39.70 46.93 38.45 37.74 40.22 39.83	48.93 44.51 33.16 33.22 28.25 16.68 30.87 26.39 24.80 13.51 28.80 59.48 46.26 36.64 46.41 46.09 44.96 34.61 45.54 26.06 41.87 31.38 28.54 32.74 25.80	49.30 46.98 34.51 35.57 33.45 20.50 29.45 26.62 28.41 16.23 29.80 58.22 49.83 39.33 46.43 48.60 46.55 38.35 46.16 29.03 53.15 32.70 28.30 34.51 29.51	65 70 50 62 63 45 46 45 50 39 56 76 67 58 58 62 61 56 60 54 55 50 52 55 62	29 25 12 8 1 —24 5 — 9 -28 —30 —25 35 26 22 29 33 27 11 28 —17 30 — 5 — 1 5 — 5	36 45 38 54 62 69 41 54 78 69 81 41 41 36 29 29 34 45 32 71 25 55 53 50 er	1 6 26 47 0 16 38 10 41 15 36 18 20 0 3 10 0 46 11 47 25 4 2 34 5	1 6 0 0 0 3 3 22 1 1 5 15 14 5 5 16 1 3 0 0 1 3 4 2 28	15 26 0 11 0 0 1 19 1 1 0 3 14 0 30 0 42 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0	8 10 0 1 0 20 1 5 2 3 6 5 9 14 9 1 1 0 4 29 16 36 4 6	2 15 9 12 0 38 1 2 16 17 31 4 1 0 11 15 9 40 9 34 11 9 0 24 0	9 8 3 1 12 e 9 6 20 5 15 17 3 9 12 5 0 32 7 8 29 2 15 36	38 16 31 15 49 1 14 16 8 23 5 7 12 0 16 23 35 0 1 2 1 10 0 2 0	19 6 24 6 11 2 13 10 13 13 8 25 10 40 5 8 0 1 2 5 11 14 3 4 18	14 29 28 28 18 17 29 21 25 18 22 26 20 21 6 15 20 14 13 25 7 9 8 4 18	17 2 3 3 13 14 2 10 6 13 9 5 11 10 25 16 11 17 18 6 24 22 23 27 13	0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 16 8 13 19 7 22 12 15 16 4	0 0 0 0 3 10 0 4 3 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 1 8 0 1 4	0
																				0
Fort Thorn.............																				0
Fort Craig..............																				0
																				(t) ,49 0
Cantonment Burgwin....																				
Santa Fe...............																				1.86
																				.91
																				.38 1.59
																				0
																				.31
																				7.50
																				1.07
																				4.31
																				2.62 8.31
Fort Humboldt..........																				9.52
																				6.47
Fort Orford.............																				20.00
																				
																				10.77
																				14.62
																				2.24
																				
' Slight sprinklings of rain; not measurable.
t No rain gauge.
§ 
356
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JANUARY,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
2 P. M.
P. M.
Mean.
Max. I Min.  Range
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
WEATHER,
Fair.
RAIN & SNOW.
Cl'dy
Rain. Snow
 Fort Independence___
 Fort Hamilton........,
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Fort Ontario...........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks ......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Capron...........
 Key West Barracks___
 Fort Myers...........
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Deynaud.........
 Fort Brooke...........
 Barrancas Barracks___
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson............
 St. Louis Arsenal......
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac........
 Fort Brady............
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Pierre............,
 Fort Arbuckle..........
 Fort Belknap...........
 Fort Chadbourne........
 Fort McKavett.........
 Corpus  Christi..........
 Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks......
Fort Mcintosh..........
Fort Duncan...........
   15.22
   21.03
   19.42
   18.64
   16.00
   11.41
   13.29
   19.14
   18.76
   27.64
   35.87
   54.32
   G6.00
   53.90
   56.74
   52.87
   48.64
   37.12
   33.16
   40.19
   33.93
   21.55
   17.09
   15.93
   11.09
  13.19
   8.38
   3.45
   7.90
— 8.67
 - 4.96
   5.58
   5.70
    .02
  12.74
 - 3.25
  18.19
  32.71
  22.87
  26.09
  38.45
  46.25
  39.93
  36.58
  34.74
FortClark..............I  34.45
 24.48
 25.77
 26.22
 25.87
 21.06
 22.09
 23 10
 26.88
 28.67
 35.61
 44.77
 65.74
 69.16
 64.80
 67.74
 64.35
 57.74
 48.06
 47.25
 43.87
 46.03
 36.58
 34.93
 28.77
 23.9G
 22.45
 15.45
 18.87
 9.06
 7.42
 6.61
 16.03
 17.10
 13.26
 26.61
 12.58
 35.77
 42.29
 47.29
 46.70
 52.52
 57.64
 55.74
 54.67
53.80
50.16
   18.45
   21.93
   21.83
   21.74
   18.06
   16.45
   16.16
   23.00
   23.90
   31.41
   39.32
   57.16
   67.48
   56.64
   60.80
   57.19
   52.06
   42.70
   38.09
   43.68
   38.93
   29.42
   23.29
  22.25
   16.61
   19.35
  12.67
  10.77
   0.67
   3.16
—  .03
   8.76
  10.19
   4.93
  17.90
   2.03
  25.48
  25.42
  28.64
  33.00
  41.61
  48.80
  47.80
  44.35
  42.06
  40.83
  19.38
  22.91
  22.49
  22.08
  18.15
  16.65
  17.51
  23.06
  23.77
  31.55
  39.98
  59.07
  67.54
  58.44
  61.76
  58.13
  52.81
  42.62
  39.50
  42.58
  39.63
 29.18
 25.10
 22.31
  17.22
  18.33
 12.16
 11.03
  6.06
- 1.47
   .53
 10.12
 10.99
  6.05
 19.08
  3.78
 26.48
 30.47
 32.93
 35.26
 44.19
 51.56
 47.93
 45.20
 43.53
 41.81
 36
 37
 36
 33
 30
 36
 35
 38
 46
 45
 53
 80
 84
 83
 84
 83
 77
 68
 63
 59
 63
 59
 58
 48
 44
 42
 29
 36
 32
 38
 29
 35
 39
 38
 42
 34
 58
 62
 72
 63
 69
 76
 77
 74
70
69
 — 5
    5
    6
    0
    3
   18
    9
 — 4
  - 4
    8
   24
   32
   54
   35
   40
   32
   32
   22
   20
   30
   21
   5
   2
   15
   18
—15
—11
  24
  32
  34
—24
  ■14
  ■ 9
  ■20
— 7
 -29
   1
  13
  11
  10
  22
  30
  24
  22
  21
  21
 41
 32
 42
 33
 33
 54
 44
 42
 50
 37
 29
 48
 30
 48
 44
 51
 45
 46
 43
 29
 42
54
56
63
62
57
40
 53
 49
 48
 58
 49
 63
 57
 49
 61
 53
 47
 46
 53
 52
 49
48
11  23
 21
  9
 12
 18
  4
 11
 20
 17
 19
 22
 15
 20
 13
  9
 24
 12
 23
  8
 13
 15
 13
 14
 18
 10
 20
 13
 13
 20
 18
 20
 18
 17
 18
 18
 22
 17
25
 23
 13
20
27
12
 15
17
15
14
 10
 22
 19
 13
 27
 20
 11
 14
 12
  9
 16
 11
 18
 22
  7
 19
  8
 23
 18
 16
 18
 17
 13
 21
 11
 18
 18
 11
 13
 11
 13
 14
 13
 13
 9
 14
 6
 8
 18
 11
 4
19
16
14
16
17
10
10
 8
 5
12
 9
 2
 3
 3
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
11
 0
 0
 1
 3

 5
 0
13
 6
 8
 1
 1 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
357
Y«
MONTH OF  JANUARY,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN  TEMPERATURE.
Fort Davis............
Fort Bliss............
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Thorn....,......
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton  ........
Albuquerque..........
Santa Fe.............
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin.
Fort Massachusetts ...
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego............
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Miller...........
San Francisco........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Reading.........
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones............
Fort Orford  ..........
Fort Lane............
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Steilacoom......
29.90
26.71
30.48
22.45
16.68
19.48
18.47
16.61
18.42
 4.16
 2.77
11.67
44.45
39.42
37.45
43.45
46.09
43.42
37.64
46.61
28.45
46.16
34.45
33.51
37.19
48.22
49.71
59.06
39.51
51.10
41.19
40.16
33.25
32.80
28.19
22.64
40.06
65.22
62.00
57.87
55.80
57.58
52.38
57.09
55.32
44.32
52.71
49.09
46.58
48.77
32.42
36.22
40.41
29.32
29.13
25.32
29.54
22.77
21.90
11.39
 7.64
19.35
55.29
46.45
42.25
49.08
48.45
47.42
41.41
50.96
31.51
48.25
39.45
34.45
40.54
Hean.	Max.	Min.
36.84	63	10
37.54	60	12
43.31	75	20
30.42	46	11
32.30"	62	6
28.66	56	— 2
29.48	50	7
24.21	42	0
24.37	45	— 3
14.58	40	—12
11.01	43	—18
23.69	54	— 8
54.98	71	34
49.29	70	27
45.85	68	25
49.43	63	31
50.70	65	37
47.74	62	31
45.38	63	23
50.96	62	34
34.76	56	10
49.04	57	32
40.99	61	21
37.84	58	24
42.16	54	28
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS
WEATHER'  RAIN &. SNOW.
E.	SE.	s.	SW.	w.	NW.	Fair.
0	0	10	18	12	8	15
13	7	4	2	51	13	11
11	6	11	6	31	11	23
0	1	1	14	33	38	18
7	2	22	3	9	1	24
4	0	0	2	24	14	11
4	2	3	4	5	5	28
7	3	2	5	11	31	22
6	9	13	5	31	10	20
0	10	42	5	1	2	22
1	8	17	24	9	7	21
2	5	23	12	14	8	26
4	5	5	11	7	19	21
17	7	0	18	10	12	17
0	16	0	11	1	22	23
31	18	6	11	13	5	8
1	9	9	13	15	10	14
71	1	2	2	17	0	15
0	0	30	0	1	3	19
1	11	63	8	2	6	23
0	0	50	11	4	5	7
5	41	14	2	0	15	3
2	19	6	18	12	14	7
0	36	0	2	0	21	9
5	1	28	14	8	5	7
Rain. Snow. = ■-
 .33
   0
1.01
   0
 .50
 .20
1.29
 .76
 .08
 .15
 .82
   0
 .66
4.41
1.86
5.7-1
4.81
8.25
3.91
1.59
7.62
1.26
5.00
8.35 
358
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF FEBRUARY, 1856.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence......
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point..............
Fort Ontario............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks........
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie...........
Fort Capron.......,.....
Key West Barracks.....
Fort Myers..............
Fort Dallas..............
Fort Deynaud...........
Fort Brooke............
Barrancas Barracks......
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans............
Baton Rouge............
Fort Washita...........
Fort Smith..............
Fort Gibson.............
St. Louis Arsenal........
Newport Barracks.......
Fort Mackinac..........
Fort Brady..............
Fort Snelling............
Fort Ripley.............
Fort Ridgely............
Fort Leavenworth.......
Fort Riley..............
Fort Kearny............
Fort Laramie...........
Fort Pierre..............
Fort Arbuckle..........
Fort Belknap............
Fort Ckadbournc........
Fort McKavett..........
Corpus Christi..........
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks......
Fort Mcintosh..........
Fort Duncan............
Fort Clark..............
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
18.34
23.03
20.27
22.31
15.07
14.72
16.17
20.94
21.76
32.13
43.65
58.31
66.62
56.58
60.89
55.62
51.86
46.55
52.24
50.13
43.93
30.72
29.03
25.27
17.65
20.00
 7.03
 2.58
 3.89
  .82
 6.72
19.48
21.93
17.28
22.75
17.51
28.13
36.55
33.51
41.06
49.48
57.55
53.20
46.58
43.44
44.34
27.06
27.03
27.96
30.10
25.21
26.82
27.58
29.70
32.65
40.21
53.31
68.88
70.37
69.89
71.27
69.34
63.96
56.82
59.48
56.00
59.17
46.55
44.06
36.62
32.45
30.10
16.10
17.62
20.65
18.27
20.10
32.48
31.17
31.17
38.79
32.62
43.89
50.84
56.00
55.03
63.13
67.27
67.72
67.75
66.00
62.31
20.93
23.93
23.34
24.93
19.75
20.13
20.93
24.33
25.41
35.06
47.20
61.24
68.72
60.44
65.93
61.34
56.75
52.34
49.68
55.41
49.79
37.31
36.41
29.20
21.52
25.13
 8.65
 7.17
10.51
 8.00
11.37
21.89
24.7«
19.97
29.34
23.31
33.41
37.16
38.51
41,58
48.34
57.03
58.37
56.27
54.17
57.10
22.11
24.67
23.86
25.78
20.01
20.55
21.56
24.99
26.60
35.80
48.02
62.67
68.57
62.30
66.03
62.10
57.52
51.90
50.46
53.84
50.96
38.96
36.50
30.36
23.87
25.07
10.59
 9.12
11.68
 9.04
12.73
24.62
25.94
22.80
30.29
24.47
35.14
41.54
42.67
45.89
53.65
60.61
59.42
56.87
54.54
54.58
Max.  Min.  Range
41
44
40
44
42
40
47
41
49
64
71
84
80
83
82
82
76
68
76
70
80
68
G2
52
53
53
35
45
42
38
37
54
45
53
60
63
61
70
81
80
80
80
88
92
90
80
— 1
   5
   4
   7
— 6
—22
— 5
   0
— 2
  10
  20
  30
  46
  33
  35
  30
  42
  15
  13
  27
  17
— 1
   1
—12
—21
-20
—16
—29
—31
—34
—23
  19
  18
  16
— 5
-16
— 4
  20
  16
  14
  28
  28
  26
  23
  20
  22
42
39
36
37
48
62
52
41
51
54
51
54
34
50
47
52
34
53
63
43
63
69
61
64
74
73
51
74
73
72
60
73
63
69
65
79
65
50
65
66
52
52
62
69
70
58
WEATHER
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.
5	2	0	3	6	13	13
16	11	0	0	0	8	1
4	5	0	4	1	27	10
35	o	1	0	23	1	6
13	5	10	5	18	2	25
13	8	4	4	15	14	17
0	0	0	3	11	18	40
6	6	2	7	3	9	20
13	3	3	4	7	20	31
13	15	0	0	9	15	14
8	9	9	6	6	11	22
29	6	3	7	3	10	13
14	34	9	-5	10	4	8
29	10	5	5	20	3	6
13	20	9	5	4	14	1
12	8	22	3	3	6	16
7	16	5	5	6	8	10
28	1	5	9	2	11	12
22	8	7	11	6	6	12
15	9	14	6	8	11	5
17	4	22	10	6	6	18
7	16	6	17	3	2	21
10	9	19	3	6	10	20
39	20	10	13	0	0	1
9	6	0	7	12	6	14
6	4	11	6	6	27	19
6	3	10	0	3	7	50
25	3	8	6	35	5	3
7	4	1	7	14	23	9
11	7	0	5	9	2	13
3	3	2	6	7	13	7
15	14	15	12	7	10	11
3	10	5	6	17	20	11
24	0	0	2	2	3	18
0	1	13	1	0	14	50
14	10	4	8	7	9	3
30	9	5	7	10	7	11
46	10	10	5	12	2	0
45	9	0	2	17	0	8
14	23	2	9	7	13	9
16	11	14	17	9	10	1
19	3	3	14	27	4	0
18	11	16	20	4	0	8
24	12	4	20	13	3	1
0	0	0	41	0	0	7
27	7	38	1	13	0	1
Fair.  Cl'dy
18
 9
13
19
 5
10
16
18
17
17
17
20
19
14
20
18
21
10
13
15
15
11
14
10
16
10
16
15
17
17
17
18
16
23
17
12
20
21
13
16
27
14
16
17
13
17
11
20
16
10
24
19
13
11
12
12
12
 9
10
15
 9
11
 8
19
16
14
14
18
15
13
13
19
13
14
12
12
12
11
13
 6
12
17
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain.
 2
 1
 0
 1
 0
 4
 1
 1
 1
 4
 9
10
 8
 7
 3
 8
 7
 5
 8
11
 6
 5
 7
 5
 2
 2
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 0
 5
 6
10
 7
 4
 8
 5
10
 4
E  -2
<
1.28
 .38
1.25
 .63
2.90
1.80
1.50
1.14
 .50
 .50
2.38
7.62
4.12
7.60
1.50
5.25
4.83
1.60
3.16
3.68
3.70
3.44
4.55
5.25
1.90
1.80
 .12
 .21
 .18
 .08
 .45
1.07
 .84
 .52
 .45
 .19
4.10
3.91
1.97
5.56
3.15
1.80
1.60
1.99
2.75
4.03 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.                                           359
MONTH OF FEBRUARY,  1856.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
2 P. M.
P. M.
Mean.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW.	W.
5	8	0	0	11	21	8
5	3	6	G	8	4	32
4	9	32	3	6	5	23
5	0	0	3	4	25	15
14	0	6	0	32	8	23
5	0	0	3	5	22	17
25	16	6	1	2	12	7
7	30	25	4	1	6	7
14	1	7	9	10	7	27
21	2	1	10	37	4	1
23	7	4	6	8	7	20
8	8	0	8	23	24	7
8	14	1	7	5	19	9
14	10	8	8	0	15	23
0	1	0	20	0	5	1
9	7	13	11	4	10	23
16	10	0	6	4	10	22
5	0	19	5	11	4	43
59	1	1	2	9	1	11
0	0	0	0	2	4	1
38	2	2	4	30	2	4
24	0	1	15	8	1	0
1	6	2	13	3	21	14
1	3	0	32	0	15	0
0	25	0	7	7	39	7
20	4	0	5	6	12	15
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW,
Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.
19	10	5	0
15	14	2	0
21	8	3	0
20	9	4	1
22	7	3	2
20	9	2	0
20	9	2	0
19	10	0	8
16	13	0	7
13	16	0	9
13	16	0	6
17	12	0	12
20	9	0	0
11	18	7	0
20	9	10	2
11	18	1	0
19	10	2	0
23	6	3	0
26	3	1	0
25	4	7	0
15	14	2	0
16	13	9	0
17	12	5	0
15	14	8	0
23	6	2	3
10	19	7	0
Fort Davis...........„..
Fort Bliss...............
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Thorn..............
Fort Craig..............
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............
Santa Fe................
Fort Union..............
Cantonment Burgwin....
Fort Massachusetts......
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma..............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon..............
Fort Miller.......,......
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks........
Fort Reading............
Fort Humboldt..........
Fort Jones..............
Fort Orford.............
Fort Lane..............
Fort Vancouver.........
Fort Dalles..............
Fort Steilacoom........
58.13
57.72
57.93
42.63
68.62
44.10
49.75
40.03
36.00
34.69
29.51
43.53
72.10
63.10
60.85
61.55
62.93
61.24
63.82
56.58
49.51
56.10
55.37
53.27
57.58
50.55
37.17
40.97
44.75
33.06
37.76
34.21
31.89
26.34
26.68
19.55
15.00
19.69
61.31
48.62
45.00
51.76
49.20
52.99
49.51
50.65
34.71
45.93
41.06
40.13
35.37
41.10
43.89
44.84
46.76
35.28
44.29
36.49
36.61
29.71
27.81
23.47
17.80
25.51
61.51
51.67
48.41
53.07
53.66
53.99
51.98
50.58
38.76
48.35
43.03
43.82
42.30
43.18
71
68
70
53
73
53
60
49
49
47
42
51
80
72
73
69
74
72
80
62
57
65
68
58
83
55
 17
 22
 27
 19
 14
 19
 18
  7
- 2
- 4
- 9
- 3
 40
 32
 28
 38
 42
 43
 33
 33
 24
 33
 21
 25
 28
54
46
43
34
59
34
42
42
51
51
51
54
40
40
45
31
32
29
47
29
33
32
47
33
55
27 
360
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTH OF MARCH, 1856.
		THERMOMETER.					i			WINDS.			ERV	1		IVEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBS						\.TIO.NS.		DAYS.		DAYS.		
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min. i	Range 1	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	I SW.	W.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	
	23.58 30.09 26.19 29.29 19.39 21.90 23.77 28.52 29.12 37.55 49.32 64.84 71.58 63.90 65.97 63.38 60.96 53.32 51.00 57.97 53.22 44.22 37.83 27.65 29.70 12.25 9.29 10.67 9.77 14.96 28.74 30.71 25.71 30.51 25.51 39.58 46.13 42.09 49.38 58.35 62.67 61.38 57.29 54.97 53.19 44.84	33.83 36.12 35.83 37.93 32.42 34.61 35.64 38.11 40.96 45.68 56.41 74.23 77.45 76.26 76.29 76.06 69.45 62.13 65.22 63.28 66.51 57.77 54.13 41.39 39.35 23.58 25.48 29.32 27.39 27.32 39.64 45.39 44.58 47.64 38.38 55.70 61.39 65.74 65.77 71.00 72.54 75.03 77.22 73.13 67.48 66.67	1 27.70 30.45 30.32 32.00 22.87 26.54 26.45 31.35 32.51 40.77 51.64 66.77 72.64 66.13 70.68 67.61 63.26 57.77 55.35 61.09 57.16 49.00 45.58 32.61 35.35 16.90 14.55 19.96 17.22 17.96 32.19 38.45 31.58 39.03 28.80 46.03 47.61 49.32 52.93 54.77 64.19 65.00 64.29 62.45 60.29 49.87	28.37 32.22 30.78 33.07 24.89 27.68 28.62 32.66 34.16 41.33 52.43 68.61 73.89 68.76 70.98 69.01 64.55 57.74 57.19 60.45 58.96 49.66 45.84 33.88 34.80 17.51 16.44 19.98 18.12 20.08 33.52 38.18 33.95 39.06 30.23 47.09 51.71 52.38 56.02 61.37 66.46 67.13 66.26 63.51 60.32 53.79	46 50 47 47 48 52 54 49 51 60 66 87 87 87 84 87 79 73 81 78 82 85 83 60 55 47 49 48 42 45 55 70 69 70 63 86 87 92 89 88 82 90 100 95 " 85 85	2 10 4 9 — 6 — 4 0 6 2 17 40 51 61 50 49 48 47 40 36 47 35 25 23 8 17 -19 —24 —16 —19 —10 14 15 12 1 2 22 27 24 25 32 47 45 39 37 36 20	44 40 43 38 54 56 54 43 49 43 26 36 26 37 35 39 32 33 45 31 47 60 60 52 38 66 73 64 61 55 41 55 57 69 61 64 60 68 64 56 35 45 61 58 49 65	5 8 4 43 11 20 0 19 10 10 28 19 25 19 11 10 25 19 11 18 6 11 18 20 1 29 6 9 3 17 7 22 0 10 31 24 42 17 17 14 14 15 0 18 9	8 2 6 0 1 11 0 8 6 22 12 3 20 6 7 26 14 7 12 20 18 32 10 18 2 2 1 1 13 2 18 22 6 3 10 16 9 7 19 29 12 14 16 0 10 0	4 0 0 1 3 3 0 2 4 1 14 5 8 3 13 12 9 2 9 16 14 8 34 3 17 8 3 6 1 8 7 7 5 14 13 14 29 3 6 11 12 29 9 3 38 0	3 0 5 2 1 2 6 6 0 1 4 5 16 0 3 8 5 3 9 11 5 7 4 4 0 5 3 13 6 5 10 6 1 2 20 5 6 2 10 25 22 22 43 51 11 0	4 0 0 13 18 8 4 5 1 2 5 13 15 33 16 4 9 8 7 2 11 12 6 5 5 3 33 12 12 16 8 21 7 3 6 19 4 24 18 4 21 4 4 0 16 12	16 17 18 6 9 15 6 9 22 11 8 5 6 9 12 17 9 8 14 12 11 10 9 14 9 5 24 5 3 11 12 2 12 3 1 5 4 11 1 0 0 2 0 0	32 0 6 13 47 20 45 15 36 8 19 21 3 14 23 5 19 15 7 2 12 9 10 3 29 53 14 5 23 10 7 6 16 56 6 4 16 11 8 0 0 0 0 0 0	21 66 54 14 5 20 23 44 18 27 18 10 6 6 2 15 10 24 21 12 3 5 1 33 6 12 5 26 17 44 14 12 34 3 25 3 0 0 4 6 12 10 4 19 0 8	20 13 14 21 15 18 22 20 18 13 23 25 14 23 19 21 11 11 13 11 12 19 19 14 19 24 21 21 23 18 19 19 16 15 22 17 12 16 30 14 12 16 12 13 20	11 18 17 10 24 16 13 9 11 13 18 8 6 17 8 12 10 20 20 18 20 19 12 12 17 12 7 10 10 8 13 12 12 15 16 9 14 19 15 1 17 19 15 19 18 11	o 2 1 3 0 2 2 3 4 5 10 10 2 4 5 5 8 10 13 0 7 8 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 6 3 6 6 8 6 0 5 6 7 6 7 4	8 5 4 6 15 10 6 8 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 3 5 6 9 9 5 1 7 4 5 4 2 4 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2	1.47 1.83
																				3.00
																				1.68
																				1.50 1.73 1.22 1.14
																				2.47
Fort Monroe...........																				1.70 5.93
																				2.92
Key West Barracks																				1.90 4.25
																				4.90
																				5.26
																				.81
Mount Vernon Arsenal..																				7.12 5.33 3.73
																				3.53
																				2.18
Fort Smith.............																				1.80
																				1.02 .55 1.21
Fort Brady.............																				.45
																				.22
																				.01
																				.17
																				.11 .68
																				.64
																				1.75
																				.64
																				2.4£
																				2.5"
																				2.2-l.»
																				(
																				1 5(
																				1.7
Fort Duncan...........																				l.a 2.0
Fort Davis.............													1 23 ! 13							2.3-
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
361
MONTH OF MARCH, 1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Mason.............
Fort Bliss..............
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Craig..............
Fort Stanton ... .......
Albuquerque ....  ......
Santa Fe...............
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin ...
Fort Massachusetts.....
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Miller.............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Reading...........
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Jones.............
Fort Orford.............
Fort Lane..............
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Steilacoom........
Fort Dalles.............
THERMOMETER,
MEAN  TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 A. M.	2 P. M.
50.39	65.80
49.55	67.42
48.00	69.35
41.26	59.71
40.39	76.06
37.25	55.83
35.77	62.13
31.84	50.45
29.51	45.67
24.61	48.39
21.06	40.13
22.85	57.78
62.58	77.45
45.87	68.74
43.93	63.58
53.26	71.29
49.29	63.68
49.81	67.03
48.55	74.10
48.09	58.93
36.26	66.25
46.35	59.35
39.19	67.26
44.61	60.58
41.32	56.93
38.90	72.35
P. M.
58.48
48.84
54.71
43.97
54.52
39.12
42.51
38.10
34.87
27.68
27.16
28.46
68.84
52.48
46.48
57.91
49.97
53.16
59.26
52.67
44.96
48.51
51.00
46.48
44.93
40.48
Mean.  Max. i  Min.
58.22
55.27
57.38
47.98
56.99
44.06
46.80
40.13
36.68
33.66
29.43
36.36
69.62
55.68
51.33
60.82
54.31
53.66
60.63
53.23
49.15
51.40
52.48
50.55
47.72
50.91
 28
 33
 28
 22
 24
  9
 19
 10
- 4
- 5
  1
- 1
 49
 31
 29
 41
 41
 43
 35
 40
 27
 33
 26
 27
 23
 26
Rangej n.
64
47
64
63
61
67
59
60
71
75
60
76
44
55
54
47
41
39
54
26
55
42
52
46
46
60
W. W.  NW
13 | 17
11 I 11
29 j  6
 9 !  9
32	5
0	4
8	5
8	20
14	12
41	1
11	19
28	14
3	18
7	24
0	7
13	13
6	39
2	5
29	0
1	5
12	11
4	2
2	15
0	0
22	11
2	35
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW,
Fair. Cl'dy. Rain. Snow. _=
2.02
 .30
1.03
 .89
1.59
 .19
2.59
1.11
 .14
  35
 .52
 .50
1.97
2.24
3.10
1.17
1.17
2.05
1.21
1.18
2.21
 .44
1.01
7.46
 .91
46- 
362
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF APRIL, 1856.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Fort Independence ...
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.......
West Point...........
Fort Ontario..........
Alleghany Arsenal ....
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Fort Capron..........
Key West Barracks...
Fort Myers...........
Fori Dallas...........
Fort Deynaud........
Fort Brooke..........
Barrancas Barracks ...
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge .........
Fort Washita.........
Fort Smith...........
Fort Gibson..........
St. Louis Arsenal.....
Newport Barracks ....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Brady...........
Fort Snelling.........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Pierre...........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort MeKavett.......
Fort Brown..........
Ringgold Barracks___
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Duncan  ........
Fort Clark.......----
Fort Davis...........,
41.56
47.43
45.40
46.60
40.10
43.43
45.73
47.10
50.30
53.60
59.30
70.63
73.23
67.93
67.40
64.13
64.30
G4.40
63.00
70.37
63.63
61.03
59.93
54.36
49.83
40.43
34.36
34.86
41.40
37.36
42.13
42.46
50.87
42.40
46.26
41.40
57.30
64.46
57.90
64.63
73.40
73.05
70.30
68.93
67.46
60.73 j
2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean. ; Max.
52.00
52,33
56.23
56.86
50.36
61.30
58.70
58.00
60.76
64.50
68.33
77.40
78.23
83.46
78.83
80.56
79.66
73.50
76.86
76.30
77.40
78.03
76.93
82.13
68.60
64.93
43.66
49.30
53.26
50.33
51.53
66.87
71.00
60.60
61.43
58.73
78.70
84.90
81.86
81.86
80.83
86.00
90.43
85.56
82.66
78.83
44.80
47.03
48.10
51.33
41.83
50.13
48.63
49.16
53.86
57.20
62.73
70.13
73.70
70.16
73.46
71.93
68.93
67.83
66.05
70.30
69.40
66.33
65.10
57.16
55.57
58.30
38.33
35.56
47.43
40.53
44.33
56.83
58.63
45.46
51.50
45.70
64.00
66.20
65.00
66.66
76.66
74.83
76.03
73.10
69.53
60.50
46.12 |  68
      I
48.93 j  71
49.91 ]  71
51.93 j  75
44.09 j  73
51.62
51.35
51.42
54.97
58.43
63.45
72.72
75.05
73.85
73.89
72.20
70.96
68.57
68.63
72.32
70.14
68.46
66.32
64.53
58.00
57.88
38.78
39.90
48.23
42.74
45.99
58.72
60.16
49.48
53.06
48.51
66.66
71.85
68.25
71.05
75.63
77.97
78.92
75.86
73.22
66.68
 93
100
102
26
31
23
27
12
19
26
27
30
35
36
59
64
56
55
52
51
49
51
63
52
49
43
40
33
33
19
20
29
19
29
40
38
30
31
29
43
54
48
57
64
63
59
62
61
52
61
65
57
51
50
48
45
28
23
36
28
37
36
31
38
17
32
39
46
50
55
50
40
49
38
48
37
47
52
50
47
65
48
41
42
31
24
30
41
40
28
35
  5
  7
  3
 36
I  3
 18
  0
 10
 14
  0
  9
  7
 15
 26
  5
  5
  3
 14
 11
  7
 14
  4
3 | 14
0 |  1
0  26
0 |  0
   12
 3 | 21
15 ! 12
 0
s.	SW. 28
4	
0	32
4	29
40	4
26	10
14	17
26	14
8	22
11	15
3	31
24	12
11	9
2	0
18	7
8	3
1	9
9	19
8	20
18	4
22	6
25	11
18	14
19	13
9	15
18	17
36	2
4	8
42	0
7	9
11	4
27	7
8	9
14	20
11	3
0	3
4	2
28	6
47	7
50	3
18	15
21	1
5	0
5	2
0	0
2	0
23	24
9  11
  i
0 I 23
Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow	< '"
16	14	10	0	3.36
10	20	9	°	4.31
11
14
 8
12
13
18
17
21
17
26
26
24
26
24
26
15
14
22
12
13
23
19
17
12
16
13
15
10
16
18
19
15
15
19
27
19
15
22
11
16
16
 6
15
14	10
20	9
19	13
16	10
22	9
18	13
17	9
12	12
13	13
9	6
13	3
4	8
4	3
6	0
4	4
6	3
4	0
15	6
16	8
8	5
18	6
17	11
7	7
11	10
13	7
18	11
14	8
17	5
15	14
20	10
14	11
12	7
11	6
15	7
15	2
11	10
3	9
11	5
15	4
8	12
19	4
14	3
14	8
24	3
15	a
10	3
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
363
MONTH OF APRIL, 1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Mason, Texas  .
Fort Bliss...........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton........
Albuquerque........
Santa F*............
Fort Union..........
Fort Massachusetts ..
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Defiance.......
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Miller..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt......
Fort Jones..........
Fort Orford..........
Fort Lane...........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Steilacoom.....
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
63.33
58.16
62.66
53.56
55.63
55.43
74.96
43.36
52.53
36.20
41.67
35.43
65.36
53.43
46.16
58.03
52.56
52.40
50.56
41.66
47.73
46.43
48.03
46.46
2 p. M.
83.33
79.26
78.96
88.13
86.33
68.10
74.03
61.83
59.86
54.76
60.43
69.73
84.83
72.13
66.73
73.16
63.43
65.70
59.20
62.30
58.26
60.83
58.30
59.60
9 p. M.
69.00
64.63
65.45
56.53
65.57
49.73
53.20
44.96
44.80
36.80
39.97
38.30
72.23
55.86
51.83
60.40
51.33
58.10
53.70
44.40
46.13
47.20
47.06
47.16
Mean.
71.88
67.35
69.03
62.74
69.18
57.75
58.39
50.05
49.06
42.58
47.36
47.82
74.14
60.47
54.90
63.86
55.77
58.73
54.49
49.78
50.70
51.48
51.13
51.07
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Range
39
42
37
57
58
42
49
40
38
48
48
55
33
40
37
34
29
26
24
45
32
40
28
28
WEATHER
Cl'dy
16
12
 6
 9
13
 5
20
11
15
10
16
18
15
20
19
RAIN St SNOW.
Rain. ;Snow. = 
364
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MAY,  1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Fort Ontario...........
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
FortCapron............
Key West Barracks---
Fort Myers.............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Deynaud..........
Fort Brooke *..........
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks \....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Mackinac........,
Fort Brady...........
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett........
Fort Mason...........,
Fort Lancaster........
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min.  Range  n.  ne
49.22
55.61
54.42
55.77
49.93
53.61
53.90
57.00
57.90
62.26
70.00
75.45
79.42
75.16
76.35
72.20
72.90
73.42
70.16
77.35
70.54
66.80
64.64
62.55
62.53
60.26
56.70
44.61
50.00
53.90
52.58
59.48
60.42
60.39
56.45
54.54
54.70
64.00
68.06
65.48
68.48
71.19
78.12
45.40
74.51
58.83
61.48
63.51
62.93
54.13
68.12
64.48
66.64
69.12
72.48
75.48
82.32
82.68
87.70
82.90
83.83
84.25
78.32
80.77
81.03
83.09
72.60
80.51
87.64
75.88
75.32
70.70
54.42
58.08
68.29
55.83
66.61
72.42
75.48
63.60
67.93
70.58
80.32
85.45
82.70
83.87
81.64
51.09
54.58
56.00
58.41
49.10
56.61
57.81
57.39
60.70
65.03
71.29
75.61
78.96
75.77
78.54
76.22
75.03
73.48
71.54
73.87
75.19
69.06
70.51
72.39
66.80
62.52
63.90
46.13
44.06
58.93
54.12
57.00
63.61
64.74
56.93
60.19
59.13
66.77
69.32
69.39
70.61
73.74
86.35
88.51
93.64
76.87
76.29
79.66
53.05
57.22
57.64
59.03
51.05
59.44
58.73
60.34
62.56
66.60
72.25
77.79
80.35
79.45
79.26
77.41
77.39
75.09
74.18
79.08
76.27
69.48
70.54
74.19
68.40
66.03
63.76
48.38
50.70
60.38
54.17
61.03
65.48
66.87
58.99
60.89
61.47
70.36
74.27
72.52
74.32
75.52
73.13 I  101
80.44 I   96
80.06   .01
82.68   107
77
85
85
89
87
93
85
92
89
90
92
92
91
89
93
95
92
93
91
93
85
69
75
91
88
91
89
99
94
86
100
95
99
99
100
94
40
42
42
46
37
36
40
44
45
52
60
66
75
67
69
66
65
61
59
68
62
54
53
51
51
48
39
34
32
36
39
38
47
45
34
35
34
51
55
51
51
54
54
66
60
60
47
41
39
40
40
52
47
41
40
37
27
27
10
25
20
24
27
31
32
21
31
41
39
42
40
45
46
35
43
55
49
53
42
54
60
51
66
44
44
48
49
40
47
30
41
47
47	6
49	0
48	6
Fair.  Cl'dy
18
19
 7
17
21
14
14
24
18
20
21
13
18
25
20
18
20
18
23
18
16
20
27
32
22
21
23
16
21
17
17
19
18
13
10
11
11
16
22
24
25
 6
13
12
24
14
10
17
17
 7
13
 6
10
18
13
 6
11
13
11
13
 8
13
15
11
 4
 9
  9
10
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain.
Snow
9	5
11	5
16	5
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
165
MONTH  OF MAY,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
            I
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 A. M.  2 P. M
Fort Duncan............
Fort Clark..............
Fort Davis..............
Fort Bliss...............
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Thorn..............
Fort Craig..............
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............
Santa Fe................
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin...
Fort Massachusetts.....
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego..............
FortTejon..............
Fort Miller.............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks........
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Jones..............
Fort Orford..............
Fort Lane..............
Fort Vancouver.........
Fort Steilacoom.........
73.28
71.13
66.09
65.90
69.09
56.54
63.81
57.10
59.74
54.77
51.55
51.58
46.38
44.13
71.00
56.71
54.51
64.77
52.67
53.68
54.12
49.32
52.08
56.29
54.96
52.39
91.4a
88.63
81.29
88.84
85.22
92.83
88.45
73.35
81.42
66 54
66.77
71.39
64.04
76.03
89.68
70.80
73.54
80.90
58.61
68.13
61.29
73.32
61.35
70.71
68.30
69.71
9 p. M.  Mean, i Max. ! Min.  Range;  n.  ne.
79.58
76.03
67.25
70.77
71.77
56.51
77.42
54.77
60.26
55.29
53.64
47.29
45.22
44.16
76.32
58.68
58.30
70.22
50.86
58.68
55.77
53.03
50 64
57.19
56.00
57.51
81.42 j 106
78.59 !  99
71.54
75.17
75.37
68.63
76.56
61.74
67.14
58.87
57.32
56.75
52.08
54.77
79.00
62.06
62.11
71.96
54.04
60.16
57.00
58.55
54.68
61.39
59.75
55.25
 94
101
100
105
100
 91
100
 86
 78
 90
 85
 84
104
58
57
49
51
55
47
40
3/
40
40
32
32
29
37
60
43
38
50
46
43
48
35
46
40
44
46
42
45
50
45
58
60
54
60
46
46
58
56
47
44
39
48
48
19
39
21
54
23
43
34
38
SE.   S.  SW.  W. ■ NW
59 :  0
30   0
 0 i 12
13
17
24
26
25
28
27
10
26
22
21
11
12
24
28
12
30
 9
17
23
17
16
19
19
17
16
Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.  =
* Rain gauge out of order; no measurements made.            f Observations made for twenty-six days only. 
366
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JUNE,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean.  Max. Min. Range
 Fort Independence
 Fort Hamilton........,
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Fort Ontario...........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks.......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Capron...........
 Key West Barracks....
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Brooke...........
 Barrancas Barracks....
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 St. Louis Arsenal......
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Fort Brady............
 Fort Snelling...........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Pierre............
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadboume.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan...........
 63.06
 69.00
 67.33
 65.00
 66.56
 66.13
 66.90
 71.13
 71.23
 73.10
 78.56
 79.43
 82.50
 78.50
 80.46
 79.16
 77.53
 75.16
 81.13
 77.16
 77.23
 73.93
 73.60
 72.70
 70.96
 69.06
 55.60
 59.36
 68.00
 65.16
 68.10
 72.26
 74.30
 72.66
 67.00
68.23
74.93
80.63
75.26
76.00
75.83
 75.33
 75.40
 78.00
 75.20
 70.70
 82.20
 78.46
 78.46
 81.30
 78.26
 84.70
 85.43
 85.16
 86.93
 84.43
 88.50
 84.30
 84.13
 85.06
 88.83
 91.10
 89.63
 94.07
 87.30
 87.86
 81.20
 63.73
 65.46
 80.13
 76.43
 79.90
 83.10
 87.60
 88.50
 87.13
 86.36
 92.33
 98.96
 94.70
 93.76
91.23
 65.23
 67.26
 68.03
 70.76
 61.86
 69.50
 71.33
 71.33
 74.00
 75.54
 79.63
 79.40
 81.40
 78.30
 81.16
 78.76
 79.40
 76.53
 82.70
 80.43
 78.66
 80.13
 81.83
 77.93
 75.13
 75.06
 58.00
 57.63
 70.65
 64.73
 67.63
 74.36
 78.30
 72.36
 70.70
69.16
78.86
83.13
81.56
79.40
83.40
81.16	88.10
82.26	96.20
79.73	95.23
79.27	98.8.3 ';
80.43
80.63
85.90
86.93
67.87
70.55
71.11
70.32
66.37
72.61
72.23
72.23
75.51
75.63
80.96
81.43
83.02
81.24
82.02
82.14
80.40
78.60
82.99
82.14
82.23
81.23
83.13
79.31
77.99
75.10
59.10
60.81
72.88
68.70
71.88
76.57
80.07
77.84
74.94
74.58
82.04
87.56
83.84
83.05
83.48
82.84
83.23
85.69
86.75
88.34
 93
 91
 94
 89
 94
 95
 95
100
 99
101
 93
 80
 89
 91
 93
 94
 94
100
101
102
104
 98
104
106
103
 99
107
 93
102
102
108
41
45
36
36
45
39
44
44
39
30
20
17
11
24
12
20
20
26
11
20
25
33
37
41
41
35
36
44
40
49
43
34
39
46
45
48
37
32
38
33
27
39
18
29
26
38
N.  NE.   E.  SE
0	0
0	3
0	1
0	0
SW.  W. NW
WEATHER.
Fair.
 19
 13
 15
 17
 17
 13
 20
 20
 18
 19
 15
 21
 20
 5
 19
23
 9
13
22
 9
10
22
18
24
25
14
17
10
24
16
23
13
22
22
23
23
27
21
22
24
26
CI My.
RAIN  & SNOW.
 11
 17
 15
 13
 13
 17
 10
 10
 12
 11
 15
 9
 10
25
11
 7
21
17
 8
21
20
 8
12
 6
 5
16
13
20
 6
14
 7
17 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
367
MONTH OF JUNE, is;,n.
			THERMOMETER.				---				WINDS.					WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE		DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSER\						ATIONS.		DAYS.		DAYS.		% i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	1 1 E. 1 SE. i S.			s w.	N. NW		Fair.	CI My.	Rain.	Snow.	<
	77.10 74.03 76.46 79.20 72.23 72.53 72.80 71.83 69.50 65.90 65.77 60.20 57.29 84.93 64.36 62.80 72.83 55.16 58.66 57.86 59.06 55.73 61.03 58.50 64.63	94.60 90.16 98.58 94.46 101.20 98.03 85.03 99.46 83.23 80.06 87.70 80.60 87.23 105.33 81.76 85.36 93.46 62.43 77.73 64.43 81.06 63.40 78.03 68.03 67.66	83.96 74.76 80.80 81.50 74.13 87.77 67.53 74.03 67.96 64.06 58.73 58.72 57.26 85.03 65.70 67.81 82.20 52.83 62.77 57.63 62.56 52.93 61.16 58.33 56.53	85.22 79.65 85.26 85.05 82.52 86.11 75.12 81.77 73.56 70.00 70.73 66.50 67.26 93.08 70.60 71.99 82.49 56.88 66.38 59.97 69.56 57.02 66.74 61.62 59.60	103 104 105 100 111 104 96 103 89 88 95 88 96 114 102 94 106 69 91 68 97 69 93 81 83"	72 65 67 73 64 60 55 63 60 56 52 48 37 78 57 50 63 50 53 53 46 45 50 52 50	31 39 38 27 47 44 41 40 29 32 43 40 59 36 45 44 43 19 38 15 51 24 43 29 33	9 15 0 0 0 13 0 0 3 6 24 10 4 3 1 0 7 0 0 31 32 19 0 3	3 4 6 0 11 4 0 1 8 2 1 3 9 5 3 5 3 1 0 5 0 0 13 0 1	52 4 15 16 2 10 9 3 10 0 0 3 2 4 18 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0	26 ! 0 2 ! 13		0 11 29 5 19	0 3	0 0	12 19 15 21 21 24 6 23 19 24 24 15 25 27 20 29 22 21 30 18 27 21 24 16 14	18 11 15 9 9 6 24 11 6 6 15 5 3 10 1 8 9 0 12 3 9 6 14 16	2 5 2 3 6 13 4 4 7 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 8 3 10 12	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	.78
																				1.22
Fort Bliss...............											9 12 1	11 42 3		10 10 15 0 36 18						2.20
																				.85
Fort Thorn.............																				.74
											6 41 | 12 7 j 2 14 7 33 15			3 14 28 13 31 1 19 6 5 20 0 32 31 90 0 37 0 15 27 17	1 5 1 6 7 2 11 4 12 0 36 12 1 0 5 2 20 25 11 19					1.21
																				.68
																				.25
Santa F6...............											21 6 4 8 19 24 10 17 6 0 0 3 0 18 4 4 1	14 21 51 13 28 8 4 0 10 0 0 0 29 0 0 17 22	15 17 1 13 18 29 34 2 18 57 0 2 15 0 8 18 15							2.32
																				.65
Cantonment Burgwin ... Fort Massachusetts.....																				.21 .55 .10
																				0
San Die^o..............																				0
Fort Tejon.............																				0
Fort Miller.............																				0
																				0
																				.03 61
																				.60
Fort Orford.............																				1.85
																				.41
																				3.26
Fort Steilacoom........																				7.21
 
368
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JULY,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.I RAIN &  SNOW.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. |    DAYS.
A. M.
CZ  3-'
= ■*=
2 p. m.  9 p. m. i Mean.  Max.  Min. Raii!i<
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Fort Ontario...........
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe-...........
Fort Moultrie .........
Fort Capron...........
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas  Barracks....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita .........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Brady.............
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fori Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
Fort Mason............
Fort Brown............
Fort Lancaster.........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Clark.............
G8.29
75.58
71.77
73.38
72.10
69.35
73.22
75.06
75.32
78.42
80.51
81.52
80.13
80.26
78.77
79.67
78.29
82.55
77.58
80.32
76.61
81.06
76.90
74.13
72.54
63.41
65.32
69.90
71.19
72.09
76.13
76.84
72.42
66.67
73.09
78.61
84.74
76.77
78.12
76.87
80.77
77.56
82.96
30.38
81.00
78.03
82.00
82.58
85.19
81.83
76.50
85.45
82.35
85.97
85.58
83.35
87.75
85.25
87.22
85.42
 95.45
 93.09
 99.13
 94.84
 93.61
 85.25
 71.64
 77.30
 84.45
 81.30
 84.71
 87.74
 96.48
 87.42
 90.32
 90.77
 97.48
101.19
 96.32
 94.85
 93.73
 87.61
 92.26
 95.16
 96.74
 99.68
 96.45
71.35
74.06
74.58
77.19
68.06
72.83
74.32
76.14
78.32
80.00
81.77
80.03
80.48
81.84
79.35
80.74
78.09
83.71
80.00
82.22
83.82
85.50
83.13
80.16
78.09
64.29
63.16
74.00
69.48
70.35
78.90
81.26
74.23
72.70
74.38
82.12
89.84
84.48
82.58
85.00
80.93
82.16
80.61
87.29
78.03
83.13
73.88
77.40
77.18
77.46
72.21
75.87
76.63
79.39
79.73
80.60
82.88
82.11
82.78
82.45
81.78
81.94
81.71
84.12
81.45
85.99
83.90
88.56
84.95
82.63
78.63
66.44
68.59
76.11
73.99
75.71
80.92
84.86
78.02
76.56
79.41
86.07
91.92
85.85
85.18
85.20
83.10
83.95
86.24
88.11
86.23
85.87
 98
 95
 95
 95
 93
 93
 93
 97
 98
 93
 96
 91
 95
 89
 93
 91
 95
 90
 94
106
103
105
102
107
 94
 82
 91
 95
 92
 96
 99
104
 98
104
104
109
108
105
101
100
 93
 99
101
103
107
103
74
74
70
65
72
67
65
55
49
62
60
62
65
66
62
56
61
61
74
70
71
70
76
68
75
76
41
30
33
29
41
36
30
31
33
20
23
16
19
14
20
16 •
24
11
20
32
33
40
30
40
29
27
42
33
32
34
34
38
36
48
43
45
34
35
30
30
17
31
26
27
32
33
N-	NE.	E.
O	4	14
2	2	0
3	7	3
26	3	3
2	5	12
26	15	9
0	7	2
8	12	4
15	7	17
0	30	10
5	10	11
2	4	17
18	6	10
0	4	32
o	7	8
8	0	0
9	13	6
15	5	11
17	13	6
2	12	5
3	3	41
0	3	9
0	7	4
16	14	2
13	2	0
4	3	14
4	0	0
8	4	4
2	6	6
0	10	15
6	4	6
2	0	5
5	6	2
17	3	27
8	5	14
4	2	19
1	1	0
0	4	17
0	3	2
0	1	17
0	1	10
0	0	3
0	3	12
0	1	15
0	0	2
1	5	62
sw. w. nw. Fair.  CTMy.,Rain. Snow.
8	1	3
37	2	0
70	10	10
41	2	2
55	13	1
28	10	0
21	0	0
77	»	0
2	0	0
24	1	1
0	0	0
3	0	0
					
10	21	10	9	0	4.38
28	18	13	6	0	2.73
22	22	9	8	0	2.50
9	20	11	9	0	2.42
6	23	8	8	0	2.16
J3	20	11	9	0	2.71
0	23	8	9	0	3.80
13	23	8	6	0	1.90
8	00	9	8	0	1.82
2	23	8	6	0	2.13
2	16	15	14	0	3.99
2	23	8	15	0	9.29
12	4	27	15	0	12.45
1	17	14	8	0	4.80
12	21	10	13	0	*22.24
40	6	25	10	0	4.42
11	13	18	10	0	3.19
17	12	19	14	0	8.63
4	5	26	13	0	7.20
1	11	20	8	0	.77
1	23	5	4	0	4.69
0	17	14	2	0	.76
7	29	2	3	0	2.15
17	21	10	5	0	3.41
7	15	16	4	0	3.85
10	23	8	9	0	1.73
10	20	11	6	0	1.11
7	25	6	6	0	2.47
4	24	7	6	0	4.53
6	22	9	6	0	2.30
6	14	17	11	0	9.11
3	8	23	9	0	3.40
14	18	13	10	0	5.09
11	20	11	10	0	4.15
19	27	4	7	0	1.98
4	30	1	7	0	1.77
1	22	9	4	0	3.19
0	20	11	3	0	.25
0	25	6	3	0	1.77
0	29	2	1	0	.65
0	15	16	6	0	1.90
0	7	24	2	•	.85
0	29	2	3	•	1.00
0	14	17	4	0	.29
0	8	23	3	0	1.00
0	3	28	4	0	14
 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
369
MONTH OF JULY, 1856.
	THERMOMETER.							WINDS.								WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE		DIRECTION,			SO. OF OBSERVATIONS.					DAYS.		Da	YS.	i i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW. w.		SW.	Fair.	CI My.	Rain.	Snow	5 B < ~
	72.93 78.74 81.35 78.03 75.29 72.70 75.00 72.38 69.29 69.29 62.87 61.06 88.80 69.64 70.00 79.54 54.22 57.09 58.09 64.41 56.32 65.06 61.87 56.26	86.74 99.00 93.25 100.41 97.77 78.90 98.96 81.32 82.45 82.45 76.93 85.71 108.12 82.45 90.07 97.74 61.77 81.90 64.64 90.70 63.97 87.16 74.16 72.74	74.29 80.58 80.55 75.70 85.94 68.96 75.56 69.35 67.35 67.35 60.00 63.35 91.09 71.06 79.22 87.64 53.03 63.13 58.51 72.58 53.87 71.45 62.32 60.06	77.98 86.12 85.05 84.73 86.33 73.52 83.17 74.35 73.03 73.03 66.59 70.04 96.00 74.39 79.77 88.29 56.34 67.37 60.41 75.90 58.05 74.55 66.11 63.08	99 105 100 106 104 88 104 91 89 89 89 95 116 94 97 106 66 96 71 103 69 102 85 88	63 73 75 70 70 63 70 63 58 58 52 50 80 60 61 70 50 50 53 56 50 52 51 50	36 32 25 36 34 25 34 28 31 31 37 45 36 34 36 36 16 46 18 47 19 50 34 38	0 1 0 6 12 0 3 4 1 14 18 9 0 0 0 11 0 0 16 18 44 3 1 2	4 8 0 14 2 1 2 15 0 0 8 0 11 10 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 0 2	7 18 21 9 10 15 3 24 4 1 7 3 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 5	0 21 12 4 13 1 7 15 8 0 8 6 51 2 20 3 0 0 6 0 8 8 3 0	17 10 45 0 37 0 39 5 38 65 10 36 1 2 0 17 0 0 0 3 0 4 7 7	12 ' a		4 9 0 16 1 10 o 5 4 0 15 3 2 0 35 12 1 0 12 4 25 23 4	21 20 19 25 23 5 6 19 23 21 11 22 16 22 31 26 13 31 18 30 24 30 23 19	10 11 12 6 8 26 25 12 8 10 20 9 15 9 0 5 18 0 13 1 1 8 12	8 3 2 0 5 12 3 3 11 7 9 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 • 5	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	3.48
													15 5 6 10 8 11 13 17 0 3 23 23 31 12 20 80 0 5 4 0 24 3 20	11 10 38 8 13 26 12 21 1 14 13 1 28 0 30 12 93 0 64 0 11 36 53						.58
																				.86
Fort Thorn..............																				.17
Fort Craig..............																				.97
																				1.99
																				.17
																				.78
																				3.39
Cantonment Burgwin.... Fort Massachusetts . ...																				.51 2.19 2.14
																				.48
																				0
																				0
																				0
																				0
																				0 0
																				0
																				1.38
																				0 2.89
Fort Steilacoom.......																				6.55
This quantity, though unusually great, appears correctly measured.
47-
■s 
370
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF AUGUST,  1856.
THERMOMETER,
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. m. ■ 2 p. m.  9  p. m. !  Mean. ; Max
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Fort Ontario...........
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Brooke...........
Barrancas Barracks....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton  Rouge..........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Fort Gibson...........
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal......
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Brady............
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny.......
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Arbuekle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadboume......
Fort McKavett........
Fort Mason............
Fort Lancaster........
Fort Brown...........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan..........
64.93
71.77
69.12
68.03
65.30
63.19
64.68
67.19
70.09
74.32
78.96
84.00
82.97
79.£
80.64
80.51
78.93
77.93
81.93
77.22
77.93
73.06
75.06
70.19
66.23
64.87
57.32
57.93
61.41
59.99
61.06
66.96
70.45
65.19
62.93
65.93
75.12
81.16
75.06
78.04
78.93
77.54
81.09
82.93
80.09
81.61
74.06
77.26
67.25
70.68
38.74
73.23
76.67	69.45	71.75
74.19	70.38	70.86
71.45	64.93	67.22
78.32	65.83	69.11
75.00	68.19	69.29
78.63	70.80	72.21
79.25	72.64	73.99
78.51	75.61	76.15
85.29	81.32	81.85
85.94	82.32	84.09
86.13	83.90	84.26
87.35	80.13	82.81
87.81	83.13	83.86
87.19	80.77	82.82
85.93	84.45	83.10
87.70	78.38	81.33
85.55	84.19	83.88
86.70	80.22	81.38
91.96	81.54	83.81
87.00	79.51	79.85
.94.03	83.61	84.23
86.32	74.88	79.13
81.94	72.00	73.39
77.45	72.06	71.48
66.29	56.80	60.13
68.45	59.20	61.86
76.12	66.09	67.87
70.31	60.40	63.56
76.45	61.93	66.48
79.00	71.38	72.44
83.71	74.26	76.14
80.09	68.45	71.24
85.77	67.25	71.98
83.12	68.38	72.48
92.48	80.25	82.62
98.45	89.35	89.65
94.51	82.29	83.94
95.06	82.70	85.26
95.35	85.30	86.68
92.74	80.54	83.60
91.83	82.12	85.01
98.51	83.48	88.30
98.90	89.87	89.62
100.32	89.39	90.44
 85
 85
 91
 88
 96
 87
 88
 94
 92
 94
 96
 94
 90
 92
106
 74
 89
 95
 92
 97
 91
101
 93
 98
102
106
108
104
104
103
101
 95
101
103
109
Min.
Range
32
23
30
28
33
40
32
35
29
20
24
10
 8
21
14
19
22
22
12
19
40
39
37
39
42
34
30
44
44
43
49
36
45
41
44
47
44
38
38
32
32
33
18
23
26
32
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
sw.: Fair. jClMvJ Rain.
20	15
36	17
36	17
3	17
12	16
16	13
10	22
18	18
5	19
5	18
3	23
7	12
15	19
3	22
11	23
31	8
14	13
9	19
4	9
0	6
4	19
16	15
23	22
13	22
11	12
25	18
27	14
22	22
17	14
7	21
4	15
7	11
3	17
8	19
13	22
1	24
1	21
0	20
0	23
0	26
2	6
0	23
0	29
0	21
6	6
16
14
14
14
15
18
 9
 9
13
12
13
 8
19
12
 9
 8
23
18
12
22
25
12
16
 9
 9
19
13
17
 9
17
10
16
20
14
12
10
11
 8
 5
25
 8
 2
10
25 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
371
MONTH OF AUGUST, 1856.
	THERMOMETER.										WINDS.		SERV			WEATHER.		RAI>	& SNOW.	
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE. RANGE.							DIRECTION, NO. OF OB						ATIONS.		DAYS.		DAYS.		i i
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean. | Max. i		Min.	Range	N.	j NE, | E.		SE.	s.	SW.	W.	SW.	Fair.	CI My.	Rain.	Snow.	<■
Fort Clark..............	82.90 70.48 72.55 78.09 72.22 76.00 68.32 71.03 69.22 67.30 58.87 56.45 60.12 85.55 68.58 67.90 76.19 54.35 58.29 57.12 .60.00 58.81 56.38 58.70	93.52 83.35 95.59 92.61 98.12 95.74 75.35 95.87 77.80 74.13 80.52 74.48 78.79 105.81 83.16 84.90 93.74 60.60 78.45 64.00 94.64 71.90 64.16 75.06	88.52 71.35 77.16 79.84 73.90 84.74 68.61 74.00 68.74 63.63 60.03 55.10 59.00 88.74 69.00 75.03 84.61 53.58 61.45 57.96 71.06 61.74 54.90 60.58	88.31 75.06 81.76 83.51 81.41 85.49 70.76 80.28 71.92 67.35 66.44 62.01 65.97 93.36 73.58 75.94 84.95 56.17 66.06 59.69 75.23 64.15 58.48 61.70	99 97 103 100 107 103 84 103 92 88 93 89 87 115 99 98 102 70 96 72 106 83 71 88	79 57 62 70 62 73 61 63 60 47 47 44 50 71 60 60 68 50 53 54 45 54 50 53	20 40 41 30 45 30 23 40 32 41 46 45 37 44 39 38 34 20 43 18 61 29 21 35	0 4 2 0 1 1 0 4 9 12 17 15 3 0 3 0 8 0 0 15 4 0 8	3 2 19 0 6 0 4 6 15 2 0 9 3 14 11 2 0 0 0 4 0 6 6 1	56 3 18 25 17 13 11 7 18 1 0 6 1 5 15 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6	15 0 18 21 15 8 6 6 17 3 1 18 6 43 10 18 18 0 0 2 1 6 5 1	17 11 12 18 0 44 1 40 24 65 12 41 6 7 0 19 0 0 2 1 3 1 3	0 14 9 10 13 10 10 4 7 14 2 8 18 20 21 11 19 78 0 6 6 9 1 11	2 4 11 19 27 16 12 25 5 22 2 11 16 3 22 0 15 15 93 0 74 21 5 50	0 u 4 0 14 1 1 12 14 1 7 5 2 4 33 13 0 0 17 4 20 60 13	30 15 18 16 14 21 2 18 15 17 15 6 19 31 17 30 17 8 31 12 29 20 16 16	1 16 13 15 17 10 29 13 16 14 16 25 12 0 14 1 14 23 0 19 2 11 15 15	3 » 3 4 17 6 14 10 13 7 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 4	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	.04
																				8.19
																				3.38
																				2.48
																				1.55
																				.97
																				3.62
																				1.23
																				7.08
																				6.77
Cantonment Burgwin ...																				.70 3.30 3.07
																				0
																				0
																				30
																				0
																				0
Fort Humboldt..........																				0 0
Fort Jones..............																				.20 .08 0
																				2.23
 
372
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF SEPTEMBER,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
a. m. | 2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean.  ' Max.  Min.  Range  n.
Fort Independence...
Fort Hamilton.......
Fort Columbus......
West Point..........
Fort Ontario*........
Alleghany Arsenal ...
Carlisle Barracks ....
Fort Delaware.......
Fort McHenry.......
Fort Monroe.........
Fort Moultrie........
Fort Capron.........
Key Wist  Barracks...
Fort Myers..........
Fort Dallas..........
Fort Brooke.........
Barrancas  Barracks .,
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans.......
Baton Rouge.......
Fort Washita.......
Fort Smith.........
Fort Gibson........,
Jefferson Barracks ..,
St. Louis Arsenal....
Newport Barracks ..,
Fort Mackinac.......
Fort Brady..........
Fort Snelling........
Fort Ripley.........,
Fort Ridgely.........
Fort Leavenworth ..,
Fort Riley..........,
Fort Kearny.........
Fort Laramie........
Fort Pierre...........
Fort Arbuckle.......
Fort Belknap........
Fort Chadbourne ....
Fort McKavett......
Fort Mason..........
Fort Lancaster.......
Fort Brown.........
Ringgold Barracks ...
Fort Melntosh.......
Fort Duncan.........
58.90
65.63
62.56
62.83
57.80
55.03
57.56
63.60
63.43
68.73
70.13
80.37
80.76
76.10
78.40
74.60
70.60
70.83
77.40
69.83
65.43
60.93
62.90
64.26
58.03
59.90
51.00
50.70
51.66
49.63
48.66
57.70
57.77
52.33
47.13
51.03
63.13
68.56
63.70
68.86
70.43
63.63
77.06
75.08
75.50
73.60
70.23
72.33
72.36
70.46
68.80
73.66
74.13
74.45
74.63
73.00
78.90
83.10
83.70
86.60
84.93
87.10
81.73
82.04
80.46
82.03
78.60
78.26
82.30
79.57
75.27
71.53
57.83
60.33
68.20
62.23
67.40
73.36
80.17
72.26
73.66
73.90
77.56
79.30
78.48
79.30
80.70 j
79.06
      I
84.10 |
85.83 I
87.80 I
86.63 ,
62.66
66.53
65.06
66.03
69.08
58.50
64.56
64.83
67.46
70.23
73.90
79.47
82.26
76.46
80.80
78.03
73.50
71.04
79.13
73.26
68.93
67.73
71.36
66.80
63.67
65.40
50.73
51.63
58.33
51.96
53.96
63.50
65.97
56.86
57.10
58.16
66.70
70.06
69.96
69.96
72.70
69.53
78.23
76.58
80.30
78 26
63.93
68.16
66.66
66.44
65.22
62.39
65.41
67.62
68.50
70.65
74.31
80.98
82.24
79.70
81.37
79.91
75.15
74.64
78.99
75.04
70.98
68.97
72.18
70.21
65,66
65.61
53.18
54.22
59.39
54.60
56.67
64.85
67.97
60.48
59.29
61.03
69.13
72.64
70.71
72.70
74.61
71.77
79.79
79.16
81.22
79.49
81
81
86
89
92
88
88
85
85
89
87
99
88
92
88
92
87
91
94
90
92
95
90
 84
 90
 89
101
 94
 94
 99
 92
 93
 94
 96
 93
 90
 94
101
100
 99
47
52
41
53
45
42
40
49
48
54
54
72
77
66
74
59
51
53
62
51
42
36
36
40
38
40
32
37
28
27
22
30
28
29
31
31
40
50
49
50
51
50
61
56
61
54
33
30
40
28
41
47
52
39
40
31
31
17
10
33
14
33
37
39
25
40
52
54
56
55
52
46
44
49
61
73
65
63
68
52
43
45
4S
42
40
33
45
39
45
NE.	E.
4	8
12	4
16	1
2	1
3	2
8	6
0	2
10	4
11	19
29	6
18	21
42	18
18	42
15	19
35	24
22	30
5	5
12	22
15	24
33	15
6	22
9	24
18	8
15	0
2	1
3	7
5	4
4	1
4	1
9	3
8	8
 0 I  2
   I
 4 ;  0
 0 !  2
 5 j 23
 1 |  9
12 i 23
28
22
10
 5
12  24
 7 j 13
 9 j 18
 0 j  3
8	34
27	21
15	28
10	45
36	3
52	1
38	11
56	0
WEATHER.
Fair.  CI My
 1  19
22  11
18  26
 0 j  7
 9 I 22
18 J 18
37
3	14
16	5
33	23
24	12
14	18
2	0
5	5
1 3	ol 1
4	1
4	1
1	6
4	0
1	2
1	3
 6
 6
15
12
13
 4
17
12
 6
18
23
10
13
 7
10
17
20
 6
12
13
11
 8
11
17
 9
 4
 5
11
15
13
14
27
20
11
19
 4
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain. Snow
 4.20
 4.35
 3.00
 4.52
 3.37
 1.95
 1.15
 3.35
 2.83
 7.67
 1.32
 2.80
 8.45
 2.00
 8.40
 3.80
 2.30
 1.25
 3.20
 2.04
 4.18
 1.83
 1.80
 3.20
 2.63
 1.97
 2.89
 8.36
 3.24
 1.36
 1.00
 3.27
 1.10
 1.92
  .23
  .70
 6.73
10.20
 5.89
 6.47
 9.22
 6.56
 3.25
 1.48
 1.52
 2.76 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
373
MONTH OF  SEPTEMBER,  1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Clark...........
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss............
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton........,
Albuquerque........,
Santa F6.............
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
FortTejon...........
Fort Miller..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Vancouver......
Umpqua City.........
Fort Steilacoom.....
THERMOMETER.
MEAN temperature.
A. M.
73.60
62.13
63.80
70.26
59.50
71.30
57.53
63.00
61.96
53.10
49.13
47.10
48.40
79.86
64.20
61.10
69.43
55.63
56.93
52.23
47.76
57.73
55.16
53.03
2 p. M.
82.96
75.53
78.66
82.60
81.56
77.93
66.83
89.66
68.60
68.50
71.87
64.43
71.27
98.43
78.53
78.01
89.40
63.80
79.86
62.33
79.93
71.83
65.26
72.70
P. M.
77.46
64.86
66.83
73.73
65.66
71.50
59.10
66.06
62.53
53.46
50.80
47.46
50.36
84.20
67.73
67.26
79.20
56.26
62.36
56.26
63.16
58.73
55.86
56.53
Mean.	Max.	Min.
78.00	92	58
67.53	91	40
69.76	90	55
75.53	90	50
68.90	94	47
73.57	92	56
61.15	78	45
72.90	95	50
64.36	80	52
58.35	85	42
57.25	85	37
52.96	74	37
56.67	79	43
87.49	106	74
70.16	88	60
68-79	87	50
79.34	98	64
58.56	80	52
66.05	96	54
56.97	70	46
70.28	90	33
62.76	85	52
58.76	84	49
60.75	85	48
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.	NE.	E.
5	0	36
4	11	0
4	17	19
0	0	1
2	3	9
11	1	7
0	4	28
2	0	18
4	9	11
12	6	3
15	1	0
16	12	9
1	2	4
1	14	5
3	9	16
0	1	0
8	3	10
0	0	0
0	0	3
8	6	1
2	0	0
6	1	4
3	3	9
12	3	7
17	11
15	21
1	68
7	12
0	29
28	4
10	6
29	0
24	9
0	0
2	0
4	0
1	3
1	1
20	2
1	15
w.  nw/ Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.
19
25
 8
19
35
 8
 6
 0
13
19
 9  13
19 ;  5
 0  34
22 I  6
 0 ' 11
50   1
13  18
 3  32
34  14
 25
 21
 16
 11
 20
 21
 3
 19
 18
 22
 20
 16
 20
 25
 13
 27
 14
 13
 30
 17
22
 19
 19
19
5	9	0	2.71
9	10	0	4.62
14	5	0	7.00
19	8	0	2.61
10	7	0	6.35
9	5	0	6.32
27	10	0	2.81
11	3	0	1.12
12	8	0	2.52
8	5	0	4.04
10	7	0	.40
14	5	0	1.55
10	6	0	1.75
5	3	0	.36
17	2	0	.05
3	4	0	08
16	0	0	0
17	0	0	0
0	0	0	0
13	6	0	.20
8	•	0	0
U	3	0	2.37
11	4	o !	0
11	5	0 l	1.90
* Twenty-five days only. 
374
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF OCTOBER, 1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.......
West Point..........
Alleghany Arsenal
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........,
Fort Monroe.........
Fort Moultrie.........
Fort Capron..........
Key West  Barracks...
Fort Myers...........
Fort Dallas...........
Fort Brooke..........
Barrancas Barracks ...
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge.........
Fort Washita.........
Fort Smith...........
Fort Gibson..........
Jefferson Barracks ....
St. Louis Arsenal.....
Newport Barracks ....
Fort Snelling.........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth ....
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Pierre...........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne.....
Fort McKavett.......
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
Fort Brown..........
Ringgold Barracks ....
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Clark............
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss.....,......
Fort Fillmore.........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN temperature.
52.48
49.30
50.80
45.22
43.90
50.49
50.67
58.93
61.09
76.38
77.32
72.55
76.10
67.51
62.61
59.70
67.90
61.74
57.19
53.38
55.74
54.32
49.90
49.32
45.09
39.77
72.48
49.80
52.81
45.00
41.06
41.61
55.83
61.32
55.12
59.38
61.74
55.20
71.80
66.03
69.32
67.71
64.32
53.13
56.06
58.13
2 p. M.
62.00
60.39
58.80
59.09
59.64
61.48
63.35
64.32
70.74
79.03
81.13
82.45
82.35
81.06
73.61
75.67
72.64
74.58
72.35
72.93
73.09
71.84
67.87
64.00
58.93
52.87
57.87
65.90
69.06
62.35
63.33
62.09
71.58
72.71
73.61
72.54
74.38
73.55
79.29
79.96
78.32
78.93
73.06
72.29
73.10
76.61
P. M.
53.80
51.51
53.77
45.00
48.58
53.75
56.58
60.54
64.93
75.80
78.42
73.42
78.35
72.41
67.86
65.54
71.00
66.48
62.70
60.61
63.25
59.64
56.81
56.77
50.70
44.29
48.12
58.35
59.16
52.38
47.86
48.25
60.19
64.77
61.67
61.25
62.25
61.64
73.48
69.38
72.83
70.26
69.64
57.97
59.19
72.19
Mean.
56.09
53.73
54.45
49.77
50.70
55.24
56.86
61.26
65.58
77.07
78.95
76.14
78.93
73.66
68.02
66.97
70.50
67.59
64.08
62.30
63.93
61.93
58.19
56.69
51.57
45.64
49.49
58.01
60.34
52.38
50.75
50.65
62.53
66.27
63.46
64.39
66.13
63.46
74.85
71.79
73.49
72.30
69.00
61.13
62.78
65.64
Max.
86
86
89
90
89
89
84
83
83
86
Min. Range
36
32
39
29
26
36
39
47
49
63
72
60
68
51
44
44
53
43
38
32
30
29
28
34
22
21
22
28
27
24
26
25
29
45
32
38
41
31
52
45
55
46
48
36
47
44
42
37
31
47
52
37
37
27
31
20
15
29
18
38
37
41
21
40
45
57
56
59
56
44
63
50
64
54
58
62
60
63
55
40
5G
48
45
55
37
45
34
43
36
47
36
42
WINDS.
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
20
16
19
13
23
23
18
23
12
23
18
15
22
26
13
13
16
 8
14
21
16
21
19
13
13
18
13
13
13
16
18
18
28
21
19
19
19
11
18
19
14
 9
27
27
20
CI My
13
16
 9
 5
18
18
15
23
17
10
15
10
12
18
18
13
18
18
18
15
13
13
 3
10
12
12
12
20
13
12
17
22
 4
 4
11
Rain. Snow. 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
75
MONTH OF  OCTOBER,  1856.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
Fort Thorn............
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Fort Randall...........
Albuquerque..........
Santa Fe..............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin ..
Fort Massachusetts
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones.............
Fort Lane.............
Fort Yamhill.........,
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Steilacoom......
41.29
56.06
48.96
43.93
43.43
47.90
37.58
33.19
32.16
29.55
63.32
51.03
48.48
54.20
52.64
52.38
47.51
28.35
55.20
44.29
47.68
47.64
46.93
2 p. M.
73.96
65.93
61.23
65.93
73.61
57.06
59.12
54.90
47.03
59.16
82.09
72.22
62.80
70.90
63.58
71.19
72.25
59.74
73.55
56.03
57.48
57 22
54.80
9 p. m.  Mean.
______I
54.67
59.93
53.13
48.90
50.55
48.87
42.67
38.09
35.29
43.32
70.00
58.13
51.38
61.66
53.93
56.38
52.54
47.96
61.64
47.29
49.45
50.32
47,45
56.64
60.65
54.44
52.92
55.86
51.27
46.43
42.06
38.16
44.01
71.80
60.45
54.22
62.25
56.71
59.98
52.43
48.58
63.46
49.20
51.53
51.72
51.39
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Max.  Min. Rang
19
42
33
20
30
37
23
19
11
17
51
38
29
42
45
44
35
25
31
29
41
38
30
65	12	9
38	14	3
37	2	6
74	10	8
61	6	7
32 '	8	11
50	20	5
51	16	1
53	23	11
53	9	7
48	5	13
45	4	16
55	0	1
43	9	15
33	3	2
41	0	1
28	10	5
57	3	3
55	18	3
43	1	7
37	3	1
25	3	14
50	10	9
w.  nw.I Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.
0	0	13
6	25	10
1	1	5
6	11	18
3	13	5
32 I 11
 6 1 25
 8 j  2
16 ! 17
14  23
 I   0
8	12	16
20	30	3
15	6	34
19	28	10
1	0	45
12	21	9
19	37	17
26	31	0
6	0	9
16	26	3
2	1	0
36	4	7
12	12	6
21	6	11
17	12	13
 5
22
13
 5
 0
 9
 5
22
12
 5
15
24
19
22
18
18
24
 .25
 .06
 .19
1.42
 .10
 .99
   0
 ,18
 .95
   0
   0
   0
 .05
 .20
 .33
 .46
2.69
 .13
3.15
6.38
4.81
   0
6.16 
376
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF NOVEMBER, 1856.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
 Fort Hamilton........,
 Fort Columbus........,
 West Point............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks.......
 Fort Delaware......  .
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 FortCapron............
 Key West Barracks
 Fort Myers.............
 Fort Dallas.............
 Fort Deynaud..........
 Fort Brooke............
 Barrancas Barracks.....
 .Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith.............
 Fort Gibson............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 St. Louis Arsenal......
 Newport Barracks......
 Fort Snelling...........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie...........
 Fort Pierre............
 Fort Arbuckle..........
 Fort Belknap...........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Fort Brown............
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan...........,
Fort Clark.............
Fort Davis.............
Fort Blias...............
7 A. M.
 39.33
 38.96
 40.76
 36.53
 32.56
 40.71
 40.23
 47.86
 54.20
 72.10
 74.70
 66.23
 73.43
 63.03
 63.93
 55.90
 51.56
 59.93
 52.43
 40.00
 38.13
 38.56
 35.23
 34.27
 36.86
 25.56
 21.76
 25.06
 30.36
 31.53
 25.51
 24.26
 22.66
 35.66
 41.10
 37.70
 45.46
49.50
42.03
62.40
57.70
53.90
50.13
50.33
39.13
43.40
2 p. M.
 47.86
 47.80
 48.33
 45.80
 46.40
 49.90
 52.56
 57.86
 64.06
 76.70
 80.26
 80.16
 79.13
 80.10
 77.40
 66.20
 66.83
 65.13
 66.43
 57.00
 55.53
 54.83
 55.63
 47.20
 48.20
 38.20
 32.00
 34.00
 42.96
 45.60
 39.41
 42.03
 39.63
 56.30
 57.90
 60.03
 60.96
 64.60
 62.50
 72.73
69.30
 70.33
68.00
65.23
61.40
62.50
9 p. m. i Mean.
 42.80
 41.20
 44.36
 38.00
 37.03
 44.13
 45.73
 51.96
 58.43
 73.96
 75.23
 70.70
 75.76
 70.50
 69.56
 59.53
 57.66
 64.16
 58.63
 48.63
 44.73
 43.26
 41.74
 37.53
 42.70
 29.43
 22.33
 25.60
 37.30
 37.07
 29.30
 38.66
 27.80
 43.86
 50.00
 46.03
 50.06
 51.00
48.83
65.60
59.16
60.16
56.46
55.72
44.80
51.33
 43.33
 42.65
 44.48
 40.11
 37.99
 44.91
 46.17
 52.56
 58.89
 74.25
 76.73
 72.36
 76.10
 71.21
 70.29
 60.54
 58.68
 63.07
 59.16
 48.54
 46.13
 45.55
 44.20
 39.66
 42.58
 31.01
 25.36
 28.22
 36.87
 38.07
 31.40
 31.65
 30.02
 45.27
 49.66
 47.92
 52.16
 55.03
 51.12
66.91
61.05
61.40
58.20
57.10
48.44
52.45
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS,
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
Max.
85
89
85
76
79
82
81
73
71
76
75
73
70
55
45
52
58
71
56
60
57
79
76
75
73
80
  27
  30
  31
  22
  22
  31
  30
  35
  40
  60
  68
  55
  64
  49
  56
  36
  34
  45
  34
  19
  21
  16
  24
  21
  20
   4
 - 3
   3
   9
  10
  11
 - 3
— 5
  14
  22
  21
  27
  27
  27
  49
  42
  42
  39
  36
  29
  40
Range
 34
 39
 31
 44
 47
 37
 40
 39
 35
 26
 20
 34
 21
 40
 29
 40
 45
 37
 47
 54
 50
 60
 51
 52
 50
 51
 48
 49
 49
 61
 45
 63
 62
 65
 54
 54
 46
 53
 49
 37
 43
 45
44
43
40
30
sw. w.  nw.I Fair,
 16
 11
 18
 12
 22
 21
 17
 19
 15
 17
 20
 14
 27
 18
 25
 9
 13
 18
 12
 15
 22
 17
 20
 21
 11
 13
 15
 14
 17
 17
 17
 21
 15
 25
 13
 21
 21
 21
 9
 16
 15
 17
 11
24
24
21
CIMy
 13
 11
 15
 13
 10
 16
 3
 12
 5
 21
 17
 12
 18
 15
 8
 13
 10
 9
 19
 17
 15
 16
 13
 13
 13
 9
 15
 5
 17
 9
 9
 9
21
14
15
13
19
 6
Rain. Snow
 2
 4
 3 <l
 8
15
 9
10
 1
 5
 3
 6
 4
 6
 0
 0
 0
 3
 2
 0
 1
 1
 3
 5
 6
 1
 o
 2
 7
 3
 6
 2
 5
 1
 2
0	2.91
0	2.50
0	2.50
3	1.97
o	2.16
1	2.10
0	1.85
0	2.25
0	2.25
0	2.47
0	2.13
0	.26
0	.50
0	1.33
0	.44
0	7.07
0	11.25
0	4.65
0	9.13
0	1.78
0	3.40
0	3.10
0	6.07
1	4.05
0	3.70
4	1.70
4	.72
6	.89
3	3.13
7	1.96
4	.40
3	.21
0	1.05
1	1.55
0	2.19
0	.88
0	.60
0	.25
0	.58
0	1.45
0	1.15
0	1.13
0	.24
0	.58
1	.11
0	.75
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
377
MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1856.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHERJ RAIN &, SNOW
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m. ] 2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean
Camp Colorado......
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Thorn...........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Fort Randall.........
Albuquerque.........
Santa Fe............
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin.
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma...........
San  Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Miller...........
San  Francisco........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones............
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Hoskins.........
Fort Steilacoom......
41.13
46.70
30.40
33.96
43.43
25.53
27.33
31.36
22.51
17.87
16.50
15.80
51.93
45.70
42.90
46.03
48.66
46.90
45.30
30.00
39.33
39.15
44.20
37.83
39.33
63.29
62.66
61.03
57.96
46.90
39.43
57.56
40.56
41.72
40.00
33.80
41.20
70.10
64.43
54.40
61.46
57.00
64.83
52.93
50.26
49.63
49.95
52.60
49.37
50.76
46.63
51.16
41.40
38.76
40.13
28.03
34.10
32.93
26.24
24.23
20.16
31.27
58.63
52.76
47.13
51.20
50.60
54.73
48.10
34.63
42.03
41.20
46.36
39.23
41.40
50.35
53.50
44.27
43.56
40.48
30.99
39.66
34.95
30.15
27.37
23.48
29.42
60.22
54.30
48.14
52.91
52.08
55.48
48.77
38.29
43.67
43.45
47.72
42.14
43.83
77
73
73
72
60
58
73
49
60
51
50
55
Min. Ranje  n.
64
74
62
69
60
68
61
61
64
NE.	E.
4	0
16	11
1	o
16	11
2	13
3	16
9	30
16	11
17	3
0	0
13	4
3	6
21	0
15	14
1	0
7	35
7	0
0	50
3	1
0	0
1	4
7	19
16	14
5	11
17	5
SE.	S.
4	6
3	2
2	0
5	11
2	0
6	9
2	9
16	5
10	7
0	61
w.  nw. Fair.  ClMv. Rain.  Snow.
6 40	10
10	20
5	0
17	9
10	22
1	0
14	4
35	10
5	37
9	12
0	43
13	9
28	11
28	0
0	9
3	1
4	12
24	7
7	12
29	21
11	8
10
15
13

16
15
10
10
 9
11
16
12
 3
16
11
17	13	5
20	10	7
15	15	7
8	22	3
10	20	13
14	16	14
12	18	7
12	18	12
3	27	15
48- 
:-)7S
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF DECEMBER, 1856.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m. I Mean,  j Max.  Min. [Range  n. i ne.  e.  se.   s.  sw.  w. . nw.; Fair. Cl'dy.: Rain. Snow
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Myers.............
Fort Dallas.............
Fort Deynaud..........
Fort Brooke............
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith.............
Fort Gibson............
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport  Barracks......
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth......
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie...........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Randall...........
Fort Arbuckle..........
Fort Belknap...........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
Fort Mason............
Fort Brown............
Fort Lancaster.........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Davie.............
28.64
27.90
28.25
24.54
22.64
30.70
29.96
37.13
44.70
61.45
68.64
57.87
65.29
55.00
55.06
45.45
41.58
51.00
45.03
32.83
30.70
28.29
24.64
24.93
  3.64
  0.80
  3.61
17.48
16.58
  6.83
18.29
  2.35
  4.77
30.54
34.03
32.38
43.67
41.09
54.06
32.00
46.61
44.40
43.16
18.00
40.39
33.32
33.70
35.67
33.32
32.03
33.10
35.00
39.83
44.71
53.74
69.97
75.45
72.32
76.25
73.06
67.03
57.55
58.48
56.41
58.35
46.09
42.61
42.35
41.80
31.96
15.77
12.22
11.35
27.35
25.61
18.71
28.83
16.41
16.12
43.32
48.90
55.00
58.03
56.64
67.70
56.74
66.03
65.20
62.26
50.25
64.39
57.81
29.51
30.09
30.80
23.45
23.20
31.50
33.06
39.32
47.38
64.77
70.16
63.19
70.00
61.64
59.35
50.97
47.83
55.00
50.58
38.12
34.77
31.25
30.77
29.25
  6.90
  2.35
  6.96
22.80
18.74
11.16
19.41
  7.77
  5.83
33.80
40.51
38.19
44.12
44.00
58.22
41.32
55.38
53.25
49.64
32.00
49.03
39.81
30.62 ;  50
31.22 j  47
30.79 '  48
27.67
27.31
32.40
34.28
40.38
48.60
65.40
72.22
64.42
70.51
63.23
60.48
51.32
49.29
54.13
51.31
39.01
36.02
33.96
32.40
28.71
  8.71
  5.12
  7.30
22.54
20.31
12.24
22.71
  8.84
  8.91
35.88
41.14
41.86
48.60
47.24
59.99
43.32
56.00
54.61
51.68
33.41
51.27
49
50
48
56
65
68
80
86
83
82
84
80
76
76
76
76
67
69
60
57
50
35
30
31
47
44
34
55
39
34
66
70
76
78
77
79
75
83
82
74
64
79
43.64  '  7<2
   3
   4
   3
__ o
  20
   9
  12
  15
  21
  30
  50
  32
  35
  30
  29
  25
  24
  35
  28
  13
  16
  10
   7
   0
  15
  22
— 12
   3
   1
—14
— 9
—15
  -18
  11
  18
  14
  25
  25
  34
  11
  25
  24
  29
   4
  21
  14
3U 39	2 14	8
44	16	6
50	0	11
47	20	18
50	9	9
36	33	13
51	9	10
47	23	11
54	49	4
51	24	28
51	29	8
52	25	8
41	28	19
48	9	26
54	7	12
53	9	12
50	32	17
50	0	18
50	7	4
50	7	7
52	15	14
43	4	5
50	21	10
45	37	16
48	25	2
64	8	5
54	12	1
52	41	1
55	25	7
52	31	5
62	26	5
53	8	13
52	25	7
45	13	11
64	17	1
58	14	10
58	19	15
45	28	5
60	11	3
58	6	1
58	0	2 '
1 . 22
3i   i
22 I 28
1	8
9	1
25	49
0	13
17	4
12
15
II
12
22
19
17
19
19
19
19
 9
28
17
25
12
15
20
12
14
20
21
19
 9
17
16
13
16
19
15
14
16
16
26
17
24
25
22
20
13
20
20
 6
27
16
23
19
16
17
19
 9
12
14
12
12
12
12
22
 3
14
 6
19
16
11
19
17
11
10
12
22
14
15
18
15
12
16
17
15
15
 5
14

 6
 9
11
18
11
11
25
 4
15
 4
 3
 4
 6
 4
 2
 4
 5
 6
 8
 4
 5
 0
 7
 6
 8
10
11

 5
 5
 5
 6
 9
 0
 0
 0
 1
 4
 0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 1
 1
 0
 1
 2
 0
 2
 3
 0
 1
 0
 0
2.95
2.30
5.76
1.34
2.80
4.20
2.05
3.63
1.53
  .96
  .44
1.23
   0
3.00
1.64
4.62
5.87
4.75
5.78
2.10
3.93
1.20
3.02
4.63
2.01
1.68
4.38
4.55
1.93
1.35
  .17
  .55
  .66
3.02
  .55
  .11
  .27
  .02
  .55
   0
  .40
  .38
   0
  .15
   0
   0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
370
MONTH  OF  DECEMBER, 1856.
STATIONS.
Fort Bliss............
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Camp Colorado......,
Camp Verde........,
Camp Moore.........
Albuquerque........
Santa Fe............
Fort Union.........
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Massachusetts..
Fort Defiance.......,
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon....."......
Fort Miller...........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Umpqua.......,
Fort Dalles..........
Fort Steilacoom.....
FortHoskins........
THERM OMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
25.97
25.93
18.42
25.60
34.23
33.35
33.65
14.38
14.22
16.22
 6.26
 5.80
 7.71
41.22
37.55
35.87
37.45
43.00
38.64
40.54
22.00
37.21
35.38
42.45
28.84
36.22
36.03
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m. '■.  Mean.   Max. 1 Min.  Ran?
e. j  s.  jsw.j v.-. i-NW.1 Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow,
54.32
58.87
49.13
38.06
56.76
57.19
55.61
43.61
31.40
33.80
28.90
23.64
29.07
59.87
59.22
49.19
48.55
51.32
54.13
48.77
34.29
41.27
41.55
47.32
37.58
39.96
42.03
38.00
39.19
27.93
29.66
40.79
38.70
46.32
26.77
17.55
19.39
11.00
 8.74
14.74
43.38
46.03
37.80
41.35
45.93
43.61
43.70
26.61
38.18
36.00
44.19
30.13
37.16
37.51
38.76
41.33
31.82
31.10
43.92
43.08
44.86
28.25
21.05
23.13
15.39
12.72
17.17
49.82
47.61
40.97
42.45
46.74
45.46
44.33
27.63
38.88
37.64
44.65
32.18
37.84
38.52
58
57
64
60
49
53
49
55
47
51
52
  15
  17
   8
   6
  19
  12
  14
   5
   0
 -13
 -17
  15
—10
  34
  27
  24
  31
  38
  33
  31
   3
  29
  29
  34
  12
  23
  26
56
61
45
57
63
58
60
48
72
64
24
60
38
46
44
27
19
31
29
46
24
20
21
35
28
26
8  12
2   3
4j  2
I \  3
1 i  3
4
1
3
0
9	4	3
16	7	7
55	6	21
2	25	19
9	4	1
26	0	0
29	5	0
3	3	9
9	18	3
2	14	12
3	3	4
7	11	42
11	23	2
0	3	67
7	3	1
2	0	0
3	3	0
0	8	19
3	4	30
0	32	2
8	11	8
3	29	3
11
 9
 1
13   2
10 j  4
12 I 15
 9  17
24 j 23
35 | 12
16 j 20
43 | 27
10 |  8
 7 | 15
16  12
0	2
15	6
9	49
0	0
18	4
38	19
8	41
12	15
1	23
13	8
12	9
9	0
0	5
10	1
10	16
9	0
3	3
15	14
9	3
1	49
o  I
o  !
0
3  j
0
0
0
2
7
1
5
4
3
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
4
3
4
6
4
3
0
    0
    0
    0
 2.21
    0
    0
  .40
  .03
  .60
  .12
  .55
  .55
  .40
    0
 1.20
 6.54
 2.91
 2.57
 1.91
 7.50
 8.93
14.80
15.37
11.43
10.79
13.49
15.97 
380
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JANUARY,  1857.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
A. M. I 2 P. M.
Fort Independence*.....
Fort Hamilton..........
West Point............
Fort Columbus..........
Alleghany  Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie...........
Fort Capron............
Key West  Barracks.....
Fort Myers..............
Fort Dallas.............
Fort Deynaud...........
Fort Brooke............
Barrancas  Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans............
Baton Rouge............
Fort Washita...........
 Fort Smith.............
 Fort Gibson.............
Jefferson Barracks......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ripley.............
Fort Ridgely............
 Fort Leavenworth......
 Fort Riley..............
 Fort Kearny............
Fort Laramie...........
Fort Pierre.............
Fort Randall............
Fort Arbuckle..........
Fort Belknap............
Fort Chadbourne........
Fort McKavett..........
Fort Mason.............
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks......
Fort Lancaster..........
Camp Verde............
Camp Colorado.........
Fort Mcintosh..........
Fort Duncan............I
 11.92
 15.00
 15.41
 16.64
 11.48
 11.26
 17.90
 17.61
 25.09
 36.45
 50.16
 63.16
 51.00
 55.64
 45.74
 47.93
 41.93
 36.64
 47.54
 41.54
 24.16
 22.35
 16.54
 13.26
 15.12
- 7.84
-14.16
- 5.09
  6.45
  5.26
  4.58
 20.41
   .64
—1.51
 20.74
 25.81
 25.90
 34.90
 34.86
 51.54
 45.90
 27.22
 30.80
 30.76
 44.13
 38.86
21.14
22.00
23.22
24.29
22.61
23.45
25.50
28.90
31.70
46.06
65.97
69.64
65.91
71.96
68.87
64.16
52.19
51.90
52.22
54.83
37.45
32.70
30.19
29.36
22.67
 6.00
 1.54
 1.87
18.32
15.07
13.90
31.12
13.22
11.35
35.09
41.32
50.00
52.19
50.29
68.32
65.93
52.58
53.19
48.37
63.00
59.12
9 p. M.
 16.64
 19.45
 18.64
 17.90
 15.22
 15.61
 22.61
 23.61
 28.45
 39.96
 56.26
 64.19
 57.42
 59.42
 55.29
 54.64
 46.67
 42.67
 51.93
 47.00
 29.93
 28.45
 22.67
 19.00
 20.22
- 4.83
- 6.93
- 2.25
 11.58
  7.84
  8.38
 23.06
  3.80
   .38
 25.67
 32.68
 33.90
 39.67
 40.19
 55.54
 54.58
 38.58
 37.80
 35.16
 51.67
 47.16
Mean.   Max.  Min.  Ranjre  n.  i ne.
  16.56
  18.81
  19.09
  19.61
  16.43
  16.77
  22.00
  23.37
  28.41
  40.82
  57.46
  65.66
  58.11
  62.34
  56.63
  55.57
  46.93
  43.73
  50.58
  47.79
  30.51
  27.83
  23.13
  20.54
  19.34
— 2.50
— 6.51
— 1.82
  12.11
   9.39
   8.95
  24.86
   5.89
   3.40
  27.16
  33.27
  36.60
  42.25
  41.81
  58.46
  55.47
  39.46
  40.59
  38.09
  52.93
  48.38
39
35
35
36
39
40
38
42
48
67
82
83
77
82
80
76
66
73
68
69
71
50
50
52
38
28
20
25
41
38
36
56
38
40
63
71
70
70
71
50
84
70
76
74
82
78
-13
  I
- 6
- 5
-12
-16
  0
- 6
  2
 15
 29
 44
 32
 30
 28
 26
 13
 10
 28
 19
- 4
  5
-20
  0
-11
-35
-37
-26
-20
-23
-12
-14
-18
-26
- 4
 12
  5
 11
 12
 29
 27
  5
 10
  8
 23
 20
52
34
41
41
51
56
38
48
46
52
53
39
45
52
52
50
53
63
40
50
75
45
70
52
49
63
57
51
61
61
48
70
56
66
67
59
65
59
59
51
57
65
66
66
59
58
11   5
21 ! 23
22	3
8	2
19	4
29	3
21	6
16  13
26  11
 0 I  0
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW
14
17
12
12
16
12
15
17
28
26
19
27
18
29
12
12
23
13
12
16
16
19
13
22
 9
16
10
21
18
11
14
10
22
18
21
14
19
20
16
13
17
14
16
13
CIMy.j Rain. Snow
 7
22
17
14
19
19
15
19
16
14
 3
 5
12
 4
13
 2
19
19
 8
18
19
15
15
12
18
 9
22
15
21
10
13
20
17
21
 9
13
10
17
12
11
15
18
14
17
15
18
 3
 0
 1
 1
 1
 1
 4
 3
 1
 6
 4
 3
 3
 2
 4
 3
10
10
 6
 6
 0
 0
 1
 0
 2
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 1
 2
 0
 0
 0
 1
 3
 0

 1
 0
 0
 0
 4
 0
2.29
2.99
2.25
3.20
1.86
2.80
4.00
3.50
2.31
2.11
 .55
 .81
 .07
 .20
1.01
1.80
3.69
2.65
2.68
2.85
1.20
   0
2.20
 .20
 .96
2.48
1.67
5.85
 .97
 .63
1.06
 .33
 .97
 .91
1.10
   0
 .60
 .26
  67
 .10
 .30
 .15
   0
   0
 .50
   0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
361
MONTH  OF JANUARY,  18.'
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATION;
		
WEATHER.	RAIN &	SNOW.
DAYS.	DAYS.	lilt ill lies.
a. M.  2 p. M. : 9 p. m. : Mean. , Max.  Min. Range  n.  ne.  e.  I se.  s. j sw.j w. nw.  Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
Camp Moore............   37,
Fort Clark..............!  41.
Fort Davis..............   33,
Fort Bliss..............   28,
Fort Fillmore...........   32
Fort Thorn.............|  26
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque.........
Santa Fe..............
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin.
Fort Massachusetts....
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego............
Fort Tejon.......•....
Fort Miller............
San Francisco........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Jones............
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Dalles............
Fort Steilacoom......
Fort Walla-Walla.....
Fort Hoskins.........
58.26
58.26
90   60.93
93   61.35
64.58
46.80
56.29
42.60
54.30
38.80
42.38
32.80
29.25
39.90
69.45
62.68
50.77
53.38
55.35
54.84
51.87
38.42
42.87
39.00
50.03
32.32
43.39
32.03
43.22
.2.52
43.32
41.71
40.13
43.48
42.40
35.67
33.33
32.13
27.19
26.90
16.90
14.83
25.00
58.93
48.62
44.03
45.96
49.03
48.00
47.70
29.22
37.90
33.74
46.48
24.61
37.81
25.62
37.06
46.00
48.59
45.51
43.47
46.72
38.67
38.72
34.92
35.13
25.48
30.96
20.08
18.43
27.34
59.41
50.99
45.19
47.13
50.58
49.39
48.28
30.98
38.79
34.51
46.81
26.65
38.56
27.44
38.56
73
78
74
72
95
66
72
53
66
49
58
43
40
54
83
80
72
60
66
65
59
50
58
60
59
52
57
60
60
  13
  18
  22
  14
   5
   6
 - 4
   3
 - 8
 -17
—17
  ■11
  39
  33
  29
  32
  32
  32
  29
—17
   9
   2
  26
  10
   2
—20
   0
61
61
54
73
52
67
47
70
46
63
60
57
65
44
47
43
28
34
33
30
67
49
58
33
62
55
 4  18
29 I 12
 8 ;  0
 4   6
 0 I 17
 3 I  3
21  11
 0 ,  0
 4  13
35 |  9
 2 |  0
17 ;  9
26 j  0
 3 J 14
13  16
 3 j  6
19 j 18
 3   6
 6   8
 8  13
0 ; 20
4 j  6
b	~
14	1
15	0
14	6
1	13
0	0
6	6
2	3
10	6
23	5
8	23
17	13
0	7
62	3
0	33
0	2
0	1
21	21
14	15
1	1
12	9
°	10
20	2
 9 j 16
 0 )  0
 6 |  5
 7  19
 oi  2
22 |  8
 9 ,  9
 0 .  0
12 |  0
 1  23
 4|  5
56 !  0
21 J 14
15 | 14
 3   4
 1 | 39
48 !  0
10 j  7
 2 ] 25
 3 j  0
 5 j  2
76 I  9
21 ' 34
   I
19 j  5
 7 ' 23
 I  44
20   9
 8 [  0
24 !  3
16 j 19
41 : 27
 7 | 23
24 | 16
 5 I 46
 2 j  0
   I
12 i  5
33  17
 7  26
25  j   6
20  |  11
24
23
25
25
^8
18
21
22
23
23
17
23
30
21
21
16
11
18
 9
 6
 4
 6
 6
10
 2
11
 7
22	6
25	5
27	19
25	11
25	17
21	15
29	22
20	5
24	10
* Observations made during the last fourteen days only. 
382
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF FEBRUARY,  1857.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Hamilton.........
 West Point............
 Fort Columbus........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Capron...........
 Key West Barracks___
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Dallas...........
 Fort Deynaud.........
 Fort Brooke...........
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Washita.........
 Fort Smith............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley*...........
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Pierre............
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Arbucklc.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Brown............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Colorado.........
 Camp Cooper..........
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Camp Verde...........
 Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Clark.............
29.71
30.96
33.21
31.10
37.14
28.00
33.01
33.96
42.68
51.32
63.68
68.71
60.07
66.25
57.25
60.14
53.64
61.21
57.42
46.35
44.00
37.46
38.10
10.10
 6.75
10.07
26.89
26.11
14.89
26.21
 7.53
 8.32
41.67
44.85
41.60
49.10
51.17
64.17
43.17
44.85
41.14
61.17
46.42
59.03
52.32
54.14
2 p. m.  9 p. m. I  Mean.
38.21
40.67
40.21
41.57
46.54
42.25
44.01
48.71
50.36
61.00
72.37
75.78
75.50
76.46
77.89
73.57
70.93
67.17
73.42
60.39
58.17
48.85
47.85
24.39
18.89
20.46
40.00
38.86
29.17
41.92
25.32
23.46
58.21
63.40
65.53
67.35
67.66
73.60
67.89
67.48
63.53
79.25
67.46
79.78
74.66
69.85
31.78
33.53
35.50
30.60
38.00
33.82
35.62
41.35
46.50
55.00
67.78
69.42
65.46
68.00
51.50
64.39
59.87
66.57
63.03
52.62
51.42
40.89
44.39
14.75
 8.10
10.96
32.67
29.68
19.10
30.67
12.14
12.53
47.35
54.21
51.32
53.75
55.64
65.75
53.96
53.62
48.75
65.67
51.32
66.78
62.60
60.65
33.23
35.05
36.30
34.42
40.56
34.69
37.54
41.34
46.51
55.77
67.95
71.30
67.01
70.23
66.21
66.03
61.48
64.98
64.62
53.11
51.19
42.40
43.44
16.41
11.24
13.84
33.18
31.55
21.05
32.93
14.99
14.77
49.07
54.15
52.81
56.73
58.14
67.84
55.01
55.31
51.14
68.69
55.06
68.53
63.10
61.54
WEATHER.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS,
Max. ; Min.  Range  n.
65
61
65
60
68
65
65
73
72
73
82
84
83
83
92
81
83
75*
83
80
79
73
69
42
40
40
67
63
43
66
46
44
61
87
83
79
83
82
79
84
83
  12
   6
   2
 -11
  10
  20
  20
  37
  48
  60
  51
  53
  44
  48
  29
  42
  32
  17
  18
   5
   4
—35
—45
—26
— 8
—10
—18
—11
 -17
 -22
  14
  17
  15
  21
  26
  40
  16
  17
  17
  36
   9
  30
  25
65
54
53
54
66
76
55
53
52
36
34
24
32
30
48
33
54
36
51
63
61
68
65
77
85
66
75
73
61
77
63
66
67
60
57
42
63
67
66
53
71
01
58
  13
  9
  24
  4
  6
  1
  0
  3
  0
  13
  11
  19
  11
  2
  16
  4
  12
  17
  3
  2
  5
r 0
  18
  5
  14
  3
  8
  18
  18
  0
  11
  32
  18
  20
  17
  6
  6
  12
  14
  9
  9
  6
  10
sw.i w.  nw. Fair. .Cl'dy.
6	9	11
2	14	6
34	5	2
5	28	7
27	11	10
5	3	7
12	9	3
17	11	13
2	34	1
13	6	8
2	2	4
0	0	0
14	3	26
3	0	7
5	2	3
1	2	5
26	2	6
14	8	0
22	11	2
23	5	11
26	7	11
0	7	1
14	37	1
16	15	8
23	3	14
13	12	31
10	9	13
23	4	7
3	7	25
0	3	35
10	0	12
16	3	4
26	6	3
20	22	1
30	8	5
31	'	3
49	8	2
39	0	0
44	2	3
5	6	8
14	14	
16	12	
13	15	
15	13	
13	15	
13	15	
22	6	
18	10	
19	9	
12	16	
23	5	
16	12	
4	24	
22	6	
18	10	
25	3	
9	19	
20	8	
8	20	
8	20	
15	13	
12	16	
10	18	
16	12	
19	9	
15	13	
11	17	
18	10	
17	11	
15	13	
17	11	
18	10	
15 | 42 I  10
 5 |  8 I  35
6	5	11	46	9
1	0	1	32	0
8	12	48	13	1 '
0   2 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
383
MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1857.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss...........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Camp Moore.........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment  Burgwin ...
Fort Massachusetts.....
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt..........
Fort Jones..............
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Umpqua............
Fort Hoskins...........
Fort Dalles.............
Fort Steilacoom........
Fort Walla-Walla.......
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m. '■ 2 p. m.  9 i>. m.   Mean.  Max. ' Min. [Range
65.21
64.17
39	63.64 ]
87	55.89
71	63.25
50	41.80
11	63.21
14	63.50
78	50.78
42	46.89
39	40.71
92	35.07
65	43.28
82	70.10
64	62.64
07	53.28
71	57.04
42	54.75
92	56.61
17	51.50
21	43.96
25	45.25
50	47.82
67	50.92
46	47.50
03	50.71
82	45.45
39	45.60
48.43
46.00
48.71
52.42
41.78
34.13
43.78
35.32
37.85
31.19
23.28
19.03
30.21
60.35
49.46
43.92
49.03
49.39
47.00
45.67
34.14
41.00
42.00
46.39
41.28
39.60
39.85
38.35
51.39
48.33
49.24
44.72
45.24
34.44
48.70
42.32
39.77
34.50
27.13
22.34
32.38
60.42
52.24
46.42
50.92
50.17
49.17
46.78
35.77
41.83
43.44
47.33
42.41
42.12
40.70
39.78
 19
 16
 20
  4
 10
 10
 23
 10
  7
  1
-10
- 9
-12
 36
 27
 30
 32
 33
 33
 29
 11
 32
 27
 33
 27
 25
 18
 19
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS
n.   ne. i e.  se.  s.  sw.  w. nw.  Fair. Cl'dy.  Rain. Snow
76	2	0
74	11	7
46	0	3
56	3	7
62	25	6
58	6	14
62	2	3
65	26	0
59	17	6
72	4	3
47	5	11
46	0	9
32	3	4
36	12	12
34	11	9
34	1	0
29	6	5
47	0	0
24	1	3
32	0	5
27	0	8
32	1	2
39	0	6
43	2	5
39	0	0
    18
    18
    29
    37
10 j 16
 2 ! 36
12  23
 3 \ 11
 6 ' 11
5	3	11	44
54	0	0	0
17	15	12	6
13	14	33	14
4	18	4	24
1	27	13	4
14	0	0	15
5	3	10	8
9	26	8	9
2	0	13	3
9	10	0	4
71	8	2	0
11	26	0	13
19	6	9	0
0	30	5	6
0	0	33	32
2	33	2	31
33	15	15	3
36	37	0	0
14
24
22
14
24
24
18
21
18
12
18
25
15
16
 8
11
14
 .23
 .50
 .95
2.51
 .52
 .97
  .87
  .11
  .27
  .52
  .67
  .30
 2.12
  .95
 4.53
 6.09
 4.78
 5.90
 7.59
 9.03
 4.39
11.44
10.90
 1.85
 4.18
 1.44
: At Fort Ripley the lower degrees of temperature are measured with a spirit thermometer. 
384
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF MARCH, 1857
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.! RAIN & SNOW,
MEAN  TEMPERATURE
A. M.
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fert Moultrie .........
 Fort Capron...........
 Key West Barracks___
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Deynaud..........
 Fort Brooke...........
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 FortPierre.............
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Brown............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado .......
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Camp Cooper..........
Fort Mcintosh.........
Camp Moore...........
 28.90
 29.80
 31.35
 34.29
 30.48
 29.90
 33.64
 34.87
 40.42
 47.83
 64.35
 70.16
 61.10
 67.22
 59.32
 57.87
 48.77
 58.90
 53.38
 46.35
 43.06
 42.00
 31.32
 32.03
 16.38
 11.25
 17.87
 29.55
 33.23
 26.51
 32.83
 26.80
 22.03
 43.93
 49.35
 45.54
51.48
51.12
65.09
49.87
48.61
48.66
60.51
48.02
59.58
49.64
2 P. M.  9 P. M.
 38.29
 39.45
 41.12
 40.64
 43.74
 41.90
 42.12
 46.46
 49.45
 57.35
 72.97
 76.00
 75.68
 78.22
 82.38
 74.51
 66.00
 64.51
 68.64
 63.77
 57.80
 59.83
 47.78
 42.58
 32.48
 28.55
 27.74
 43.35
 46.16
 41.96
 51.22
 43.61
 36.93
 63.48
 67.64
 68.64
 69.16
 68.80
 73.25
71.16
67.58
69.11
76.45
70.36
80.06
8..66
 32.61
 33.83
 33.38
 36.96
 33.70
 33.00
 35.93
 39.74
 44.90
 52.45
 67.26
 70.54
 65.81
 72.30
 63.25
 61.77
 54.67
 63.64
 59.70
 53.67
 50.51
 48.09
 37.90
 38.70
 22.96
 16.45
 19.90
 35.74
 37.71
 31.29
 38.74
 29.19
 25.51
 50.96
 52.67
 55.26
 56.90
 56.22
 64.22
 58.03
53.97
55.91
63.09
49.93
67.25
55.10
		RANGE		DIRECTION,			NO. OF OBSER^			•ATIONS.		DAYS.		DAYS.		'!«
	Max.									W.	NW.					2 -C
Mean.		Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW			Fair.	1 Cl'dy.	1 Rain.	Snow 1	1 ^
33.28	60	12	48	5	7	9	10	7	4	8	43	16	15	3	4	2.60
34.36	52	9	43	13	5	3	7	3	16	10	36	11	20	1	4	1.79
35.28	53	9	44	2	6	1	13	5	21	12	33	18	13	1	5	1.45
37.29	58	9	49	35	1	0	8	30	3	0	16	15	16	5	4	1.88
35.97	72	7	65	7	3	4	9	9	22	23	16	15	16	4	2	1.03
34.93	62	10	52	3	8	5	8	11	6	17	33	14	17	3	3	1.60
37.23	59	10	49	4	3	4	16	6	4	0	56	24	7	0	0	0
40.35	65	13	52	2	3	11	11	6	8	37	15	17	14	0	5	2.30
44.92	71	18	53	0	22	5	12	3	24	12	15	24	7	4	2	1.80
52.54	76	31	45	13	14	9	4	12	9	8	24	19	12	4	0	2.60
68.19	84	46	38	13	22	17	11	1	7	10	12	25	6	6	0	3.21
72.23	87	63	24	34	21	9	10	9	0	7	3	17	14	4	0	3.09
69.15	87	47	40	51	I	11	0	6	7	15	2	10	21	4	0	.84
72.58	85	50	35	4	40	11	2	9	3	13	11	26	5	6	0	5.50
08.31	93	44	49	31	20	5	2	11	7	11	6	17	14	4	0	3.37
64.71	81	41	40	0	20	27	33	0	2	5	6	26	5	3	0	3.68
56.48	86	31	55	18	19	1	13	10	4	8	18	12	19	7	0	4.50
62.35	78	43	35	18	12	17	17	4	6	10	9	25	6	7	0	2.86
60.57	83	36	47	7	11	24	8	17	15	7	4	10	21	4	0	6.05
54.59	90	21	69	11	15	7	19	10	4	6	10	12	19	1	2	.38
50.45	82	25	57	7	10	36	13	12	3	7	2	21	10	0	0	0
49.97	85	18	67	18	17	3	6	33	3	8	5	20	11	2	0	1.48
39.00	80	7	73	0	11	22	20	0	0	2	38	22	9	4	1	1.20
37.77	73	10	63	7	3	2	0	11	30	13	27	14	17	2	0	.70
23.94	57	—19	76	0	1	3	30	13	10	2	28	21	10	1	3	.79
18.75	46	—27	73	30	2	3	0	14	2	16	14	22	9	0	3	.74
21.87	48	—11	59	0	0	7	15	7	11	18	31	19	12	0	7	3.60
36.21	79	5	74	7	11	13	10	7	11	10	24	13	18	5	3	1.94
39.03	73	11	62	29	17	7	15	12	5	3	5	17	14	2	1	.35
33.25	63	— 4	67	14	4	5	3	12	8	11	37	16	15	2	0	.12
40.93	68	7	61	16	9	16	1	4	2	42	3	20	11	0	0	0
33.20	58	— 8	66	15	4	25	12	1	1	20	15	15	16	4	1	.29
28.15	60	— 7	67	22	5	8	17	16	3	9	13	17	14	4	3	.11
52.79	94	18	76	21	14	11	22	11	5	5	4	27	4	3	0	.63
56.55	90	23	67	32	1	0	12	33	7	0	8	11	20	3	1	1.54
56.48	92	20	72	30	4	5	12	32	5	2	3	18	13	3	0	1.13
59.18	89	30	59	7	29	2	15	27	9	2	2	19	12	3	2	.70
58.72	88	24	64	19	3	5	7	43	11	I	4	20	11	2	1	.80
67.52	86	36	50	9	8	6	40	16	0	1	13	20	11	2	0	2.30
60.35	,-7	25	62	13	7	8	5	53	2	3	0	10	21	1	1	.65
56.72	82	16	66	10	14	2	14	38	3	• 1	5	15	16	0	0	0
57.89	92	22	70	4	8	14	5	4	9	11	5	15	16	0	0	0
66.68	91	32	59	4	6	3	44	15	1	2	18	21	10	1	0	.60
56.10	94	27	67	6	7	2	2	2	7	9	3	20	11	2	0	.06
68.96	97	28	69	5	19	6	47	7	3	0	6	18	13	4	0	.20
62.13	88	37	51	0	4	17	21	10	16	17	8	29	2	0	0	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
385
MONTH  OF MARCH,  1857.
STATIONS.
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Davis.............
Fort Bliss..............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Fort Marcy............
Albuquerque...........
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin...
Fort Massachusetts
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Jones............,
Bellingham Bay........
Fort Walla-Walla......
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.  2 P. M.
55.64
56.61
50.19
43.84
48.51
40.35
39.43
37.48
39.45
34.61
34.06
28.00
34.42
59.51
48.19
50.64
52.45
49.77
52.03
47.51
36.06
44.68
39.50
Fort Umpqua...........'  47.09
Fort Yamhill...
Fort Vancouver.
Fort Dalles......
Fort Hoskins ...
Fort Steilacoom.
42.22
46.16
41.45
41.84
37.35
76.54
72.00
72.35
77.52
75.32
78.87
56.10
58.61
74.70
53.03
55.58
49.48
59.71
84.74
71.29
64.61
68.00
58.09
64.00
56.16
54.83
53.00
55.80
56.51
53.12
54.19
60.00
53.35
47.58
9 p. M.
64.51
62.25
55.81
57.74
60.12
51.32
46.46
43.83
37.87
38.00
35.58
31.93
44.16
70.90
52.67
53.16
56.52
51.09
55.29
51.03
43.64
44.64
44.55
49.64
46.93
46.35
47.00
45.42
40.06
Mean.  Max.
Min. Range
65 56
63.62
59.45
59.7U
61.31
56.88
47.33
46.64
50.67
42.88
41.74
36.47
46.10
71.70
57.39
56.12
58.32
52.98
57.10
51.56
44.84
47.44
46.51
51.08
47.42
48.90
49.48
46.86
41.66
90
89
90
91
68
73
83
78
74
70
70
92
85
71
74
67
76
62
66
61
64
64
63
63
70
62
58
30
34
24
31
35
27
25
20
26
17
19
12
23
52
40
29
42
46
43
38
28
40
32
40
34
33
33
32
27
63
52
66
58
55
64
43
53
57
61
55
58
47
40
45
42
32
21
33
24
38
21
32
24
29
30
37
30
31
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
s.  isw.jw.  nw.1 Fair. ClMy
0	0	3	12	19	.	0
1	0	1	23	8	3	0
9	19	3	23	8	0	1
16	15	13	22	9	0	0
9	28	5	24	7	0	0
10	9	14	27	4	0	0
7	28	21	15	16	0	2
12	16	7	22	9	0	2
7	17	2	31	0	0	0
14	8	38	19	12	0	1
2	0	2	22	9	0	3
22	35	5	14	17	0	2
20	32	24	26	5	0	0
13	16	18	30	1	0	0
34	16	7	21	10	0	0
2	1	16	25	6	0	0
6	21	9	19	12	3	0
39	27	5	13	18	8	0
0	44	0	25	6	6	0
8	1	5	24	7	7	0
2	0	0	26	5	4	1
45	0	0	20	9	15	0
47	4	13	10	21	12	3
20	0	19	11	20	20	3
6	14	2	11	20	20	0
24	5	35	14	17	11	1
0	35	21	11	20	13	0
14	25	5	0	31	23	0
49- 
oSO
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF APRIL, 1857.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.;  RAIN & SNOW.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal.....,
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry.......
Fort. Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Fort Capron..........
Key West Barracks...
Fort Myers...........
Fort Dallas............
Fort Deynaud.........
Fort Brooke..........
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge..........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Jefferson Barracks ....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Pierre............
Fort Randall..........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Brown...........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
i 'amp Colorado*......
Ringgold Barracks.....
Camp Cooper.........
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
Camp Moore..........
38.96
37.86
39.06
42.83
36.83
39.86
41.50
42.46
46.43
54.43
68.07
70.46
61.71
66.10
60.73
59.33
53.09
60.90
53.76
48.76
42.93
37.46
37.83
26.63
23.46
27.43
38.96
39.07
31.80
33.16
33.13
28.00
45.30
52.10
45.40
50.63
51.50
64.56
48.30
48.63
49.98
62.36
46.66
61.00
56.96
50.79
47.50
46.80
50.60
49.70
47.90
48.63
52.40
51.66
54.33
62.23
75.07
77.06
77.91
77.86
87.63
73.96
67.09
67.70
67.70
64.83
59.50
50.53
48.76
39.16
37.56
35.20
53.00
51.87
46.80
51.16
48.76
43.36
65.60
67.16
66 43
69.30
68.23
74.46
71.93
68.40
70.78
77.80
69.98
80.26
71.73
82.80
41.36
41.50
40.16
44.33
40.86
39.60
41.96
45.46
49.33
57.70
68.43
71.10
67.39
74.43
65.26
64.43
57.03
66.30
60.10
54.13
53.16
41.70
43.36
31.46
27.63
27.30
43.63
43.33
34.66
38.13
35.50
30.00
50.56
53.33
53.60
55.10
56.80
65.90
57.53
54.13
55.42
64.43
50.11
67.63
61.80
58.57
42.60
42.05
43.27
45.62
41.86
42.69
45.28
46.52
50.03
58.12
70.52
72.87
69.00
72.79
71.20
65.90
59.07
64.96
60.52
55.90
51.86
43.23
43.31
32.41
29.55
29.96
45.19
44.75
37.75
40.81
39.13
33.78
53.81
57.53
55.14
58.34
58.84
68.30
29.25
57.05
58.72
68.19
55.59
69.99
63.49
64.05
Max.  Min.  Range
 61
 60
 0:2
 59
 64
 66
 69
 65
 68
 74
 90
 87
 90
 86
101
 84
 82
 79
 77
 86
 68
 75
 75
 64
 52
 56
 72
 71
 72
 71
 70
 61
 88
 94
 92
 85
 90
 90
 94
 93
102
 18
 18
 17
 25
 22
 23
 24
 26
 33
 35
 57
 61
 52
 50
 46
 42
 36
 47
 34
 28
 24
 17
 21
  3
- 7
  7
 19
 18
 10
  5
  6
  7
 27
 31
 28
 30
 30
 45
 31
 29
 28
 44
 29
 40
 40
 41
43
42
45
34
42
43
45
39
35
39
33
26
38
36
55
42
46
32
43
58
44
58
54
61
59
49
53
53
62
66
64
54
61
63
64
55
60
43
59
57
62
50
64
62
46
47
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  NE.   E.   SE.  S.  SW.  W.  NW
12  20
Fair. iCFdv
16
10
17
14
12
14
19
13
18
13
25
12
15
26
16
26
15
22
11
13
22
15
10
18
19
16
12
18
14
14
19
19
23
19
19
21
18
13
10
15
15
16
20
14
21
27
14
20
13
16
18
16
11
17
12
17
 5
18
15
 4
14
 4
15
 8
19
17
 8
15
20
12
II
14
18
12
16
16
11
11
 7
11
11
 9
12
17
20
15
12
14
10
16
  9
  3
=  ■?
2  |
<
6.40
6.68
5.70
5.32
2.50
2.20
3.00
1.84
5.12
3.29
3.26
1.94
2.13
3.90
 .73
 .91
4>8
1.73
2.18
 .44
3.49
2.12
5.33
4.25
1.16
2.90
 .58
 .81
1.21
 .07
 .58
1.21
1.69
 .14
1.14
 .64
 .80
1.15
1.02
    0
    0
1.52
  .42
  .71
  .25
  .02 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
387
MONTH OF APRIL,  1857.
			THERMOMETER.							WINDS.						WEATHER.		RAIN	& SNOW.	
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS. '		e
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	lange	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	ClMy.	Rain.	snow.	1 =
	57.16 44.40 55.46 48.16 39.96 48.10 42.90 42.73 41.80 35.20 40.73 66.43 55.87 53.83 60.93 53.76 53.60 51.60 42.10 46.63 50.46 46.60 50.13 48.30 47.20 41.10 49.00	76.66 77.02 75.10 81.03 54.66 81.40 61.26 57.70 59.53 51.10 62.67 87.73 75.18 70.80 78.76 61.50 69.73 60.20 78.30 67.23 60.80 66.60 68.30 68.06 70.50 61.83 65.40	65.86 51.70 61.10 55.40 46.86 34.00 45.33 38.23 39.33 34.03 46.73 73.20 58.06 59.30 69.06 53.33 59.20 54.53 56.43 50.56 51.43 53.26 51.37 53.13 52.26 48.30 50.26	66.56 57.70 63.88 61.52 47.16 54.50 49.83 46.22 46.88 40.11 50.04 75.78 63.00 61.31 69.58 56.19 60.84 55.54 58.94 54.80 54.22 55.48 56.60 56.83 56.65 50.41 54.86	95 92 85 93 66 86 75 72 75 64 70 96 85 80 91 76 86 68 89 75 72 81 80 77 84 76 74	37 25 38 26 21 30 33 21 23 20 29 60 42 42 53 48 43 38 30 40 41 35 33 38 38 30 34	58 67 47 67 45 56 42 51 52 44 41 36 43 38 38 28 43 30 59 35 31 46 47 39 46 46 40	0 11 0 4 1 4 8 16 23 14 4 4 0 0 13 1 0 / 0	7 4 7 12 4 5 14 20 1 15 4 16 3 0 6 2 2 7 0	3 4 18 4 14 7 6 2 1 4 4 8 4 0 12 0 0 0 0	25 4 27 8 6 1 8 13 0 0 4 11 13 72 5 1 5 4 4	0 10 0 15 0 14 13 4 53 6 2 4 8 5 9 1 0 5 79	0 4 14 18 6 1 15 4 5 20 22 22 14 1 11 42 49 4 5	2 52 18 20 18 52 21 3 0 24 33 16 9 2 28 41 34 1 1	8 1 6 9 29 6 5 28 3 7 17 9 0 10 6 2 0 1	4 23 19 25 13 24 21 20 20 9 20 29 7 22 22 14 23 10 16	26 7 11 5 17 6 9 10 10 21 10 1 10 8 8 16 7 20 14	2 1 2 0 3 3 3 0 5 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 o 0	0 0 0 1 2 0 3 4 4 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	.12
																				.01
																				.26
																				.07
																				.0-2
																				15
																				.73
																				.98
Cantonment Burgwin ...																				.32 1.51 .51
																				0
																				i
																				.04
Fort Miller..............																				(
																				t
																				t
																				(
																				.2'
								0 5 1 1 0 28 3	4 4 0 20 3 11 7	1 3 10 0 34 5 23	0 7 0 9 4 3 6	0 0 1 4 0 3 12	15 7 4 23 1 6 15	0 36 36 13 35 19 15	67 5 8 17 9 15 3	22 27 25 27 26 7 27	8 3 5 3 4 23 3	3 2 3 3 1 3 0	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	,6
																				.1
																				.3
																				
																				.0
																				.2
																				
Obse rvations for twenty-seven days only.
t Observations for seventeen days only. 
388
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MAY, 1857.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Kennebec Arsenal.....
Fort Independence.....
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Myers...........
Fort Dallas............
Fort Brooke...........
Fort Deynaud.........
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Snelling..........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Pierre *...........
Fort Randall............
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett........
Fort Mason............
Fort Brown...........
Fort Lancaster.........
Camp  Verde............
Camp  Colorado........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Camp Cooper..........
Fort Mcintosh..........
Fort Clark..............
49.13
51.77
51.74
53.09
55.93
52.45
55.19
57.93
57.12
60.67
67.38
74.97
77.54
69.65
73.25
68.38
69.51
67.87
70.51
65.12
61.38
59.61
56.12
53.16
48.51
49.31
52.90
59.35
55.93
46.00
49.90
45.35
50.03
58.87
65.22
60.32
64.12
65.83
71.74
62.10
64.03
64.46
70.83
62.90
70.96
67.00
2 P. M. : 9 P. M.
60.61
60.67
61.54
68.38
63.41
65.32
65.61
67.61
68.83
66.48
73.16
80.48
82.68
85.65
82.43
85.54
87.58
77.58
76.90
78.25
75.48
74.45
72.01
64.00
62.51
66.31
64.32
69.93
66.16
64.96
62.87
59.71
83.00
75.22
79.10
80.93
81.83
82.61
82.64
63.01
81.06
83.93
87.67
84.00
94.48
82.53
48.87
53.06
54.51
55.25
58.45
55.70
57.26
57.54
61.00
62.74
68.80
75.19
76.48
75.32
77.38
72.12
74.87
67.80
75.09
69.87
66.25
68.61
61.23
59.03
54.80
42.97
49.80
59.77
57.71
50.22
49.74
47.50
50.06
61.87
67.42
67.90
68.16
68.48
71.93
70.64
64.77
67.64
73.45
69.16
77.70
74.87
Mean.   .Max.  Min.
55.16
55.93
58.24
59.26
57.82
59.35
61.02
62.31
63.29
69.78
76.88
78.90
76.87
78.68
75.34
77.32
71.08
74.16
71.08
67.70
66.89
63.12
58.72
55.27
52.86
55.67
63.01
59.92
53.72
54.16
50.83
54.36
65.32
70.58
69.72
71.37
72.30
75.43
71.91
69.95
72.01
77.31  100
72.02   99
81.05 ! 106
74.80   92
38
43
41
41
46
37
41
42
45
43
53
66
71
61
63
57
60
55
58
53
50
48
40
38
26
27
30
48
37
33
32
31
28
47
46
42
45
47
56
44
45
46
55
42
56
57
44
36
32
43
34
48
42
46
43
36
31
19
21
31
23
32
34
32
27
32
39
40
46
42
58
62
53
40
51
50
55
49
84
43
47
52
48
47
38
52
48
49
45
57
50
35
s.	NE.	E. 13	SE. 5	s.	SW.	w.	NW.	Fair.	ClMy.	Rain.	Snow.
11	6			38		5	8	14	17	6	°
7	24	8	8	14	21	7	4	18	13	12	0
9	12	1	8	2	33	5	23	11	20	10	0
8	12	3	10	16	23	11	10	19	12	7	0
32	2	2	9	32	1	3	12	18	13	10	0
13	12	7	5	19	19	10	8	13	18	10	0
2	8	4	16	8	8	34	10	19	12	8	0
3	8	5	8	2	3	7	57	22	9	2	0
10	7	16	14	17	8	11	10	18	13	8	0
1	20	9	16	12	20	4	11	18	13	8	0
6	8	11	5	31	10	15	7	17	14	5	0
8	10	lfi	30	9	3	7	9	24	7	12	0
26	17	16	15	11	5	1	2	8	23	5	0
32	1	0	0	21	7	32	0	7	24	6	0
3	31	27	17	6	4	0	0	28	3	4	0
1	19	19	32	16	6	0	0	27	4	4	0
8	43	1	31	3	2	3	1	19	12	5	0
8	1	17	19	18	4	11	15	15	16	8	0
8	3	13	27	6	17	0	19	22	9	8	0
13	11	11	8	35	5	5	5	10	21	8	0
6	18	13	13	14	5	5	3	6	25	9	0
12	13	22	5	16	4	10	4	19	12	6	0
0	9	16	37	0	9	6	16	20	11	6	0
8	19	6	3	14	25	14	4	10	21	9	0
20	9	8	18	17	11	3	7	22	9	7	0
18	10	8	10	9	8	10	10	19	12	10	1
4	5	13	4	1	13	22	19	19	12	14	1
14	9	5	8	13	15	18	11	11	20	9	0
32	6	2	10	17	5	17	4	20	11	8	0
13	4	21	2	8	2	33	10	16	15	0	0
7	11	0	4	10	1	19	41	15	16	7	0
9	3	10	o	4	2	5	6	6	8	9	2
27	6	11	13	6	11	10	9	19	12	11	2
13	10	22	14	16	2	10	6	24	7	15	0
15	9	1	24	20	9	5	10	12	19	9	0
9	7	18	17	15	9	7	11	20	11	3	0
12	6	6	42	21	1	3	2	18	13	3	0
16	0	1	»	59	4	6	5	19	12	3	0
7	4	7	51	17	1	0	6	20	11	0	0
19	4	4	6	49	0	4	3	8	23	2	0
10	5	3	33	20	7	1	4	20	11	0	0
6	4	18	15	8	5	8	5	10	21	0	0
7	2	14	56	6	0	3	5	17	14	2	0
3	2	2	7	15	0	5	0	18	13	6	0
5	3	10	60	5	0	3	7	18	13	6	0
3	3	45	19	22	0	0	1	22	9	2	0
2.54
4.92
5.03
5.10
5.70
6.34
8 65
2.00
6.30
3.60
 .61
1.93
 .89
 .23
3.20
 .36
 .04
7.17
7.33
9.01
4.41
3.63
1.22
9.25
2.05
2.68
4.95
2.31
 .91
1.45
1.56
2.88
1.96
5.83
2.91
 .74
 .43
 .80
   0
3.20
   0
   0
 .28
2.50
1.55
 .61 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
389
MONTH  OF MAY,  1857.
STATIONS
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER. RAIN  &. SNOW
 Camp Moore........,
 Fort Duncan........
 Fort Davis..........
 Fort Bliss...........
 Fort Thorn..........
 Fort Fillmore........
 Fort Craig..........
 Fort Stanton........
 Albuquerque........
 Fort Marcy..........
 Fort Union..........
 Cantonment Burgwin
 Fort Massachusetts ..
 Fort Defiance.......
 Fort Yuma..........
 San Diego...........
 Fort Tejon..........
 Fort Miller..........
 San Francisco.......
 Benicia Barracks
 Fort Humboldt......
 Fort Jones..........
 Fort Umpqua........
 Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles..........
Fort Hoskins.........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Fort Bellingham.....
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 A. M.
 60.16
 68.35
 61.32
 59.55
 52.96
 68.41
 63.03
 51.46
 52.00
 49.09
 54.51
 50.58
 44.64
 49.97
 70.93
 59.58
 58.39
 64.97
 53.77
 53.35
 53.67
 49.35
 54.54
 51.80
 55.35
 55.67
 50.29
 49.40
56.06
54.64
2 p. m. i 9 p. m. ' Mean.  Max.  Min.  Ranse' n.   ne.   e. . se.  s.  sw.  w. nv.v Fair. Cl'dv.  Rain.  Snow.  = .=
 87.06
 88.52
 82.22
 87.77
 86.00
 87.93
 83.61
 64.06
 81.87
 68.87
 66.77
 65.87
 60.20
 68.55
 92.41
 75 87
 75.45
 82.61
 60.18
 71.68
 60.03
 75.67
 62.61
 66.80
 69.23
 73.42
 71.90
64.69
72.39
71.90
 67.61
 78.87
 67.15
 68.13
 61.38
 69.87
 66.16
 56.60
 53.13
 54.48
 48.16
 45.41
 40.68
 53.68
 75.80
 61.03
 61.60
 72.16
 52.64
 59.84
 54.06
 59.93
 53.51
 53.22
 55.80
 60.26
 52.80
51.35
58.87
53.10
 70.61
 78.58
 70.23
 71.81
 66.78
 75.40
 70.93
 57.35
 62.33
 57.48
 56.48
 53.95
 45.50
 57.40
 79.68
 65.49
 65.14
 73.24
 55.53
 61.62
 55.92
 61.65
 56.87
 57.27
 60.12
 63.11
 58.33
55.14
61.77
59.88
100
 97
 93
 95
 96
102
 98
 72
 96
 82
 81
 78
 71
 80
103
 90
32  j  40
37
28
26
30
21
34
60
50  I  40
 1

 7
 0
 8
 0
12
 0
59	0
54	?
55	5
48	26
50	7
46	8,
43	2
 0  22
 0
13
16 i 15
23
13 , 12
10   1
 6  19
 0
 1
17
 Ij  5
34 j 13
 9 ! 29
 7 ,  0
 1
15
10  1
 0
 3
 1
 31
  4
 21
 20
 25
 22
 27
 13
 28
 24
 22
 19
  5
 24
 31
 16
 28
 22
 13
 28
 15
 17
 18
 21
 21
 21
20
 2
21
  0
 27
 10
 11
  6
  9
  4
 18
  3

  9
 12
 28

  0
 15
  3
  9
 18
  3
 16
 14
 13
 10
 10
 10
 11
29
 10
* Observations for fourteen days only. 
390
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JUNE,  1857.
STATIONS.
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Capron...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Key West Barracks....
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Deynaud..........
 Fort Brooke...........
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson*...........
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Newport Barracks......
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Keaniy...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbournc.......
 Fori McKavett.........
 Fort Mason...........
 Fort Lancaster........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado........
 Camp Cooper..........
 Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan...........
THERMOMETER.
mean temperature.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean
 59.93
 60.66
 61.43
 67.76
 63.93
 64.20
 64.90
 68.36
 67.76
 73.86
 80.00
 76.43
 81.66
 73.45
 78.40
 75.60
 74.40
 77.33
 77.20
 72.66
 71.23
 68.80
 70.81
 68.63
 51.16
 64.83
 59.63
 59.60
 63.96
 69.13
 70.20
 64.73
 57.53
 62.90
 70.13
 74.66
69.36
 71.40
71.36
70.60
75.23
74.40
72.93
78.56
74.63
77.03
 69.26
 70.53
 69.50
 72.83
 70.40
 76.53
 73.60
 76.66
 77.06
 79.86
 84.63
 82.03
 85.26
 87.87
 85.40
 86.46
 85.43
 84.55
 82.13
 83.80
 85.30
 84.00
 86.66
 85.23
 53.33
 74.40
 72.16
 74.33
 73.23
 83.16
 82.67
 82.20
 77.53
 78.73
 86.16
 89.96
 90.43
 89.90
90.96
89.13
 89.46
95.96
96.38
96.93
89.93
W-l. 43
 56.93
 61.74
 62.40
 65.40
 66.86
 65.73
 68.05
 68.46
 69.53
 74.13
 78.67
 77.53
 80.43
 77.22
 81.70
 78.00
 75.53
 76.20
 80.96
 76.73
 76.06
 75.13
 73.41
 72.86
 51.20
 69.06
 63.73
 60.03
 60.26
 73.16
 71.60
 65.13
 61.60
 63.50
 72.60
 76.53
 77.46
 73.76
 75.90
77.36
69.96
77.41
78.77
84.30
81.20
83.56
 62.04
 64.31
 64.44
 68.66
 67.06
 68.82
 68.85
 71.16
 71.45
 75.95
 81.09
 78.66
 82.45
 79.52
 81.83
 80.02
 78.45
 79.36
 80.09
 77.73
 77.53
 75.97
 76.99
 75.57
 53.56
 69.43
 65.17
 64.65
 65.80
 75.15
 74.89
 70.68
 65.55
 68.37
 76.29
 80.38
 79.08
 78.35
 80.40
79.03
78.21
82.59
82.69
Max.  Min.  Range
 90
 96
 95
 99
103
 98
101
101
 97
108
111
$.59   103
<1.92    99
<5.00 !  103
 45
 52
 52
 55
 57
 45
 55
 60
 56
 60
 74
 70
 76
 71
 73
 72
 72
 70
 73
 65
 61
 58
 64
 51
 42
 55
 46
 44
 41
 57
 54
 50
 46
 50
 57
 61
 59
 62
 66
 58
59
60
64
68
65
 34
 26
 37
 27
 24
 45
 32
 27
 31
 29
 22
 19
 11
 24
 15
 22
 18
 23
 15
 25
 33
 35
 25
 43
 36
 34
 44
 46
 46
 41
 40
 48
 14
 46
 38
 38
 44
 36
 35
43
 38
 48
47
35
34
33
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  NE.   E.  SE.  S.  SW.  W. NW
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.
Fair.
22
19
11
24
20
18
22
26
19
25
21
27
21
18
18
20
 8
26
11
21
20
24
ClMy.
 17
 13
 19
 15
 18
 17
 12
 9
 15
 9
 15
 11
27
26
10
17
 7
13
 6
20
18
 3
11
19
 6
10
12
 8
 4
11
 5
 9
 3
 9
12
12
10
22
 4
19
 9
10
 U
23
o  v
<
 3.20
 1.77
 4.60
 4.20
 6.38
 5.14
 9.35
 5.36
 7.45
 4.85
 7.65
 3.93
 1.25
 8.03
 6.20
10.46
 5.56
 2.60
 2.90
 2.53
 2.72
 1.75
7.11
2.84
4.53
6.74
5.66
2.85
5.91
1.20
 .49
2.12
1.98
3.24
4.29
1.49
 .90
1.45
5.35
 .40
   0
3.10
 .34
1.20
1.91 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
391
MONTH OF JUNE,  1857.
	THERMOMETER.									WINDS.						1 WEATHER.		RAIN	& SNOW	
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		c
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E. | SE. !		s.	sw.	N.	NW.	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	I5
	69.06 69.26 64.43 79.56 74 70 58.33 78.50 64.20 80.86 60.73 65.93 56.33 59.00 61.43 79.96 67.03 66.66 71.56 56.66 60.33 58.06 57.00 60.23 52.51 60.63 63.00 56.40 52.30 65.85 59.23 61.23	87.30 94.00 94.80 96.86 96.86 71.30 90.13 89.93 95.23 79.30 77.53 79.43 74.01 78.03 100.93 80.63 80.96 91.90 64.56 80.61 64.20 81.23 66.20 67.41 73.00 77.03 73.66 65.50 85.40 73.06 78.33	72.43 76.96 73.00 73.66 74.93 63.40 77.70 52.40 79.43 66.12 59.53 63.53 50.03 66.17 85.46 66.96 73.00 79.03 55.03 64.23 58.36 67.33 57.40 53.64 60.36 64.86 57.00 55.20 67.75 60.70 63.23	76.26 80.07 77.41 83.32 82.16 64.34 82.10 68.83 85.17 68.71 67.66 66.43 61.05 68.54 88.78 71.53 73.54 80.83 58.75 68.39 60.20 68.52 61.27 57.85 64.66 68.29 62.32 57.66 73.00 64.33 67.60	98 100 103 106 110 80 96 97 100 89 90 98 86 87 114 92 97 109 88 102 75 97 82 92 98 101 96 89 101 91 104	58 60 54 60 62 45 72 45 69 52 47 48 38 54 73 60 55 58 52 53 55 49 53 48 50 55 49 45 54 55 52	40 40 49 46 48 35 24 52 31 37 43 50 48 33 41 32 42 51 36 49 20 48 39 44 48 46 47 44 47 36 52	0 0 5 0 11 0 1 0 5 6 1 28 2 6 0 0 3 11 0 0 32 16 0 3 0 4 3 4 0	4 4 13 0 8 6 5 0 11 17 2 0 14 7 9 2 13 4 0 0 7 16 2 0 1 13 13 5 7	i 2 ! 3 : 4 16 i 19 ' 13 1 1 6 4 1 1			12 13 1	16 21 60	4 4 0 0 8 0 0 3 17 28 0 0 11 5 0 4 3 1 0 1 19 49 37 11 40 35 7 17	21 20 25 26 24 7 23 26 24 21 22 14 9 17 27 16 26 25 16 25 14 20 18 21 16 19 15 23 22 21	9 10 5 4 6 23 7 4 6 9 8 16 21 13 3 14 4 5 14 5 16 10 12 9 14 11 15 23 7 8 9	5 2 0 0 2 8 1 1 1 4 5 2 9 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 3 9 6 8 4 7 8 9 5 3	0 • 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	1.68
																				.63
Fort Thorn.............																				0
										0 5 24 25 8 6 7 10 3 5 2 6 18 14 2 0 0 1 6 1 2 5 0 3 3 0	25 11 6 52 2 61 14 15 3 5 4 25 11 15 6 0 0 1 13 1 0 2 3 3 2 5	53 21 0	7 4							0
													17 6 0	10 27 0 59 0 8 12 4 15 35 14 22 9 25 24 84 3 5 0 11 31 14 10 34 2						.50
																				1.27
																				.50
												12 9								.10
												3 8 15 52 22 10 12 3 26 27 2 0 2 2 0 0 3 0 10 14 0	1 13 7 0 27 15 19 34 6 12 65 6 7 13 37 21 14 12 13 21 59							.16 .22
																				2.49
Cantonment Burgwin....																				.02 .95 .45
																				0
																				0
																				0
Fort Miller..............																				0
																				.11
Fort Humboldt..........																				.12 .59
																				1.86
																				2.98 1.28
																				2.09
																				1.02
																				1.80
																				1 73
Fort Walla-Walla.......																				1.40
								30	4	11	2	0	1	16	15					04
																				
* Observations first twenty-one days only. 
392
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JULY, 1857.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. M.  2 p. m.  9 p. M.  Mean. I Max.  Min.  Range
Kennebec Arsenal___
Fort Independence....
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.......
West Point...........
Alleghany Arsenal___
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Monroe.........
Fort Moultrie........
Fort Capron..........
Key WTest Barracks...
Fort Myers...........
Fort Dallas............
Fort Deynaud ........
Fort Brooke..........
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge.........
Fort Washita.........
Fort Smith...........
Jefferson Barracks....
Newport Barracks ....
Fort Snelling.........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Riley  ...........
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall.........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett .......
Fort Mason...........
Fort Brown..........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado*......
Ringgold Barracks---
Camp Cooper.........
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss............
67.00
68.45
68.29
70.25
71.32
68.77
69.50
75.03
71.70
75.40
76.87
82.00
81.16
77.26
78.90
77.54
79.83
77.90
79.64
75.64
76.16
72.93
73.40
67.38
77.93
77.35
71.48
67.55
69.35
76.51
81.83
73.61
71.80
77.74
80.61
74.00
78.90
78.50
82.16
79.82
79.71
79.77
70.63
76.03
WEATHER.I RAIN  & SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.  !   DAYS.
n.  I ne. i e.  se.  s.  . sw. w.  nw.  Fair. Cl'dy.  Rain. Snow. =
80.45
78.19
77.51
79.67
78.09
81.52
78.45
84.09
80.45
79.00
81.55
85.10
83.74
88.58
84.64
86.12
84.83
84.74
83.48
84.83
87.45
87.16
90.06
78.96
84.09
82.90
89.87
90.16
86.09
86.84
88.00
90.51
94.00
91.64
89.90
93.83
89.48
89.13
93.09
95.20
93.83
98.51
94.67
96.77
86.32
95.42
64.32
69.29
68.35
71.93
73.30
70.61
72.97
73.06
73.90
75.00
77.55
79.93
80.45
78.42
81.00
79.61
77.58
76.96
82.29
78.35
79.29
79.06
75.61
74.09
73.38
69.41
79.70
78.55
70.77
72.51
71.74
76.64
81.04
81.46
79.90
81.03
80.16
78.87
77.03
80.74
80.90
80.63
84.87
65.77
70.84
80.81
70.59
71.97
71.38
73.95
74.23
73.63
73.30
77.39
75.35
76.45
78.65
82.34
B1.78
81.42
81.51
81.09
80.75
79.86
81.80
79.60
80.96
79.68
79.69
73.95
75.42
73.23
82.50
82.02
76.11
75.63
76.36
81.22
85.62
82.29
80.53
B4.20
83.41
80.66
83.02
84.81
85.63
86.32
86.41
87.42
75.93
84.08
 87
 92
 87
 98
 89
 90
 86
 93
 88
 94
 87
 92
 90
 92
 88
 92
 99
100
100
 89
 91
 96
103
105
102
 98
100
106
106
104
100
106
 95
101
102
107
100
115
102
105
54
53
54
54
57
57
58
53
58
76
65
75
72
71
71
73
72
68
74
67
70
62
64
57
62
58
68
64
55
58
61
62
71
65
65
66
71
64
35	7	5	15
32	5	17	12
32	2	15	8
35	2	22	7
30	27	3	0
35	24	13	3
29	0	1	2
45	8	9	28
31	14	5	12
14	0	17	16
21	15	10	9
18	2	2	24
16	0	5	25
23	16	4	19
16	0	9	34
19	0	61	0
18	1	24	17
24	19	23	11
14	7	9	14
25	3	36	18
29	5	15	9
38	5	7	29
36	0	4	9
32	8	4	5
29	13	10	4
38	0	3	12
35	3	19	3
41	11	3	5
47	11	8	8
40	20	5	10
39	11	5	13
44	0	8	34
35	2	5	3
39	5	0	15
35	0	6	4
40	2	1	5
24	0	0	13
37	2	2	2
34	0	7	5
35	1	6	16
30	0	2	7
43	0	0	0
30	0	0	10
33	0	1	0
35	3	0	1
30	0	2	20
9 ! 38
9	13
12	14
11	15
8	47
14	16
18	30
3	14
8	31
19	8
13	20
33	5
30	17
0	13
17	19
b 21	u 15
18	3
35	3
5	4
13	12
13	19
34	25
7	4
14	18
6	0
28	29
8	56
8	26
13	12
20	32
26	20
24	53
28	39
61	15
11	59
72	7
11	71
43	14
10	4
83	1
6	5
68	15
53	0
0	10
33	11
5	8
31	4
32	'
31	1
2	2
11	9
6	34
0	6
8	9
24	2
19	0
17	7
6	7
1	39
4	10
25	1
15	16
19	12
8	23
14	17
19	12
13	18
18	13
26	5
16	15
13	18
9	22
20	11
3	28
1	30
14	17
17	14
25	6
13	18
20	11
5	26
12	19
23	8
23	8
10	21
27	4
22	9
23	8
25	6
19	12
27	4
24	7
25	6
20	11
15	16
13	18
18	13
24	7
9	22
21	10
8	17
24	7
18	13
17	14
6	25
16	15
18	13
11	0
16	0
7	0
8	0
9	0
14	0
10	0
2	0
9	0
9	0
16	0
16	0
10	0
21	0
17	0
20	0
16	0
18	0
16	0
16	0
4	0
5	0
3	0
7	0
3	0
4	0
5	0
5	0
8	0
2	0
8	0
9	0
7	0
8	0
6	0
4	0
6	0
2	0
6	0
6	a
6	0
5	0
7	0
1	0
9	0
5	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
393
MONTH OF JULY, 1857.
	THERMOMETER.									WINDS.						WEATHER		RAIN & SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			« DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSER\						ATIONS.		DA Fair.	YS.	DAYS.		c
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	SW.	W.	NW.		Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	- c
Fort Thorn.............	70.67 80.22 76.12 63.46 75.48 65.40 65.90 67.74 64.45 66.29 67.13 74.97 55.19 59.35 57.61 58.93 57.50 65.54 55.35 53.16 63.25 59.64 65.58	94.45 93.58 100.21 75.33 97.87 80.13 79.03 84.16 80.63 83.74 84.23 97.06 63.03 82.46 62.74 65.61 73.42 82.19 80.32 71.20 84.96 73.03 81.97	74.67 80.48 77.19 68.26 61.30 69.03 63.06 60.55 53.04 70.39 75.18 82.45 54.77 65.06 56.71 57.32 55.93 68.45 59.06 59.81 64.38 60.48 65.29	79.93 84.76 84.50 69.01 78.21 71.52 69.33 70.80 66.04 73.47 75.51 84.82 57.66 68.96 59.02 60.62 62.28 72.06 64.09 61.39 70.87 64.38 70.28	104 104 112 83 105 91 96 94 89 90 93 101 67 94 65 73 95 103 100 90 100 84 102	63 70 62 55 55 59 55 50 48 58 57 62 51 57 54 53 50 60 45 45 58 57 52	41 34 50 28 50 32 41 44 41 32 36 39 16 37 11 20 45 43 55 45 42 27 50	3 0 4 2 0 9 2 26 5 4 13 0 0 17 0 0 2 9 6 0	14 0 9 4 1 16 0 10 4 5 2 0 0 3 3 0 15 6 8 9	15 15 6 31 3 10 6 8 4 3 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 0	3 23 17 17 9 15 20 0 3 9 22 10 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 15	1 29 15 0 50 6 24 28 24 12 10 11 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 10 0	6 6 23 18 5 19 0 21 12 3 20 76 0 11 8 18 10 24 29 61	50 20 10 13 25 8 13 16 38 26 23 17 90 0 0 0 17 23 33 0	1 0 9 3 0 9 20 o 6 8 11 11 0 3 19 80 58 39 20 5 8	22 16 22 22 20 21 19 16 16 26 26 15 31 19 20 24 25 22 7 23 23 23	9 15 9 24 9 11 10 12 15 15 5 5 16 0 12 11 7 6 9 24 8 8 8	9 4 11 19 3 9 9 6 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 2 6 1 3	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0	4.70
																				.43
																				2.38
																				4.88
																				.35
																				.44
																				4.03
Cantonment Burgwin...																				.13 .72 1.30
Fort Tejon.............																				.07
Fort Miller.............																				0
																				0
																				0 0 0
Fort Yamhill...........																				.05
																				.58 .13
Fort Walla-Walla.......																				.10 1.28 .33
								2	7	11	5	17	13	22	5					.11
																				
: Observations taken for twenty-five days only.
50- 
394
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF AUGUST,  1857.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
WEATHER
                     i
a. M.  2 p. m.  9 p. m. ' Mean.  Max  Min. (Range'  n.  ne
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence ...
 Fort Hamilton........
 Fort Adams...........
 Fort Columbus.......
 West Point...........
 Alleghany Arsenal ....
 Carlisle Barracks.....
 Fort Delaware........
 Fort McHenry........
 Fort Monroe..........
 Fort Moultrie.........
 Fort Capron..........
 Key West Barracks...
 Fort Myers...........
 Fort Dallas...........
 Fort Deynaud........
 Fort Brooke..........
 Mount Vernon Arsenal
 New Orleans.........
 Baton Rouge.........
 Fort Washita.........
 Fort Smith...........
 Jefferson Barracks ....
 Newport Barracks ....
 Fort Snelling.........
 Fort Ridgely..........
 Fort Leavenworth ....
 Fort Riley............
 Fort Laramie.........
 Fort Randall........
 Fort Kearny..........
 Fort Arbuckle........
 Fort Belknap.........
 Fort Chadbourne......
 Fort McKavett.......
 San Antonio..........
 Fort Mason...........
 Fort Brown..........
 Fort Lancaster........,
 Camp  Verde..........,
 Camp Colorado........
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Camp Cooper..........
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark............
61.32
66.22
66.70
68.00
68.87
69.41
66.09
67.71
73.85
70.58
76.64
78.55
81.71
82.00
77.61
80.38
77.93
78.45
75.58
80.16
76.35
74.77
71.54
71.19
68.80
63.51
61.06
73.90
74.10
66.00
65.96
66.06
73.64
80.58
73.48
72.29
82.81
76.35
81.96
74.09
76.25
77.32
82.93
76.00
81.22
78.51
73.80
77.12
76.96
73.10
78.22
76.25
77.64
78.03
80.25
80.51
82.25
83.13
86.00
85.81
88.71
86.38
85.51
87.38
84.81
83.06
84.70
85.38
81.03
84.87
78.64
77.74
76.41
86.16
83.61
82.83
84.58
80.64
86.09
90.22
90.77
90.83
92.10
90.70
91.70
91.58
94.21
92.74
97.61
90.69
98.29
94.71
61.77
68.58
68.22
65.81
70.96
72.09
68.12
71.30
72.03
72.12
77.22
79.45
80.90
81.93
79.61
82.38
79.64
79.03
75.58
82.19
78.64
77.90
75.38
72.87
(3.54
68.07
64.61
77.25
74.19
71.58
69.74
67.09
71.16
79.25
80.26
79.19
85.70
82.87
81.22
79.67
79.03
78.16
81.96
77.90
86.77
83.13
65.63
70.64
70.63
68.97
72.68
72.59
70.61
72.34
75.37
74.40
78.70
80.38
82.85
82.24
81.97
83.48
81.02
81.62
78.65
81.80
79.89
79.35
75.98
76.31
73.66
69.77
67.36
79.10
77.33
73.47
73.42
71.26
76.96
83.35
81.50
80.77
86.87
83.30
84.96
81.78
83.16
82.74
87.50
81.53
88.77
 85
 91
 88
 90
 92
 91
 92
 95
 90
 89
 90
 94
 89
 90
 90
 91
 87
 89
 92
 93
 96
 88
 90
 89
 99
 95
 97
104
 96
 95
 98
101
101
 98
 98
 96
106
102
104
104
103
105
86.15 ! '103
53
57
58
52
59
60
53
56
63
63
70
68
76
77
74
76
75
73
69
78
69
62
59
55
56
50
44
59
61
56
48
48
58
69
63
68
'8
70
76
66
64
68
75
65
75
72
34
34
31
33
32
28
37
36
28
29
25
22
13
13
20
13
15
17
22
 9
20
30
34	4	8
41	0	3
32	2	13
40	12	10
45	1	7
40	2	6
34	13	5
41	27	7
56	12	7
48	14	8
37	6	8
29	3	0
38	9	1
33	1	19
20	0	3
28	1	5
20	1	0
40	10	3
38	1	4
36	2	4
29	0	4
38	0	2
30	1	0
31	1	1
E.	SE.	s.	SW.	w.
7	8	40	10	10
16	14	14	14	12
3	6	5	28	5
4	26	10	29	15
10	7	8	26	23
10	5	28	8	13
5	7	17	6	21
5	9	21	4	54
10	0	15	0	19
13	8	13	13	23
7	10	3	34	1
9	2	22	29	13
18	36	3	12	6
28	27	19	3	5
20	o	21	4	14
32	38	2	4	5
10	0	2	18	7
19	29	13	12	5
8	21	9	13	9
9	31	8	18	6
25	10	11	9	7
11	8	17	1	1
40	15	10	3	6
22	50	0	9	5
3	4	23	30	15
6	11	20	17	2
16	15	14	5	26
2	7	23	26	10
3	8	45	8	4
9	2	7	1	20
19	21	14	8	2
4	1	27	2	14
44	23	6	1	1
0	12	78	0	0
13	38	23	4	0
3	50	13	5	0
5	29	52	2	1
4	20	42	15	4
14	60	18	0	0
10	8	56	0	1
8	40	12	12	0
19	21	14	1	2
7	77	5	0	0
1	1	4	7	2
11	64	15	2	0
73	6	11	0	0
Fair.
16
20
15
24
15
24
16
26
27
17
20
22
26
 4
 2
22
20
28
15
16
 4
10
21
20
13
21
17
24
21
26
24
21
24
19
12
12
18
16
24
 9
22

24
19
17
25
Cl'dy
15
11
16
 7
16
 7
15
 5
 4
14
11
 9
 5
27
29
 9
11
 3
16
15
27
21
10
11
18
 9
14
 7
10
 5
 7
10
 7
12
19
19
13
15

22
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain.
12
 6
 4
10
 5
 8
11
12
15
10
19
 8
14
19
17
 9
 4
 4
 6
 5
 4
 4
 8
 3
 4
 5
12
 8
10
 6
 5

 3
 6
 8
11
 4
 6
 3
 4 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
395
MONTH OF  AUGUST,  1857
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
1 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.
80.13	96.80	85.00
69.84	84.90	73.61
73.16	90.39	77.13
76.03	87.77	72.73
68.00	90.19	66.45
77.41	88.48	79.58
73.12	89.03	72.16
64.23	73.03	66.23
70.22	95.93	69.00
63.03	73.74	69.64
64.54	76.84	61.29
61.16	78.93	59.35
55.06	75.05	58.05
64.80	79.97	68.48
85.93	105.54	90.64
69.45	83.61	72.06
70.32	88.84	79.13
75.35	97.29	84.77
54.84	63.16	54.77
59.35	80.68	63.16
54.35	61.00	55.54
53.90	91.90	73.40
54.64	64.00	55.70
51.03	74.09	55.04
59.93	78.45	62.77
61.96	83.54	69.09
53.38	81.32	58.87
51.58	71.90	60.06
68.16	90.93	68.41
57.45	69.61	59.58
64.03	83.29	64.87
Max.  Min. Range
WINDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
n.  j ne.  e.  se.   s.  sw.  w.  nw.  Fair. Cl'dv. Rain. iSnow
Fort Duncan  .........
Fort Davis............
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Thorn............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque..........
Fort Marcy.............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin ..
Fort Massachusetts
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Jones............
Fort Umpqua...........
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Dalles.............
Fort Hoskins...........
Fort Steilacooin.......
Fort Walla-Walla......
Fort Bellingham.......
Fort Simcoe...........
87.31
76.12
80.56
78.67
74.88
81.82
78.10
67.83
78.38
68.79
67.56
66.48
63.72
71.08
94.03
75.06
79.43
85.80
57.59
67.73
56.96
73.06
58.11
60.05
67.05
71.53
64.19
61.18
75.83
62.21
70.73
104
 91
 99
 97
103
 99
102
 82
105
 81
 93
 91
 84
 91
112
 97
 97
106
 82
105
 65
100
 70
74
64
64
68
60
69
65
57
64
56
55
45
46
51
80
63
63
66
52
53
50
42
49
44
55
56
47
47
54
52
55
1   1 ; 23
20
17
15
23
16
26
 8
19
20
18
11
12
12
26
24
26
21
11
31
13
31
18
28
26
31
27
 7
31
21
31
23
11
14
16
 8
15
 5
23
12
11
13
20
19
19
 3.70
 2.58
 3.73
10.60
 5.10
 3.68
 3.59
 9.24
  .77
 1.75
 2.96
  .21
 3.98
 1.78
   0
   0
  .12
   0
   0
   0
   9
   0
  .10
  .10
  .14
   0
  .10
  .30
   0
  .24
   0 
396
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF SEPTEMBER,  1857.
STATIONS.
Kennebec Arsenal......
Fort Independence......
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Adams.............
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe...........,
Fort Moultrie  .........
Fort Capron...........
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Brooke...........
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita .........
Fort Smith............
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Randall...........
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap*.........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
San Antonio...........
Fort Mason............
Fort Brown............
Fort Lancaster.........
Camp Verde...........
Camp Colorado........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Camp Cooper..........
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Davis.............
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WINDS.
RANGE.        DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min. Range
53.56
59.23
59.30
62 36
61.66
62.03
59.40
59.86
64.63
63.33
71.97
73.33
79.97
75.23
79.76
75 93
71.16
77.66
71.06
68.86
66.26
66.40
62.16
55.36
53.63
67.63
65.67
58.63
58.46
56.00
66.40
73.33
64.90
65.16
76.03
70.90
77.56
67.46
68.00
67.73
75.70
66.50
76.26
75.20
74.06
64.45
68.66
70.36
70.13
66.50
71.56
70.80
72.43
72.90
73.80
75.33
75.33
80.16
85.83
87.29
86.03
84.73
85.00
82.20
83.16
80.23
78.43
83.43
74.90
69.36
68.50
79.66
77.20
75.03
72.63
72.53
83.00
82.73
80.57
81.40
85.00
80.30
88.26
82.53
83.83
84.91
90.06
82.63
90.10
84.30
88.60
74.93
54.66
61.00
61.80
61.10
61.30
65.80
62.60
65.26
65.13
67.20
72.20
76.16
81.03
78.16
82.06
76.33
73.60
80.60
75.10
72.80
71.16
68.76
68.60
60.70
57.73
70.73
68.37
61.86
63.13
61.60
69.56
73.63
71.17
71.16
80.00
74.70
77.90
71.10
70.13
71.01
78^6
70.00
80.56
75.86
77.70
67.90
58.96
63.53
63.74
63.32
64.84
66.21
64.81
66.02
67.76
68.61
73.17
76.55
82.27
80.22
82.61
78.99
76.58
80.15
76.44
73.95
71.95
72.86
68.55
61.80
59.95
72.67
70.41
65.17
64.74
63 37
72.98
76.58
72.21
72.57
80.34
75.30
81.24
78.69
73.98
74.55
81.44
73.04
82.30
78.45
80.11
69.10
77
82
83
87
90
85
89
87
88
90
91
89
91
95
87
90
86
87
94
88
86
87
93
87
90
87
94
89
89
90
91
94
91
93
89
95
95
99
95
98
93
97
82
37
43
42
43
40
48
46
40
53
47
55
56
70
72
75
72
60
70
61
55
53
43
41
38
35
49
42
40
45
38
52
60
52
50
67
58
68
49
49
55
59
58
62
69
59
50
51
45
38
34
42
35
41
50
32
42
32
32
20
19
14
19
35
17
29
31
34
5J
47
48
52
44
45
50
42
56
37
29
38
41
27
33
25
40
46
40
40
37
36
24
38
32
11  11
9E.	s.
4	27
9	4
3	9
13	3
10	14
16	22
13	12
7	31
6	14
9	12
8	2
7	10
13	0
0	0
12	8
6	9
17	9
17	0
9	5
7	20
15	19
46	8
3	7
14	36
3	18
0,	15
6	39
3	13
1	4
19	11
25	26
17	48
34	30
48	3
14	16
24	45
40	1
13	61
36	6
16	3
46	0
3	1
51	6
10	10
38	0
0	0
SW.	w.
17	14
18	5
21	5
27	12
23	7
7	8
11	16
3	29
5	7
8	11
10	I
4	5
7	7
0	19
2	5
5	13
5	0
1	0
3	2
1	1
2	2
16	9
33	29
13	4
11	35
18	31
6	4
10	23
3	21
13	8
1	2
0	0
2	2
3	0
3	8
0	3
0	0
WEATHER
Fair.  ClMy
21
23
17
22
17
21
17
22
23
19
18
25
21
 8
23
27
22
26
13
 9
19
19
)5
18
21
22
19
20
26
18
26
18
11
10
22
17
18
 7
18
 8
19
15
13
16
 7
16
13
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain. Snow 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
397
MONTH  OF SEPTEMBER,  1857.
STATIONS.
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Buchanan........
Fort Thorn............
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque..........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin.
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller...........
San Francisco........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Jones............
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Yamhill..........
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Hoskins..........
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Walla-Walla ....
Fort Bellingham......
Fort Simcoe .........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
63.13
74.30
58.20
68.63
64.00
51.40
57.63
45.50
54.03
50.96
47.00
53.87
77.10
62.40
59.63
66.26
57.50
62.96
53.90
45.50
55.56
47.01
55.53
54.40
51.26
48.46
58.53
52.70
54.07
2 p. M.
79.80
86.63
78.03
79.10
76.56
62.00
85.36
65.36
68.53
73.50
70.40
70.20
96.83
77.80
78.60
85.66
65.36
82.00
62.86
81.46
63.63
69.46
70.33
73.63
74.03
67.30
80.60
64.20
86.63
9 p. M.
67.83
70.17
61.43
71.60
65.43
54.46
58.46
61.02
53.30
49.83
51.70
58.67
82.56
67.63
68.66
72.00
57.03
67.96
56.73
63.66
58.46
55.20
57.66
61.46
56.46
52.66
57.96
55.40
70.17
Mean.
70.25
77.03
65.88
73.11
68.66
55.95
67.15
60.29
58.61
58.10
56.36
60.91
85.50
69.27
68.96
74.63
59.96
70.96
57.83
63.54
59.20
57.22
61.17
63.16
60.57
56.14
85.70
57.43
77.03
Max.  Min.  Range
 67
 95
 87
 85
 84
 69
 95
 72
 80
 83
 80
 79
104
 96
 90
 96
 82
 96
 69
 91
 74
 87
 84
 85
 87
 85
 90
 72
 95
59
57
47
61
58
41
49
45
41
40
37
40
70
53
50
60
53
54
48
41
59
42
48
44
40
30
50
46
57
38
40
24
26
28
46
27
39
43
43
39
34
43
40
36
29
42
21
50
15
45
36
41
47
55
40
26
38
WTEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
NE.	E.
6	12
0	8
3	4
3	37
7	0
6	15
0	4
13	15
3	8
3	35
13	17
6	5
16	14
7	20
6	0
3	9
2	0
2	5
5	1
31	4
1	2
0	2
0	11
12	1
17	10
4	3
16	0
15	0
0	9
 9  13
25
SW.	W.
14	17
31	9
6	59
3	31
15	14
11	32
10	26
5	6
11	6
1	9
16	17
10	29
17	7
23	22
31	18
13	27
66	22
0	81
3	2
7	0
32	0
21	3
10	19
19	29
nw.! Fair. Cl'dy. Rain.'Snow.
 8  10
31  31
61 !  2
15   1
15  22
 16
 21
 17
 14
 23
 11
 20
 23
 23
 11
 20
 16
 28
 17
 28
 19
 16
 26
 15
 27
 20
 19
 17
23
 19
 8
25
 17
 18
6	0	4.15
11	0	4.76
9	0	6.13
6	0	2.24
3	0	3.79
10	0	6.14
6	0	.78
8	0	1.28
7	0	4.33
7	0	1.20
4	0	1.3-1
6	0	1.01
0	0	0
0	0	0
0	0	0
0	0	0
0	0	0
0	0	0
3	0	.55
1	0	.60
11	6	0
22	6	°
5	7	o
13	12	0
12	2	0
   *The measurement of rain at Fort Belknap for this month, as recorded in the original register, is 21.74 inches.   There is good reason for believin"
that the decimal points have been incorrectly placed, and the record has been changed to 2.17 inches, which is probably a close approximation to the
true amount.                                                                                                                    r. j{, rj 
398
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF OCTOBER, 1857,
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
RANGE.      '  DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
a. m. I 2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean.  Max. , Min. Range  n.  ' ne.  e.  be.  s.   sw.i w.  nw.
Kennebec Arsenal......
Fort Independence......
Fort Adams............
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks........
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe...........,
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Washita..........
Fort Smith............
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Randall..........
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Belknap*.........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
San Antonio..........
Fort Mason............
Fort Brown............
Fort Lancaster.........
Camp Verde...........
Camp Colorado........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Camp Cooper..........
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Davis.............
Fort 15li».............
41.03
47.96
49.50
49.87
51.22
51.55
48.22
48.51
53.08
51.19
59.20
59.97
70.03
69.35
72.55
58.58
67.64
61.12
56.09
53.38
49.16
48.80
42.64
40.22
50.51
49.71
52.77
51.93
51.80
53.22
62.22
54.64
57.16
64.77
61.30
71.32
57.16
56.58
57.16
67.70
55.34
68.54
66.80
65.03
54.84
56.61
54.61
57.38
58.00
58.67
57.97
58.30
57.00
59.85
60.45
62.51
63.20
69.77
79.39
79.97
80.64
71.83
71.42
71.74
66.12
65.32
63.51
59.64
55.51
54.64
62.44
62.42
57.51
60.45
57.93
67.38
69.45
69.87
71.70
77.26
69.64
81.61
72.58
73.09
72.09
82.12
65.92
79.67
74.42
77.77
70.78
70.32
45.42
50.93
53.00
51.83
56.77
54.61
49.77
49.16
55.58
55.20
59.74
64.06
72.52
70.58
75.35
62.19
70.25
64.83
60.64
58.54
53.77
54.25
47.41
44.51
53.38
53.07
45.70
53.70
47.09
56.70
62.83
60.71
61.12
68.97
64.61
73.09
62.09
61.09
60.22
70,77
59.00
63.38
66.81
69.00
56.94
62.13
52.09	83
53.50	76
53.46	71
53.32	70
47.02
52.09
53.50
53.46
53.32
54.82
51.66
52.45
56.37
56.26
60.71
64.60
73.98
73.30
76.18
60.86
89.77
65.90
60.95
59.03
55.48
54.23
48.52
46.44
55.41
55.07
48.66
55.36
48.94
59.10
64.83
61.74
63.32
73.33
65.18
75.34
63.94
63.59
63.15
73.53
60.09
73.86
69.34
70.62
60.85
62.02
87
87
85
79
82
80

84
73
76
71

74
73
74
70
85
79
88
83
85
82
91
90
84
82
94
78
94
83
79
81
76
22
74
32
36
35
51
33
33
36
45
44
45
54
59
58
45
57
48
41
39
24
31
23
22
32
32
27
31
24
36
44
41
42
48
46
57
42
37
42
49
42
52
59
51
39
47
53
 9
44
35
35
20
39
43
37
30
28
33
32
28
29
40
22
34
39
38
60
42
53
49
45
42
46
43
46
49
35
47
41
37
36
34
48
47
40
45
30
42
24
28
42
29
21  11
21 j 14
 6 | 24
19 I 21
0 |  0
8 j 10
4 ! 11
RAIN &. SNOW.
15
15
17
12
12
18
12
16
19
14
15
22
20
10
19
17
18
 8
 9
15
15
11
14
17
18
18
18
25
16
19
15
16
 7
19
12
15
 7
15
 7
13
10
11
17
 6
21
16
16
14
19
19
13
19
15
12
17
16
 9
11
21
12
14
13
23
22
16
16
20
17
14
13
13
13
 6
15
12
16
15
24
12
19
16
24
16
24
18
21
20
14
25
10
  9
 5
 4
 9
 7
 5
 6
 7
 0
 3
 5
10
 4
 2
 7
 8
13
14
 9
 6
 6
13
 6
 7
15
 7
13
13

 4
 4
 6 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
399
MONTH  OF OCTOBER, 1857.
STATIONS.
Fort Buchanan........
Fort Thorn............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Albuquerque...........
Fort Marcy, (Santa Fe)
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin ..
Fort Massachusetts___
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Jones.............
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort, Yamhill..........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Dalles............
Fort Hoskins..........
Fort Stiilacoom.......
Fort Walla-Walla.....
Fort Bellingham.......
Fort Simcoe..........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M. I 2 P. M.
63.10
46.32
57.70
54.25
40.61
46.45
42.03
39.09
37.03
33.96
38.29
65.40
54.90
52.02
58.13
55.51
58.90
50.67
35.48
52.96
44.08
47.93
42.77
44.00
42.09
45.42
48.29
46.58
74.58
69.61
71 51
65.87
53.48
76.16
56.53
56.41
61.00
54.09
59.23
86.10
74.00
70.64
72.90
64.45
76.58
62.00
70.75
63.70
63.02
62.96
63.80
65.32
61.38
76.68
58 58
60.48
9 p. M. I Mean.
59.42
51.35
65.22
56.54
44.74
44.74
51.16
42.38
39.77
38.06
45.55
74.10
60.64
59.22
64.35
56.74
63.45
54.67
49.98
54.51
50.19
50.32
52.03
51.19
48.54
44.87
50.00
48.10
65.70
55.76
64.14
58.88
46.27
55.78
49.90
45 96
45.93
42.04
47.69
75.20
63.18
60.62
65.13
58.90
66.31
55.78
52.03
57.06
52.43
53.73
52.86
53.49
50.69
55.65
52.29
51.72
Max.  Min.  Range
62
34
49
32
34
33
50
37
45
49
57
44
39
40
41
31
28
35
30
64
30
43
33
43
45
38
58
32
34
WEATHER.  RAIN &  SNOW,
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
se.   s.  sw. w.  |nw.; Fair. ! Cl'dy.  Rain. Snow.
11  ! 16
 2  I  4
3	0
1	7
4	13
9	5
6	9
2	33
16	16
1	5
31	13
11	21
6	8
7	13
4	0
0	19
2	3
22	2
23	5
0	0
5	13
9	3
26	8
5	4
10	0
21	0
4	6
2i ; 15
 6   9
13 !  0
 5 j 18
14   8 I  2
11 : 54 |  1
 6 , 13 '  9
14 ;  3
 6  33
 2  25
15 j 19 ! 13
 6   7 i 28
 0  14 i  1
18
11
1 8	10 5
5	14
6	20
1	22
3	6
0	36
6	3
6	40
1	59
12	6
20	13
12 I 37
   I
16 \ 17
17 | 32
21 ; 18
11 ; 19
42 i 36
    59
     1
     5
     0
    12
    18
    15
     9
    11
     3
     4
    26
   *The amount of rain  this month  at Fort Belknap, as recorded in the original  register, is
rneasurin<; scale may have been read in tenths instead of hundredths of an inch, and the amount
15.50 inches.  It is believed  that tl
has been calculated accordingly.
e lower part of the 
400
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF NOVEMBER, 1857.
STATIONS.
Kennebec Arsenal ....
Fort Independence....
Fort Adams...........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus........
West Point...........,
Alleghany Arsenal___
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Fort Capron...........
Key WTest Barracks...
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas...........
Fort Brooke..........
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge..........
Fort Washita.........
Fort Smith...........
Jefferson Barracks__
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Snelling.........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Randall..........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Ch adbourne......
Fort McKavett........
San Antonio.........
Fort Mason............
Fort Lancaster........,
Camp Verde..........,
Camp Colorado........
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan...........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
32.83
39.56
41.43
37.46
40.16
40.03
34.63
32.93
38.28
40.13
46.86
52.56
67.40
74.16
64.83
70.86
61.86
50.36
57.53
50.26
43.03
39.96
34.53
34.96
21.83
19.60
21.80
32.33
32.57
24.80
29.50
25.00
39.63
43.56
41.30
45.96
53.66
49.43
41.30
42.17
43.78
63.76
57.26
58.30
57.80
55.80
42.79
47.56
47.73
48.30
46.63
48.40
44.80
46.03
50.85
51.76
54.80
62.90
75.60
79.73
77.90
78.58
77.30
66.16
63.96
66.03
54.83
51.93
47.16
44.93
31.36
29.50
32.56
43.66
42.43
37.13
41.56
39.53
54.60
59.43
59.77
62.23
73.00
61.93
61.70
64.26
62.05
76.33
76.70
73.96
67.90
73.56
36.16
41.86
44.30
41.60
40.60
44.20
37.66
36.56
43.36
44.46
50.40
57.30
70.00
74.93
66.23
74.26
65.46
54.46
61.83
56.50
49.03
45.70
38.80
39.80
25.56
23.66
25.50
36.40
35.40
29.86
29.83
29.43
44.50
49.60
47.83
51.43
57.53
52.13
49.33
52.62
48.73
65.33
63.20
66.06
58.00
59.83
37.25
42.99
44.48
42.45
42.46
44.21
39.03
38.50
44.16
45.45
50.68
57.58
71.00
76.27
69.65
74.56
68.21
56.99
61.10
57.59
48.99
45.86
40.16
39.89
26.27
24.25
26.62
37.47
36.80
30.59
33.63
31.32
46.24
50.86
49.63
53.20
61.39
54.49
50.77
53.01
51.52
68.47
65.71
66.10
62.23
63.06
Max.  Min.  Range
56
64
63
64
69
65
77
75
69
72
74
75
83
89
89
66
88
81
80
81
84
83
69*
67
53
48
57
65
71
65
63
60
83
82
85
83
80
87
86
94
90
82
89
 13
 21
 18
 16
 19
 24
  9
 11
 20
 18
 30
 27
 40
 60
 42
 52
 35
 29
 39
 27
 24
 21
 12
 12
-11
-13
- 5
  8
 13
 11
  1
- 3
 20
 30
 24
 28
 34  I
 31
 26
 34
 28
 43
 53
 37
 43
 40
43
43
45
48
50
41
68
64
49
54
44
48
43
29
47
34
53
52
41
54
60
62
57
55
64
61
62
57
58
54
62
63
63
52
61
56
54
55
57
46
59
43
41
53
39
49
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
WEATHER
N.	NE.	E.	SE.
10	4	23	3
8	1	3	2
10	8	7	11
8	5	0	6
2	4	1	6
18	3	3	9
5	9	6	19
0	2	2	14
13	6	3	3
1	3	5	13
2	17	5	3
15	15	10	4
19	14	11	19
25	13	18	16
59	0	11	4
20	24	18	12
14	21	19	15
21	23	5	13
16	10	26	11
16	11	21	6
14	9	9	8
6	6	28	12
2	1	14	19
2	3	4	3
4	2	2	4
9	2	0	6
2	0	16	5
8	23	5	6
7	19	2	8
8	3	1	3
26	2	15	1
23	3	5	6
16	9	9	20
39	0	0	6
13	2	5	12
1	16	2	17
58	5	11	6
19	0	2	13
32	5	1	8
10	4	0	30
4	6	4	15
18	0		27
9	3	7	37
10	12	3	39
12	4	47	4
0	16	0	14
    4
   37
   18
   13
   26
   13
7 i  0
0 ! 18
16
19
15
17
21
20
12
21
23
18
22
24
20
12
18
24
25
17
20
13
10
19
16
 9
12
24
15
17
14
14
27
15
19
19
19
12
19
17
16
20
13
15
19
20
22
14
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain. Snow
14
11
15
13
 9
10
18
 9
 7
12
 8
 6
10
18
12
 6
 5
13
10
17
20
11
14
21
18
 6
15
13
16
16
 3
15
11
11
11
18
11
13
14
10
17
15
11
10
  .30
 1.70
 1.45
 1.09
 1.00
 2.75
 3.52
 2.48
  .60
 1.87
 2.30
 2.52
 6.25
 1.13
    0
 3.79
 2.74
10.05
 3.05
 2.45
 4.58
 4.35
 5.00
 6.01
 5.75
    0
 2.84
 5.85
 1.39
 2.56
  .05
  .85
 5.22
 7.30
 1.12
 1.42
 8.88
 3.89
 2.71
 3.16
 2.34
  .55
  .88
 1.38
  .52
 1  86 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
401
MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1857.
			THERMOMETER.								WINDS.					WEATHER.		RAIN &. SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.					RANGE.		DIRECTION,			«0. OF OBSERVATIONS.					DA Fair.	VS. Cl'dy.	DAYS.		.5 .
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE. S.		SW. w.		SW,			Rain.	Snow.	<
	45.37 51.06 44.07 32.23 47.16 35.00 31.66 34.80 33.80 27.60 26.10 18.90 26.37 54.46 50.63 44.23 46.33 51.00 46.46 46.36 30.75 47.90 39.16 38.16 36.23 38.46 36.56 32.96 38.80 33,13	63.73 66.96 61.60 64.06 64.16 54.83 44.20 67.93 41.73 42.86 44.40 32.53 39.50 72.43 65.43 56.23 61.83 57.83 66.56 55.46 53.26 55.40 49.83 50.16 49.83 52.73 52.83 51.56 49.89 40.73	47.70 55.53 41.10 42.36 53.36 43.60 35.63 39.76 37.40 31.53 30.40 21.00 32.73 65.16 55.17 44.70 53.06 53.00 53.63 49.73 38.03 49.46 40.76 42.48 40.83 42.43 39.06 34.36 42.60 35.00	52.26 57.85 48.92 46.21 54.89 44.47 37.16 47.49 37.56 33.99 33.63 24.14 32.87 64.01 57.07 48.36 53.74 53.94 55.55 50.51 40.68 50.92 43.25 43.61 42.29 44.53 42.82 39.63 43.76 36.29	73 75 75 75 76 71 57 75 53 62 64 49 58 83 72 71 73 65 74 61 69 64 61 60 64 65 61 70 56 55	29 39 28 14 30 18 21 26 20 14 8 1 0 47 40 30 38 44 40 31 18 38 27 27 27 21 27 24 30 27	44 36 47 61 46 53 36 49 33 48 56 48 58 36 32 41 35 21 34 30 51 26 34 33 37 44 34 46 26 28	13 3 1 5 9 28 4 44 1 12 21 19 8 10 0 2 8 10 10 10 11 1 6 0 1 17 0 33 0	0 3 7 4 20 13 0 8 17 1 5 15 5 0 8 6 3 3 22 32 19 10 16 36 14 13 8 4	0 8 23 5 28 3 15 11 31 2 5 6 0 24 0 20 1 1 5 6 9 '[ 5 0 o 9	0 5 16 4 6 5 10 1 14 14 2 2 4 6 15 8 14 8 4 16 17 19 5 12 3 6 6 23 6	9 1 11 3 1 14 1 8 2 8 19 16 15 0 1 9 9 4 1 12 8 2 1 5 3 0 14 0 15 6	7 14 26 18	36 0 40	11 20 6 9 11 12 31 3 22 30 3 9 5 20 14 19 6 11 15 4 12 5 12 5 9 12 11 15 o 4	24 26 28 23 15 19 12 21 16 22 5 12 15 27 15 18 11 15 20 19 15 17 11 15 14 14 13 10 20 12	6 2 15 11 18 9 14 8 25 18 15 3 15 12 19 15 10 11 15 13 19 15 16 16 17 20 10 18	0 2 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 6 4 4 11 9 3 9 13 13 14 7 13 13 10 4	0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 6 0 5 8 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5	0
																				.07
																				1.97
Fort Thorn.............																				0
													4 11 1 7 R							0
																				.04
Albuquerque..........													3 4 20 6 1 22 12 13 18 18 25 11 12 25 5 26 16 9 21 54 4 19	23 11 7 6 12 13 38 20 20 34 14 25 30 1 7 0 18 5 14 5 12 2 4 32						.87 .10 .27
																				1.10
Cantonment Burgwin ...																				1.97 2.03 4.30
																				0
																				2 25
																				1.04
																				3.90
																				2. f 4
																				1.72 3.13
																				4.47
																				6.46
																				7.01 7.58
																				5.38
																				7.05
Fort Walla-Walla....... Fort Bellingham........																				4.38 2.68 2.70 .73
																				
51- 
402
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1857.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
Max.  Min.  Range
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  NE.   E.  SE
W.  W.  NW
WHEAT HE R
Fair.
ClMy
RATN & SNOW.
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence__
 Fort Adams..........
 Fort Hamilton........
 Fort Columbus........
 West Point...........
 Alleghany Arsenal
 Carlisle Barracks.....
 Fort Delaware........,
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe..........,
 Fort Moultrie.........,
 Fort Capron..........,
 Key West Barracks___
 Fort Myers...........,
 Fort Dallas...........,
 Fort Brooke..........,
 Mount Vernon Arsenal,
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny.......
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbourne......
 Fort McKavett........
 San Antonio...........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Lancaster........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado.........
 Fort Brown...........
 Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark*............,
Fort Duncan...........
 22.58
 32.12
 34.81
 35.00
 35.32
 35.42
 34.22
 32.06
 38.19
 37.06
 46.20
 52.71
 65.61
 76.34
 64.26
 69.90
 59.80
 50.64
 55.51
 48.77
 43.93
 40.35
 35.16
 36.48
 21.29
 15.19
 19.64
 33.19
 32.58
 25.16
 23.51
 23.25
 39.03
 38.66
 37.26
 41.12
 49.22
 43.45
 37.51
 37.06
 39.54
 56.77
52.06
52.48
51.86
51.16
 30.71
 39.00
 39.26
 41.48
 42.42
 43.30
 41.80
 42.13
 43.33
 48.12
 51.20
 59.42
 75.74
 81.58
 76.03
 78.90
 72.35
 63.42
 60.16
 62.09
 53.77
 53.87
 48.74
 43.83
 31.35
 25.87
 29.12
 47.25
 43.19
 37.00
 38.93
 34.87
 53.42
 57.77
 55.06
 56.03
 65.90
 56.83
 55.41
 52.22
 57.50
 69.61
 67.83
65.93
58.33
65.48
 24.67
 33.22
 35.35
 36.61
 33.00
 39.13
 36.61
 32.93
 37.90
 41.61
 47.71
 55.00
 69.74
 78.32
 67.13
 72.80
 64.38
 53.13
 58.74
 54.67
 48.06
 45.41
 39.25
 39.54
 23.64
 19.35
 23.48
 37.19
 36.42
 28.70
 27.93
 27.67
 44.25
 43.74
 43.90
 45.83
 52.97
 47.67
 44.35
 39.80
 45.54
 60.64
 56.93
58.09
52.20
53. a5
 25.98
 34.77
 36.47
 37.69
 36.91
 39.28
 37.54
 35.70
 39.14
 42.25
 48.37
 55.71
 70.36
 78.71
 69.14
 73.87
 65.51
 55.73
 58.13
 55.17
 48.58
 46.54
 41.05
 39.95
 25.42
 20.13
 24.08
 39.21
 37.40
 30.28
 30.15
 28.60
 45.56
 46.72
 45.41
 47.66
 56.03
 49.32
 45.79
 43.02
 47.52
 62.34
58.94
58.83
54.13
56.66
 82
 82
 74
 78
 77
 70
 74
 65
 60
 47
 37
 43
 63
 60
 56
 48
 47
 69
 72
 70
 74
 77
 72
 73
 82
 76
 83
80
78
72
77
   4
  13
  18
  15
  15
  18
  26
  16
  21
  21
  34
  39
  48
  73
  49
  50
  46
  30
  43
  34
  28
  27
  25
  27
   4
— 3
 - 4
  20
  17
  10
   0
  10
  24
  26
  22
  26
  34
  30
  24
  28
  25
  39
  31
  35
  36
  39
 44
 41
 33
 43
 34
 33
 25
 41
 35
 41
 31
 33
 40
 12
 35
 32
 36
 44
 35
 43
 42
 47
 40
 33
 43
 40
 47
 43
 43
 46
 48
 37
 45
 46
 48
 48
 43
 42
 49
 54
 51
 44
49
43
36
38
0 I 22
 18
 17
 11
 14
 11
 18
 12
 21
 21
 14
 18
 18
 23
 16
 10
 27
 26
 16
 16
 13
 10
 18
 18
 10
 15
 25
 17
 22
 17
 19
 26
 18
 20
 20
 16
 8
 19
 15
 14
 17
 9
18
 15
15
18
14
 13
 14
 20
 17
 20
 13
 19
 10
 10
 17
 13
 13
  8
 15
 21
  4
  5
 15
 15
 18
 21
 13
 13
 21
 16
  6
 14
  9
 14
 12
 5
 13
 11
 11
 15
23
 12
 16
 17
14
22
13
16
16
13
17
  4.30
  4.48
  4.98
  3.87
  2.90
  5.55
  3.61
  5.35
  5.40
  6.33
  4.45
  5.81
  7.42
   .90
  2.80
  4.61
  2.83
  6.39
  5.10
  8.55
  3.69
  1.6)
  2.18
  4.10
  2.95
   .46
   .81
   .60
   .20
   .20
   .06
   .20
  5.19
  4.56
 2.99
  4.25
11.09
  6.70
  7.20
  7.11
  4.19
  2.55
   .85
 4.52
23.03
 5.57 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
403
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1857.
STATIONS.
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss...........
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy..........,
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Massachusetts..,
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Miller..........
Fort Crook..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Hoskins.........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Camp Scott f.........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
38.83
32.17
31.60
22.58
31.83
22.35
25.12
25.13
22.40
22.74
10.67
 5.58
13.58
48.29
41.29
35.80
42.00
29.06
46.54
43.58
44.30
30.50
46.54
39.06
39.09
39.32
36.90
35.67
34.29
40.22
33.60
16.29
2 p. M.
54.67
56.15
53.32
50.67
52.35
44.96
38.61
53.58
35.48
40.60
35.74
23.96
33.68
63.64
60.74
49.40
54.35
40.48
53.80
57.25
54.35
47.33
52.43
46.25
47.45
45.42
47.03
46.35
46.77
46.35
38.91
29.41
9 p. M.
41.09
43.16
34.35
30.61
39.96
31.13
30.06
34.83
30.00
26.79
19.77
10.64
22.48
56.06
47.26
40.50
46.16
32.30
48.80
47.54
47.25
33.66
47.74
42.03
40.77
41.74
39.51
41.40
34.87
41.16
36.55
17.90
Mean.
44.86
43.82
39.76
34.63
41 38
32.48
31.26
37.84
29.29
30.04
22.06
13.38
23.24
55.99
49.76
41.90
47.51
33.94
49.71
49.45
48.63
37.16
48.92
42.44
42.87
42.16
41.14
41.27
38.61
42.57
38.35
21.20
71
68
78
63
65
59
47
60
45
54
46
39
42
70
70
58
65
46
58
62
60
60
57
56
55
56
64
58
34
54
52
39
 24
 19
 20
  6
 18
  8
 10
 16
  7
 10
-10
-17
- 2
 42
 33
 25
 32
 22
 42
 36
 30
 20
 35
 27
 25
 27
 26
 25
 29
 29
 24
- 4
47
49
58
57
47
51
37
44
38
44
56
56
44
28
37
33
33
24
16
26
30
40
22
29
30
29
38
33
 5
25
WEATHER.! RAIN & SNOW,
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATION'S.
33
Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain.  Snow.
24
28
29
29
20
26
17
30
26
30
 7
23
24
30
21
15
10
11
15
20
13
16
 9
 7
 6
 7
 9
 1
19
13
2	2
11	1
5	2
14	1
1	0
5	0
1	0
24	0
8	0
7	0
1	0
10	5
16	3
21	1
20	0
16	4
11	8
18	8
15	3
22	25
24	24
25	18
24	22
22	4
30	21
12	14
18	19
* The register from Fort Clark shows that from 9, p. m., of the 2d to 11, a. m., of the 4th of this month the amount of rain was 14.80 inches.
t Observations of winds and weather for twenty-one days only, of the thermometer for the whole month. 
404
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JANUARY,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
RANOE.        DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean.  Max.
Kennebec Arsenal......[  18.72
Fort Independence......I  28.38
Fort Adams............  33.55
Fort Columbus.........  33.51
West Point............;  31.00
Fort Hamilton.........
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks___
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
Fort Brooke...........
Mount Vernon Ars=enal.
New Orleans..........
32.54
31.35
31.80
35.72
36.93
45.16
52.41
65.42
71.32
63.00
68.41
57.54
49.84
58.00
 Baton Rouge...........   52.35
                        I
 Fort Smith..............   38.25
 Fort Washita...........   41.64
 Jefferson Barracks......   34.90
 Newport Barracks......   37.41
 Fort Snelling...........   16.45
 Fort Ripley............   11.75
 Fort Ridgely............   17.32
 Fort Riley..............   32.87
 Fort Leavenworth......   34.12
 Fort Laramie...........   20.38
 Fort Kearny............   22.61
 Fort Randal]............   20.48
 Fort Arbuckle..........   37.80
 Fort Belknap...........  38.45
 Fort Chadbourne.......  38.03
 Fort McKavett.........   41.77
 San Antonio...........   51.26
 Fort Lancaster..........   41.06
 Fort Mason.............   45.74
 Fort Brown............   57.41
 Ringgold Barracks......   51.51
 Fort Mcintosh..........   51.51
 FortClark..............   48.31
Fort Duncan...........   49.64
Fort Davis ,
40.10
FortBliss..............'  33.13
  28. C9
  36.71
  37.32
  39.35
  41.35
  39.41
  42.67
  40.93
  42.90
  46.45
  49.38
  58. S6
  73.77
  77.64
  75.62
  76.74
  71.54
  64.02
  61.35
  65.06
  53.03
  53.90
 48.62
 44.22
 30.51
 25.45
 28.87
 45.84
 48.12
 42.32
 39.93
 38.25
 52.29
 53.29
 55.00
 61.45
 66.45
 55.48
 58.93
 68.09
 63.77
 65.25
 60.61
 65.94
 53.00
57.22
 22.06
 31.42
 34.90
 33.00
 37.51
 35.70
 37.19
 33.64
 38.12
 40.93
 46.29
 55.16
 67.90
 71.10
 64.84
 71.81
 62.67
 54.87
 60.54
 57.61
 44.15
 47.19
 37.41
 39.83
 21.64
 16.93
 23.06
 37.13
 38.19
 35.09
 28.29
 25.48
 42.48
 45.93
 43.77
 46.32
 53.29
 43.87
 49.12
 60.38
 56.12
 56.71
 53.16
53.83
 47.38
43.97
 22.95
 32.17
 35.25
 35.29
 37.61
 35.89
 37.07
 35.45
 38.91
 41.43
 46.94
 55.51
 69.03
 73.35
 67.82
 73.32
 63.90
 56.24
 59.96
 58.34
 45.14
 47.57
 40.31
 40.49
 22.84
 18.04
 23.08
 38.61
 40.14
 32.59
 30.27
 28.07
 44.19
 45.89
 45.60
 49.84
 27.00
 46.81
 51.26
 61.96
 57.13
 57.82
 54.02
 56.47
46.21
44.77
 46
 54
 47
 54
 54
 52
 63
 60
 49
 62
 62
 69
 82
 83
 84
 84
 79
 74
 73
 76
 65
 69
 66
 57
 43
 42
 45
 58
 62
 52
 58
 56
 67
 65
 68
 71
 81
 70
 74
 82
 78
 85
72
79
68
67
Min.  Range:  n.  ! ne.  e.
 - 1
   9
  19
  18
  21
  15
  20
  18
  24
  24
  33
  39
  51
  63
  52
  50
  47
  35
  50
  42
  24
  31
  22
  28
-15
-27
  7
  15
  10
  5
  10
  5
 20
 37
 24
 28
 37
 22
 32
 38
 31
 34
 35
 38
 24
 17
 47
 45
 28
 36
 33
 37
 43
 42
 25
 38
 29
 30
 31
 20
 32
 34
 32
 39
 23
 34
 41
 38
 44
 29
 58
 69
 38
 43
 52
 47
 48
 51
 47
 28
 44
 43
 44
 48
 42
 44
 47
 51
 37
41
44
50
18	18
16	7
14	8
9	16
28	1
1	7
7	10
6	20
0	3
2	7
1	17
0	11
2	7
2	14
21	11
9	14
7	22
25	8
13	16
2	7
WEATHER
Fair.  ClMy,
 18
 11
 15
 21
 11
 13
 24
 21
 12
 15
 14
 20
 13
 13
 23
 25
 17
 12
 7
 18
 10
 20
 11
 13
 22
 19
 21
 19
29
 16
23
21
21
16
 9
14
5	14
21	13
26	11
20	11
27	10
0	14
18	8
8	23
9	26
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain,
 3
 5
 4
 5
 4
 1
11
 8
 2
 6
 6
 6
14
10
 4
 4
 4
12 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
-105
•  MONTH OF JANUARY, 1858.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
a. M. i 2 p. M.  9 p. M. 1  Mean. I Max.  Min. JRange N.  ne.   e. j se.  s.  I sw.  w. nw. Fair. iCl'dy
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Thorn...........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque........,
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........,
Cantonment Burgwin ,
Fort Massachusetts ..
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma...........
Fort Tejon..........,
Fort Crook...........
San Francisco.......
San Diego............
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Miller...........
Fort Humboldt......
Fort Jones............
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Dalles..........,
Fort Hoskins........,
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Steilacoom......
Fort Walla-Walla
Fort Bellingham......
Fort Simcoe..........
Camp Scott..........
28.87
22.16
40.27
29.58
25.19
24.74
20.77
21.30
19.80
 5.54
 5.09
12.84
47.12
36.68
22.09
44.87
40.58
41.00
37.26
40.32
24.26
36.74
36.00
32.06
36.50
43 70
32.26
29.98
38.84
28.52
11.42
55.33
51.58
33.33
32.51
56.95	45.56
53.19	37.32
47.83	34.41
38.90	29.83
58.80	25.45
36.20	29.60
42.19	23.58
34.90	16.03
25.29	9.45
35.16	21.23
63.45	54.80
51.22	41.93
37.22	27.74
51.16	47.19
61.35	47.09
55.12	45.54
48.67	43.16
50.87	45.25
43.61	29.61
43.45	38.16
42.09	37.22
43.12	35.16
45.00	38.74
50.19	44.48
44.93	35.80
40.61	31.51
43.83	40.22
35.47	31.71
29.22	14.51
39.17
35.41
47.59
40.04
35.81
31.15
35.00
29.00
28.52
18.82
13.28
23.08
55.12
43.27
29.01
47.73
49.67
47.22
43.03
45.48
32.49
39.45
38.43
36.78
40.08
46.13
37.99
34.03
40.96
31.90
18.38
71
61
70
47
58
46
65
42
54
45
39
47
71
69
46
60
73
62
56
60
54
54
53
53
67
59
54
48
55
46
41
49
39
51
42
58
63
58
50
33
43
37
23
42
32
25
29
44
25
28
31
42
23
30
28
28
30
Rain.  Snow. =
0	1
10	11
1	7
20 |  3
 0 i 20
43 I 22   8 !  4 j 10 i  0 |   1
               I
             4 j 12 I 40 i  12
23
8	5
3	1
18	29
10	6
3	4
10	13
24	5
9	4
7	24
16	2
4	5
19	4
0	0
5	1
11	2
15	15
6	43
8	39
3	5
30	19
16	8
5	16
18	3
6	5
7	26
12	3
5	0
6	2
2	3
4	2
7	3
10	4
2	8
8	0
17	14
41	5
27	37
2	29
0	22
24	11	13
11	11	23 |
44	20	12
5	5	29
8	18	24
9	25	29
21	5	6
15	5	27
27	15	21
17	30	27
42	5	21
1	15	14
17	18	16
14	7	19
5	12	17
17	4	7
1	9	15
14	12	11
3	8	7
1	8	9
20	7	13
22	14	10
5	11	18
7	11	1
0	2	17
1	2	14
18	3	19
2	2	26
 4
10
 4
10
17
15
12
14
24
16
20
24
22
18
21
13
30
14
17
12
 5 
406
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF FEBRUARY, 1858. «■
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
mean temperature,
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
Kennebec Arsenal ...
Fort Independence...
Fort Adams.........
Fort Hamilton.......
Fort Columbus.......
West Point..........
Alleghany Arsenal...
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware.....
Fort McHenry.......
Fort Monroe.........
Fort Moultrie........
FortCapron.........,
Key West Barracks.
Fort Myers..........
Fort Dallas..........
 Fort Deynaud.......
Fort Brooke.........
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
 New Orleans...........
 Baton Rouge............
 Jefferson Barracks......
 Newport Barracks.......
 Fort Snelling............
 Fort Ripley.............
 Fort Ridgely............
 Fort Leavenworth......
 Fort Riley..............
 Fort Kearny............
 Fort Laramie............
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 San Antonio...........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde...........
  Camp Colorado........
  Fort Brown............
  Ringgold Barracks.....
  Fort Mcintosh.........
  Fort Clark.............
  Fort Duncan...........
  Fort Davis.............
  Fort Bliss..............
  Fort Buchanan.........
20.64
23.14
21.21
22.75
23.92
20.85
20.21
25.53
25.67
34.21
44.60
63.21
69.21
60.46
64.28
57.35
54.89
43.46
 53.53
 45.92
 22.14
 23.42
  5.33
   .42
  7.42
 20.92
 21.14
 13.46
 20.14
  6.46
 34.57
 38.17
 46.42
 42.53
 36.82
 38.66
 35.67
 53.35
 49.28
 49.60
 49.89
 49.28
  41.10
  34.56
  33.30
23.61
30.10
30.53
30.64
27.67
32.57
31.28
32.03
32.78
37.25
40.36
53.00
70.93
74.32
72.39
74.71
73.21
67.57
 60.61
 57.92
 62.00
 34.07
 32.28
 19.64
 16.07
 19.25
 31.25
 32.67
 24.42
 38.46
 19.21
 57.04
 59.32
 68.10
 59.60
 60.42
 52.44
 58.78
 69.10
 69.07
 70.10
 62.96
 68.89
  57.96
  64.92
  62.39
15.18
23.60
25.67
25.46
23.00
27.46
25.25
24.10
27.71
32.03
38.32
49.14
64.13
69.21
64.82
70.14
64.25
59.25
48.01
 57.25
 53.07
 26.29
 28.17
 11.05
  7.17
 10.35
 24.71
 24.07
 15.17
 25.03
  8.28
 44.46
 45.14
 53.14
 47.25
 46.25
 41.94
 45.80
 57.78
 56.25
 56.82
  51.85
  53.85
  47.70
  46.24
  40.33
Max.  Min.  Range
15.51
24.78
26.44
25.77
24.47
27.98
25.79
25.44
28.67
31.66
37.63
48.91
66.19
70.91
65.89
69.71
64.93
60.57
 50.69
 56.23
 53.66
 27.50
 27.96
 12.01
  7.55
 12.34
 25.62
 25.96
 17.68
 27.87
 11.31
 45.36
 47.54
 55.88
 49.79
 47.82
 44.34
 46.75
 60.07
 58.20
 58.84
 54.90
  57.34
  48.92
  48.57
  45.36
50
45
43
46
43
45
50
47
47
51
56
66
84
82
83
81
77
70
75
57
56
53
57
51
69
73
49
63
50
83
78
85
80
81
72
85
83
89
88
 76
 84
 76
 78
-16
  6
  8
  7
 10
  9
- 4
- 5
 10
 12
 25
 35
 47
 59
 49
 48
 39
 42
 28
  40
  30
  0
  0
 -21
-24
  15
  8
   0
—11
  15
  26
  14
  12
  27
  22
  18
  22
  19
  37
  31
  32
  34
  40
  24
  22
  25
WINDS.
'WEATHER.  RAIN &  SNOW.
direction, no. of observations.
66
39
35
39
33
36
54
52
37
39
31
31
37
23
34
33
45
 35
 49
 30
 45
 57
 56
 74
 81
 66
 77
 73
 60
 78
 76
 69
 66
 58
  58
  63
  50
  66
  46
  58
  56
  42
  44
  52
  56
  50
10
15
 6
12
 6
46
10
 0
 6
15
 6
24
13
  9
25
  6
21
 13
 14
  7
 21
  2
 19
  7
  8
  1
 14
 15
 21
 20
 20
  12
  1
  35
  22
  17
  27
  4
  10
  22
  8
  22
   0
  12
10
 5
10
 9
17
 1
12
 0
17
 5
30
 6
 9
21
 3
 13
  6
21
 14
 11
 12
 22
  5
  2
  9
  0
 18
 21
 10
4
2
1
3
1
0
4
6
2
5
2
2
 4
27
13
14
 4
21
 5
18
11
10
 1
10
 3
16
10
 6
 2
 1
 7
  1
 0
 2
  0
  3
 14
  7
 12
  7
  5
 13
  7
  2
  3
 15
sw. w. nw.| Fair, j Cl'dy.'Rain. .Snow. j= "
1
3
5
1
3
0
4
3
3
4
1
5
8
10
 0
10
 9
14
10
 7
 4
14
 0
 5
 3
 7
 2
 6
 8
 1
 7
 4
 12
 18
 7
 6
 18
 6
 19
 21
 20
  3
  1
  6
  7
 12
 4
 6
23
14
 1
 4
 6
 6
 0
20
16
10
 5
 1
11
 5
 2
 16
29
  9
  7
 25
 28
  0
 11
 14
  3
 12
  0
  1
  5
22  17   15
17 i 14   25
     4 !  52
    11
    18
     2
    15
    38
     4
    30
     7
    19
     5
     1
    35
     6
     13
      ]
      1
      7
     14
      2
     0
     4
     2
     3
     2
    11
12 \ 10
22
17
13
11
15
20
11
23
20
15
15
16
17
19
10
22
20
24
12
19
14
13
 11
 16
20
 18
 16
 13
 10
 23
 14
 18
 14
 20
 18
 17
 17
 11
 18
  16
  16
  16
  12
  21
  27
  24
 6
11
15
17
13
 8
17
 5
 8
13
13
12
11
 9
18
 6
 8
 4
16
  9
 14
 15
 17
 12
  8
 10
 12
 15
 18
  5
 14
 10
 14
  8
 10
 11
 11
  17
  10
  12
  12
  12
  16
  7
   1
   4
0
2
3
3
0
1
4
1
1
1
6
5
12
11
10
5
6
 7
 4
 9
 6
 2
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 3
 2
 3
 9
  4
  2
  4
  3
  5
  4
  1
3
4
4
1
4
5
3
5
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 0
 6
 3
 2
 6
 5
 3
 3
 6
 4
 8
 1
 1
 0
 1
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  1
2.25
1.42
1.41
3.54
1.20
1.65
2.78
 .95
 .30
1.61
5.10
6.70
2.71
2.51
5.16
3.30
1.23
3.44
3.12
4.30
2.06
 1.51
 1.70
  .73
  .55
  .53
 2.10
  .05
  .24
  .02
  .45
  .51
 1.05
10.60
 1.70
 1.15
 1.07
   .86
   .85
   .69
   .63
   .33
   .28
  1.45
   .15
   .51 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
407
MONTH OF  FEBRUARY, 1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque.........
Fort Marcy  .........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment  Burgwin
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Miller..........
Fort Crook..........
San  Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Hoskins........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla ...
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Camp Scott..........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN  temperature.
A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.
23.82	60.50	39.60
43.85	60.20	35.07
36.69	57.47	40.28
27.50	43.39	34.46
28.03	61.78	28.39
24.35	41.39	34.85
27.46	44.42	30.32
18.71	45.28	28.82
10.50	31 85	17.92
22.54	42.07	31.11
55.71	72.10	64.35
46.78	64.89	53.68
36.53	54.75	38.86
42.85	56.49	49.89
28.64	46.14	36.78
49.20	57.67	51.64
47.32	62.17	51.92
45.82	54.17	49.64
30.86	53.21	39.21
44.92	52.21	46.46
35.64	46.25	39.78
35.32	43.92	37.89
32.28	46.57	36.15
38.21	48.31	40.50
32.71	43.03	34.00
28.71	41.60	31.35
34.32	41.78	35.85
27.89	36.27	30.50
21.32	35.35	24.28
41.30
46.40
44.81
35.11
39.40
33.53
34.08
30.94
20.09
31.91
64.05
55.10
43.38
49.74
37.18
52.83
53.80
49.88
41.09
47.86
40.55
39.03
38.33
42.37
36.58
33.89
37.31
31.55
23.98
Max.  Min. Range
75
69
57
68
55
62
62
43
57
86
83
70
68
59
69
74
59
69
59
59
58
64
64
55
61
52
51
55
 11
 25
 24
 17
 20
 10
  1
- 4
-12
  1
 47
 38
 28
 32
 12
 40
 34
 32
 17
 33
 13
 14
  7
 14
 10
  2
- 2
  1
- 2
67
50
45.
40
48
45
61
66
55
56
39
45
42
36
47
29
40
27
52
26
46
44
57
50
45
59
54
50
57
WINDS.
DIRECTION, no. of observations.
N.   NE.  E.  SE.  S.  SW. W.  NW
9	13
0	3
26	7
6	20
11  | 12
15  :  3
   10
    3
   10
   12
    1
   16
   11
    5
   22
   13
   13
   27
   30
    3
   12
4  23
7 ! 24
6  67
WEATHER. RAIN  & SNOW.
Fair. ClMy
   0
   0
   0
  .12
  .05
  .48
 1.36
  .18
  .20
  .54
 1.06
  .45
  .75
  .17
 4.38
 1.02
 1.01
 8.45
 8.78
10.40
 9.37
 6.90
 9.41
12.29
 3.17
 2.62
 3.43
 4.54
  .26 
408
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MARCH, 1858.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
RANGE.      I  DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.       DAYS.
7 a.m.  2 p.m.  9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.! Min.  Range  n.  ne.  e. j se.   s.   sw. w.  nw. Fair. Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
Kennebec Arsenal......
Fort Independence......
Fort Adams............
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Alleghany  Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie ..........
Fort Capron............
Key W7est Barracks.....
Fort Myers.............
Fort Dallas.............
Fort Deynaud...........
Fort Brooke............
Mount Vernon Arsenal.,
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge............
Jefferson Barracks......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Snelling...........
Fort Ripley.............
Fort Ridgely............
Fort Leavenworth......
Fort Riley..............
Fort Kearny............
Fort Laramie...........
Fort Randall............
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
San Antonio...........
Fort Mason............
Fort Lancaster..........
Camp Verde............
Camp Colorado  ........
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks.....,
Fart Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark.............
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Davis.............
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Bliss..............
22.09
27.93
36.32
39.29
26.80 ;  28.40   53
32.09 I  33.10 !  58
-12     65
  5   !  53
30.22
31.32
33.41
30.51
35.00
35.12
35.67
40.58
50.35
63.90
69.10
60.25
63.35
58.61
58.45
53.22
61.09
56.77
39.96
35.38
30.93
28.00
32.16
42.96
43.03
35.00
33.22
34.35
48.74
50.70
58.00
55.09
51.35
48.67
51.24
64.77
62.09
62.03
57.03
61.35
47.64
31.20
43.26
40.77
41.83
45.94
45.54
48.00
45.16
48.35
48.52
59.25
70.94
73.94
74.22
75.41
72.87
71.06
69.32
66.61
71.54
58.32
48.41
44.48
41.20
44.93
60.00
58.68
51.52
52.48
51.87
70.35
69.67
76.81
71.45
72.48
64.38
71.96
77.61
82.51
85.42
75.03
80.35
69.06
67.30
70.84
33.58
31.77
38.00
37.00
36.42
37.61
42.96
44.13
53.96
63.45
68.90
64.00
68.58
63.32
54.58
58.51
65.55
63.19
48.41
42.96
37.03
33.45
35.93
47.38
48.68
40.42
38.61
39.19
56.61
56.93
63.45
59.96
59.70
51.90
58.17
66.83
68.45
69.16
63.66
66.41 |
57.03 j
43.55 |
57.61
34.86
34.97
39.11
37.66
39.81
30.29
42.31
44.40
54.52
66.10
71.65
66.16
69.11
64.93
61.36
60.35
64.41
63.84
48.89
42.25
37.49
34.21
37.67
50.12
50.13
42.31
41.45
41.80
58.57
59.12
66.08
62.16
61.17
54.98
60.45
69.73
71.01
72.20
65.24
69.37
57.91
47.35
57.23
65
62
63
73
71
66
70
71
78
69
83
88
84
88
85
81
79
71
68
61
64
76
81
71
74
74
87
80
85
85
 10
 13
 25
 40
 54
 40
 42
 38
 36
 27
 42
 31
  9
  4
- 4
- 8
- 2
 12
 16
  4
- 3
  6
 20
 25
 33
 32
 26
 38
 26
 40
 36
 35
 35
 40
 28
 13
59
54
52
73
64
58
60
58
53
49
29
48
42
50
49
57
35
50
70
67
72
89
66
64
65
67
77
68
67
55
52
53
60
37
63
50
42
60
55
50
50
5 |  1
5 J  9
0 i 10
 9 ] 19
 4 i 13
11 I 23
27 , 14
   I
 9 \ 13
13  19
 9  23
 4   7
12 j  6
 8  11
3 3	2
6	4
6	2
7	3
7	22
31	12
4	2
23	15
19	11
	_
0	13
3	4
3	2
3	5
0	1
4	28
22	21
12	19
6	43
15	3
7	13
6	3
    14
    13
     0
     1
     6
 8 i  2
 1 j 12
23 |  2
 4 |  2
 7   2
     0
    14
    12
     5
 5   7
 6
 0
16
0	22
	34
12	53
'	51
35	22	o
2	3	23
9	4	4
24	13	8
5	9	0
 3  15
18 j  4
12  18
 0  13
 3  10
 0  14
 0 I  8
 3j  3
42 I 11
15
12
16
23
16
25
26
16
22
24
22
21
17
26
21
27
16
21
13
19
14
19
21
19
23
20
20
28
23
20
  8
17
17
19
19
10
16
20
19
16
14
26
30
30
10
 9
16
19
15
 8
15
 6
 5
15
 9
 7
 9
10
14
 5
10
 4
15
10
18
12
17
12
10
12
 8
11
11
 3
 8
11
23
14
14
12
12
21
15
11
12
15
 17
  5
  1
  1
3	4
5	3
5	2
4	1
3	2
2	2
7	6
4	2
1	1
4	1
2	2
4	0
7	0
6	0
4	0
8	0
7	0
5	0
8	0
6	' 0
5	0
6	0
2	0
3	2
5	6
7	4
3	0
6	1
3	0
0	1
3	1
5	0
6	0
6	0
5	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
409
MONTH  OF MARCH,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE,
7 a. m.  2 p. m. ] 9 p. m.  Mean.  Max. : Min.  Range
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Albuquerque...........
Fort Marcy............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin...
Fort Massachusetts . ..
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller............
Fort Crook.............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Jones............
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Dalles............
Fort Hoskins..........
Block House, (Siletz R.)
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Walla-Walla......
Fort Bellingham.......
Fort Simcoe...........
Camp Scott............
30.90
42.83
41.93
31.96
35.71
30.26
31.45
25.25
21.54
30.84
55.19
47.68
39.50
48.35
31.77
49 41
47.48
44.90
34.51
45.41
38.35
39.70
38.76
39.68
42.34
36.54
34.87
41.93
37.41
29.58
70.06
66.35
61.06
48.67
64 77
47.30
52.25
52.70
41.16
48.87
74.90
63.58
56.71
63.22
51.35
56.35
61.77
53.50
56.59
54.38
50.48
52.19
55.16
55.48
50.92
56.35
54.41
49.40
49.93
43.55
46.61
50 93
39.67
40.00
39.96
42.61
36.51
35.38
28.25
37.16
64.93
52.68
39.61
52.09
40.29
50.58
53.51
48.71
42.49
47.03
41.83
45.32
45.58
43.42
43.00
39.61
39.03
44.06
39.92
30.44
49.19
53.37
47.55
40.21
46.82
40.05
40.07
37.78
30.32
38.95
65.00
54.64
45.25
54.51
41.13
52.11
54.25
49.13
44.55
48.94
43.55
45.74
46.50
46.19
45.42
44.16
42.77
45.13
42.42
34.52
85
80
74
61
76
59
70
67
60
66
89
72
70
78
63
66
70
60
74
65
64
63
66
69
67
65
68
59
61
65
67
50
43
51
55
45
62
55
56
52
46
35
42
40
43
26
37
25
51
28
34
32
38
41
35
35
39
27
37
52
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOWT.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. I   DAYS.
n.  ne.   e.  se.  s.  sw.i w.  ' nw.' Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain. Snow.
19  55
 4  26
13 ' 13
6	51
3	34
18	6
8	9
7	23
26	14
17	30
11	35
27	26
49	24
11	32
12	1
24	41
6	56
     2
    25
     0
     1
     5
    29
    19
    28
     6
     4
 7!  x
15 j 38
41  14
	
12	28
19	16
3	24
22	25
20	27
11	12
11	24
16	17
15	24
7	15
11	20
2	10
42	14
9	16
4	22
9	12
21	14
22	11
12	11
16	10
10	18
12	12
15	9
4	13
11	19
1	13
10	18
4	16
 4
 9
 3
15
 7
 6
 4
19

14
 7
16
11
21
17
15
 9
19
17
20
20
21
13
19
17
18
12
18
13
15
1.50
1.47
 .08
 .69
1.15
 .53
 .08
 .59
   0
1.60
7.39
1.00
2.57
3.46
2.49
5.21
3.69
7.80
7.51
4.20
2.91
1.89
9.55
6.70
2.76
2.74
1.06
 .25
Observations taken for twenty-six days only.
52- 
410
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF APRIL,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean.
Kennebec Arsenal.....,
Fort Independence___
Fort Adams...........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus*.......,
West Point...........,
Alleghany Arsenal
Carlisle Barracks.....,
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Fort Capron..........
Key West Barracks...
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas...........
Fort Deynaud.........
Fort Brooke..........
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge..........
Jefferson Barracks___
Newport Barracks ....
Fort  Snelling.........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
FortLaramie.........
Fort Randall..........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett........
San Antonio..........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Brown...........
Ringgold Barracks___
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Davis............
Fort Bliss............
Fort Buchanan........
36.26
40.25
42.83
43.40
43.26
45.50
45.00
44.66
49.08
48.26
54.10
62.37
69.27
74.83
69.80
71.10
65.06
65.33
59.30
67.26
61.26
50.30
50.00
37.86
36.16
37.50
48.66
49.00
41.00
42.03
42.90
54.63
67.10
62.86
58.90
55.50
55.73
58.31
72.10
69.46
68.25
63.22
67.10
54.83
54.10
47.40
48.33
51.12
49.86
54.23
55.70
58.90
59.60
57.46
57.38
60.83
60.20
70.30
77.40
79.86
82.70
79.63
80.56
77.83
75.16
74 33
75.73
66.93
60.83
48.80
47.76
47.56
62.13
62.07
54.16
61.90
53.60
78.03
76.06
85.63
76.26
82.30
72.33
79.60
82.96
91.00
86.51
84.70
88.90
76.60
76.60
79.53
37.63
43.90
43.36
45.33
44.80
50.16
50.36
47.13
50.13
53.40
56.43
64.20
70.00
74.30
70.26
73.90
70.43
67.96
64.56
72.93
67.20
55.80
55.40
42.53
40.03
40.10
49.02
52.20
44.93
44.46
43.36
62.70
62.26
70.00
66.23
67.83
55.06
62.23
71.30
73.60
76.32
71.16
74.46
62.80
65.96
51.76
40.74
45.09
45.36
47.65
47.92
50.85
51.65
50.41
52.19
54.16
56.91
65.74
72.22
76.33
74.22
74.87
72.01
70.31
66.34
71.50
68.06
57.67
55.40
43.06
41.31
41.72
53.37
54.42
46.69
49.46
46.62
65.12
65.14
72.83
67.13
68.54
61.04
66.71
75.45
78.02
77.03
73.19
76.82
64.74
65.55
59.56
Max. j Min.  Range
66
68
60
78
77
75
79
 97
 88
 92
 97
102
 96
 97
100
 92
 90
 91
34
33
31
26
36
28
32
35
34
43
45
57
67
58
60
56
56
42
56
50
32
34
21
23
19
35
33
28
28
30
39
43
50
54
41
43
42
62
55
54
52
54
39
40
33
41
34
27
47
51
39
51
43
45
49
34
35
33
18
36
25
33
30
44
26
34
53
48
64
51
63
48
52
56
61
63
52
44
48
32
56
45
50
35
47
42
45
46
53
50
61
WINDS.
AVEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
n.   ne.   e.  se.  s.   sw. w. nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
6	10
7	12
21	8
9	17
9	7
21	12
14	11
6	12
15	19
0	3
10	1
6	5
2	3
5	2
2	3
30	6
8	10
7	13
14	4
27	31
14	4
6	3
2	8
11	20
8  16
   23
16
16
 9
 9
13
17
10
21
19
11
15
21
25
21
22
29
25
28
19
23
19
16
 9
12
18
16
21
17
 6
21
12
21
11
21
21
21
20
14
18
19
21
21
18
24
27
24
 9
 7
 7
 9
12
 6
10
 8
 6
 4
 4
 8
 0
 5
 6
 2
 6
 3
 5
10
 7
 6
 1
 6
12
11
 4
 1
 6
 6
 6
 3
 2
 1
 4
 6
 0
 0
 0
 3
 0
 0
 0
 4 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
411
MONTH  OF APRIL,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER
Fort Thorn..........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin....
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Miller...........
Fort Crook...........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Hoskins........
Block House.........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Camp Scott..........
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
2 P. M. | 9 P. M.
Mean.
79.46
80.08
74.16
57.53
75.96
54.66
61.00
59.03
51.76
56.77
84.96
68.46
63.83
72.26
63.10
58.09
70.40
54.63
71.10
57.13
56.70
55.70
63.93
61.86
54.60
57.46
65.93
53.56
59.83
52.06
53.43
60.90
54.90
48.30
64.07
49.63
44.20
43.13
36.40
46.93
71.33
55.56
50.50
61.06
46.62
50.33
61.16
50.23
51.90
48.46
45.83
51.96
52.10
47.90
46.60
45.20
43.73
46.36
49.38
35.96
59.56
66.79
60.80
50.42
53.88
48.09
48.26
45.22
41.16
48.37
74.15
59.03
54.03
63.26
49.01
53.06
61.13
50.74
54.96
51.54
48.11
50.80
54.29
52.87
48.85
48.56
50.76
48.12
52.21
42.24
Max.
Min. Range
 66
 74
106
 80
 84
 97
 82
 74
 88
 62
 91
 70
 80
 80
 84
 85
 73
 75
 84
 63
 77
 70
32
45
36
31
34
23
16
12
15
28

42
32
42
26
45
52
37
30
41
34
35
36
37
39
36
30
38
36
25
61
51
48
38
62
46
62
63
51
46
54
36
52
55
56
29
36
25
61
29
46
45
48
48
34
39
54
25
41
45
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
2	17	11
3	14	14
26	1	22
1	3	8
1	3	8
17	6	14
9	18	0
0	0	21
15	4	8
0	5	2
0	2	1
5	10	0
0	4	2
9	23	11
13	1	0
5	1	0
4	11	5
1	0	3
3	2	3
8	9	3
2	6	9
0	21	0
0	20	38
7	5	9
6	3	0
Fair.  ClMy.
20
23
24
11
27
22
26
11
17
15
27
16
18
12
18
21
24
14
20
17
16
10
22
15
14
10
21
12
20
21
10
 7
 6
19
 3
 8
 4
19
13
15
 3
14
12
18
12
 9
 6
16
10
13
14
20
 6
15
16
20
 9
18
10
 9
RAIN &SNOW.
Rain. Snow.  =
* The quantity of rain not measured on account of a leak in the rain gauge. 
412
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MAY,  1858.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER,
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min. Range  n.  ne.  e.   se
Kennebec Arsenal .. .
Fort Independence ...
Fort Adams.........
Fort Hamilton.......
Fort Columbus......
West Point..........
Alleghany Arsenal ...
Carlisle Barracks ....
Fort Delaware.......
Fort McHenry.......
Fort Monroe.........
Fort xMoultrie........
Fort Capron.........
Key West Barracks.,
Fort Myers.........,
Fort Dallas........
Fort Brooke........
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans.......
Baton Rouge.......
Jefferson Barracks ..
Newport Barracks ..
Fort Ripley.........
Fort Ridgely........
Fort Leavenworth ..
Fort Riley..........
Fort Kearny........
Fort Laramie.......
Fort Randall........
Fort Chadbourne___
Fort McKavett.....
San Antonio........
Camp Hudson......
Fort Mason.........
Fort Lancaster......
Camp Verde........
Camp Colorado......
Fort Brown.........
Ringgold Barracks ..
Fort Mcintosh......
Fort Clark..........
Fort Duncan.......
Fort Davis.........
Fort Bliss..........
Fort Buchanan.....
Fort Thorn..........
48.45
50.22
50.22
52.22
52.51
55.30
55.54
55.30
57.80
57.25
61.10
70.74
76.71
78.03
74.09
42.96
70.96
67.16
74.32
70.25
85.51
58.03
49.12
48.06
57.29
57.35
49.48
46.00
50.29
61.81
60.87
71.51
70.10
67.35
66.87
60.16
65.25
77.19
79.51
78.50
72.40
73.90
63.06
64.30
57.68
52.03
60.77
60.12
56.61
58.58
61.38
64.54
65.48
65.22
62.30
65.48
67.40
76.93
81.10
82.32
87.06
56.16
83.67
83.00
78.84
81.32
72.32
67.96
61.00
60.41
69.10
69.19
62.87
60.93
64.74
81.71
82.45
90.61
86.61
82.74
87.29
83.77
82.82
86.67
95.61
89.12
88.16
92.51
85.19
85.06
85.60
87.09
SW.  W.  NW.
47.48
51.77
50.22
52.2.3
54.41
58.32
57.87
56.77
55.35
59.09
63.30
72.00
75.42
77.22
75.80
40.38
74.41
71.03
78.00
74.41
59.61
62.74
50.90
50.61
56.36
59.19
52.61
45.84
51.29
69.97
70.19
73.87
74.90
72.74
73.70
68.06
69.67
75.61
79.06
81.66
77.40
80.71
70.62
74.84
56.26
60.25
52.23
54.03
52.35
54.35
56.10
59.39
59.63
59.09
58.48
60.60
63.93
72.22
77.74
79.19
78.98
46.50
76.35
73.73
77.05
75.32
63.48
62.91
53.67
53.02
60.91
61.25
54.98
50.92
55.44
71.16
71.13
78.67
77.20
74.27
75.92
70.66
72.58
79.82
84.72
83.06
79.31
82.37
72.95
74.73
66.51
66.45
76
73
63
74
73
72
81
77
78
75
80
87
89
86
94
70
89
90
84
87
89
83
82
 86
106
 96
102
102
 94
100
 91
 98
 92
107
100
101
106
 98
 94
 93
100
38
42
45
45
40
47
46
45
49
49
54
64
67
71
68
29
62
60
65
60
52
45
37
37
38
40
37
23
40
46
47
53
57
51
46
48
49
65
68
66
59
64
44
50
42
39
38
31
18
29
33
25
35
32
29
26
26
23
22
15
26
41
27
30
19
27
37
38
45
43
51
48
50
59
46
60
49
49
45
43
54
43
49
27
39
34
42
42
54
44
51
61
25 | ' 9
13 | 16
 9   6
 9 j 14
 0 I 22
 2  25
17 |  2
22  12
12 !  8
26 i 32
Fair.  ClMy
20
16
 8
 6
15
18
 9
19
14
 8
14
26
25
16
17
22
27
22
25
17
17
 6
22
16
18
16
 8
23
16
17
11
21
14
17
16
17
13
16
22
19
15
11
23
29
30
25
11
15
23
25
16
13
22
12
17
23
17
 5
 6
15
14
 9
 4
 9
 6
14
14
25
 9
15
13
15
23
 8
15
14
20
10
17
14
15
14
18
15
 9
12
16
20
  8
 2
  1
 6
RAIN & SNOW.
11
13
13
11
23
18
 4
14
 5
 6
12
12
 9
 7
 7
 4
 7
 8
12
12
 8
11
11
13
 8
 3
 9
10
 3
 5
 8
 4
 3
 5
 6
 3
 3
  1
  8
  5
  6
  0
  0
  0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
413
MONTH OF MAY,  1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Albuquerque...........
Fort Marcy............
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin...
Fort Massach usetts.....
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Miller.............
Fort Crook............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Jones.............
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort Yamhill..........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Dalles............
Fort Hoskins..........
Block House..........
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Walla-Walla.....
Fort Bellingham.......
Fort Simcoe...........
Fort Cascades.........
Camp Scott...........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
A. M.	P. M.	9 P. M.
61.29	87.77	63.06
62.00	76.00	67.42
50.25	62.54	54.96
52.22	84.29	46.29
50.84	64.30	57.68
50.64	69.16	52.61
44.54	67.51	49.58
44.09	60.32	44.19
50.80	66.23	53.26
74.32	93.74	80.60
60.03	72.61	61.32
53.06	71.42	55.16
64.80	82.55	65.81
46.27	69.58	49.38
53.22	60.13	51.77
59.06	76.22	64.12
51.48	59.16	53.32
48.81	73.77	56.45
53.93	61.61	52.19
47.71	60.74	50.19
52.61	62.87	55.32
54.71	69.03	56.90
52.71	66.80	49.97
49.97	59.16	52.13
49.83	63.35	50.81
56.70	73.29	55.90
49.90	60.35	53.00
56.88	67.42	55.31
52.48	64.96	54.61
42.96	56.16	40.38
70.70
68.47
55.98
60.93
57.60
57.47
53.88
49.52
56.75
62.88
64.65
59.88
71.05
55.08
55.03
66.46
54.65
59.67
55.91
52.87
56.93
60.21
56.49
53.90
54.66
62.03
54.41
60.21
57.35
46.50
98	50
87	51
75	32
95	35
72	32
84	27
79	28
75	20
77	33
102	65
80	63
81	42
93	54
80	39
68	48
86	54
69	44
94	43
81	48
80	37
80	47
86	46
85	39
73	40
81	44
88	46
72	43
81	45
84	44
70	29
WEATHER.! RAIN &  SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.   NE.  E.  SE.  S. SW.  W.  NW
N.	NE.
0	1
5	7
0	1
6	0
1	14
6	8
9	1
9	6
6	3
8	2
0	1
12	0
7	3
2	5
0	1
0	0
27	2
14	11
0	4
0	8
2	11
0	15
4	5
4	0
0	1
0	4
0	1
2	5
0	1
2	2
11 I  6
   I
18 i 21
27	7
13	32
21	24
13	16
0	35
1	30
12	3
0	8
1	57
0	0
1	13
10	14
0	38
1	24
13	16
1	13
6	18
3	32
3	24
0	58
48	9
24	16
9	51
11	14
Fair. Cl'dv. Rain. ISnou,
 6
28
15
30
25
25
11
21
22
25
15
27
17
23
20
26
17
19
16
17
10
20
17
12
16
18
12
21
11
 3
16
 1
 6
 6
20
10
 9
 6
16
 4
14
11
11
 5
14
12
15
14
21
11
14
19
15
13
19
10
20
0	0
0	0
3	1
2	0
o	3
2	0
0	4
0	2
0	0
0	0
0	0
3	0
0	0
6	0
5	0
3	0
8	0
3	0
9	0
16	0
13	0
9	0
15	0
10	0
7	0
7	0
9	0
4	0
12	1
7	3
 
414
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH OF JUNE,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
RAIN  & SNOW.
7 A. M. I  2 P. M.
                            !       i    I         ,         '         ;    ;       ;             !        C i>
9 p. m.   Mean.  Max.  Min.  Range! n.  ne. i e. j se. I s.  sw.  w. 'nw. Fair. Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.'  S •=
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Adams............
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point.............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks.......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Key West Barracks....
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Myers.............
 Fort Brooke............
 Barrancas Barracks* ...
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans...........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks......
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely..........
 Fort Leavenworth......
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie...........
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 San Antonio...........
 Fort Mason............
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp  Verde...........
 Camp  Colorado.........
 Fort Brown............
 Ringgold Barracks.....
 Fort Mcintosh.........
 Fort Clark.............
 Fort Duncan...........
 Fort Davis.............
 Fort Bliss..............
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
 63.63
 63.90
 63.10
 67.30
 68.33
 70.16
 66.86
 68.93
 74.63
 72.66
 72.90
 78.83
 78.03
 75.45
 75.60
 78.05
 74.66
 79.43
 74.73
 71.76
 69.80
 68.50
 65.70
 69.97
 71.13
 65.90
 62.60
 68.20
 69.57
 69.93
 76.63
 72.30
 70.40
 70.23
 73.31
 80.83
82.16
77.40
74.37
76.03
66.70
75.80
66.56
63.07
74.73
71.30
 76.43
 74.80
 71.10
 77.16
 79.33
 79.13
 80.73
 81.96
 82.75
 83.13
 80.43
 82.20
 81.70
 90.54
 85.76
 85.41
 85.46
 82.26
 84.06
 83.30
 79.66
 80.00
 78.00
 82.50
 80.30
 80.46
 82.06
 87.43
 8S.73
 85.26
 90.90
 86.23
 86.83
 87.43
 88.06
 88.40
 93.33
 89.30
86.90
89.56
85.60
90.10
91.43
92.25
93.63
85.53
 61.36
 65.06
 63.26
 66.30
 69.40
 71.43
 70.46
 71.83
 72.70
 74.10
 76.36
 78.70
 78.13
 78.18
 73.70
 80.25
 74.96
 81.53
 77.36
 70.96
 74.76
 66.86
 66.56
 76.23
 71.57
 67.90
 65.70
 66.73
 76.23
 73.76
 77.90
 75.90
 74.03
 73.36
 75.55
 79.20
 81.76
83.60
78.83
79.76
71.70 |
80.94
63.00
70.03
73.96
76.70
 67.14
 67.92
 64.82
 70.25
 72.25
 73.57
 72.69
 74.42
 76.69
 76.63
 76.54
 79.91
 79.28
 81.39
 78.35
 81.23
 78.36
 81.07
 78.71
 75.34
 74.74
 71.78
 70.08
 76.23
 74.33
 71.42
 70.12
 74.12
 77.51
 76.36
 81.84
 78.14
 77.09
 77.00
 78.97
 82.81
 85.75
 83.45
 80.02
81.80
74.66
81.28
7 4.66
75.11
80.77
77.81
 93
 90
 91
 96
 86
 90
 95
 89
 99
 93
 95
 92
 92
 89
104
 96
 92
 96
 92
 95
 93
50
52
50
53
52
55
53
56
59
59
64
71
69
74
69
74
65
72
65
55
 96
 97
103
103
100
 93
93	58
93	70
103	71
97	68
92	64
98	63
 33
 40
 41
 36
 38
 36
 37
 35
 28
 14
 19
 19
 21
 17
 31
 14
 25
 43
 33
 47
 44
 39
 37
 44
 42
 52
 41
 36
 28
 33
 42
 36
 38
 23
 32
 29
28
35
40
32
40
47
40
35
 7
 4
 0

13
 2
27
11
 1
 1
 4
13
 0
 0
11
13
 4
 0
13
 7 |  0
19 j 11
 1
 3
16	34
5	11
12	7
5	69
      7  j 12
     10  j 21
      8  j 16
14 :  12   11
 9 j  13  I  6
25 j  50  i  0
 8   25   31
9	5
8	4
o	1
6	2
10	10
2	1
6	3
J10	0
4	9
8	15
1	0
9	0
0	0
2	28
i o	4
0	0
26	21
18	0
27	18
38	13
26	13
69	3
1	55
5	27
24 | 19
24 I 22
13 ! 40
US
18
 1
16
42
67
50
11
 0 i 78
24 j 45
 7 |  1
67   4
      4
      4
     20
      0
     13
     40
     12
     12
      3
      3
      2
      1
      4

      4
      0
      0
      2
 9
 2
 9
15 j 12
 6 ' 12
    0
0  45
  I
9  11
38 | 16
     0
     0
     0
10   15
 9   35
 2   2
20 ';  28
25   20
 4
 1

36
 0
 0
10
 2
13
 7
 0
 1
 2
 1
 0
 0
 3
 5
 2
 0
 1
 4
 2
 8
 7
10
11
10
 1
 2
 0
 5
 0
 0

 0
 0
 o
 0
 15
 16
  9
 14
 21
 25
 18
 25
 25
 19
 20
 19
 24
 15
 26
 6
 15
21
 13
 18
 13
21
23
21
20
 10
29
21
 9
 6
19
13
10
 19
 8
17
18
20
 14
 6
17
15
14
21
16
 6
 5
12
 11
 10
 11
 6
 15
 4
 6
 15
 9
 17
 12
 17
 9
 7
 9
 10
23
 1
 9
21
24
 11
17
20
 11
12	29	13	27	3 !
22	6	0	25	5
9	23	4	27	3
28	10	0	22	8
11	5	r,	27	3
13	4	0
12	9	0
10	9	0
16	12	0
24	11	0
13	8	0
3	4	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
415
MONTH  OF JUNE, 1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............
Fort Marcy..............
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Massachusetts......
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego..............
FortTejon..............
Fort Miller f............
Fort Crook..............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt..........
Fort Jones..............
Fort Umpqua...........
Fort Yamhill...........,
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles..............
Fort Hoskins............
Block House............
Fort Steilacoom.........
Fort Walla-Walla.......
Fort Bellingham........
Fort Simcoe............
Camp Hudson...........
Fort Cascades..........
Camp Scott |............-
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
7 A. M.  2 P. M.
p. m. ' Mean.  Max. ! Min.
69.43
89.36
73.83
79.03
71.30
74.86
76.43
98.60
74.86
79.16
92.53
77.70
62.53
76.30
62.06
88.11
64.40
70.10
72.16
78.33
74.06
66.80
71.20
82.13
65.63
75.18
83.56
74.16
65.07
61.46
51.40
65.20
60.13
60.00
54.66
64.80
85.83
67.63
68.50
75.52
61.80
53.50
65.83
56.13
72.72
54.86
55.76
63.00
64.80
57.20
56.76
58.70
68.06
56.83
63.33
76.50
60.30
46.85
62.43
67.83
66.42
67.14
62.45
61.59
66.88
89.28 ! 108
69.00   90
70.19
80.19
65.46
56.84
67.78
57.71
74.00
58.98
56.58
65.37
67.92
63.42
59.02
61.37
71.30
59.64
68.09
77.64
64.96
53.54
 94
103
 97
 67
Ranee  n.   ne.
se.  s.  sw.' n.  nw. Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain. Snow.
35
55
37
50
38
47
37
37
30
43
41
52
20
35
25
46
17
45
42
44
45
46
45
47
 3
46
28
43
41
0	0	37	10	2	7	27	6	11	19	10	0
2	0	1	1	26		49	4	26	4	4	0
4	4	3	21	6	:;9	6	7	23	7	12	0
4	5	9	17	18	14	7	16	24	6	8	1
8	1	16	0	37	3	19	6	14	16	11	0
0	9	12	8	15	25	17	4	19	11	3	0
12	2	4	5	12	19	29	7	17	13	6	0
4	8	11	12	16	14	19	6	25	5	0	o
0	0	22	19	0	36	13	0	15	15	2	0
0	0	0	0	0	21	37	30	25	5	2	0
4	2	11	10	7	1	20	2	10	9	0	0
0	o	0	13	0	6	0	48	24	6	4	0
0	0	0	0	0	72	18	0	16	14	0	0
0	0	2	0	0	1	87	0	27	3	I	0
22	7	3	4	0	9	2	12	14	16	7	0
0	0	11	0	0	27	4	47	20	10	6	0
1	0	0	0	1	43	8	17	18	12	7	0
4	12	3	15	4	12	14	26	14	16	6	0
3	17	10	2	;{	9	28	14	24	6	8	0
14	7	I	0	5	13	11	19	17	13	7	0
31	8	9	»	2	4	35	1	15	15	7	0
16	19	0	3	2	10	23	24	19	11	9	0
0	9	0	21	0	47	0	13	24	6	11	0
1	1	0	17	48	7	14	0	13	17	10	0
5	4	12	6	16	14	24	0	19	11	4	0
3	2	3	74	8	0	0	0	6	24	9	0
0	1	0	9	22	49	4	5	18	12	8	o
0	4	7	2	4	3	21	1	12	2	4	0
3.45
3.40
 .30
* Observations taken for twelve days only.
t Observations taken for nineteen days only.
( Observations taken for fourteen days only.
m 
416
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JULY,  1858.
THERMOMETI'
STATIONS.
Kennebec Arsenal
Fort Independence....
Fort Adams...........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.......
West Point...........
Alleghany Arsenal ....
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Monroe.........
Fort Moultrie........
Key West Barracks...
Fort Brooke..........
Barrancas Barracks....
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge.........
Jefferson Barracks....
Newport Barracks ....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth ....
Fort Riley ...........
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall.........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett.......
San Antonio..........
Camp Hudson........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Brown..........
Ringgold Barracks
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Davis...........,
Fort Bliss............
Fort Buchanan........
Fort Thorn.............
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 A. M.
65.67
66.32
68.29
75.20
71.16
69.71
71.74
71.00
77.58
73.80
76.71
79.58
82.41
77.34
79.81
79.46
81.96
77.87
76.25
73.00
62.41
69.41
67.03
77.84
75.16
72.22
68.35
71.35
81.32
75.81
76.29
82.71
79.70
79.80
76.80
73.09
78.97
82.00
82.29
80.64
80.86
81.25
72.50
76.32
70.77
71.12
2 p. m. i 9 p. M.
76.26
78.54
74.45
80.09
80.03
60.01
86.60
83.20
86.03
83.41
82.38
85.19
86.03
85.45
86.96
86.90
84.67
86.29
88.77
83.90
70.16
78.09
79.09
89 06
86.97
84.22
81.32
89.54
93.58
96.16
91.03
93.45
94.06
91.67
95.00
91.06
95.67
91.03
96.96
95.90
94.83
98.40
86.00
89.55
86.40
94.77
63.13
68.22
67.68
70.77
72.70
74.03
72.97
75.53
75.90
76.87
79.10
80.68
82.61
78.74
81.25
77.73
84.09
80.12
79.40
78.35
60.70
67.16
67.22
82.26
77.26
71.96
69.13
71.80
81.93
82.65
78.77
82.58
83.35
82.12
80.64
73.67
81.35
80.90
83.48
89.83
85.46
86.64
76.55
80.71
69.71
72.19
Mean.
68.35
71.02
70.14
75.35
74.63
74.58
77.10
76.57
79.83
78.02
79.39
81.81
83.68
80.52
82.67
81.36
83.57
81.42
81.47
78.41
64.42
71.55
71.11
83.05
79.80
76.13
72.93
77.56
86.61
84.87
82.03
86.26
85.70
84.55
84.14
79.27
85.32
84.64
87.91
88.79
87.05
88.76
78.35
82.19
75.62
79.36
WEATHER.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
93
93
81
88
91
88
92
93
95
94
91
96
89
91
90
96
90
91
95
93
81
92
 95
 92
 91
104
 97
103
 96
100
101
102
 96
101
101
103
104
 95
100
102
105
Min.  Range  n.  ne.
72
72
61
70
79
75
39
33
23
26
28
26
27
33
35
28
25
24
11
16
16
24
12
16
27
30
27
37
32
30
26
28
32
44
21
32
23
18
25
26
28
40
32
17
26
22
69	26
65	35
62	40
63	42
SE.	s.	SW.	w.
2	36	11	8
8	1	23	9
16	19	24	9
5	5	23	9
12	13	14	17
10	40	2	1
3	6	23	3
2	16	29	33
27	14	13	4
5	19	20	14
10	4	22	6
9	23	17	11
10	21	8	4
16	38	10	2
2	2	21	29
10	11	19	8
16	16	25	1
8	17	11	21
50	5	2	0
1	41	16	11
3	10	3	11
3	25	2	14
12	12	3	13
43	9	4	1
21	27	7	3
11	19	19	0
12	21	11	31
20	17	2	11
33	35	15	1
45	37	2	1
60	12	7	1
24	55	0	0
64	27	0	0
2	74	14	2
1	88	0	0
16	51	12	0
18	3	4	1
68	14	1	0
89	0	0	0
53	26	0	0
2	1	0	0
66	0	0	0
10	8	7	5
4	7	14	25
6	22	18	6
8	8	8	28
RAIN  & SNOW.
15
18
13
15
27
20
20
28
29
21
20
24
26
26
15
18
21
 7
22
13
18
17
18
15
19
 6
26
21
30
15
12
26
20
23
19
22
13
26
27
28
24
17
23
21
17
Cl'dy.	Rain.
16	9
13	12
18	11
16	8
4	8
11	8
11	10
3	8
2	3
10	10
11	5
7	12
5	5
5	17
16	10
13	14
10	15
24	20
9	7
18	5
13	8
14	10
13	11
16	12
12	10
25	12
5	8
10	13
1	4
16	7
19	4
5	5
11	0
8	2
12	3
9	2
18	3
5	2
4	2
3	2
7	4
14	2
8	9
10	6
14	19
8	7
 3.87
 2.80
 3.98
 3.87
 4.40
 3.17
 3.60
 1.05
  .60
 3.23
 2.60
 8.08
 2.94
13.29
 7.14
 7.31
 7.72
 5.66
 7.67
 3.98
 4.48
 3.95
 4.75
10.57
 4.66
 4.41
 1.14
 3.85
 2.50
  .89
 2.73
  .14
    0
 3.27
 5.00
  .55
 2.33
  .70
 2.30
  .50
  .10
  .24
 2.07
 1.52
 3.21
 2.51 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
417
MONTH  OF JULY, 1858.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
A. M.  2 P. M.
Mean.
Max.   Min. Ramie
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS
sw.  w. nw.  Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Craig..............
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque *..........
Fort Marcy.............
Fort Union..............
Cantonment Burgwin__
Fort Massachusetts.....
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma..............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Crook..............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks........
Fort Humboldt..........
Fort Umpqua...........
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Vancouver.........
Fort Dalles..............
Fort Hoskins...........
Block House............
Fort Steilacoom.........
Fort Walla-Walla.......
Fort Bellingham........
Fort Simcoe............
Fort Cascades...........
Fort Bridger............
Camp Floyd f...........
75.38
59.83
70.06
64.55
66.19
61.90
81.55
86.42
69.19
68.97
85.35
60.50
54.77
61.35
54.12
58.78
54.03
60.29
64.10
56.64
54.90
53.84
67.58
55.13
71.14
61.12
60.90
69.77
 93.61
 84.03
 69.32
 89.45
 76.51
 80.64
 75.61
 79.67
 77.84
106.77
 77.58
 85.30
 85.74
 62.32
 79.41
 60.77
 62.96
 68.96
 73.38
 81.71
 78.61
 66.87
 69.90
 89.51
 68.03
 82.72
 73.70
 76.96
 81.61
77.38
78.58
62.19
67.96
66.68
64.51
64.51
62.41
68.16
92.00
70.45
79.32
66.64
53.12
66.27
55.06
55.41
55.48
63.77
69.77
57.74
57.51
58.32
70.80
59.45
67.27
61.61
56.13
64.55
82.74
79.33
63.78
75.82
69.24
70.44
67.34
87.88
70.80
95.98
72.32
76.65
70.96
56.70
69.01
56.65
59.04
59.49
65.81
71.85
64.33
59.76
60.68
75.96
60.87
73.71
65.48
64.66
71.97
100
 93
 83
 95
 85
 92
 85
 85
 87
114
 92
 97
103
 68
100
 64
 69
 82
55
58
59
57
55
55
58
82
72
60
52
48
52
50
50
46
55
57
48
50
49
54
52
56
54
47
58
 0 [ 14
 0 :  0
   I
 o;  3
19   5
12 i 10
10 !  2
 4 i  1
12   0
25
17
 6
 0
17
20
 0
 9
15
 9
18
 3
 3
 0
 0
 4
 0
 0
 7
 3
 1
 4
 0
10
27
 6
 0
 4
19  29   7
23 !  0
34  21
 0  59
64
3	7
7	1
0	20
0	50
49	6
35	5
7	49
7	49
6	3
18
24
 4
26
19
22
10
14
15
23
15
31
28
11
27
13
17
22
19
27
23
21
19
30
18
30
23
25
16
13
 7
27
 5
12
 9
21
17
16
 8
16
 0
 3
20
 4
18
14
 9
12
 4
 8
10
12
 1
13
 1
 8
 6
 2
2.50
1.13
3.49
 .36
4.04
5.80
1.33
1.36
2.22
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .03
   0
   0
 .30
   0
   0
   0
 .30
 .30
 .55
 .26
 .42
 .03
   0
 .14
   0
      * There is reason to  believe that the thermometer at Albuquerque is not protected from the " direct or reflected rays of the sun," and that the
temperature record, particularly at 2, p. m., is too high.                                                                             R. H. C.
      f- Observations taken  for eighteen days only.
53- 
418
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF AUGUST,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Adams............
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Key West Barracks___
 Barrancas Barracks....
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Camp  Lawrence*......
 Jefferson  Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks......
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........,
 Fort Laramie..........,
 Fort Randall...........,
 Fort Arbuckle.........,
 Fort Belknap..........,
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett.........
 San Antonio..........
 Camp  Hudson.........
 Fort Mason...........,
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp  Verde............
 Camp  Colorado.........
 Fort Brown............
 Ringgold Barracks......
 Fort Mcintosh..........
 Fort Inge...............
 Fort Clark..............
 Fort Duncan...........
 Fort Davis..............
Fort Bliss...............
Fori Buchanan..........
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
61.35
64.42
65.32
67.30
67.39
67.48
66.41
65.71
72.51
70.38
75.51
79.74
83.67
76.80
76.11
81.64
74.48
71.87
69.96
64.38
64.64
63.54
75.90
70.94
65.50
65.77
65.64
75.51
83.58
71.29
79.19
82.13
75.00
79.48
73.76
69.67
75.45
81.09
80.74
80.41
75.97
76.93
83.16
69.58
72.40
66.06
73.77
75.35
71.80
77.87
77.61
76.50
79.61
78.23
81.20
80.64
81.81
85.00
86.54
87.22
87.69
85.64
87.96
89.74
81.41
70.29
76.71
77.77
85.93
82.65
61.25
80.54
86.45
92.77
87.42
91.97
87.12
91.32
91.22
91.00
90.32
91.93
94.72
91.80
94.83
94.77
90.97
91.93
96.00
82.20
87.42
87.16
61.00
65.90
65.61
68.32
70.00
71.64
69.90
71.84
70.41
73.35
78.23
60.74
83.87
79.80
76.71
84.51
77.59
77.87
74.74
62.87
64.83
64.41
77.64
72.48
67.54
65.71
66.87
80.80
85.03
80.81
76.22
80.61
80.58
80.00
78.29
72.16
79.87
81.54
81.51
86.58
81.22
81.80
85.00
75.67
79.30
66.40
Max.  Min.  Range
65.35
68.55
67.57
71.15
71.66
71.87
71.98
71.92
74.70
74.75
78.50
81.82
84.69
81.27
80.17
83.93
80.00
79.82
75.37
65.84
68.76
68.57
79.82
75.36
71.44
70.67
72.98
83.03
85.34
81.35
79.17
84.68
82.26
83.50
80.79
77.92
83.34
84.81
85.69
87.25
82.71
83.54
88.05
75.81
79.70
73.18
 85
 85
 80
 85
 66
 84
 90
 90
 92
 91
 88
 92
 90
 91
 94
 90
 97
102
 90
 83
 89
 92
 99
 95
 97
 91
101
100
 96
102
 97
 99
 98
 97
 98
 95
106
 98
101
 99
 97
 98
102
 90
 97
 98
45
52
57
55
54
58
49
50
57
59
67
74
80
65
63
73
61
35
56
49
46
46
57
52
45
51
44
61
70
64
69
76
65
52
62
63
64
77
74
76
73
73

64
69
56
40
33
23
30
32
26
41
40
35
32
21
18
10
26
31
17
36
67
34
34
43
46
42
43
52
40
57
39
26
38
28
23
33
45
36
32
42
21
27
23
24
25
25
26
28
42
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.   NE.  E
S.  SW. W.  NW.
6 | 17
Fair.  Cl'dy
17
20
12
15
24
24
13
25
26
18
23
21
25
22
13
22
15
19
12
21
21
22
25
21
11
22
22
27
24
14
 2
22
15
20
23
22
13
19
20
28
23
21
11
21
18
21
14
11
19
16
 7
 7
18
 6
 5
13
 8
10
 6
 9
18
 9
16
12
19
10
10
 9
 6
10
20
 4
 7
17
29
 9
16
11
 8
 9
18
12
11
 3
 8
10
20
10
13
10
°  2
E  -S
<
4.60
5.16
4.78
2.40
3.95
3.52
1.90
4.05
1.90
3.37
2.45
8.04
1.52
3.44
5.89
7.35
2.25
1.87
6.20
 .95
1.77
3.26
7.26
4.10
1.76
1.81
3.96
 .53
1.57
 .43
1.68
 .51
1.68
2.60
2.76
 .05
1.77
2.45
2.90
1.32
1.52
3.20
1.87
2.42
 .57
3.50 
METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.
419
MONTH OF AUGUST, 1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Craig..............
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............
Fort Marcy.............
Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin__
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma.............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Crook..............
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt..........
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort Hoskins...........
Block House............
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Vancouver.........
Fort Dalles.............
Fort Sleilacoom.........
Fort WTalla-Walla.......
Fort Bellingham........
Fort Simcoe............
Fort Cascades..........
Camp Floyd............
Fort Bridger............
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
M.	2 P. M.
29	86.38
84	89.38
70	79.93
32	68.03
86	91.41
10	72.00
.54	76.77
.19	73.13
58	73.00
51	104.16
48	77.90
30	83.90
96	85.03
38	63.48
80	75.87
96	61.16
68	65.06
16	82.40
55	69.00
32	73.16
74	75.51
25	83.64
93	71.03
54	86.80
03	68.71
42	82.21
74	75.09
00	82.96
71	76.84
73.45
77.13
75.61
57.96
57.35
65.16
60.61
61.87
65.06
88.51
70.71
74.45
68.67
55.51
65.16
56.51
57.00
60.60
57.19
58.35
65.58
71.45
59.67
68.54
59.90
71.41
64.22
64.32
54.74
76.70
80.78
75.74
60.10
71.87
66.08
66.30
60.43
66.55
91.72
73.03
74.21
70.55
58.46
67.27
57.54
60.58
66.72
60.58
61.94
67.61
72.78
62.21
73.96
62.21
74.68
67.35
71.42
64.76
Max.  Min. Range
 96
 97
 87
 76
100
 79
 90
 84
 84
112
 84
 94
 95
 68
 89
 65
 78
100
 89
 94
 98
 98
 88
103
 84
 99
 92
 90
 84
60
70
67
50
44
55
54
50
53

66
56
47
53
56
50
52
50
44
46
53
54
49
58
53
57
53
56
53
36
27
20
26
56
24
36
34
31
35
18
38
48
15
33
15
26
50
45
48
45
44
39
45
31
42
39
34
31
WEATHER.  RAIN k SNOW,
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
n.   ne.  e.  se.  s.  I sw.i w.  nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.
 6   10
 0  I  2
 7  i 12
   i
 0  !  2
 2  '  0
 9  i 11
 5  |  2
io  ;  3
12  |  7
 3   12
 4 |  5
   I
17 ; 18
10 30	11 10
0	7
3	20
5	14
23	0
4	6
15	9
20	19
0	1
0	8
0	0
0	0
4	1
5	0
0	0
1	1
0	0
2	15
5	1
0	2
0	6
1	10
10	9
0	6
10	25
1	2
								
8	14	34	12	20	11	12	1 °	5.
13	19	24	0	15	16	6	0	1.
17	12	13	11	27	4	9	0	1.
1	6	29	12	6	25	16	0	8.
0	27	0	55	28	3	4	0	
9	20	3	18	17	14	11	0	2.
26	12	8	21	21	10	7	0	5.
24	5	25	1	9	22	15	0	2..
15	6	32	11	12	19	14	0	3.:
10	14	23	7	16	15	0	0	
0	31	20	0	11	20	1	0	.(
6	35	47	4	28	3	1	0	
0	4	0	48	24	7	4	0	.(
0	91	2	0	11	20	1	0	•(
0	2	90	1	26	5	2	0	.
0	12	5	14	11	20	1	0	tl
0	16	0	58	17	14	3	0	.t
6	10	15	24	16	15	3	0	(
6	0	81	1	19	12	0	0	
3	41	21	12	19	12	4	0	.1
3	7	23	32	15	16	7	0	
0	9	27	26	25	6	9	0	
1	13	26	43	19	12	10	0	4.-
0	72	0	9	21	10	6	0	r
50	13	8	1	14	17	11	0	2.1
3	11	29	10	23	8	10	0	I.C
6	64	14	3	17	14	4	0	l.C
4	6	1	35	28	3	8	0	,H
12	49	5	13	27	4	4	0	
* Camp Lawrence is about fifteen miles from Baton Rouge, 
420
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF SEPTEMBER, 1858.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Fort Independence___
Fort Adams...........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry.......
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Key West Barracks...
Barrancas  Barracks....
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans..........
Camp Lawrence......
Jefferson Barracks ....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall..........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett........
San Antonio..........
Camp Hudson........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Brown...........
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Inge.............
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan...........,
Fort Davis............
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Thorn.............
A. M.  2 P. M.  9 P. M.
     I
58.10
61.06
60.70
60.90
64.06
56.80
56.26
67.90
62.10
68.20
71.50
79.76
71.53
69.73
77.46
66.80
61.06
60.13
54.56
51.90
52.20
66.83
65.83
55.26
47.53
55.00
88.76
77.70
63.57
65.53
77.23
71.20
73.63
67.10
57.30
67.79
77.33
74.73
74.93
70.03
73.06
75.30
65.10
64.66
64.90
56.66
71.10
67.50
71.30
71.03
72.53
72.81
70.90
76.40
74.70
75.70
77.43
83.60
84.50
84.70
81.70
86.10
82.70
75.73
60.06
64.06
67.06
60.20
81.40
76.06
76.26
77.80
88.78
85.23
88.60
83.06
64.83
84.60
85.03
85.46
73.60
89.00
86.13
90.36
91.70
66.53
88.30
69.20
81.76
84.36
85.00
60.90
61.63
62.70
64.13
67.13
59.63
61.80
65.76
65.83
71.10
74.00
80.20
76.53
73.70
80.73
71.03
69.96
68.70
53.76
54.63
55.80
71.26
67.80
59.40
57.36
58.86
77.70
80.90
75.87
71.33
73.26
74.86
75.20
72.50
60.90
73.85
76.70
77.20
82.00
72.83
75.93
79.30
71.83
72.56
61.93
65.76
63.36
63.39
64.90
65.35
67.90
63.12
62.98
70.02
67.54
71.66
74.31
81.00
77.51
76.04
79.96
74.64
71.24
68.18
56.12
56.86
58.35
72.97
71.68
63.57
60.38
63.92
78.38
81.27
76.01
73.30
78.44
76 .'88
77.95
75.02
63.96
76.88
80.05
80.74
82.87
76.46
79.10
81.26
72.69
73.86
70.60
68.35
65
77
62
82
84
86
84
90
86
87
86
88
93
91
87
92
94
85
79
83
83
92
94
 97
 93
100
 94
 92
 99
 96
 93
 86
 97
 95
 95
 96
102
 90
 92
 94
 90
42
45
42
44
52
32
43
52
47
56
59
77
60
57
70
57
52
47
43
32
40
55
51
46
33
40
57
71
52
52
69
62
65
54
43
55
71
64
65
56
65
68
53
57
56
41
43
32
40
38
32
54
41
38
39
31
27
11
33
34
17
35
42
38
36
51
43
37
43
42
55
53
40
22
48
42
23
37
31
39
43
42
24
34
33
39
31
34
37
35
38
49
Mean.   Max.  Min. iRange n.  ne.  e.   se.   s.  sw.  w.  nw
    36
    16
    26
    17
    17
    28
    4
    5
    0
    6
    3
    16
    4
    10
    9
    3
    5
    4
    6
    2
0 j  20
2 !  39
o!  2
s.	sw.	w.
7	30	12
13	20	7
5	22	11
4	8	26
31	11	6
21	24	3
14	21	34
6	5	0
17	19	11
4	24	7
11	4	3
5	3	7
6	8	3
7	5	3
2	6	1
2	1	27
6	10	0
41	16	11
14	7	18
18	5	13
5	2	25
45	9	8
32	7	5
15	16	7
11	16	35
11	12	9
35	10	9
12	17	0
43	2	1
4	8	0
1	0	0
1	0	3
64	8	0
73	0	0
15	12	4
4	1	0
5	1	0
1	0	0
17	2	0
2	1	5
4	0	1
0	0	0
14	14	10
11	21	2
14	o	2
15	21	05
W'EATHER. RAIN & SNOW.
Fair.  ClMy.
23
20
22
26
22
15
24
28
23
22
23
16
21
17
21
14
24
20
14
22
20
19
23
11
24
23
27
26
18
14
22
18
22
22
20
13
17
22
27
23
18
13
24
19
22
28
 4
 8
15
 6
 2
 7
 8
 7
14
 9
13
 9
16
 6
10
16
 8
10
11

19
 6
 7
 3
 4
12
16 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
421
MONTH OF  SEPTEMBER, 1858.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER. RAIN  & SNOW.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. m. ! 2 p. m. 9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min.
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton........
Albuquerque.........
Fort Marcy..........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment  Burgwin
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Crook..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Hoskins........
Block House.........
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Fort Cascades.......
Fort Bridger.........
Camp Floyd.........
69.23	B8.60	72.13	76.65
67.66	76.86	72.36	72.29
45.93	69.23	54.46	56.55
58.26	92.00	45.16	65.10
55.30	71.20	62.16	62.93
52.60	77.50	56.73	62.27
51.10	72.46	58.40	60.65
51.77	74.03	58.86	61.55
80.76	102.83	88.56	90.71
66.56	75.66	69.66	70.63
63.90	79.70	69.66	71.08
48.66	80.93	65.10	64.81
57.53	65.33	55.70	59.52
58.96	78.60	65.23	67.59
51.46	62.00	56.36	56.60
56.40	65.66	55.83	59.30
52.03	75.26	56.60	61.30
51.83	69.46	56.16	59.15
49.60	72.00	56.70	59.43
54.33	72.90	61.16	62.79
52.96	77.33	65.53	65.27
50.73	69.96	55.13	58.60
59.06	80.30	61.22	66.86
55.10	66.43	56.33	58.62
62.66	76.50	62.27	68.14
55.93	72.23	58.53	62.20
49.60	72.56	50.40	57.52
48.66	77.96	55.86	60.49
 96
 85
 75
 97
 78
 85
 80
 80
110
 90
62
56
36
40
44
42
42
43
76
60
54
32
49
56
45
50
45
44
41
45
43
45
50
45
50
49
28
30
34
29
39
57
34
43
38
37
34
30
44
64
36
39
24
25
53
40
54
49
48
38
45
33
39
39
55
60
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
15 , 21
 7 ! 14
sw. w.  nw.i Fair. Cl'dv.  Rain.
9	11	36
4	8	38
0	16	19
2	41	27
0	14	0
0	81	9
0	9	79
4	17	1
0	40	1
4	10	12
0	23	60
2	14	25
6	6	11
0	29	30
6	16	15
0	90	0
40	5	8
0	28	30
3	54	1
1	50	16
4	18	12
18
29
20
30
27
30
14
22
26
13
Oj
27
12
25
13
17
19
19
22
18
24
17
17
18
24
21
23
25
12	8
6	7
13	7
13	5
12	11
6	4
9	6
7	7
5	3
 
422
METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.
MONTH  OF OCTOBER,  1858.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER.; RAIN & SNOW'.
RANGE.        DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. !    DAY;
A. M.
Fort Independence__
Fort Adams..........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus........
West Point...........
Alleghany Arsenal ....
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Key West Barracks...
Barrancas Barracks ...
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge..........
Jefferson Barracks....
Newport Barracks  ....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth  ....
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall...........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne......
Fort McKavett.......
San Antonio..........
Camp Hudson........
Fort Garland.........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
('amp Verde...........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Brown..........
Ringgold Barracks___
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss............
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Thorn...........
50.35
51.81
51.64
51.58
54.70
50.35
50.58
56.82
52.93
61.55
66.93
78.48
68.16
64.73
72.35
39.93
51.54
53.19
46.06
38.93
39.77
53.35
53.22
43.19
35.71
39.06
58.56
66.20
56.61
60.06
72.00
65.74
32.40
66.80
58.67
63.09
62.40
74.58
71.45
70.70
68.20
70.60
57.64
54.80
46.94
3*. 83
P. M.	9 P. M.
61.29	53.22
58.61	54.13
62.90	55.51
62.16	55.96
63.00	58.70
63.48	52.51
63.90	52.40
64.54	57.53
66.48	57.93
67.51	64.10
73.74	69.54
81.22	78.35
78.96	71.09
79.47	68.47
77.19	75.35
80.61	63.29
66.84	56.16
64.35	58.67
50.12	46.64
51.00	43.00
54.00	45.19
67.48	57.12
65.81	55.06
58.67	47.45
48.64	42.58
55.13	44.97
71.74	63.67
72.22	66.58
80.35	66.06
79.19	65.77
82.90	75.42
81.81	70.01
55.40	38.93
81.06	71.74
80.63	66.12
84.12	66.74
80.93	65.70
84.96	74.12
90.67	75.83
87.19	78.69
86.10	72.23
90.83	75.51
76.00	63.25
78.30	64.70
77.52	52.68
75.29	52.93
54.95
54.85
56.68
56.56
58.83
55.44
55.62
59.63
59.11
64.38
70.07
79.35
72.73
70.90
74.96
67.94
58.29
58.74
47.60
44.32
46.52
59.32
58.03
49.77
45.64
46.38
64.65
68.33
67.68
68.34
76.77
72.52
42.24
73.20
68.48
71.31
69.67
77.88
79.32
78.84
75.50
78.98
65.63
65.93
59.04
55.68
Min.	Range
39	37
36	35
35	49
39	43
42	35
35	46
32	48
45	39
38	51
48	33
53	30
75	10
59	25
54	34
64	20
48	41
36	57
40	44
35	33
20	47
24	57
34	58
38	55
29	62
25	62
22	63
39	55
49	39
40	59
38	52
63	25
54	39
19	51
52	38
34	58
45	45
44	48
65	24
51	46
53	42
54	40
55	42
39	59
37	53
28	65
26	61
N.   NE. ! E.  SE,
     8
     6
     4
     7
     2
    21
     3
 7  13
13 i  7
 0 | 32
26 | 14
34 I 37
23	11
16	19
9	20
18	2
2	11
9	14
10	10
13	8
7	24
7	6
11	24
16	16
10	0
23	0
11	9
21	11
12	3
0	11
8	18
12	0
1	11
8	1
12	1
0	1
0	22
2	4
16	19
9	6
3	07
0	0
22	16
23	8
14	23
11	13
5	11
4	20
1	14
4	9
41	4
12	28
7	23
17	4
4	14
0	24
12	12
0	0
10	2
10	10
4	8
10	6
3	8
28	10
13	8
5	15
0	5
21	5
17	6
9	11
7	4
15	0
35	7
2	13
32	2
5	14
1	2
1	0
8	16
43	15
53	1
11	13
4	7
13	0
2	4
16	0
0	1
0	0
4	,2
5	12
25	14
7	10
Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain. iSi
19
13
16
20
20
16
24
21
18
20
25
23
24
14
20
 9
12
10
12
 9
15
14
16
 6
20
17
20
23
14
14
22
16
25
21
23
15
13
17
28
28
21
15
22
29
24
29
12
18
15
11
11
15
 7
10
13
11
 6
 8
 7
17
11
22
19
21
19
22
16
17
15
25
11
14
11
 8
17
17
 9
15
 6
10
 8
16
18
14
 3
 3
10
16
 9
 2
 7
10
 5
10
 9
 9
10
 3
10
 9
 3
 4
 3
 4
 0
 2
 3
 2
 6
 5
 6
 3
 2
 6
 1
 0
 0
 1
 0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.                                           423
MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig..........
Fort Stanton........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy..........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin ...
Fort Defiance.......
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Crook..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks ....
Fort Humboldt......
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Hoskins.........
Block House........
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles..........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Fort Cascades.......
Fort Bridger.........
Camp Floyd.........
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.; RAIN & SNOW,
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
7 A. M.	2 P. M.
56.77	78.51
52.16	67.93
38.03	60.19
46.38	79.83
42.51	56.22
40.06	61.87
33.19	54.90
37.87	59.64
65.45	85.93
57.97	71.74
49.40	63.03
35.41	60.00
54.32	62.45
54.35	68.41
47.67	• 57.41
51.41	59.74
40.77	59.93
42.40	57.68
39.97	56.64
43.77	56.87
40.48	59.29
40.67	56.09
42.83	64.35
43.70	53.90
45.50	55.81
44.90	55.51
34.09	52.16
36.06	57.03
p. m.  Mean. ; Max,
63.51
61.74
45.25
44.00
49.22
45.03
38.09
43.45
72.59
64.87
51.80
49.06
55.83
59.90
51.51
51.70
44.58
48.00
46.92
47.58
49.96
43.83
47.00
46.83
46.62
48.29
35.48
42.06
66.26
60.61
47.82
56.73
49.31
48.98
42.06
46.98
76.65
64.87
54.74
48.15
57.53
60.88
52.20
54.29
48.42
49.36
47.84
49.40
49.91
46.86
51.39
48.12
48.64
49.56
40.57
45.05
 90
 81
 76
 96
 73
 84
 70
 73
100
Min. (Range n.  ne. '  e.  se
43
40
22
30
29
26
19
18
54
43
36
20
50
49
38
44
31
32
32
34
29
31
33
35
34
38
22
22
47
41
54
66
44
58
51
55
46
39
51
60
27
36
25
23
38
37
37
31
39
37
43
25
33
27
56
64
15	22	13 j
3	10	5
2	7	6
1	0	7
10	4	1
17	6	5
17	1	1
2	5	2
4	5	8
1	11	13
2	0	0
4	2	0
2	5	3
0	4	21
5	2	2
0	21	1
15	5	1
0	1	11
2	3	6
7	26	3
0	16	0
9	13	2
0	8	0
27	5	0
0	0	0
1	5	10
4	1	3
5	10	4
SE.	s.
3	3
13	15
2	0
1	27
7	3
17	9
1	70
8	5
6	2
11	0
0	2
13	0
3	5
3	0
3	6
1	0
7	3
9	4
4	3
20	7
8	0
11	13
19	0
5	46
0	5
0	19
6	1
9	2
nw. Fair. Cl'dv. Rain. Snow.
24
29
18
31
24
26
23
20
21
19
21
19
16
23
15
17
16
17
14
12
19
 5
22
12
14
13
18
23
 7
 2
13
 0
 7
 5
 8
11
10
12
10
12
15
 8
16
14
15
14
17
19
12
26
 9
19
17
18
13
 8
 0
 0
 0
 0
 1
 0
 3
 1
 0
 3
 3
 7
 5
 2
 8
14
14
10
19
13
11
13
 7
18
 8
12
 2
 7 
424
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF NOVEMBER,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
RANGE.        DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.   |    DAYS
7 A. M. I 2 P. M.  9 P. M.
Mean.   Max.
Min.
Range  n.   ne.   e. ; se.
w. 'nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
o  u
6  .5
<:
Fort Independence.....
Fort Adams............
Fort Hamilton.........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Moultrie..........
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge...........
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks......
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley,...........
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth......
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Randall...........
Fort Arbuckle.....
Fort Belknap...........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........
San Antonio..........,
Camp  Hudson........,
Fort Mason............
Fort Lancaster........
Camp  Verde...........
Camp  Colorado.......
Fort Brown............
Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
 Fort Duncan..........
Fort Davis............
Fort Quitman.........
Fort Bliss............
Fort Buchanan........
Fort Thorn............
34.10
35.50
36.73
37.76
38.60
37.23
34.83
40.30
38.73
47.66
71.20
47.73
46.33
42.50
51.83
40.67
33.33
37.83
29.36
21.70
23.00
32.00
31.66
28.03
26.16
24.96
34.42
36.63
35.57
38.73
49.30
46.60
47.26
38.40
40.09
39.71
56 40
51.03
50.90
45.90
51.20
40.36
30.63
43.76
33 06
24.93
42.13
41.63
42.03
43.10
45.68
42.26
44.43
45.66
47.50
51.66
74.40
57.86
60.26
59.93
56.96
57.32
42.33
41.70
34.43
29.40
36.40
40.20
39.60
38.66
44.40
35.70
49.59
52.63
58.20
60.10
63.23
63.33
66.53
61.63
63.48
60.20
71.73
70.66
69.76
67.10
75.16
60.56
00.16
60.70
64.30
61.56
36.60
38.16
38.93
39.43
41.37
36.90
36.60
39.81
42.46
48.00
72.03
52.20
50.83
47.50
55.40
45.17
36.54
39.50
31.66
23.19
24.50
34.80
32.43
30.06
30.90
29.40
41.48
42.03
45.53
47.76
53.76
48.13
53.80
47.96
45.03
47.23
60.56
56.46
57.63
52.46
60.23
46.96
40.20
51.40
39.63
41.30
37.60
38.76
39.24
40.09
41.87
38.79
38.63
41.92
42.89
49.10
72.54
52.59
52.47
49.97
54.73
47.72
37.40
39.07
31.81
24.77
27.96
35.66
34.56
32.25
33.82
30.02
41.83
43.76
46.43
48.86
55.43
52.70
55.86
49.33
49.53
49.04
62.89
59.38
59.43
55.15
62.19
49.29
43.66
51.95
45.65
42.59
64
58
65
62
66
60
53
61
67
67
83
76
73
75
60
59
43
44
42
45
49
45
 22
 24
 24
 24
 30
 23
 23
 25
 27
 32
 62
 32
 31
 30
 43
 26
  14
 21
  16
 -  3
—  4
  14
  14
  10
   3
— 4
  12
  10
  19
  oo
  28
  27
  35
  26
  19
  23
  40
  32
  26
  29
  34
  25
  15
  30
  24
  10
42
31
41
38
36
37
30
36
40
35
21
43
46
46
30
49
46
38
27
47
46
31
35
35
54
50
56
63
55
50
50
51
43
52
65
51
39
50
58
53
47
47
64
45
50
61
23 i 16 I  5
 7  14   5
 8  10   17
 1 ' 13 |  17
    10 i  5
    21
     0
    15
    13
    19
    10
     7
9
9
13
2
22
19
7	6
13	10
11	12
6	18
3	5
13	16
2	4
21	16
20	5
13	0
3	2
2	8
3	8
8	7
8	3
4	1
16	4
13	12
1	0
2	1
3	1
4	1
1	14
23	5
27	25
26	12
18 ! 20  17
   l
 0 j  1 j  0
19   9 I  6
 8 :  0
 5 | 16
   l
20  19
0 I  0
16
13
 9
17
21
 6
17
19
10
12
22
20
20
13
18
13
 8
 1
 9
 7
 7
22
12
 4
17
13
20
     14
     14
     29
     13
     21
     22
     18
     13
     15
     19
     24
     20
31 |  17
 9 |  21
 6 '  21
25
25
33
14
17
21
13
 9
24
13
11
20
18
 8
10
10
17
12
17
22
29
21
23
23
 8
18
26
13
17
10
 5
16
16
  1
17
  9
  8
12
17
15
11
  6
10
 13
  9
  9
  5
  5
  4
6	4
11	4
4	2
7	3
6	3
9	9
8	4
1	4
14	3
6	0
10	0
10	0
9	0
6	0
9	0
8	0
8	5
7	5
5	9
0	7
3	18
9	3
3	5
3	5
2	6
0	4
2	3
1	1
2	1
4	1
2	0
4	0
0	0
1	0
1	1
1	0
.17
  0
.01
.16
 04 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
425
MONTH OF  NOVEMBER,  1858.
STATIONS.
Fort Fillmore...........  33,
Fort Craig.....
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............  29,
Fort Marcy.
Fort Union.....         ,28
Cantonment Burgwin__  17
Fort Garland............  1
Fort Defiance...........  24
Fort Yuma..............  55
San Diego..............  50
ForlTejon..............  43
Fort Crook.............j  30
San  Francisco..........'  52
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER!  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
7 a. m.  2 p. m. 9 p. m. J  Mean. ' Max.  Min. iRange; n. , ne.  e.  se.   s.  sw.  w. nw.. Fair. Cl'dv. Rain. Snow
Benicia Barracks..
Fort Humboldt___
Fort Umpqua.....
Fort Hoskins......
Block House......
Fort Yamhill......
Fort Vancouver...
Fort Dalles........
Fort Steilacoom ..
Fort Wall a-Walla.
Fort Bellingham..
Fort Simcoe......
Fort Cascades.....
Fort Bridger......
Camp  Floyd......
64.10
52.53
43.80
64.93
42.00
45.13
40.00
34.17
50.00
74.53
66.33
62 23
52.92
58.93
65.16
54.86
57.23
57.36
56.40
47.03
52.06
50.63
51.43
53.33
49.50
47.30
49.06
40.33
47.60
 45.20
 46.16
 33.00
 34.70
 33.63
 31.96
 24.23
 19.96
 33.16
 63.03
 56.60
 49.70
 41.13
 52.90
 54.76
.49.90
 51.06
 44.70
 47.66
 45.16
 46.50
 41.53
 42.60
 38.60
 44.26
 40.92
 44.76
 26.43
 34.23
47.54 !  75
44.80   63
33.92   57
43.13
34.37
35.17
27.37
23.52
35.99
64.18
57.90
51.83
41.46
54.60
56.57
50.62
52.73
47.68
49.08
43.93
46.84
42.82
44.31
42.66
45.23
41.68
45.25
30.29
37.31
76
62
67
71
62
67
75
66
63
63
61
62
62
56
55
61
57
65
27	48	14	17	23	2	0	2	19	13
27	36	6	16	3	11	13	13	17	11
10	47	2	3	19	2	0	3	29	32
20	66	1		37	3	16	2	22	2
17	39	„	7	1	14	3	12	6	40
15	42	15	8	6	16	5	4	7	29
2	55	18	0	1	0	58	0	8	0
2	42	10	10	19	2	14	17	7	5
12	52	8	3	2	7	7	8	31	24
46	40	3	4	10	8	4	15	39	7
40	32	1	12	14	9	1	28	22	3
34	42	0	0	0	0	0	44	42	4
19	43	14	3	0	11	0	5	5	23
46	21	6	14	2	0	5	32	28	23
38	33	8	9	0	20	0	13	3	39
35	27	18	5	6	6	7	8	2	5
36	31	0	21	11	4	0	29	3	22
29	46	11	9	5	3	3	6	21	19
32	34	0	5	3	2	10	26	31	13
31	32	0	2	13	9	1	19	1	11
32	31	7	18	11	15	8	16	5	10
25	36	3	12	5	4	1	33	22	5
27	35	4	9	4	8	18	27	7	13
30	32	0	3	0	29	0	40	0	18
32	24	23	6	1	6	32	4	0	7
25	30	0	0	1	0	2	12	7	0
33	28	•	25	37	5	5	5	0	11
9	48	4	6	6	11	0	19	28	14
21	44	15	31	2	3	1	3	20	15
29
13
28
22
23
17
25
23
19
14
23
22
17
25
13
16
12
12
11
14
18
3
25
9
16
11
16
22
54- 
42(3
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1858.
THERMOMETER.
W7INDS.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Fort Independence....
Fort Adams...........
Fort Hamilton........
Fort Columbus........
West Point...........
Alleghany Arsenal....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware........
Fort McHenry........
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Key West Barracks...
Barrancas Barracks...
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans.........
Baton Rouge..........
Fort Smith...........
Jefferson Barracks
Newport Barracks
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Camp Walbach*......
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall..........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Chadbourne.....
Fort McKavett........
San Antonio..........
Camp Hudson........
Fort Mason...........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado........
Fort Brown...........
Ringgold Barracks ....
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Clark............
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Davis............
Fort Quitman.........
Fort Bliss.............
A. M.
27.61
30.61
30.29
29.87
30.70
35.68
30.93
34.01
37.00
45.61
52.83
74.16
56.22
51.50
59.77
54.29
33.51
32.16
38.70
22.80
 7.48
12.00
26.61
23.61
17.32
23.80
19.93
12.87
34.63
33.96
35.19
41.06
47.49
45.61
46.00
37.83
44.41
40.59
57.87
52.87
42.97
45.66
49.71
37.80
24.90
33.16
2 p. M.
34.77
35.61
36.06
36.00
38.67
42.90
37.51
39.35
43.61
49.31
59.80
77.96
64.77
64.57
62.71
62.96
48.13
41.93
44.12
26.38
17.81
20.87
38.64
33.97
36.80
37.06
35.13
29.64
47.50
51.45
55.55
57.90
57.58
62.46
60.48
57.90
61.74
57.09
71.12
64.74
65.03
61.70
66.00
55.22
57.25
50.10
9 p. M.
30.64
34.00
33.19
32.74
34.41
37.30
31.61
34.22
40.19
46.54
55.64
74.54
58.00
53.90
61.93
58.32
41.28
34.97
41.74
24.12
10.58
14.06
30.58
26.51
22.64
26.53
23.00
17.00
41.14
38.70
42.71
46.70
50.39
46.46
51.06
46.42
44.74
46.77
61.90
56.25
54.16
49.76
55.61
41.96
35.22
44.51
Mean,  i Max.  Min.
31.00
33.40
33.18
32.87
34.59
38.62
33.15
35.86
40.26
47.15
56.09
75.55
59.66
56.65
61.47
58.52
40.97
36.35
41.51
34.43
11.96
15.64
31.94
28.03
25.58
29.19
23.02
19.78
41.09
41.37
44.48
48.55
51.81
51.17
52.51
47.38
50.29
48.15
83.63
57.96
57.38
52.3S
57.11
44.99
39.12
40.92
52
49
50
54
54
56
46
47
54
65
68
82
74
82
76
78
62
59
60
37
36
40
62
58
58
56
57
51
65
65
72
70
70
79
75
72
76
71
82
80
75
74
85
68
75
64
 II
 10
 10
 13
 13
 15
 15
 18
 19
 28
 34
 67
 37
 31
 41
 32
 15
 11
 15
  8
-23
-16
- 5
-12
-12
 10
-29
-15
 11
 12
 12
 14
 26
 22
 22
 14
 24
 19
 37
 35
 30
 26
 33
 20
  6
 20
41
39
40
41
41
41
31
29
35
37
34
15
37
51
35
46
47
48
45
29
59
56
67
70
70
46
86
66
54
53
60
56
44
57
53
58
52
52
45
45
45
48-
52
48
69
44
nw.i Fair.
10
15
18
10
16
18
10
12
14
28
14
 8
12
 4
21
12
 3
 5
12
11
14
24
14
 9
18
23
14
19
10
 7
 8
13
15
19
13
 6
14
10
23
15
10
18
13
27
Cl'dy.	Rain.
16	4
21	6
16	16
13	10
21	14
15	5
13	7
21	16
19	9
17	8
3	2
17	14
23	11
19	12
27	15
10	7
19	6
28	13
26	1
19	0
20	0
17	1
7	3
17	0
6	0
13	0
8	0
17	7
12	3
21	7
24	11
23	11
18	1
16	3
12	3
18	10
25	6
17	6
21	8
8	7
16	11
21	5
13	3
18	3
4	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
427
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1858.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN temperature.
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Thorn.............
Fort Fillmore..........,
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton...........
Albuquerque...........
Fort Marcy............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin..
Fort Garland...........
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma............
San Diego.............
FortTejon............
Fort Crook............
San Francisco.........
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Hoskins..........
Block House...........
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort Yamhill..........
Fort Vancouver.......
Fort Dalles............
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Walla-Walla......
Fort Bellingham.......
Fort Simcoe...........
Fort Cascades..........
Fort Bridger...........
Camp Floyd...........
7 A. M.
2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min.  Rans
30.03
27.12
28.29
27.16
24.09
18.37
17.90
19.83
 7.67
 3.32
14.58
44.61
45.74
37.10
19.45
43.35
40.00
41.16
34.10
35.80
41.13
32.83
34.19
27.29
31.96
29.00
34.42
25.66
32.64
  9.81
18.03
51.60
54.83
53.00
39.54
41.10
42.54
30.80
38.41
28.55
20.67
31.52
60.77
60.16
45.42
29.55
49.70
49.86
48.80
42.71
43.26
47.96
39.22
41.06
38.96
45.32
34.06
40.30
33.17
36.80
22.35
31.77
34.22
35.96
38.80
33.48
28.54
26.32
23.51
22.70
 9.80
 5.00
19.00
52.81
53.22
38.93
20.93
45.29
43.32
43.96
37.13
37.84
43.38
35.38
37.09
30.77
36.06
28.42
36.38
28.39
34.51
12.25
21.70
38.61
39.30
40.02
33.39
31.24
29.07
24.07
26.98
15.34
 9.66
21.70
52.72
53.03
40.48
23.31
46.11
44.38
44.64
37.94
38.96
44.16
35.81
37.44
32.34
37.77
30.49
37.04
29.07
34.65
14.80
23.83
62
65
65
51
55
60
38
53
47
32
43
67
67
58
34
55
58
54
52
56
59
52
55
55
56
54
50
48
50
38
43
  15
   8
  17
   9
   0
— 2
   0
- 1
-17
-20
—13
  34
  37
  24
—17
  35
  30
  29
   9
  10
  23
  10
   8
— 6
  11
— 4
  12
   1
   9
  20
—■ 5
48
42
55
62
38
54
64
52
56
33
30
34
51
20
28
25
43
46
36
42
47
61
45
58
38
47
41
18
direction, no. of observations.								DAYS.		DAYS.	
N. NE. j E. I SE.				s.	sw.	W. NW. 1		Fair.	Cl'dv. i	Rain. 1	8now.
34 22 6			7	13	10	0	1	18	13	5	1
12 : 3		1	0	2	17	50	8	22	9 j	2	2
16 25		19	1	0	1	18	13	24	7 1	0	0
14 8		10	11	9	7	16	18	25	6	1	5
6	1	7	2	0	2	38	37	13	18	0	7
19	6	46	0	3	3	8	8	27	4	1	2
19	12	3	8	1	16	4	30	19	12	0	8
15	10	5	13	13	7	6	24	26	5	0	1
25	0	4	0	57	1	0	0	23	11	0	8
0	15	19	17	17	15	9	1	24	7	0	3
8	1	1	13	7	11	32	20	16	15	0	9
4	9	6	6	2	12	39	15	19	12	5	0
0	15	10	20	2	21	9	16	15	16	10	0
0	0	0	0	0	53	27	13	17	14	10	4
17	o	0	15	4	9	11	7	9	22	1	14
2	32	5	5	7	6	27	9	10	21	15	0
26	28	5	7	0	8	3	16	20	11	8	0
3	4	2	19	10	8	1	13	8	23	10	0
14	10	2	16	9	4	21	14	10	21	25	4
3	15	5	11	4	45	3	7	7	24	25	2
0	16	7	1	0	37	4	8	8	23	25	0
3	0	10	17	0	25	2	4	6	25	20	4
10	12	8	37	12	12	0	2	7	24	18	3
1	13	10	14	3	21	21	8	14	17 .	17	9
1	26	10	17	12	17	7	3	7	24	15	3
0	1	0	18	0	63	0	11	16	15	6	6
33	3	0	13	34	6	0	2	8	23	23	6
0	3	0	1	4	24	9	1	14	17	6	5
9	10	14	5	33	16	2	4	7	24	16	5
11	20	3	0	1	5	40	11	15	16	0	8
15	22	11	6	0	2	9	28	20	11	0	10
* Fifteen days. 
428
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JANUARY,  1859.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
MEAN  TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
a. m.  2 p. m.  9 P. m.  Mean.  Alax.  Min.  Range  n.  ne. ! e.  se.   s.  sw.  w.  nw
Fort Independence......
Fort Adams............,
Fort Columbus..........
Fort Hamilton..........
West Point.............
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlisl; Barracks........
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie..........
Key West Barracks
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge...........
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Randall...........
Camp Walbach........
Fort Washita*.........
Fort Arbuckle.........,
Fort Belknap..........
Fort Chadbourne.......
Fort McKavett.........,
San Antonio............
Camp Hudson  ........,
Fort Mason.........___
Fort Lancaster..........
Camp Verde............
Camp Colorado..........
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks.......
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Inge..............
Fort Clark..............
Fort Duncan............
Fort Davis.............
Fort Quitman...........
23.41
27.13
25.38
26.64
27.70
27.52
24.30
31.61
32.90
40,03
44.03
67.48
45.16
42.07
51.29
45.38
24.12
29.00
15.93
 1.26
 8.77
28.81
28.13
19.80
21.83
13.51
18.61
35.71
34.88
33.29
31.90
37.77
45.06
41.80
41.87
33.90
31.06
35.90
54.51
49.09
46.96
42.13
42.00
46.67
34.26
21.22
31.58
32.00
34.45
34.15
36.58
36.00
35.23
40.98
41.64
45.00
54.87
70.50
57.67
58.80
55.64
57.16
34.61
36.09
22.93
15.39
19.64
37.26
28.74
39.77
41.90
33.58
32.61
49.90
49.70
44.51
56.10
57.22
54.64
57.81
57.19
57.64
62.12
57.53
70.35
67.00
66.77
59.00
62.90
67.42
55.00
58.35
26.96
28.87
28.67
29.81
32.48
30.40
23.40
32.64
34.93
42.80
49.19
68.88
49.41
45.96
54.80
50.80
27.16
34.03
20.25
 6.84
13.41
30.29
32.32
26.35
25 U9
21.74
20.87
42.96
40.64
38.67
40.77
45.12
48.40
41.90
47.67
45.29
45.61
45.06
59.09
56.48
53.33
45.58
49.14
54.09
40.84
32.00
27.31
29.30
29.50
30.20
32.25
31.30
28.64
35.07
36.49
42.61
49.38
68.95
50.75
48.95
53.91
51.11
28.62
33.24
19.70
 7.83
13.94
32.65
33.06
28.64
29.60
22.94
24.02
42.85
41.74
38.82
42.92
46.70
49.36
47.17
48.91
45.61
46.26
46.49
61.31
57.52
55.69
48.91
51.34
56.06
43.36
37.19
46
45
49
52
50
55
50
57
58
60
67
80
68
75
68
70
57
55
40
39
42
59
57
61
62
57
54
62
63
61
74
70
71
70
73
72
74
78
87
82
80
71
76
85
63
73
  10
— 5
   4
   I
— 7
   0
   0
   0
   5
  19
  25
  55
  22
  20
  36
  26
   3
   3
—25
—38
—17
— 5
 - 2
 -11
   1
 -18
 - 4
  17
  15
  15
  14
  22
  26
  29
  22
  10
  15
  22
  30
  32
  20
  19
  21
  29
  13
 - 2
56
50
45
51
57
55
50
57
53
41
42
25
46
55
32
44
54
52
65
77
59
64
59
72
61
75
58
45
48
46
60
48
45
41
51
62
59
56
57
50
60
52
55
56
50
1	0
12	11
7	4
12	3
26	0
26	14
20	0
22	4
0	1
12 ! 25
 7 I 13
13 \ 22
15 |  9
 8 |  6
26 !  1
 9 : 30  28
       I
 3   3  54
    15
     6
    12
     5
     4
     4
3 j 13
     4
     1
    22
    15
    15
    29
    13
    18
    15
    59
     9
    48
 6 j  2
21 I  0
 9 ' 25
     6
    10
     7
    15
     5
    19
    27
     8
    24
    16
    13
    20
     4
    14
    19
    19
    23
     0
    19
    17
     2
    20
     7
    19
    22
    14
    15
     4
    15
10 | 16
WTEATHER
Fair. ClMy
8 I 15 !  37
17
17
17
16
20
11
22
21
16
16
18
21
17
11
18
14
18
10
11
20
13
18
19
12
22
23
23
16
21
21
19
10
24
19
22
21
21
 9
17
16
23
13
20
14
18
20
12
10
10
12
21
 7
12
 9
10
10
22
14
15
 8
18
11
17
13
11
RAIN & SNOW. 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
429
MONTH OF JANUARY, 1859.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
Fort Bliss...........
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Thorn...........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Garland.........
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Crook...........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks___
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Hoskins.........
Block House.........
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom......
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham.....
Fort Cascades........
Fort Townsend......
Fort Simcoe.........
Fort Bridger.........
Camp Floyd.........
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean. I Max. Min. 'Range
52.51
56.19
53.80
52.25
42.77
46.03
56.09
31.90
40.61
35.09
18.64
34.26
65.19
52.03
27.36
51.54
50.51
50.83
49.83
47.60
47.39
40.74
41.67
39.70
43.00
39.09
43.38
37.51
43.00
34.41
24.29
30.39
72.74
35.81
37.83
35.06
35.77
32.35
21.80
23.61
23.32
14.45
 4.06
19.35
55.70
41.14
20.74
44.61
43.87
45.51
43.06
37.61
39.61
37.22
36.96
32.03
35.35
33.02
37.74
34.48
38.74
27.50
10.48
14.78
41.98
40.63
39.21
35.07
35.12
34.32
32.42
23.91
27.28
19.52
 7.09
19.55
55.55
44.06
20.44
46.44
44.99
54.22
44.08
39.55
41.23
37.20
37.38
33.38
36.30
34.70
39.03
34.91
38.31
28.72
14.12
17.69
63
64
67
65
51
59
61
41
58
47
35
45
73
66
44
60
82
62
64
59
57
49
52
48
52
52
53
44
50
47
29
49
  12
  17
  14
   0
  18
  10
   7
— 5
— 8
—10
—15
 -11
  35
  30
 -20
  33
  30
  31
  32
  17
  29
  20
  19
  10
  17
  14
  26
  22
  29
   9
 -15
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  ; NE.  E.
    23
     0
    13
    29
     7
     3
    17
     0
     0
    15
15 ! 36
w. I nw. Fair.
2	0	10	37
13	10	7	0
0	2	38	8
2	17	33	6
10	14	11	15
0	1	40	28
1	10
11	9
27	0
7	22
11	11
1	10
5	5
3	12
1	5
0	8
5	7
0	37
2	8
1	36
4	10
0	22
5	28
0	29
0	54
28	11
19	15
19	13
3	11
0	3
0	0
29
17
28
25
26
20
31
24
23
25
17
18
18
15
14
11
13
 8
 9
18
10
17
14
12
14
16
23
26
Cl'dv. Rain.
19
 6
 6
 6
 o
14
 3
 6
 5
11
 0
 7
 8
 8
14
13
13
16
17
20
18
23
22
13
21
14
17
19
12
15
* Twenty-eight days. 
430
MKTEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF FEBRUARY,  1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence......
Fort Adams............
Fort Columbus..........
Fort Hamilton..........
West Point.............
Alleghany  Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fert Moultrie ..........
Key West  Barracks.....
Barrancas Barracks ....
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge............
Fort Smith.............
Jefferson Barracks......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Ripley.............
Fort Abercrombie.......
Fort Ridgely............
Fort Randall............
Fort Leavenworth......
Fort Riley..............
Fort Kearny............
Fort Laramie...........
Camp Walbach..........
Fort Washita............
Fort Arbuckle..........
Fort Chadbourne........
Fort McKavett..........
San Antonio............
Camp Hudson..........
Fort Mason.............
Fort Lancaster..........
Camp Verde............
Camp Colorado  ........
Fort Brown.............
Ringgold Barracks......
Fort Mcintosh*.........
Fort Inge...............
Fort Clark..............
Fort Duncan............
Fort Davis..............
Fort Quitman...........
		THERMOMETER.					WINDS.								WEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		- i
1 7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	! Min.	ilange	N.	NE. E.		SE.	s.	sw.i w.		NW.	Fair.	ClMy.	Rain.	Snow.	5 c s — <
36.35	34.21	28.82	29.79	45	9	36	! 8	'	18	6	11	11	10	13	14	14	6	7	3.18
29.97	35.61	31.53	32.37	46	14	32	15	5	5	5	5	12	12	25	14	14	7	4	3.10
29.25	38.50	31.67	33.14	50	15	35	5	7	22	11	0	6	33	10	14	14	10	8	4.35
29.21	36.25	31.75	32.40	53	17	36	2	10	9	8	4	12	5	34	13	15	4	5	3.60
32.60	40.32	35.28	36.06	60	20	40	28	3	7	2	18	4	5	17	18	10	4	4	2.30
30.40	39.92	33.40	34.24	56	11	45	4	16	0	7	17	19	2	19	9	19	7	6	2.67
29.03	39.64	31.49	33.38	56	13	43	0	1	6	15	0	16	31	15	15	13	11	7	4.45
31.06	42.00	34.00	35.68	56	27	29	2	7	18	3	2	1	7	44	19	9	4	0	.22
35.67	44.07	38.42	39.39	65	25	40	8	18	1	6	9	10	17	15	10	18	13	5	5.79
48.10	59.67	53.64	53.80	71	34	37	11	16	7	3	16	7	7	13	18	10	6	0	3.03
71.50	76.71	72.67	73.89	81	60	21	15	25 [ 22		6	3	0	1	12	25	3	3	0	.79
54.71	63.75	57.96	58.84	72	32	40	26	10	11	13	12	1	4	7	14	14	10	0	3.07
50.92	67.07	55.03	57.67	82	34	48	23	12	3	13	19	4	3	7	5	23	11	0	8.49
60.10	65.88	64.21	63.40	78	44	34	8	15	13	21	16	4	0	7	19	9	7	0	3.77
55.17	67.14	60.14	60.81	82	38	46	11	10	18	4	22	5	6	8	6	22	7	0	4.35
41.80 30.32	55.76 45.07	46.73 35.57	48.09 36.98	76 81	17 8	59 73													
							8	8	9	21	11	5	6	16	7	2J	4	0	6.10
33.89	42.10	39.75	38.57	65	13	52	8	8	7	4	11	16	22	8	7	21	6	2	6.20
14.57	25.07	18.61	19.42	40	— 5	45	23	5	18	5	4	4	16	9	18	10	2	6	.54
4.10	24.21	14.28	14.19	39	—29	68	23	3	3	23	3	11	9	7	15	13	I	6	.50
3.29	16.71	7.14	9.13	35	—23	58	11	5	4	20	14	0	7	22	24	4	0	2	.60
10.52	24.00	11.01	15.18	39	—15	54	4	3	19	13	1	2	19	19	12	16	1	6	.49
12.85	31.42	17.78	20.68	54	—14	68	30	2	10	5	23	2	4	8	19	9	1	4	70
26.42	38.57	32.53	32.51	57	— 2	59	1	19	1	17	1	13	4	28	14	14	3	4	.59
28.42	41.07	33.68	34.39	64	4	60	19	11	1	4	25	2	13	9	19	9	4	2	.16
20.57	41.43	24.32	28.77	61	—14	75	9	15	5	9	12	11	11	9	12	16	0	3	.37
24.25	44.33	30.82	33.13	56	—14	70	<	3	13	5	3	1	46	6	20	8	0	0	0
22.67	37.10	24.67	28.16	52	— 7	59	1	2	5	1	11	29	27	8	19	9	0	3	.10
47.00	58.85	50.82	52.22	79	23	56	25	1	4	5	16	10	4	5	14	14	3	0	1.89
43.21	58.91	51.14	51.08	76	20	56	9	8	1	13	24	11	5	13	16	12	1	0	.50
44.03	67.82	54.57	55.47	82	22	60	12	3	3	7	38	4	7	10	9	19	4	0	.23
49.92	67.60	55.39	57.64	81	30	51	5	14	0	28	11	11	2	13	4	24	5	0	.06
58.29	69.00	61.82	63.03	85	37	48	18	5	12	18	12	7	2	10	19	9	2	0	.30
55.21	71.14	57.80	61.38	83	39	44	1	8	6	56	1	1	1	10	5	23	2	0	.03
1 62.03	67.21	59.07	58.70	80	34	46	4	4	8	12	20	14	8	14	8	20	2	0	.15
48.50	70.35	57.25	58.70	85	28	57	12	2	0	5	44	3	2	6	14	14	0	0	0
1 50.96	70.03	54.67	58.55	79	32	47	5	0	0	49	3	7	0	15	16	12	10	0	.46
49.05	67.00	57.17	57.74	82	29	53	1	0	0	9	31	13	18	2	3	25	0	0	0
63.67	75.32	65.64	68.21	87	44	43	15	11	11	14	28	1	0	4	12	16	3	0	1.5:
60.14	76.21	65.10	67.15	90	40	50	10	18	5	33	0	0	6	12	18	10	5	0	1.8C
53.43	75.37	60.06	62.95	93	37	56	3	10	3	12	15	0	0	5	14	2	C	0	(
57.07	72.10	58.46	62.54	87	40	47	.,	8	16	41	3	0	5	4	4	24	5	0	.6"
53.45	70.85	59.95	61.41	83	33	50	8	19	19	0	3	0	2	3	15	13	1	0	.1(
56.14	74.82	62.78	64.58	89	41	48	1	4	0	40	0	0	1	20	6	22	3	0	.5(
46.06	68.14	52.24	54.81	75	33	42	4	13	20	7	12	12	8	6	18	10	2	0	1.0
32.75	67.82	45.46	48.67	82	12	70	6	2	3	4	1	, 8	34	23	! 16	12	2	0	1.2
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
431
MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1859.
STATIONS,
Fort Bliss.............
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin .
Fort Garland..........
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma............
Fort Crook...........
San Francisco........
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Hoskins.........
Block House....  .....
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom......
Fort Walla-Walla.....
Fort Cascades........
Fort Townsend.......
Fort Simcoe..........
Fort Bellingham......
Fort Bridger..........
Camp Floyd..........
THERMOMETER,
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
53
2 P. M.
63.43
61.57
64.39
54.86
51.14
61.85
39.00
48.89
45.03
35.07
43.75
76.96
36.96
53.89
55.53
51.07
48.82
45.28
46.78
43.00
42.00
44.53
43.07
41.64
38.96
42.32
37.84
44.21
31.71
39.78
P. M.
55.14
41.89
47.92
49.11
42.92
32.50
31.82
32.82
32.03
22.78
33.89
59.57
29.89
47.17
47.64
46.64
43.03
39.10
39.03
38.85
36.85
33.96
35.50
35.10
36.00
38.42
30.70
37.64
15.64
30.32
Mean.
53.48
46.35
51.05
47.92
43.91
41.83
32.59
38.21
33.47
24.63
35.08
62.98
31.29
49.06
49.50
47.15
44.68
40.16
41.82
39.47
38.11
36.74
36.89
36.67
36.49
38.84
32.06
38.88
19.76
31.99
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
Min.  Range n.
  29
  24
  30
  29
  22
  18
  15

   2
   0
  12
  46
   4
  41
  39
  31
  37
  31
  32
  28
  29
  23
  25
  17
  28
  31
  18
  28
—10
  14
17
19 , 34
12   7
 2  39
   I
 3  41
18  12
11 ; 10
0	22
22	25
23	29
12	36
14	18
8	41
46	0.
»	5
60	ll
16	13
37	11
5	5
16	1
24	15
7	1
52	0
5	0
9	17
15
13
18
23
 7
21
17
23
Cl'dy
20
 6
16
 9
22
19
15
23
22
23
24
26
25
15
14
13
18
15
19
17
11
 9
Rain.
 2
 3
 2
 0
 3
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
 2
 6
19
13
23
25
20
22
19
16
14
 6
 4
13
 4
 4
15
 0
 0
* Sixteen days. 
432
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MARCH, 1859.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER.'  RAIN &, SNOW
STATIONS.
Fort Independence.....
Fort Adams............
Fort Columbus........
Fort Hamilton.........
West Point............
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie----.....
 Key West Barracks---
 Barrancas Barracks ...
 Mount Vernon Arsenal
 New Orleans.........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Smith...........
 Fort Washita.........
 Jefferson Barracks---
 Newport Barracks---
 Fort Mackinac........
 Fort Ripley...........
 Fort Abercrombie.....
 Fort Ridgely..........
 Fort Randall..........
 Fort Leavenworth
 Fort Riley............
 Fort Kearny..........
 Fort Laramie.........
 Camp Walbach........
 Fort Arbuckle........
 Fort Chadbourne......
 Fort McKavett*......
  San Antonio..........
 Camp Hudson........
 Fort Lancaster........
  Camp Verde.........,
  Camp Colorado.......
  Fort Inge............
  Fort Clark...........
  Fort Duncan........
  Fort Davis...........
  Fort Quitman........
  Fort Bliss............
  Fort Buchanan.......
  Fort Fillmore........
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.   Mean
35.29
36.64
39.03
38.38
43.00
41.32
39.84
43.45
44.09
52.84
57.74
76.96
58.90
57.07
63.29
 57.64
 46.44
 50.83
 43.48
 45.00
 29.51
 26.70
 18.80
 28.25
 28.70
 38.68
 41.87
 33.32
 31.54
 22.22
 48.03
 44.06
 45.42
 58.61
 54.25
 45.93
 52.07
 50.87
 55.22
 56.16
  59.00
  48.00
  32.74
  42.90
  34.58
  43.50
44.16
43.10
49.71
47.00
51.12
52.13
52.35
52.41
55.25
58.25
65.26
80.96
67.00
70.66
68.90
 70.67
 63.20
 67.70
 61.47
 55.90
 34.90
 36.25
 30.74
 34.83
 41.83
 54.84
 56.32
 47.32
 46.19
 37.35
 66.12

 70.26
 77.10
 77.83
 76.41
 73.41
 72.14
 81.70
 78.37
 82.25
 69.51
  73.48
  66.35
  62.29
  64,61
Max.  Min. Range
38.51
39.01
42.96
41.48
45.09
44.19
42.71
40.19
48.77
54.45
60.26
75.96
62.25
59.53
67.25
62.51
52.96
58.16
50.01
 51.22
 30.51
 28.19
 23.00
 29.96
 31.06
 47.42
 45.45
 36.45
 33.41
 24.58
 56.33
 55.64
 59.42
 60.58
 61.96
 61.32
 57.74
 58.87
 60.70
 63.70
 69.83
 55.42
 47.70
 54.71
 42.45
  48.54
39.32
39.58
43.90
42.28
46.40
45.88
44.96
45.35
49.37
55.18
61.08
77.96
62.71
62.42
66.48
63.60
54.20
58.89
51.65
50.70
 31.64
 30.04
 24.51
 31.01
 33.86
 46.96
 47.88
 39.03
 37.07
 28.05
 56.83
 57.49
 58.36
 65.43
 64.68
 61.22
 61.11
 60.26
 65.88
 66.04
 70.31
 57.64
 51.30
 54.65
 46.44
 52.27
 95
 90
 88
 96
 98
100
 83
 88
 81
 80
 80
10
15
17
17
22
26
20
30
26
40
44
64
47
42
52
  4
33
35
28
30
  2
 15
  1
 15
 12
 25
 27
 25
 17
  6
 32
 25
 29
 48
 38
 28
 31
 35
 40
  42
  43
  31
  14
  28
  28
  27
48
36
42
48
41
46
50
39
40
30
34
20
28
40
29
79
47
49
70
40
45
33
45
25
 53
 53
 48
 43
 49
 50
 49
 65
 50
 44
 60
 67
 59
 53
 56
 56
 57
  52
  74
  53
  52
  53
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.  NE.   E.   SE.  S.  SW. W. NW
 6
 6
20
 5
 2
 1
 7
 2
11
 9
 4
37
21 '  12
    2
   23
    7
    2
    6
   29
   35
     1
   29
     2
   39
   16
    16
     1
     3
     0
    26
    10
    16
    13
16 I 10
Fair.  Cl'dv.1 Rain.
20 I 19
It
19
17
18
22
 7
21
15
21
14
22
12
14
10
10
 12
  5
 13
27	4
21	10
14	17
19	12
23	8
21	10
21	10
24	7
29	2
23	8
28	! 3
 1
 3
15
 4
 5
 0
 5
 1
 7
 7
 2
 0
 0
 6
 3
 1
 3
 2
 0
  5
  6
  2
  3
  0
  0
  1
  0
  0
  0
3 —
O  J;
S z
<
 5 39
 6.82
 7.50
 5.18
 5.85
 3.83
 5.15
 4.38
 6.26
 3.80
 7.92
    0
13.58
10.82
 7.84
 5.10
 2.84
  .55
 2.90
 4.30
 2.11
 4.49
  1.80
  4.22
  1.76
  1.85
  1.27
  2.99
    0
  2.18
   .92
   .25
   .20
   .10
   .02
     0
   .59
   .61
    .08
    .30
     0
     0
    .01
     0
     0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
433
MONTH  OF MARCH,  1859.
THERMOMETER.
STATIONS.
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque.........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Garland.........
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma...........
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Crook..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Umpqua.........
Fort Hoskins.........
Block House.........
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom......
Fort WTalla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham......
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Yamhill.........
Fort Cascades........
Fort Townsend f.....
Fort Simcoe.........
Camp Semiahmoo—
Forf Bridger.........
Camp Floyd.........
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATION-
7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	lange	N.	NE.	E.	SE.
40.94	57.77	50.26	49.65	75	30	45	3	5	6	7
36.38	54.19	43.41	44.66	68	24	44	0	2	6	0
29.01	60.25	41.00	43.42	80	16	64	4	1	1	6
27.43	42.20	36.90	35.51	59	12	47	4	1	0	3
27.74	49.68	33.06	36.82	65	12	53	26	6	1	8
21.09	46.51	29.61	32.40	61	5	56	6	1	21	1
18.20	37.87	20.58	25.55	49	0	49	1	5	8	5
23.84	46.61	34.35	35.93	63	12	51	9	0	5	2
52.80	73.35	62.19	62.78	90	44	46	1	9	5	7
37.13	47.90	41.35	42.12	66	29	37	1	0	2	4
27.09	38.83	33.45	33.12	52	15	37	10	1	10	5
46.96	54.25	47.96	49.72	61	42	19	0	4	0	0
44.29	57.54	47.96	49.93	68	38	30	3	1	3	2
41.90	50.45	45.71	46.02	59	32	27	6	5	0	10
42.74	49.32	43.12	45.14	58	36	22	0	1	3	8
37.71	45.51	37.77	40.32	59	31	28	10	0	0	0
37.51	46.70	39.77	41.32	52	30	22	0	2	0	9
37.00	49.35	38.70	41.67	61	29	32	0	18	8	5
35.35	41.58	36.38	37.78	51	28	23	4	0	10	16
40.87	47.90	41.58	43.45	54	34	20	0	9	1	22
38.45	44.81	41.16	41.47	53	31	22	11	3	0	6
39.74	45.22	40.51	41.83	56	32	24	3	18	17	17
41.90	43.12	37.35	40.79	55	30	25	2	4	5	3
36.74	43.96	38.83	39.84	55	32	23	19	7	0	13
37.50	44.70	40.40	40.86	56	32	24	0	0	1	31
34.56	45.53	36.96	39.01	58	24	34	0	0	0	0
37.24	48.71	41.01	42.31	58	29	29	20	18	8	20
17.48	30.38	17.80	21.86	46	— 3	49	10	2	0	0
29.58	41.32	31.09	33.99	60	17	43	22	10	5	16
sw.	N.	NW.	Fair.
22	12	14	29
2	55	28	19
11	62	5	19
23	9	51	21
11	6	26	26
6	33	6	12
35	28	5	24
21	38	14	16
12	46	9	23
0	26	60	20
19	23	6	10
3	69	16	15
30	24	27	21
12	1	1	25
42	15	22	7
18	28	28	5
30	32	12	25
17	32	12	16
24	4	19	11
56	0	5	15
8	4	0	10
14	5	9	3
24	5	27	4
14	2	0	5
11	8	2	10
30	10	1	10
12	4	1	5
20	53	6	16
4	4	30	24
Cl'dy
11
21
16
10
 6
24
26
 6
15
20
16
21
28
27
26
14
21
26
15
 7
 1
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 5
 9
 5
 9
11
 3
26
18
13
14
25
29
17
25
 4
 8
11
 0
 0
  .05
 1.00
  .15
  .50
 1.00
  .66
  .27
  .41
   0
 1.22
 4.06
 1.99
 1.16
 6.90
14.45
15.56
22.57
 6.07
 7.75
 3.90
 4.29
 9.60
11.67
13.83
  .52
 1.38
 6.22
  .24
  .28
Abandoned.
t Twenty-four days only.
55- 
434
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF APRIL,  1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m. i 9 p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min.  Range
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. I    DAYS.
n.  ne.   e.  se.  s.   sw.:  w. nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow
o  t>
Fort Independence......
Fort Adams............
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Fort Hamilton..........
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry..........
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie...........
Key West Barracks.....
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans...........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Smith.............
Fort Washita...........
Jefferson Barracks......
Newport Barracks......
Fort Mackinac..........
Fort Ripley.............
Fort Ridgely............
Fort Randall............
Fort Leavenworth......
Fort Abercrombie.......
Fort Riley..............
Fort Kearny.......  ___
Fort Laramie...........
Fort Arbuckle..........
Fort Chadbourne.......
San Antonio............
Camp Hudson.........
Fort Lancaster.........I
Camp Verde............
Camp Colorado..........
Infantry Camp*.........
Fort Inge...............!
Fort Clark..............i
Fort Duncan...........
Fort Davis..............
Fort Quitman..........
Fort Bliss..............
Fort Buchanan..........
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Craig..............|
39.16
41.16
43.50
47.16
41.56
47.36
45.43
39.66
47.66
53.23
60.53
77.16
61.86
59.57
67.30
60.73
52.13
54.23
46.40
47.30
34.56
31.33
31.93
33.26
41.63
28.70
43.66
37.23
37.26
53.16
53.07
60.30
61.30
58.76
57.70
57.65
54.50
62.23
65.03
67.06
52.93
48.03
46.80
43.90
53.83
48.17
48.83
48.56
53.70
55.00
50.03
54.00
56.30
57.41
56.66
61.13
69.13
81.36
70.03
72.97
73.03
73.10
68.35
69.60
65.30
57.60
40.30
43.03
43.30
50.23
57.27
41.30
60.10
54.93
51.36
67.36
75.30
77.63
80.76
79.86
80.40
75.28
76.75
84.96
82.03
87.56
73.60
78. OS
R6.70
68.73
77.03
64.90
42.56
43.00
47.70
50.20
44.60
47.32
46.75
45.45
51.76
56.46
63.88
77.43
64.36
62.50
70.96
65.53
58.32
61.66
54.36
52.60
33.73
33.73
35.86
36.46
48.67
30.83
49.80
40.96
38.93
59.80
62.17
65.27
69.40
66.76
61.80
65.73
62.22
68.60
68.30
71.70
61.50
54.93
63.00
48.26
58.33
57.00
43.52
44.24
48.30
50.78
45.39
49.56
49.42
47.50
52.03
56.94
64.50
78.65
65.41
65.01
70.43
66.45
59.60
61.83
55.35
52.50
36.19
36.03
37.03
39.98
49.27
33.61
51.18
44.37
42.51
60.11
63.51
67.73
70.48
68.46
66.63
66.22
64.45
71.96
71.78
75.44
62.67
60.34
59.52
53.63
63.06
56.69
63
59
73
70
74
75
76
70
73
75
82
?r>
79
85
86
90
87
83
88
78
61
72
74
77
 89
 81
 70
 86
 92
 89
 91
 93
 95
 90
 83
101
 96
104
 85
 93
 88
 87
 90
 81
29
33
34
35
32
23
32
32
36
40
41
66
47
46
54
46
28
32
26
32
23
 7
16
18
18
14
21
16
14
32
32
48
45
41
40
41
49
42
49
53
39
24
29
28
35
33
      6
      0
     33

      5
      0
      1
37
35  j  4
41  i  8
19
32
39
32
44
59
51
62
46
38
65
58
59
57
64
68
65
56
54
60
41
46
52
55
49
34
59
47
51
46
69
59
59
55
48
    18
    11
    28
     0
    11
     3
    12
     5
     6
     9
 4 i  2
   i
16  33
8  10
3 I 11
1	3
7	5
4	16
17	30
4	6
15	17
11	5
11	3
12	11
8	12
16	10
7	16
3	0
3	3
1  22
   43
15  11
 2 j  4
 3 I  6
29 j 12
11 | 16
10
0	3
2	4
7	6
0	11
15	10
0	10
4	8
3	10
2	3
9	6
33	13
3	32
2	3
25	8
11	14
12	18	16
16	14	7
25	5	5
28	2	2
16	14	13
9	21	9
19	11	9
11	19	9
23	7	5
18	12	5
10	20	5
9	21	12
16	14	4
17	13	2
14	16	4
14	16	2
23	7	8
27	3	0
16	14	7
8	22	1
13	17	4
22	8	5
14	16	7
21	9	7
17	13	3
23	7	5
16	14	1
18	12	9
2	6	3
17	13	7
15	15	3
15	15	1
25	5	4
21	9	4
27	3	1
18	12	1
26	4	0
27	3	0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
435
MONTH OF APRIL, 1859.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER/ RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
mean temperature.
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque........,
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
Fort Garland...........'  30
Fort Defiance...........  36
Fort Yuma.............  59
FortTejonf............'  45
Fort Crook.......
San Francisco___
Fort Ter-Waw
Benicia Barracks .
Fort Humboldt___
Fort Umpqua......
Block House......
Fort Vancouver ...
Fort Yamhill.....,
Fort Walla-Walla.,
Fort Dalles........,
Fort lloskins......
Fort Steilacoom ..,
Fort Cascades
Fort Townsend...,
Fort Simcoe......
Fort Bellingham ..
Camp Semiahmoo
Fort Bridger......
Camp Floyd.....
57.90
73.30
51.40
55.40
54.60
50.36
53.50
78.73
58.50
56.33
56.26
58.50
63.30
53.30
54.36
54.33
57.40
54.06
59.43
61.83
58.42
54.30
57.63
39.50
60.13
53.83
56.03
44.83
56.46
47.60
53.30
43.93
39.96
36.93
34.46
41.00
66.30
49.00
44.66
49.86
47.03
51.61
48.63
46.06
46.63
49.36
44.13
47.00
49.53
44.86
42.40
47.73
34.40
49.13
46.43
45.83
30.13
41.26
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
Max.  Min. Rangej n. , ne.
sw. w.  nw.  Fair. Cl'dy.; Rain. Snow.'
49.01
55.36
43.61
43.52
40.93
38.36
43.50
68.22
51.01
45.61
51.86
52.18
54.76
49.18
49.40
47.22
50.30
45.94
51.63
52.26
48.85
45.16
49.75
36.16
51.89
47.88
48.20
35.53
47.42
22
22
19
15
12
10
12
46
30
18
46
38
36
32
40
32
34
29
38
33
32
25
35
33
36
33
30
 5
20
51
76
49
59
58
57
58
48
51
56
23
39
46
28
24
41
36
43
41
42
45
41
34
27
38
26
36
52
56
23
25
 0

21
 2 ;  0 |  ]
 0 !  0 ;  2
10 i  8  24
 8 ; 14 ; 44
20   3
 3 j 33
11 i 25
53 i  9
58 '  2
20 j 23
 4 | 22
31 \  2
36 J  1
33 I  7
4
0
1
0
0
3
4
0
1
9 I 20
9  31
0  47
6	1	1	4
17	0	9	1
2	9	5	13
3	1	9	8
0	2	1	13
0	0	3	56
25	9	3	15
8	1	0	0
5	8	6	16
0	5
18	27
8	29
3	0
6	24
3	0
6	4
15	1
39	10
11	18
16
21
20
21
 9
22
17
20
22
17
14
17
20
14
16
19
12
14
28
14
 9
10
 9
21
 8
13
10
 8
13
16
13
10
16
14
11
18
16
 2
14
23
13
20
14
19
17
16
23
* Eight days only.
t Medical officer absent.  The rain incorrectly measured, and the amount is therefore not given.—R. II. C 
436
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF MAY, 1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence ....
Fort Adams............
Fort Columbus........
West Point............
Fort Hamilton.........
Alleghany Arsenal.....
Carlisle Barracks......
Fort Delaware.........
Fort McHenry.........
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Key West Barracks___
Barrancas Barracks
Mount Vernon Arsenal
 New Orleans.........,
 Baton Rouge  ..........
 Fort Smith...........,
 Fort Washita.........
 Jefferson Barracks---
 Newport Barracks
 Fort Mackinac........
 Fort Ripley...........
 Fort Ridgely..........
 Fort Randall..........
 Fort Leavenworth ....
 Fort Riley............
 Fort Kearny..........
 Fort Laramie.........
 Fort Arbuckle........
 Fort Chadbourne......
 San Antonio..........
 Camp Hudson......
 Fort Quitman.........
 Fort Lancaster........
 Camp Verde..........
 Camp Colorado........
 Camp Cooper.........
 Fort Inge.............
 Fort Clark............
 Infantry' Camp........
 Fort Duncan   .. .....
 Fort Davis...........
 Fort Bliss............
 Fort Buchanan........
 Fort Fillmore.........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER. RAIN &. SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
7 a. m. | 2 p. m.  9 p. m. I Mean.  Max.  Min. Range1 n.  ne.   e.  se.  s. [sw.  w.  nw.! Fair. iClMy
Fort Craig.
52.22
54.32
57.29
59.70
24.32
60.58
56.87
63.16
58.74
63.00
68.51
79.00
72.06
71.03
75.06
70.90
67.19
68.80
63.09
61.19
50.09
53.12
55.51
54.74
61.48
62.18
58.45
52.93
67.93
66.19
74.55
 72.19
63.29
70.83
69.45
69.38
70.29
74.06
72.35
69.58
 76.51
 67.14
 64.06
 57.06
68.29
63.22
64.32
59.38
67.16
69.42
64.83
75.48
75.25
72.06
70.48
68.87
74.80
83.58
79.48
83.38
82.61
85.32
80.80
78.64
80.22
75.22
55.00
62.83
65.83
70.83
72.32
73.16
70.67
64.12
79.61
86.45
88.22
89.19
92.25
92.06
87.51
86.61
88.87
92.77
91.16
85.77
 94.20
 80.16
80.84
80.51
 91.83
 80.52
54.61
53.29
58.45
63.19
55.80
60.87
60.48
62.90
63.00
64.03
70.45
79.16
72.29
71.58
79.64
74.16
70.16
73.25
70.74
68.94
48.70
51.74
56.45
59.06
65.38
66.67
59.51
51.06
72.03
74.03
69.67
79.90
66.80
79.45
73.58
77.09
73.22
79.70
83.41
73.83
83.10
 74.38
 74.51
61.45
 70.12
 70.67
57.07
55.66
60.96
64.13
58.98
65.64
64.20
66.30
64.07
65.30
71.25
80.58
74.60
75.33
79.10
76.79
72.38
73.56
71.35
68.48
51.26
55.89
59.26
61.55
66.39
67.33
62.87
56.03
73.19
75.56
77.48
80.42
74.11
 80.74
76.84
 77.69
77.46
 82.18
 81.94
 76.39
 84.60
 75.89
 73.13
 63.34
 76.74
 71.47
84
66
82
78
80
84
91
87
87
88
90
89
93
89
88
89
83
70
80
85
92
83
83
87
65
89
101
98
98
100
107
95
102
102
102
101
99
104
98
 95
 91
 99
 90
45
42
47
50
44
52
50
50
50
50
53
75
65
63
68
65
55
57
54
51
40
34
37
36
46
50
39
31
53
51
61
61
51
62
59
62
59
64
64
 52
67
54
 53
44
 55
 49
39
24
35
28
36
32
41
37
37
30
27
13
23
27
21
28
34
31
35
29
30
46
48
56
37
36
48
54
36
50
37
37
49
45
36
40
43
38
37
47
37
44
42
47
 44
 41
8	15
6	3
6	14
6	1
6	12
3	1
0	0
10	2
0	0
1	3
2	8
6	17
6	2
0	24
0	10
8	8
4	33
5	12
0	1
5	1
Rain. Snow.! S
18 I  2
 1 j  3
13   0
 6 ;  7
 9
14
13
 9
11
11
 7
 6
14
10
 4
 4
 5
18
 6
18
14	17
11	20
18	13
23	8
14	17
12	19
14	17
19	12
12	19
9	22
19	12
20	11
12	19
22	9
17	14
19	12
20	11
16	15
10	21
25	6
13	18
18	13
11	20
11	20
26	5
27	4
24	7
30	1
29	2
10
 6
14
13
17
14
14
13
10
 6
10
 5
 8
 5
 0
 1
 5
 5
 4
 5
 2
  7
  7
  2
  1
  0
  0
  0 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
437
MONTH  OF MAY,  1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW.
mean temperature.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 A. M.
Fort Stanton...........>  57.58
Albuquerque...........'  55.77
Fort Marcy..............I  49.61
Fort Union.............j  53.61
Cantonment Burgwin ...!  47.96
Fort Garland............|  45.45
Fort Defiance..........j  50.96
Fort Yuma.............   69.70
Fort Tejon*...........   54.35
Fort Crook.............j  48.45
 San Francisco....
 Benicia Barracks .
 Fort Ter-Waw....
 Fort Humboldt. ..
 Fort Umpqua......
 Fort Hoskins......
 Block House.....
 Fort Vancouver  ..
 Fort Yamhill......
 Fort Dalles........
 Fort Cascades....
 Fort Townsend ...
 Fort Bellingham  ..
Fort Walla-Walla.
Camp Semiahmoo
Fort Steilacoom ..,
Camp Floyd.......
52.19
53.32
53.87
50.41
52.03
50.54
46.00
50.12
46.32
54.09
49.32
50.90
48.58
56.74
52.42
42.22
59.96
P. M. i 9 P. M.
-----
Mean.  Max. ; Min. (Range
Fort Bridger............j  42.51
 73.41
 91.13
 66.90
 71.35
 69.06
 63.45
 68.70
 89.61
 67.64
 65.67
 59.64
 67.10
 61.19
 56.90
 57.80
 66.12
 58.33
 64.45
 60.90
 70.16
 63.67
 60.66
 59.41
 73.64
64.35
61.00
69.06
57.45
61.32
52.83
      I
58.13
54.70 j
50.77
46.54
53.16
77.00
59.58
54.51
53.35
55.54
49.70
51.67
49.22
46.16
51.66
54.74
48.54
56.22
53.00
49.93
52.35
53.03
52.70
48.83
51.35
41.48
64.10	89
66.56	100
58.21	79
59.88	90
55.93	80
51.48	80
57,60	79
 60.52
 56.21
 55.06
 58.65
 54.93
 52.99
 53.01
 54.27
 51.99
 56.43
 51.92
 60.15
 55.33
 53.83
 53.44
 61.13
58.49
50.68
60.12
47.14
50
42
35
40
31
30
36
57
40
36
46
46
41
46
45
39
36
42
38
42
44
44
43
47
46
37
39
58
44
50
49
50
43
43
46
49
23
35
33
17
20
48
39
40
41
46
38
31
26
45
26
39
52
45
sw. ; w.  nw
Fair. Cl'dv.  Rain.  Snow.
40 '  8
70 I  0
12 i 23
13  14  15
     0   24
     4 j  17
     0 J  8
     7   24
     1 I  34
     3   14
     6 '  39
     5   7
    45   9
     0   51
    20   12
13]  7   7
 4 | 24   5
 1   0   16
 4  49
22 | 19
23  27
25  17
 18
 26
 27
 26
 14
 24
 27
 24
 26
 20
 20
 23
 21
 15
 16
 17
 15
 14
 16
 22
 15
 16
20
25
23
24
26
 14
 13
 5
 4
 5
 17

 4
 7
 5
 11
 11
 8
 10
 16
 15
 14
 16
 17
 15
 9
 16
15
11
 0
 0
 0
 1
 2
 3
 0
 3
 6
 4
 3
 8
 7
15
14
 4
11
13
 9
 9
 2
11
.20
  0
  0
  0
.48
.32
.39
  0
  .60
1.17
1.43
2.00
1.10
3.19
4.52
5.33
2.00
2.60
1.27
2.43
1.09
1.94
2.22
1.69
1.40
1.24
1.09
Medical officer absent.  The rain incorrectly measured, and the amount is therefore not given.—R. H. C. 
438
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JUNE, 1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER. RAIN &.  SNOW,
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
7 a. m.  2 P. m.  9 p. m.   Mean. '. Max.  Min. Range' n.  ne.  e. | se. !  s.  ! sw.  w.  nw
»  Fort Independence...
  Fort Adams.........
  Fort Columbus......
  Fort  Hamilton.......
  Wcr-t Point..........
  Alleghany Arsenal ...
  Carlisle Barracks ....
  Fort  McHenry*......
  Fort Monroe............
  Fort Moultrie...........
  Key West Barracks......
  Barrancas Barracks.....
  Mount Vernon Arsenal..
  New Orleans..........
  Baton Rouge...........
  Fort Smith.............
  Jefferson Barracks......
  Newport Barracks......
  Fort Mackinac..........
  Fort Ripley.............
  Fort Ridgely............
  Fort Randall............
  Fort Leavenworth......
  Fort Riley..............
  Fort Laramie...........
  Fort Kearny............
  Fort Arbuckle..........
  Fort Chadbourne.......
  San  Antonio............
  Camp Hudson.........
  Camp Stockton.........
  Fort Lancaster..........
  Camp Verde............
  Camp Colorado.........
  Camp Cooper...........
  Fort Inge...............
  Fort Clark..............
  Infantry Camp...........
  Fort Davis..............
  Fort Quitman...........
  Fort Bliss..............
  Fort Buchanan..........
  Fort Fillmore...........
  Fort Craig..............
  Fort Stanton............
  Albuquerque......*, —
 59.60
 61.66
 63.40
 61.76
 64.97
 62.86
 62.76
 62.00
 71.40
 76.70
 61.76
 76.90
 76.80
 79.70
 76.13
 70.90
 67.30
 65.60
 55.96
 60.60
 64.00
 63.60
 69.98
 71.66
 68.43
 66.46
 72.36
 74.17
 80.10
 76.20
 79.35
 77.13
 74.70
 76.70
 76.83
 78.96
 78.80
 75.56
 73.53
 78.23
 72.20
 71.43
 79.00
 75.30
 65.70
' 63.90
68.33
66.93
73.83
72.66
73.63
74.26
77.63
72.25
77.50
79.96
84.53
84.66
84.70
84.36
87.56
82.83
79.92
76.13
60.27
69.06
71.43
81.96
78.20
81.46
83.43
79.86
84.53
93.80
95.80
94.46
98.88
96.66
91.40
93.21
93.53
97.93
94.90
94.73
88.30
99.43
92.70
92.00
97.00
88.23
79.43
97.56
60.93
60.30
64.76
62.60
68.06
63.36
64.70
64.00
72.93
76.53
81.80
77.80
74.47
82.26
78.26
71.60
73.10
71.66
52.20
59.63
61.40
66.33
70.66
72.42
66.83
67.63
76.90
81.77
75.97
84.13
82.00
83.43
75.96
82.48
81.90
82.20
85.36
78.83
78.60
83.16
83.13
77.33
81.66
76.50
68.40
56.70
62.95
62.96
67.33
65.67
68.87
66.82
68.43
66.24
73.94
77.73
83.36
79.80
78.65
82.11
80.65
75.11
73.43
71.13
56.14
63.03
65.63
70.63
72.94
75.18
72.89
71.32
77.93
83.24
83.96
86.59
86.74
85.76
80.68
84.13
84.08
86.36
86.35
83.04
80.14
86.94
82.67
80.25
85.89
80.01
71.17
72.72
90
76
90
90
92
91
94
82
90
86
86
90
94
90
95
95
92
92
78
82
84
96
89
93
92
90
93
100
100
101
111
104
96
100
102
103
101
103
98
110
102
101
106
100
 91
114
47
48
46
45
49
34
45
45
54
63
80
70
68
73
71
57
44
49
38
39
49
42
56
55
49
48
53
67
68
70
63
70
68
69
67
73
74
59
64
64
67
66
70
70
43  | 25
57  ' 17
49
37
36
23
 6
20
26
17
24
38
48
43
40
43
35
54
33
38
43
42
40
33
32
31
48
34
28
31
35
30
27
44
34
46
35
35
36
30
36
70
Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain. Snow
14
12
16
23
17
22
10
13
22
 5
23
 9
25
17
25
20
 9
23
15
21
16
24
 9
20
 9
23
22
11
20
 5
10
21
 7
15
 9
14
 6
21
10
21
 7
 8
19
10 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
139
MONTH OF JUNE,  1859.
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW,
STATIONS.
MEAN  temperature.
Fort Marcy..............  63.10
Fort Union.............  63.60
Cantonment Burgwin ...  59.30
Fort Garland............
Fort Defiance..........  63.36
Fort Mojavef...........  79.46
Fort Yuma............j  82.63
San Diego..............I  64.33
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
~     I        l       I         "'"I      |          '                         'ii             =.%
7 a. m.  2 p. m. I 9 p. m. '  Mean.  Max.  Min.  Range n.  ne.  e.  se.  s.   sw. w.  nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow. =  -
Fort Tejon........
Fort Crook........
Fort Ter-Waw___
San Francisco.....
Benicia Barracks ..
Fort Humboldt.....
Fort Umpqua.......
Fort Hoskins......
Block House.......
Fort Vancouver ...
Fort Yamhill......
Fort Dalles........
Fort Cascades.....
Fort Walla-Walla..
Fort Townsend
Fort Bellingham ...
Camp Semiahmoo .
Fort Steilacoom .. ,
Fort Bridger......,
Camp Floyd.......
70.23
61.10
62.03
54.10
60.63
55.63
60.63
60.90
54.36
58.20
55.93
63.03
57.40
71.50
56.16
54.46
60.66
53.26
62.30
75.83
78.43
81.63
77.27
78.13
82.00
109.10
104.96
 75.30
 87.66
 85.60
 67.50
 63.86
 79.16
 62.53
 66.76
 75.53
 69.33
 74.83
 73.00
 81.33
 73.93
 88.43
 65.50
 65.86
 70.00
 69.43
 79.10
 87.36
69.50
63.73
63.86
56.76
68.73
92.70
91.53
67.10
75.83
71.13
54.50
56.00
64.53
55.36
55.73
56.00
57.66
63.40
58.06
66.03
62.10
69.16
57.23
57.96
59.73
57.36
57.40
72.23
70.34	89
69 65	97
66.80	92
64.41	93
71.36	95
93.72	117
93.04	117
68.90	90
77.90	100
72.61	99
61.34	84
57.98	73
68.10	74
57.84	75
61.04	82
64.14	102
60.44	94
65.47	96
62.33	98
70.13	104
64.47	95
76.36	104
59.63	84
59.42	83
63.40	82
60.01	92
66.26	90
78.47	103
57
50
50
50
54
74
74
60
50
50
48
50
52
50
51
45
44
49
44
50
48
60
45
50
53
48
41
53
32
47
42
43
41
43
43
30
50
49
36
23
22
25
31
57
50
47
54
54
47
44
39
33
29
44
49
50
8	9
11	2
0	8
4	1
0	10
0	6
0	8
66	0
6	0
0	0
0	0
0	0
28	2
0	12
14	4
3	3
4	5
0	0
0	22
10	2
0	9
19   7
19 i 16
   !
 3  19
14   4
20   7
11 ;  4
 4 I 29
IT1*
15 I 44
25 j  4
18  31
31 ! 16
 6  12
15 I 41
25
27
33
 5
26
 5
19
     9
     2
     1
     0
     0
34  14
18  31
30  24
    25
10  29
30   0
14   0
 2  46
1	0	2	26	17
5	31	0	I	2
13	5	3	0	0
21	4	11	2	12
36 j 18
28 I  4
18
21
 9
22
16
23
25
13
30
25
24
24
29
19
20
22
19
oo
22
25
15
30
17
19
21
25
18
30
12
 9
21
 8
14
 7
 5
17
 0
 5
 3
 6
 1
11
10
9	0
1	0
5	0
0	0
9	0
2	0
1	0
0	0
' Observations taken for eig
 For an explanation of this
lit days only.
excessive temperature, see pages 235 and 236 of this report.—R. H. C. 
440
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF JULY,  1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
a. m. I 2 p. m.  9 p. m. !  Mean. ' Max.  Min. Range
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Adams...........
 Fort Columbus........
 West Point...........
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 ('arlisle Barracks......
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Monroe..........
 Key West Barracks....
 Barrancas Barracks....
 Mount  Vernon Arsenal,
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge..........
 Fort Smith............
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac........
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 F'ort Laramie..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Chadbourne......
 San Antonio...........
 Camp Stockton.........
 Camp Hudson.........
 Fort Quitman..........
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado........
 Camp Cooper..........
 Fort Inge..............
 Fort Clark.............
 Fort Davis............
 Fort Buchanan........
 Fort Bliss.............
 Fort Fillmore..........
 Fort Craig.............
 Fort Stanton...........
Albuquerque..........
Fort Marcy---........
Fort Union............
64.41
67.2'J
68.67
69.16
66.35
67.06
68.84
77.03
74.51
83.19
79.22
78.29
80.51
77.51
7G.10
74.29
72.00
65.58
79.38
70.00
75.51
72.71
74.83
75.77
73.70
78.55
75.84
81.26
80.40
77.09
75.22
79.16
75.03
79.72
83.23
80.16
78.45
71.00
68.51
73.26
73.90
74.90
65.90
66.66
63.64
66.54
78.45	
75	12
79	87
79	16
80	03
87.40	
81	84
83	71
82.03	
 85.93
 88.19
 86.19
 89.67
 90.30
 89.22
 84.35
 70.68
 88.22
 74.67
 92.06
 84.51
 87.87
 86.23
 97.00
 91.56
 95.61
 95.60
 97.22
 95.16
 88.09
 97.19
 91.80
 92.80
 96.00
100.51
 96.74
 82.45
 78.12
 86.90
 87.16
 84.26
 74.87
 95.90
 75.16
 79.51
07.70
66.22
71.03
73.09
69.22
70.45
72.30
78.58
75.77
62.54
80.03
76.45
83.35
80.70
77.84
80.48
78.70
61.70
82.16
71.77
72.25
72.42
76.54
77.45
76.25
81.54
82.84
79.35
78.35
84.25
78.77
33j

34.!
34.'
34.1
32.:
a:
'0.:
'9.:
'3.5
T8.26
67.87
55.32
69.16
64.16
83.06
77.38
84.94
84.41
84.06
82.13
73.35
70.16
79.32
73.29
70.19
69.54
73.19
73.80
71.87
74.97
74.32
79.77
77.42
84.13
81.73
80.98
83.35
82.63
81.41
81.33
78.35
65.98
83.25
75.48
79.94
76.54
79.74
79.81
82.32
83.88
84.76
85.40
85.32
85.50
80.96
86.47
81.40
85.81
87.87
88.21
85.77
75.60
72.26
79.82
78.11
79.14
69.54
72.67
69.32
70.07
WEATHER.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATION'S.
RAIN  & SNOW.
s.   ne.  e.  se.  s.   sw. w.  nw.i Fair. .Cl'dy.
 84
 92
 91
 88
 93
 97
 95
 94
 90
 92
 96
 90
 94
 96
100
 97
 81
106
 99
100
 95
 99
 98
108
100
104
102
105
102
 94
105
 97
100
103
106
102
 93
 88
 99
 99
 93
 83
100
56
54
56
58
54
54
55
64
64
79
69
66
76
71
65
60
55
41
66
52
59
57
61
65
61
69
67
76
71
73
70
72
70
75
76
74

65
66
70
65
71
63
50
58
57
32
30
36
33
34
39
42
31
30
11
23
30
14
23
31
40
42
40
40
47
41
38
38
33
47
31
37
26
34
29
24
33
27
25
27
32
25
28
22
29
34
22
20
50
26
30
0  16   18
 5   5
11  13
23  19
28  14
22
21
22
25
22
24
28
23
20
29
23
21
24
13
 1
23
18
 4
28
18
13
11
 2
16
16
18
10
17
16
24
13
27
 3
13
18
20
29
15
15
13
21
14
15
 7
	
	
DAYS.	
	
	z. a;
	3 -G
20
 2
 4
 8
 5
 2
 6
15
16
 9

13
16
 4
13 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
441
MONTH OF  JULY,  1859.
STATIONS.
Cantonment Burgwin ...
Fort Garland............
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma.............
Fort Mojave............
San Diego..............
Fort Tejon.............
Fort Crook..............
FortTer-Waw..........
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt........
Fort Umpqua...........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Yamhill...........
Fort Dalles.............
Fort Hoskins...........
Fort Cascades..........
Fort Bellingham........
Fort Walla-Walla......
Fort Steilacoom........
Camp Semiahmoo.'......
Fort Bridger............
Camp Floyd............
THERMOMETER.
MEAN  TEMPERATURE.
7 a. M.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
 76.00
102.64
102.20
 78.26
 84.74
 83.67
 64.90
 61.64
 73.67
 61.45
 63.35
 77.16
 67.74
 84.61
 74.84
 75.22
 68.77
 92.54
 72.90
 73.19
 77.45
 81.22
62.29
59.61
67.87
91.22
94.32
69.55
76.45
77.41
54.80
53.25
60.06
56.19
55 29
65.22
52.83
70.41
54.70
63.83
58.41
72.87
58.10
61.38
60.64
73.64
64.96
66.47
69.54
92.82
93.20
71.71
76.56
73.03
59.59
55.75
63.85
57.90
58.98
67.27
58.12
73.81
62.82
66.00
61.08
80.29
61.86
63.03
67.74
76.43
Max.  Min. Range
 90
 89
107
107
 83
 95
 90
 73
107
 83
 81
 90
 91
54
54
58
77
76
62
60
50
48
50
53
51
52
54
48
57
46
55
53
60
45
56
55
64
25
36
31
30
31
21
35
40
25
25
32
17
17
35
38
42
42
30
25
47
38
25
35
27
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW,
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
SE.	s.	SW.
1	18	4
27	10	13
9	15	9
19	17	13
11	17	34
16	0	29
0	5	8
1	0	13
8	0	20
0	0	13
0	0	37
1	4	18
0	0	13
2	8	9
0	0	24
3	2	5
0	1	10
0	29	58
2	57	14
24	0	47
0	5	5
13	15	16
1	0	6
1	32	5
ClMv.lRainJSnow.
1.85
2.72
2.72
   0
1.00
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .15
 .40
 .25
 .04
 .06
 .06
 .16
 .54
 .14
 .70
 .68
1.96
2.67
56- 
442
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF AUGUST,  1859.
STATIONS,
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a.m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
Fort Independence__
Fort Adams...........
Fort Columbus........
West Point...........
Fort Hamilton........
Alleghany  Arsenal___
Carlisle Barracks.....
Fort Monroe..........
Fort Moultrie.........
Key West  Barracks...
Barrancas Barracks...
Mount Vernon Arsenal
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge..........
Fort Smith...........
Jefferson Barracks___
Newport Barracks ....
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Ridgely..........
Fort Leavenworth ....
Fort Randall...........
Fort Riley............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Chadbourne......
San Antonio..........
Camp Stockton......,
Camp Hudson........
Fort Lancaster........
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado.......
Fort Inge.............
Fort Clark............
Fort Davis..............
Fort Quitman..........
Fort Bliss..............
Fort Buchanan.......
Fort Fillmore........
 Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union..........
Cantonment Burgwin
63.25
66.61
68.32
68.09
64.70
65.00
06.33
74.45
75.61
83.06
77.29
77.35
80.41
76.77
76.40
70.77
68.45
65.96
63.84
66.00
71.48
65.70
75.96
67.35
68.38
77.06
75.39
79.52
79.10
79.19
79.70
76.12
80.37
83.20
80.51
74.10
74.90
73.35
69.54
80.13
73.74
66.12
67.22
66.30
61.58
61.90
77.87
73.96
78.93
78.45
77.87
77.13
79.35
79.55
81.16
87.22
83.93
65.97
84.55
88.64
86.48
86.19
78.58
71.64
74.42
81.70
81.23
85.54
65.03
79.54
83.58
92.74
96.93
99.32
98.00
97.98
98.38
94.25
92.67
98.09
96.74
84.20
91.51
91.06
82.06
94.41
81.80
76.48
95.67
73.77
74.45
73.58
66.70
66.19
70.67
72.58
68.22
67.83
70.00
75.16
77.64
82.94
78.90
75.58
82.55
79.77
73.40
77.32
73.58
62.83
64.70
68.00
74.19
68.61
76.13
68.22
67.16
79.35
83.68
77.87
79.20
85.61
84.67
81.61
84.48
87.58
86.74
75.77
80.90
82.35
71.25
77.12
77.60
68.C6
55.38
63.74
63.03
58.38
69.27
68.93
72.64
73.04
70.26
69.98
71.89
76.38
78.13
84.40
80.04
79.63
82.50
81.72
78.76
78.09
73.53
63.81
67.65
71.90
75.62
73.29
79.03
71.70
73.04
83.05
85.33
85.57
85.63
85.57
87.58
83.99
85.84
89.62
8S.10
7S.00
82.43
82.25
74.28
83.88
77.70
70.23

68.93
66.35
64.63
Max.  Min.  Range
60
89
88
87
88
83
90
87
90
89
93
91
93
93
97
87
86
89
95
90
100
97
90
93
102
103
103
102
103
104
100
 98
106
102
 93
 91
100
 69
 83
 99
 83
 69
 83
40
57
56
61
53
50
53
68
70
79
72
70
75
68
63
59
62
50
51
54
61
58
67
54
58
67
70
76
72
51
74
71
76
72
76
66
65
68
65
70
69
59
50
57
54
53
WEATHER
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.   NE.  E.  SE.  S.  SW., W. NW.
44
23
33
27
34
38
33
22
17
11
17
23
16
25
30
38
25
36
38
41
29
42
30
36
35
35
33
27
30
52
30
29
22
34
26
27
33
29
26
30
20
24
49
26
35
30
 1
13
17
 3
11
10
12
 6
11 | 15
 5 I 38
12 | 13
17
SW.	w.
23	24
28	7
7	17
17	0
6	12
16	0
28	29
24	0
7	8
4	2
8	6
6	3
9	10
8	17
3	7
11	2
2	14
15 ' 16
12 j  6
15  10
 8  13
23 ,  7
     0
     0
     1
     0
     6
     0
     3
     0
     3
 5j  4
 9 j  0
 1  27
21 i  0
   i
37   2
Fair.  Cl'dy
24
19
25
22
25
18
23
23
18
28
14
19
20
16
23
12
14
17
27
16
15
23
16
12
18
27
 8
29
7	21
3	26
22	1
20
26
23
 0
21
16
10
17
2 J
 4
22
21
 5
13
15
21
 7
RAIN & SNOW.
Rain. Snow.
 3.76
 4.06
 7.10
 6.70
 5.70
 5.00
 3.25
 4.25
24.42
 4.42
 8.11
 4.53
 6.17
 6.03
 4.45
 3.40
 3.27
 2.62
 1 65
 1.30
 6.47
 3.84
 5.84
 2.76
  .57
 2.15
 1.36
 5.00
1.32
   0
1.01
2.69
2.35
1.39
3.83
2.11
  .22
6.67
1.15
11.87
6.93
2.30
2.44
7.18
2.87 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
443
MONTH OF AUGUST,  1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Garland...........
Fort Defiance..........
Fort Yuma............
Fort Mojave...........
San Diego.............
Fort Tejon............
Fort Crook.............
San Francisco.........
Fort Ter-Waw.........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Cascades.........
Fort Walla-Walla......
Fort Yamhill..........
Fort Dalles.............
Fort Hoskins..........
Block House...........
Fort Steilacoom.......
Fort Umpqua..........
Fort Vancouver........
Camp Semiahmoo......
Camp Pickett..........
Fort Bridger...........
Camp Floyd...........
THERMOMETER.
WEATHER.  RAIN & SNOW
MEAN  TEMPERATURE,
7 a. m.  2 p. m. 9 p. m.   Mean. 1 Max. ' Min. IRange n.
 71.32
 74.58
101.51
104.22
 75.23
 82.35
 81.83
 61.90
 65.54
 73.58
 63.25
 72.83
 87.41
 71.74
 83.03
 74.61
 69.03
 71.38
 64.61
 74.77
 71.16
 75.32
 77.00
 79.16
56.41
65.00
90.19
92.45
68.29
73.26
68.25
53.80
56.96
60.80
56.93
62.90
68.03
57.74
67.06
56.39
58.32
56.87
56.32
63.69
60.58
55.77
55.58
66.67
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
61.89
67.23
91.66
93.36
69.95
73.04
67.48
56.97
59.63
63.76
58.82
64.26
74.77
60.70
70.59
63.29
61.10
60.59
59.38
65.38
63.31
63.19
63.73
72.12
109
111
 80
 88
 89
 69
 77
 89
 70
 90
 99
 89
 95
 93
 87
 89
 72
 94
 81
 92
 85
 84
46
29
32
36
20
30
43
19
25
35
19
39
47
47
42
43
37
42
20
46
28
40
38
23
NE.	E.
12	26
6	1
15	22
2	4
14	11
1	10
0	5
0	0
0	15
0	0
1	0
9	0
6	0
0	0
12	13
6	0
4	1
12	1
7	0
9	3
17	12
2	2
5	1
1	5
w.  nw. Fair.  Cl'dy. Rain. Snow.
22 ; 16
 3
    41
    65
    32
    23
     1
    10
     0
    40
    27
    17
    28
     6
     2
    42
    15
    13
    13
    23
0	11
0	26
0	19
0	20
15	16
59	13
0	48
0	31
3	6
1	24
1	22
3	7
0	29
4	11
6	31
30	23
0	0
39	3
20
16
20
26
10
31
29
 6
14
25
 9
14
27
21
28
18
18
28
14
19
23
23
19
29
11
15
11
 5
21
 0
 2
25
17
 6
22
17
 4
10
 3
13
13
 3
17
12
6
1
4
6
2
5
3  \
4 
444
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1859.
			THERMOMETER.					WTINDS.								WEATHER.		RAIN &. SNOW.		
STATIONS.	MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		fi '-
	7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w. 28 12 20 2 12 2 45 2 2 3 0 6 22 7	NW. 9 7 19 10 4 3 7 2 12 4 8 7	Fair.	Cl'dy.	Rain.	Snow.	fi £ <
,	55.23 58.20 59.86 59.30 57.43 57.90 59.96 71.43 73.36 82.73 73.16 71.33 77.06 72.03 65.73 62.13 61.16 51.90 50.43 55.23 55.30 60.86 63.46 52.80 50.23 66.76 66.50 77.33 04.83 72.50 69.96 70.56 70.47 71.10 72.26 72.03 64.63 67.00 69.13 62.83 68.83 64.30 51.73 50.56 51.13 48.93	66.46 65.17 68.93 69.53 68.86 69.06 69.40 75.90 60.09 83.70 85.20 84.53 82.83 86.56 79.43 73.83 71.06 58.50 65.80 69.73 72.06 73.13 78.06 71.43 70.36 77.60 80.77 90.43 85.13 87.63 86.10 84.93 78.63 80.56 89.20 87.6G 76.13 81.76 83.80 81.33 84.53 72.87 68.30 89.96 65.06 66.13	56.76 59.00 62.50 63.60 60.46 61.30 62.33 71.96 75.83 82.93 76.10 73.13 80.80 76.83 71.90 66.53 66.53 51.60 55.53 56.63 59.66 64.80 67.93 57.93 49.63 71.26 70.50 72.33 69.90 77.73 73.36 73.06 72.70 74.96 77.90 78.16 64.43 71.10 73.43 67.23 71.40 66.86 60.01 51.23 57.00 53.60	59.48 60.78 63.76 64.16 62.25 62.75 63.89 73.09 76.42 84.12 78.15 76.34 89.43 78.47 72.35 67.49 66.23 54.00 57.25 60.53 62.34 66.25 69.81 60.72 56.74 71.87 72.59 80.03 73.33 79.35 78.47 76.18 73.93 75.50 80.77 79.28 69.06 73.28 75.45 70.44 74.91 68.01 61.01 63.91 57.90 56.21	78 73 76 77 79 78 78 83 88 89 90 92 89 93 89 84 80 73 76 83 90 87 93 89 91 91 90 101 97 100 97 97 86 93 100 97 84 89 91 69 90 78 77 98 71 88	42 49 40 52 46 48 52 62 68 80 63 61 72 61 55 49 52 36 35 40 33 46 50 39 38 51 53 68 52 60 55 53 56 59 61 63 55 54 64 55 62 57 45 42 39 34	35 21 30 25 33 30 26 21 20-9 27 31 17 32 34 35 28 37 41 43 54 41 43 50 53 40 37 33 45 40 42 44 30 34 39 34 29 35 27 34 28 21 32 56 32 54	1 17 6 32 11 0 0 13 10 28 21 10	19 8 15 8 23 0 33 14 39 13 23 15 19	5 6 36 5 11 0 4 10 11 22 8 22 20 27	3 2 2 7 9 5 12 8 12 0 13 9 13 12	0 10 0 24 I 11 2 1 15 14 9 5 0 7	25 28 4 6 23 28 22 27 11 0 0 5 0			21 14 19 24 18 14 18 20 24 27 25 25 24 19 16 4 12 14 17 13 19 13 14 10 15 17 5 12 9 11 18 12 5 13 14 6 8 5 20 13 21 25 7 16 20 23	9 16 11 6 12 16 12 10 6 3 5 5 6 11 14 26 18 16 13 17 11 17 16 20 15 13 25 18 14 19 12 18 25 17 16 24 22 25 10 17 9 5 23 14 10 7	7 10 13 6 11 13 12 3 9 6 3 3 7 4 7 11 7 11 7 12 3 11 3 3 5 14 17 10 15 10 9 6 15 8 12 9 17 5 3 4 4 11 9 3 13 4	0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1	3.73 4.05
Fort Columbus.......... West Point.............																				7.10 5.20 1.91
Carlisle Barracks.......																				2.74 9.55 3.00
																				1.36
Mount Vernon Arsenal..																				1.66 5.36 6.48 1.19
																				2.35
																				5.70
								6 5 9 0 14 2 11 4 4 16 4 1 6 11 0 34 8 0 2 0 16 3 0 22 0 39 5	3 8 9 3 11 4 12 17 15 17 17 2 8 4 3 5 1 9 11 13 12 0 2 15 0 4 1 6 9	1 | 23 10 6 8 17		7 26 13 29 0 18 11 13 10 1 22 22 22 6 4 4 1 12 2 0 9 14 12 12 12 0 1	14 10 5 14 15 6 6 14 7 22 10 1 0 16 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 20 2 1 27 13 2 4 0 25	5 17 23 12 13 12 5 5 5 18 2 2 4 2 0 4 3 0 3 0 0 22 3 2 4 39 9 29 25 11 5	31 6 10 8 9 10 22 9 14 11 8 8 5 8 6 16 7 6 5 9 0 3 0 2 1 0 21 17 0 27 19					3.26 1.95 3.43
										5 32 19 6 6	10 10 7 22 19									3.87
Fort Ridgely............																				2.54 1.38
																				5.47 1.17
										4 ! 21										2.03
										2 6 5 16 0 2 1 2 15 13 28 1 10 2 52 12 23 1 24 18 2 4	15 21 34 31 29 55 50 51 25 14 20 62 10 67 3 16 8 16 1 0 11 17									.49
																				8.92
																				7.24 17.60
Camp Stockton*........																				(t) 1.73
																				10.85
																				6.01
																				8.60
																				.79
																				5.11
																				9.20
																				8.49
																				1.75
																				1.11
																				.74
																				1.59
																				2.39
																				3.77
																				3.10
																				1.98
												15 1 18								3 55
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
445
MONTH OF SEPTEMBER,  1859.
STATIONS.
Cantonment Burgwin
Fort Garland.........
Fort Defiance........
Fort Mojave.........
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Crook.........,
San Francisco......,
Fort Ter-waw......,
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Cascades.......
Fort Walla-Walla ...
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Hoskins........
Block House.........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Dalles..........
Camp Semiahmoo...,
Camp Pickett.......,
Fort Bridger.........
Camp Floyd.........
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
A. M.
47.60
46.36
48.90
70.46
76.76
63.73
59.60
47.26
56.76
55.46
57.33
53.63
55.00
55.00
60.33
51.16
52.50
53.96
50.96
55.16
57.40
55.26
53.76
42.26
55.23
2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.
67.80	53.06	56.15	80	29
61.16	47.70	51.96	68	32
67.33	56.10	57.44	75	30
97.33	85.20	84.66	104	62
95.46	84.53	85.58	102	69
73.26	66.36	67.78	84	58
47.76	65.03	66.79	89	50
72.73	66.01	62.00	90	35
63.10	55.00	58.29	81	51
65.56	55.03	58.68	74	48
73.66	62.23	64.41	84	52
61.40	55.56	56.86	68	46
69.10	58.53	60.88	90	45
65.86	58.10	59.65	87	46
78.10	58.83	65.85	98	46
66.06	55.23	57.48	89	39
67.43	53.00	57.63	93	44
64.53	53.03	57.17	76	45
67.96	53.76	51.56	83	40
62.73	56.06	57.98	70	50
72.20	60.46	63.35	86	46
65.66	57.00	59.27	79	47
67.86	54.10	58.24	81	48
61.70	43.66	49.20	76	32
65.43	54.53	58.39	73	38
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.	NE.	E.	SE.	S.	SW.	w.
13	7	0	10	26	15	14
0	11	14	12	26	18	9
7	2	2	7	7	14	46
13	2	9	12	28	21	2
1	12	21	10	0	13	26
0	15	15	10	1	27	13
7	22	3	6	19	11	18
0	0	9	1	0	8	39
0	0	0	0	0	4	86
0	0	8	7	0	18	34
0	4	0	0	6	27	22
14	0	I	1	1	15	4
4	12	14	1	6	12	19
13	4	0	0	34	32	1
0	2	0	30	0	48	2
0	0	2	3	2	27	16
1	10	0	3	2	20	19
7	5	4	11	8	16	20
1	22	11	1	3	19	10
0	12	0	0	0	31	5
1	11	7	4	1	8	31
7	30	8	6	10	22	6
0	2	5	28	20	22	0
20	7	3	0	0	1	11
23	2	4	2	26	3	27
WEATHER. RAIN &. SNOW.
 5
26
20
29
27
15
27
23
16
17
25
14
19
 9
18
14
11
10
13
11
19
16
16
12
25
ClMy.
14
10
 1
 3
15
 3
 7
14
13
 5
16
11
21
12
16
19
20
17
19
11
14
14
18
 5
Rain. Snow.
     i
* Twenty-three days only.
t No record. 
446
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF OCTOBER,  1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence.....
Fort Adam-:...........
Fort Columbus.........
West Point............
Fort Hamilton.........
Carlisle Barracks.......
Fort Monroe...........
Fort Moultrie..........
Key West Barracks___
Barrancas Barracks.....
Mount Vernon Arsenal.
New Orleans..........
Baton Rouge...........
Fort Smith............
Jefferson Barracks.....
Newport Barracks.....
Fort Mackinac.........
Fort Ripley............
Fort Ridgely...........
Fort Leavenworth.....
Fort Randall..........
Fort Riley.............
Fort Kearny...........
Fort Laramie..........
Fort Arbuckle.........
Fort Chadbourne.......
San Antonio..........
Camp Stockton........
Camp Hudson.........
Fort Lancaster.........
( amp Verde...........
(!amp Colorado........
Camp Cooper..........
Fort Inge..............
Fort Clark.............
Fort Davis.............
Fort Quitman..........
Fort Bliss".............
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Fillmore..........
Fort Craig.............
Fort Stanton  .........
Albuquerque...........
Fort Marcy.............
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin..
		THERMOMETER.								WINDS.					WEATHER.		RAIN & SNOW.		
MEAN TEMPERATURE.				RANGE.			DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.								DAYS.		DAYS.		a H o
7 A. M.	2 P. M.	9 P. M.	Mean.	Max.	Min.	Range	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	s.	sw.	w.	NW.	Fair.	ClMy.	Rain.	Snow.	C tj
43.16	54.51	44.77	47.48	80	28	52	9	8	2	2	4	36	23	9	26	5	5	0	2.45
46.38	52.96	48.09	49.14	67	33	34		6	1	0	3	31	28	19	19	12	7	1	2.74
45.84	55.96	49.58	50.46	73	31	42	6	14	24	2	0	0	13	34	20	11	6	o	1.30
49.38	59.16	53.35	53.96	74	36	38	39	2	1	1	14	11	8	17	27	4	4	1	1.55
45.38	55.00	49.06	49.81	73	49	24	14	4	0	2	1	12	14	46	19	12	5	2	.89
46.30	57.32	46.00	49.87	78	28	50	0	10	3	2	2	21	41	14	21	10	5	o	.90
56.64	63.26	58.90	59.60	76	40	36	1	18	3	13	2	20	3	31	22	9	2	0	2.05
60.08	72.07	65.09	66.00	81	39	42	19	20	11	3	6	5	9	10	25	6	5	0	.28
79.00	82.29	79.93	80.40	86	72	14	38	34	9	1	3	1	3	4	18	13	10	2	6.54
61.35	75.06	64.83	67.08	84	38	46	42	15	15	■ 7	4	2	1	7	24	7	7	0	7.42
58.00	74.90	62.80	65.23	84	35	49	40	20	20	9	0	0	0	4	23	8	6	0	2.41
67.74	73.48	71.00	70.74	82	50	32	40	19	14	6	2	0	4	8	23	8	3	0	2.17
60.25	75.35	65.41	67.00	86	40	46	37	23	20	7	4	0	0	2	15	16	4	0	.95
57.24	74.13 66.06	65.26 53.00	65.54 55.91	87 83	32 27	55 56			!						28 17	3 14	2 4	0 0	1.35
48.67							10	4	0	28	6	9	10	26					1.01
45.41	59.00	53.52	52.64	75	30	45	1.7	9	]	0	29	8	22	9	11	20	7	0	2.00
39.87	45.00	40.32	41.73	69	26	43	17	10	6	4	6	20	18	12	12	19	5	0	1.97
35.81	50.35	36.71	40.95	80	17	63	18	10	4	9	14	4	21	13	14	17	11	5	.35
38.93	58.80	43.09	46.93	64	25	39	3	7	28	6	0	22	15	12	15	16	1	2	.46
46.61	62.39	52.81	53.93	81	26	55	7	9	8	18	11	7	10	18	23	8	4	0	.52
41.58	61.25	47.09	49.97	83	18	65	21	0	9	4	17	14	13	15	24	7	1	1	.18
43.32	54.67	46.33	48.10	72	31	41	8	21	3	2	4	28	17	9	15	16	5	3	1.39
39.32	63.87	46.22	49.80	87	14	73	18	5	3	8	20	8	6	11	15	16	3	1	.38
43.03	72.48	47.73	54.41	87	23	64	10	21	5	7	2	13	17	17	28	3	0	2	.22
54.70	72.41	60.77	62.73	83	30	53	7	4	7	21	28	8	6	12	28	3	3	0	.75
52.55	75.06	60.97	62.86	88	37	51	9	9	3	36	25	3	2	6	15	16	5	0	1.15
68.61	85.77	65.29	73.23	93	50	43	15	15	14	16	15	4	3	11	20	11	3	0	2.80
52.80	76.55	60.32	63.22	95	34	61	0	17	7	39	5	11	0	14	13	18	8	1	1.88
60.29	78.47	67.25	68.66	93	52	41	J2	4	7	45	9	0	0	3	17	14	6	0	2.87
56.29	75.70	65.51	65.83	90	36	54	9	5	6	54	3	2	3	11	22	9	5	0	3.28
57.19	76.16	56.77	63.37	92	37	55	10	23	8	28	7	9	0	8	19	12	5	0	1.86
57.32	70.82	63.74	63.96	84	41	43	0	6	13	20	1	1	7	13	16	15	7	0	1.13
58.18	75.48	62.67	65.44	88	39	49	23	8	3	18	8	23	2	8	25	6	2	0	.01
62.71	77.61	66.28	68.86	91	48	43	21	16	23	6	2	0	1	10	19	12	4	0	3.15
62.83	77.29	68.93	69.68	86	48	38	0	37	3	40	0	0	0	0	9	22	4	0	2.75
53.64	68.19	58.32	60.05	82	35	47	9	11	5	8	12	20	12	7	17	14	8	1	1.94
55.77	72.29	59.93	62.66	83	39	44	2	7	18	39	9	3	12	3	15	16		0	.32
57.40	78.74	63.80	66.64	89	37	52	23	9	54	0	0	3	0	3	20	11	1	1	.70
50.77	74.41	59.16	61.44	84	41	43	5	18	20	10	9	18	10	3	16	15	3	0	2.33
57.29	78.35	62.96	66.20	89	45	44	7	14	24	1	0	5	29	34	20	11	1	0	.30
51.97	64.13	58.42	58.16	75	36	39	20	4	2	14	22	8	12	11	26	5	4	1	.50
41.03	61.09	51.03	51.05	68	32	33	0	1	30	4	1	3	37	15	14	17	2	2	2.60
44.90	66.77	46.00	52.55	92	25	67	36	3	13	7	10	3	15	6	25	6	0	0	0
51.93	59.64	50.38	50.65	67	31	36	10	6	7 , 9		5	21	12	23	24	7	3	1	.55
38.45	60.54	45.45	48.14	70	29	41	10	6	0	19	13	9	4	32	23	8	2	0	1.10
36.58	67.48	47.45	50.50	77	25	52	6	0	1	3	25	30	16	12	24	7	4	1	.55
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
44"
MONTH OF  OCTOBER,  1859.
THERMOMETER.
WINDS.
WEATHER. RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
Fort Garland.......
Fort Defiance......
Fort Yuma.........
Fort Mojave.......
San Diego.........
Fort Tejon........
Fort Crook.........
San Francisco.....
Fort Ter-Waw___
Benicia Barracks..,
Fort Humboldt___
Fort Vancouver___
Fort Cascades.....
Fort WTalla-Walla.,
Fort Yamhill......
Fort Dalles.......
Fort Hoskins.......
Block House.......
Fort Steilacoom ...
Fort Umpqua......
Camp Semiahmoo
Camp Pickett.....
Fort Bridger......
Camp Floyd......
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
2 p. m.  9  p. m.   Menu. ; Max. : Min. iRange n. j ne.
u\ w.  nw. Fair.  Cl'dv. Rain.  Snow.
68.70
61.25
60.32
54.26
35,51
55.45
54.00
56.10
51.51
47.45
49.54
49.41
45.41
44.29
45.00
46.45
43.38
53.19
47.41
46.51
35.38
37.32
55.90
63.22
88.87
89.03
72.48
73.19
71.22
63.67
64.19
73.42
59.41
61.48
63.77
67.96
61.61
64.55
67.74
65.03
63.06
60.67
58.54
55.90
64.61
66.22
39.12
47.26
7 7.00
76.16
64.68
58.24
52.87
53.67
53 09
62.00
48.48
51.87
53.12
52.09
50.48
50.35
48.19
46.68
48.32
 52.03
49.80
48.12
 39.54
 48.45
42.77
48.98
78.19
75.49
65.80
61.89
53.20
57.42
57.09
03.84
53.13
53.60
55.48
61.48
52.50
53.19
53.64
52.72
51.58
53.29
51.93
50.18
46.51
50.66
63	20	43	0	8	39	12
70	27	43	3	2		15
97	02	35	0	6	12	6
98	52	40	13	7	5	24
103	54	49	1	13	11	18
84	45	38	17	5	3	1
80	25	55	0	0	7	0
88	52	36	0	0	0	0
80	44	36	0	0	10	8
87	49	38	0	2	0	8
71	38	33	3	4	0	3
75	37	38	11	15	8	8
74	41	33	4	31	1	0
86	36	50	0	8	0	17
74	34	40	0	7	2	17
82	33	49	1	12	0	7
73	33	40	12	14	2	3
74	34	40	14	11	4	17
74	33	41	0	25	10	1
77	4:3	35	0	15	2	0
68	32	36	14	30	5	9
66	42	24	0	8	2	20
74	20	54	12	6	2	0
76	30	46	33	0	11	0
15	o!
51	6
43	7
3	7
13	9
1	5
43	o
45	0
32	20
12	32
5	30
13	18
7	0
2	14
2	11
19	11
9	18
9	21
22	2
3	37
7	1
9	5
22	46
28	4
27	4	2	1	.55
22	9	4	0	.30
22	9	2	0	.42
28	3	2	0	
12	19	3	0	.18
23	8	2	0	.07
27	4	0	0	0
17	14	1	0	.02
23	8	4	0	4.03
28	3	0	0	0
15	16	3	0	1.17
14	17	11	0	2.23
13	18	9	0	4.38
25	6	5	0	.60
18	13	9	0	3.10
23	8	6	0	2.14
18	13	7	0	3.49
20	11	12	0	6.2D
8	23	14	0	4.63
20	11	10	0	2.90
20	11	10	0	7.88
16	15	12	0	3.44
25	6	1	0	.15
31	0	0	0	0
 
448
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF NOVEMBER, 1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
WEATHER.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
A. M.  2 P. M.
p. m.  Mean.  Max.  Min.  Ransc1  n.  ne.  e.  se.   s
SW.  W. NW
RAIN & SNOW.
Fair.	ClMy.	Rain.
24	6	5
20	10	9
23	7	6
20	10	7
15	15	7
20	10	5
17	13	4
22	8	4
22	8	5
23	7	8
21	9	4
22	8	4
20	10	7
16	14	o
7	23	8
6	24	7
11	19	5
10	20	1
14	16	1
15	15	4
15	15	2
22	8	3
5	25	2
15	15	1
23	7	5
11	19	3
20	10	0
27	3	0
17	13	2
24	6	0
19	11	0
15	15	0
20	10	1
6	24	0
22	8	0
17	13	5
23	7	7
17	13	5
17	13	6
27	3	4
15	15	2
24	6	0
23	7	3
23	7	0
21	9	5
28	2	1
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Columbus........
 West Point............
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Key West Barracks___
 Barrancas Barracks
 Mount  Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Wrashita..........
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Randall...........
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 San Antonio...........
 Camp Stockton........
 Camp Hudson.........
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado.........
 Fort Inge..............
 Fort Clark.............
 Fort Davis............
 Fort Quitman.........
 Fort Bliss.............
 Fort Buchanan........
 Fort Fillmore..........
 Fort Craig.............
 Fort Stanton...........
 Albuquerque...........
 Fort Marcy............
 Fort Union.............
Cantonment Burgwin...
Fun Garland...........
 38.90
 41.86
 44.80
 40.33
 35.66
 36.80
 52.96
 55.40
 71.36
 55.63
 51.56
 62.13
 47.06
 50.93
 42.60
 40.60
 32.83
 23.00
 26.40
 38.46
 27.10
 38.50
 33.03
 30.16
 49.65
 46.76
 61.30
 49.43
 53.00
 48.50
 56.20
 50.73
 57.03
 56.63
 47.80
 39.66
 48.03
 40.30
 34.06
 41.13
 38.88
 20.36
 31.30
 34.06
28.83
24.73
 47.10
 50.13
 52.90
 49.73
 49.20
 49.80
 58.33
 64.63
 75.36
 69.10
 72.30
 69.13
 65.05
 66.73
 56.03
 52.23
 36.46
 33.60
 39.00
 50.66
 40.66
 52.03
 49.66
 42.07
 66.20
 71.80
 76.43
 76.60
 72.23
 70.40
 72.70
 67.13
 74.03
 73.93
 66.06
 66.70
 68.76
 61.76
 48.58
 55.70
55.76
49.93
46.73
52.70
54.03
44.53
 39.03
 44.23
 47.26
 43.56
 41.23
 39.66
 54.53
 59.33
 71.86
 59.86
 59.10
 65.76
 55.13
 59.16
 49.56
 46.80
 34.00
 26.63
 28.40
 42.93
 30.23
 43.80
 35.46
 31.06
 57.93
 55.80
 61.43
 55.30
 60.13
 57.16
 59.01
 59.16
 59.76
 61.03
 53.66
 47.40
 55.20
 46.70
 39.67
49.43
42.16
35.60
36.16
39.73
33.93
28.86
41.67
45.40
48.32
44.54
42.03
42.08
55.27
59.78
72.85
61.54
60.98
65.67
55.74
58.94
49.39
46.54
34.43
27.73
31.26
44.02
32.66
44.77
39.38
34.46
57.92
58.12
68.39
60.44
61.89
58.67
62.64
59.00
63.74
63.86
55.80
51.31
57.33
49.58
40.77
48.75
44.89
35.27
38.10
42.16
38.93
32.71
62
67
58
57
65
77
56
 29
 29
 38
 28
 25
 21
 32
 42
 60
 30
 35
 44
 19
 18
 15
 18
 18
- 2
  5
  8
  2
  8
  1
- 7
 20
 15
 31
 21
 23
 14
 18
 22
 25
 28
 21
 18
 22
 32
 16
 28
 15
  8
 12
  5
  0
  0
34
17
28
34
40
49
38
33
22
47
46
35
61
66
63
52
40
56
65
67
66
71
76
86
59
67
59
65
63
71
67
56
58
55
25
60
55
39
56
34
52
50
45
60

56
2.45
3.65
2.70
2.98
1.69
1.45
2.60
4.58
5.25
 .92
1.80
2.79
4.40
1.38
4.04
5.87
2.42
2.10
1.37
 .79
 ,28

 .21
1.12
1.06
 .16
   0
   0
 .16
   0
   0
   0
 .06
   0
   0
 .24
 .95
2.84
1.16
 .20
 .25
   0
 .23
   0
 .83
 .20 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
449
MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
7 a.m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean
Max.  Min. Range
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.
N.   NE.  E.
S.   SW. W.  NW
Cl'dv. Rain. Snow.  = -
Fort Defiance.....
Fort Yuma........
Fort Mojave......
San Diego........
Fort Tejon.......
Fort Crook.......
San Francisco___
Fort Ter-Waw ...
Benicia Barracks.,
Fort Humboldt ...
Fort Vancouver...
Camp Ives........
Fort Cascades
Fort Walla-Walla
Fort Yamhill.....
Fort Dalles.......
Fort Hoskins.....
Block House.....
Fort Steilacoom ..
Fort Umpqua.....
Camp Semiahmoo
Camp Pickett.....
Fort Bridger......
Camp Floyd......
31.50
55.76
51.00
53.80
47.83
33.56
51.26
46.03
52.16
46.13
35.76
51.50
36.70
31.23
34.60
30.26
34.80
37.40
31.70
43.76
34.23
36.76
25.40
30.03
50.00
73.40
70.66
67.96
53.13
45.30
57.50
54.46
58.56
53.03
44.33
71.86
43.83
39.43
43.10
42.03
48.30
50.56
46.43
50.10
43.86
42.86
39.20
44,20
37.90
63.40
59.63
60.96
48.80
38.60
51.70
46.96
52.83
48.33
38.66
55.03
38.40
33.03
36.83
32.86
38.33
39.33
34.03
44.46
38.40
38.50
26.00
34.60
39.80
64.18
60.43
60.90
49.92
39.15
53.48
49.15
54.51
49.16
39.58
59.46
39.61
34.56
38.17
35.05
40.46
42.43
37.39
46.10
38.83
39.36
30.22
36.27
73
71
64
65
69
62
57
81
70
54
54
56
61
68
60
60
57
52
68
68
  9
 46
 42
 43
 39
 10
 43
 31
 43
 33
 21
 25
 21
  8
 22
  4
 21
 28
 17
 35
 16
 18
- 2
55
39
42
35
34
61
21
34
26
29
36
56
49
46
32
52
40
40
43
25
41
34
70
60
13
13
10
18
17
19
19
19
17
23
23
14
25
 7
22
15
22
18
22
17
13
15
24
14
57- 
450
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTH  OF DECEMBER,  1859.
STATIONS.
THERMOMETER.
MEAN TEMPERATURE.
A. M.
2 P. M.
9 p. m.  Mean.
Max.
Range
WINDS.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
WEATHER.
ClMy
RAIN & SNOW
Rain. Snow.
3 ■?
°  a
B S
<
Fort Independence......
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Fort Hamilton..........
Alleghany Arsenal......
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie...........
Key West Barracks.....
Barrancas Barracks......
Mount Vernon Arsenal..
New Orleans...........
Fort Smith.............
 Fort Washita...........
Jefferson Barracks......
Newport Barracks.......
Fort Mackinac..........
Fort Ripley.............
 Fort Ridgely............
Fort Leavenworth......
 Fort Randall...........,
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........,
 Fort Laramie...........,
 Fort Arbuckle.........,
 Fort Chadbourne.......,
 San Antonio...........
 Camp Stockton........
 Camp Hudson..........
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde...........
 Camp Colorado........
 Fort Inge..............
 Fort Clark.............
 Fort Davis.............
 Fort Quitman..........
 Fort Bliss..............
 Fort Buchanan.........
 Fort Fillmore..........
 Fort Craig.............
 Fort Stanton...........
 Albuquerque...........
 Fort Marcy ...........
 Fort Union............
 Cantonment Burgwin ..
 Fort Garland...........
 Fori Defiance..........
24.25
28.12
28.22
27.19
26.06
42.42
48.45
68.58
45.51
41.64
50.74
25.06
28.51
 20.48
 24.87
 14.93
- 4.55
  3.10
 13.35
  4.96
 13.29
 10.90
 14.00
 25.19
 26.16
 40.10
 27.25
 34.67
 29.48
 36.25
 29.53
 34.55
 38.48
 30.93
 23.77
 31.22
 29.91
 27.29
 26.10
 23.58
  9.80
 15.38
 17.51
 11.77
  3.90
 10.93
29.77
32.83
35.83
31.90
33.64
46.51
58.26
72.41
58.06
56.58
57.03
37.93
38.96
29.87
30.87
18.54
 6.97
10.77
24.74
20.32
29.45
28.32
31.35
40.38
49.13
55.77
58.35
56.09
49.48
53.80
43.75
56.45
 46.84
 50.58
 50.16
 52.51
 48.12
 41.48
 37.55
 37.41
 23.65
 33.09
 37.35
 38.45
 28.83
 35.61
23.96
28.93
30.61
27.58
27.90
43.41
52.20
68.96
50.19
46.96
53.19
30.20
33.12
25.64
26.90
15.22
   .48
 5.19
18.53
 9.12
21.25
17.30
20.60
31.51
32.32
42.00
33.87
41.03
37.83
38.35
34.37
42.09
 40.29
 38.12
 32.64
 40.74
 34.51
 32.90
 31.55
 28.00
 16.23
 22.16
 21.80
 20.06
 12.77
 23.71
25.99
29.96
31.55
28.89
29.20
44.11
52.97
69.98
51.25
48.39
53.65
31.06
33.53
25.33
27.54
16.23
   .52
 6.35
18.87
11.47
21.33
18.84
21.98
32.38
35.87
46.29
39.04
43.93
38.93
42.80
35.88
44.36
41.87
 39.87
 35.53
 41.49
 37.51
 33.89
 31.73
 29.66
 17.56
 23.54
 25.52
 23.42
 15.17
 23.08
59
64
63
58
64
68
74
80
76
79
77
65
50
47
64
35
36
36
53
49
71
57
51
67
73
89
78
76
71
75
68
79
 78
 68
 65
 64
 57
 67
 54
 54
 48
 - 3
  3
 - 9
  2
  7
 25
 28
 59
 25
 14
 32
   1
   2
—  5
—  4
—  9
—37
 18
  10
   1
   8
—21
—22
   0
   5
  17
 - 9
  15
  10
  12
   9
  20
  19
  17
   9
  19
  20
  16
   8
   7
   0
45  — 4
56     0
62
61
72
56
57
43
46
21
51
65
45
64
48
52
68
44
73
54
63
48
79
78
73
67
68
72
87
61
61
63
59
59
59
51
56
45
 37
 51
 46
 47
 48
 49
 56
 41
 52
 63
15  21
16
20
17
12
39
19
 8
20
13
50
 2
10
 1
10
 0
 6
 0
43
20
 0
26
22
  6
  5
 19
 10
 65
  6
 10
  2
 14
  9
 48
25
16
22
15
 9
15
22
26
18
14
19
18
16
15
 8
 9
16
16
20
19
27
10
14
25
14
24
23
21
24
21
13
21
12
20
 17
23
 19
 20
 29
 17
 22
 25
 27
 21
 6
15
 9
16
22
16
 9
 5
13
17
12
13
15
16
23
22
15
15
11
12
 4
21
17
 6
17
 7
 8
10
 7
10
18
 10
 19
 11
 14
  8
 12
 11
  2
 14
  9
  6
  4
  9
  3
 13
3
7
1
0
2
3
4
5
0
0
3
2
0
2
0
0
3
 0
 5
 1
 9
 2
 3
5.97
4.76
1.40
2.34
4.77
2.50
2.74
 .86
5.24
2.91
5.09
2.25
 .55
2.55
6.95
 .49
 .52
 .83
 .03
 .1.4
 .10
 .20
1.28
1.18
,.23
   0
 .32
 .71
1.50
1.33
 .55
 .59
 .10
 .13
   0
 .40
   0
 .97
 1 .65
   0
  .07
  .25
  .48
  .20
  .23 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
451
MONTH OF  DECEMBER, 1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Yuma.......
Fort Mojave......
San Diego........
Fort Tejon........
Fort Crook.......
San Francisco....
FortTer-Waw....
Benicia Barracks .
Fort Humboldt___
Fort Yamhill.....
Fort Umpqua.....
Fort Hoskins.....
Block House......
Fort Dalles........
Fort Walla-Walla
Fort Steilacoom ..
Camp Semiahmoo
Fort Vancouver...
Fort Cascades
Fort Bridger.......
Camp Floyd......
THERMOMETER.
MEAN  TEMPERATURE.
7 a. m.  2 p. m.  9 p. m.  Mean. | Max.  Min. Rang
62.32
56.77
64.64
47.03
33.35
54.93
52.22
52.66
50.67
39.25
47.74
46.03
45.55
30.16
26.77
40.84
40.22
35.70
33.45
22.96
28.83
53.45
48.61
55.26
41.90
26.67
46.12
41.90
45.70
43.51
34.00
42.54
32.84
40.03
23.61
21.71
34.12
34.87
31.00
29.45
 9.51
17.80
54.34
49.34
55.26
43.36
26.58
48.66
43.68
47.16
44.53
34.72
43.47
36.10
40.33
25.21
22.44
35.65
35.59
31.33
30.34
13.30
20.29
77
66
76
58
44
62
58
58
57
54
55
58
59
49
44
61
58
45
46
40
40
 36
 30
 36
 29
  6
 38
 30
 33
 29
  7
 20
  8
 25
- 3
- 6
 10
 10
 10
 10
-24
-22
WEATHER.  RAIN &. SNOW.
DIRECTION, NO. OF OBSERVATIONS.     DAYS.
N.  NE.  E.   SE.
sw. w.  nw.I Fair. Cl'dv. Rain.  Snow.; = —
21
26
18
22
19
21
18
20
17
16
18
14
16
10
13
 5
10
12
 4
11
18
12	1
10	5
13	7
11	4
14	10
15	12
13	11
17	11
15	9
21	2
18	4
26	10
21	0
19	11
27	6
20	0
13	0
 
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r(^
to 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
453
MONTHLY, AND  EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE  FOR 1855.
Oct.  j Nov.   Dec.  Spring..  Sum. j Aut. j  Win. J Year.   Max.   Min.  j Range
53.10
56.35
53.95
53.31
48.11
43.52
41.35
45.82
44.64
44.98
40.85
44.27
31.91
35.41
34.68
35.38
29.75
31.52
53.68
64.28
 66.04
 74.31
 76.45
 74.52
 71.95
 79.24
 70.02
 65.10
 63.93
 67.10
 63.25
 61.29
 58.07
 58.57
 54.14
 52.34
 54.11
 43.64
 41.74
 46.48
 40.55
 43.74
 54.11
 56.23
 54.34
55.04
48.38
62.32
 4.84
 2.19
 3.82
 9.65
 9.65
 2.32
71.77
75.0G
46.91
48 64
53.99
62.02
64.84	55.97
62.19	55.20
63.82	57.62
69.65 66.41	
69.65 | 67.20	
72.32	71.17
 76.23
 74.70
 71.84
 78.30
 71.70
 66.14
 62.99
 66.88
 63.92
 53.39
 54.16
 49.22
 46.38
 45.07
 48.05
 35.14
 33.93
 33.71
 28.08
 31.28
 41.83
 42.76
 33.18
 40.34
 31.91
 50.43
 55.97
55.20
57.62
 66.41
 67.20
 71.17
 66.90
 G7.34
35.74
37.76
46.18
56.14
80.45
71.48
68.24
66.27
74.51
65.14
55.39
51.12
56.66
51.57
39.57
37.37
31.02
29.56
33.47
22.65
19.60
 9.54
 5.03
10.39
23.41
23.66
11.81
21.67
13.86
36.89
41.14
42.19
46.24

57.48
G2.23
60.35
58.22
44.73
47.59
47.05
47.07
41.26
49.01
48.93
50.70
53.98
56.38
63.05
72.47
71.48
72.11
72.52
74.83
69.87
67.58
69.55
69.76
69.53
65.32
62.92
62.79
56.07
54.27
56.84
37.89
70.14
73.38
71.02
71.10
62.71
70.12
71.80
73.64
74.72
68.84
80.53
52.89
56.67
54.34
54.55
49.99
53.15
56.30
60.93
69.23
45.48
42.18
46.51
59.03
57.70
49.38
49.72
81.37
81.18
79.15
82.69
80.67
79.20
83.15
80.54
80.46
79.15
80.06
77.14
75.42
74.42
61.06
68.70
64.93
68.00
73.44
76.61
73.61
71.61
63.97
66.83
66.67
64.77
72.84
81.74
83.20
71.36
76.85
77.97
80.15
74.04
70.67
68.42
72.04
68.62
64.58
63.08
62.11
58.18
56.58
58.44
45.85
45.07
47.12
41.74
45.73
56.17
54.81
76.14
81.96
'4.66
82.99

84.20
54.79
48.13
63.99
68.82
65.52
66.08
72.50
73.08
75.44
72.80
75.40
22.12
30.23
33.26
22.94
25.86
28.50
32.87
34.43
51.23
51.52
68.86
66.69
64.62
69.21
60.51
53.98
50.90
52.65
42.19
39.76
36.59
28.88
30.69
16.21
11.42
13.08
 7.22
11.14
29.92
27.51
23.68
28.84
39.56
43.85
45.65
45.83
47.47
51.97
51.42
48.91
44.95
50.19
53.38
56.01
66.08
72.72
73.69
Locality.
98  — 5
96
92  — 6
88     19
88  — 1
        6
       15
       14
       16
       31
       42
       45
       52
       45
76.72
68.22
67.02
67.83
63.14
61.23
60.39
53.79
55.10
40.25
43.59
39.02
42.84
54.64
54.16
51.24
62.06
65.68
 92
 96
 97
 96
 97
 94
 93
 88
 95
 91
 89
 95
 93
 93
 93
 94
102
 98
101
41
60
40
24
21
30
18
 96
 94
 82
 96
 96
 90
 90
 98
106
   0
— 1
— 8
—33
-39
—24
—15
—14
97   -23
92   —24
63.20
61.35
59.58
57.38
73.61
73.21
101
107
110
110
 94
 99
 93
 94
 96
103
-19
— 1
   1
   3
   7
  35
  20
  29
  22
  18
6.^.97
G8.25
64.21
62.23 53.23	73.06
63.23 ! 52.30	70.35
55.15 45.G4	66.05
83.11 | 70.2G
80.71 , 70.29
7G.38 ' 64.23
52.33
46.30
48.55
69.69
66.91
63.80
104     18
100  j   15
101     24
103
 91
 98
 69
 89
 86
 81
 83
 80
 66
 52
 48
 36
 50
 50
 29
 55
 69
 72
 63
 76
100
 96
109
 89
 94
 83
104
129
129
114
113
120
120
116
120
108
109
107
 87
 64
 73
 65
 74
 85
85
Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
New York harbor, New York.
New York harbor, New York.
West Point, New York.
Oswego, New York.
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Near Newcastle, Delaware.
Near Baltimore, Maryland.
Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
Charleston harbor, South Carolina.
Indian river, Florida.
Miami river, Florida.
Charlotte's harbor, Florida.
Caloosa Hatchee river, Florida.
Key West, Florida.
Tampa Bay, Florida.
Pensacola, Florida.
Mount Vernon, Alabama.
New Orleans, Louisiana.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation.
Arkansas river, Arkansas
Neosho river, Cherokee Nation.
Near St. Louis, Missouri.
St. Louis, Missouri.
Newport, Kentucky.
Island  of Mackinac, Michigan.
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.
Mouth of St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
Upper  Mississippi river,Minnesota.
St. Peter's  river, Minnesota.
Missouri river, Kansas.
Kansas river, Kansas.
Platte river, Nebraska.
Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
Missouri river, Nebraska,
Near Washita river, Indian Territory.
Red  Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
Oak  creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
San Saba river, Texas.
Nueces river, Texas.
Corpus Christi, Texas.
Brownsville, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Leona  river, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Rio Las Moras, Texas.
Limpia river, Texas. 
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1-3 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
455
MONTHLY, AND  EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1855.
Oct.  I Nov. |  Dec.   Spring.; Sum.  ; Aut.  j  Win.  Year.   Max. j Min.  Range.
Locality.
G9.18
65.59
62.57
62.69
57.54
48.92
54.76
48.89
40.07
49.50
80.79
67.54
61.93
75.92
60.17
67.51
71.42
58.91
56.87
57.40
56.78
61.52
56.65
55.32
53.39
46.59
46.78
37.87
30.73
42.03
35.12
33.44
27.30
35.93
64.39
54.93
45.20
55.13
54.15
54.15
50.68
50.89
37.43
47.03
40.39
42.11
46.41
44.92
49.30
46.98
34.51
35.57
20.50
29.45
26.62
28.41
16.23
29.80
58.22
49.83
39.33
46.43
48.60
46.55
38.35
46.16
29.03
53.15
32.70
28.30
29.51
34.51
........ 82.21 i 67.16
........ 83.05  65.40
63.56 , 80.18 j 60.85
G4.72 | 79.71 j 61.34
........'......... 54.35
47.29 ! 64.65 j 46.20
58.98
      70.55 | 51.14
      63.84 i 47.46
      ........! 40.44
      ........ 48.84
      92.17
       74.39
50.12
49.30
42.90
51.16
73.70
62.74
51.91
62.27
56.20
             64.05
             57.19
       87.61 ; 73.02
       59.04 ; 58.65
57.19'.........| 62.56
60.55'.........! 65.87
             56.20
70.16
54.22
54.51
50.17
51.46
      i
54.32 .........'........
53.02 .........' 53.48
53.00!.........| 57.55
50.31 :......... 50.28
51.12
49.22
40.53
40.71
61.28
61.62
104
106
105
108
29.65
34.87
31.58
33.09
20.32
29.38
59.14
51.88
46.95   94
—24
50.85
48.32
48.87
51.24
48.16
44.85
47.21
32.04
50.16
38.10
38.04
37.41
39.88
63.26
67.94
56.28
 99
 87
 83
 99
116
 98
 93
110
 89
 97
103
 70
 98
 72
 98
 85
104
 84
29
25
12
 8
- 9
 28
 30
-25
 35
 26
 22
 29
 33
 27
 11
 81
 93
100
118
108
 59
 53
124
 81
 72
 71
 81
 56
 70
 92
 52
17	115
30	42
■ 5	103
- 1	86
- 5	109
5	79
Opposite El Paso, in Texas.
Near Messilla, New Mexico.
Southern New Mexico.
Southern New Mexico.
Eastern New Mexico.
Northern New Mexico.
Albuquerque,  New Mexico.
Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Northern New Mexico.
Northern New Mexico.
Western New Mexico.
Colorado river, California.
San  Diego, California.
San  Joaquin valley, California.
San  Joaquin valley, California.
San  Francisco, California.
Benicia, California.
Upper Sacramento  valley, California.
Humboldt bay, California.
Scott's valley, California.
Port Orford, Oregon.
Rogue river, Oregon.
Columbia river, Washington.
Columbia river, Oregon
Puget's Sound, Washington. 
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METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
457
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1856.
	Oct.	Nov.	Dec. i Spring. Sum.			Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	i Range. 1	Locality.
1			II	42.51 70.16					98 ■ 95	1 - 5 3	103 92	Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
2	56.09	43.33	30.62	46.12	73.73	55.86	26.07	50.44				New York harbor, New York.
3	53.73	42.65	31.22	46.11	73.35	54.35	25.86	49.92	95	- 6	101	New York harbor, New York.
4	54.45	44.48	30.79	48.01	72.88	55.12	26.22	50.56	95	0	95	West Point, New York.
5				40.01	68.60	i			93	_ 3	96	Oswego, New York. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
6	49.77	40.11 27.67		4G.24	72.53	50.76 21.62		47.79	96	—18	114	
7	50.70	37.99 | 27.31		46.23	72.72	51.37 22.13 j 48.11			96	20	76	Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
8	55.24	44.91	32.40	48.14	74.61	55.92 26.82 \ 51.37			97	— 4	101	Near Newcastle, Delaware.
9	56.86	46.17	34.28	50.56	76.41	57.18	28.22 I 53.07		98	— 4	102	Near Baltimore, Maryland.
10	61.26	52.56	40.38	55.45	77.46	61.49	35.91	57.58	93	8	85	Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
11	65.58	58.89	48.60	62.71	81.90	66.26	45.53	64.10	96	21	75	Charleston harbor. South Carolina.
12	77.07	74.23	65.40	73.04	82.54	77.43	62.38	73.85	91	30	61	Indian river, Florida.
13	78.95	76.73	72.22	76.43		79.31	69.44		88	50	38	Key West, Florida. Charlotte's harbor, Florida
14	76.14	77.36	64.42	74.02	82.28	77.73	61.72	73.94	98	32	66	
15	78.93	76.10	70.51	74.71	82.78	78.80	66.10	75.60	92	35	57	Miami river, Florida.
16	73.66	70.29	60.48	70.97	82.25	74.G2	56.94	73.69	94	29	65	Tampa Bay, Florida.
17		71.21 60.54	63.23 51.32	72.87 67.13			61.15 41.95					Caloosa Hatchee river, Florida.
18	68.02				81.79	67.90		64.69	96	22	74	Pensacola, Florida.
19	66.97	58.68	49.29	66.66	80.21	66.76	46.42	65.01	95	20	75	Mount Vernon, Alabama.
20	70.50	63.07	54.13	70.62	83.66	70.85	50.18	68.83	94	31	63	New Orleans, Louisiana.
21	67.59	59.16	51.31	68.46	81.66	67.26	47.30	66.17	94	21	73	Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
22	64.08	48.54	39.01	62.53	84.01	61.21	35.72	60.86	106	5	101	Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation.
23	62.30	46.13	36.02	60.90	81.66	59.13	32.54	58.56	103	2	101	Arkansas river, Arkansas.
24	63.93 61.93 58.19 56.G9	45.55 44.20 39.66 42.58	33.96 32.40		86.97 81.13 78.00 75.07	60.89 58.78 54.50 54.96	28.88		105 102 107 93	—15 7 —18 —15	120 95 125 108	Neosho river, Cherokee Nation
25				'				........				Near St. Louis, Missouri.
26				52.64 52.15			i					St. Louis, Missouri.
27			28.71				24.04	51.55				Newport, Kentucky.
28				34.89 35.68 42.90	61.89 63.75 72.29				82 91 95	—11 —24 —32	93 115 127	Island of Mackinac, Michigan.
29							i					Sault Ste Marie, Michigan. Mouth of St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
30	51.57	31.01	8.71			47.32	8.82	42.83				
31	45.64	25.36	5.12	38.34	68.75 41.87		4.23	38.30	95	—34	129	Upper Mississippi river, Minnesota.
32	49.49	28.28	7.30	42.37	71.36	44.79	6.85	41.34	96	—24	120	St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
33		30.99 36.87	8.91 22.54									Missouri river, Nebraska.
34	58.01			52.54	76.64	53.24 19.09		50.38	99	—14	113	Missouri river, Kansas.
35	60.34	38.07	20.31	55.07	80.36	55.46	19.08	52.69	104	— 9	113	Kansas river, Kansas.
36	52.38	31.40	12.24	47.47	75.70	58.09	13.70	48.74	101	—20	121	Platte river, Nebraska.
37	50.75	31.65	22.71	51.00	74.49	47.23	24.03	49.19	104	— 9	113	Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
38	56.65	30.02	8.84	46.77	75.49	47.23	12.36	45.46	104	—29	133	Missouri river, Nebraska.
39	62.53	45.27	35.88	61.37	83.58	55.64	32.50	58.27	109	- 4	113	Near Washita river, Indian Territory.
40	66.27	49.66	41.14	65.94	89.71	62.86	37.72	64.06	108	13	95	Red Fork of Brazos river, Tixas.
41	63.46	47.92	41.86	64.38	84.54	60.70	j 39.15 62.19		106	11	95	Oak creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
42	64.39	52.16	48.60	67.13	84.46	63.08	43.25 64.48		104	10	94	San Saba river, Texas.
43							I					Corpus Christi, Texas. Llano river, Texas.
44	66.13 i 55.03		47.24	68.54	85.12	65.26			1 103			
45	63.46 ! 51.12 ......... 50.15		43.32 43.08		83.46	i 1 62.12 ................. 1			i 107	11	j 96	Live Oak creek, (Pecos river,) Texas. Verde creek, (Gaudalupe river,) Texas. Muke-water creek, (Colorado river,) Tux l Brownsville, Texas.
46												
47	........ ! 50.35		43.92 59.99									
48	74.85	66.91		i 74.18	83.78	73.85 : 57.39 [ 72.55			95	30	65	
49	71.79	61.05	56.00	75.05	80.74	70.67 54.45		j 71.73	102	24	78	Rio Grande, Texas.
50	73.49	61.40	; 54.61	75.95	88.16	72.04	52.23	72.09	! 102	23	1 79	Rio Grande, Texas.
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METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
459
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1856.
Oct.		Nov.	Dec.	Spring. Sum.		Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	Locality	
51	69.00	57.10	51.68	70.71 86.47		68.03	49.36	68.64	103	21	82	Rio Las Moras, Texas.	
52	72.30	58.20	51.27	73.60	88.34	69.99	49.78	70.00	109	21	88	Rio Grande, Texas.	
53	61.13	48.44	43.64	70.67	77.56	59.03	41.46	62.18	104	10	94	Limpia river, Texas.	
54	62.78	53.45	38.76	65.93	84.38	61.99	40.38	63.17	105	12	93	Opposite El Paso, in Texas.	
55	65.64	53.50	41.33	67.26	84.54	64.89	43.80	65.12	100	17	83	Near Mesilla, New Mexico.	
56	56.64	44.27	33.41	59.78	82.89	56.60	33.04	58.08	111	11	100	Southern New Mexico.	
57	60.54	43.56	31.82	67.58	85.98	55.89	36.14	61.39	104	8	96	Southern New Mexico.	
58	54.44	40.48	31.10	54.52	73.13	52.02	32.08	52.94	96	— 3	99	Eastern New Mexico.	
59	55.86	39.66	28.25	57.44	81.74 56.14		31.45	56.69	104	5	99	Albuquerque, New Mexico.	
60	51.27	34.95	21.05	49.68	73.28	50.19	24.99	49.53	103	0	103	Santa Fe, New Mexico.	
61	46.43	30.15	23.10	47.69	70.13	44.98	25.09	45.97	89	—13	102	Northern New Mexico.	
62	42.06	27.37	15.39	45.92	70.07	42.23	17.81	44.01	95	—17	112	Northern New Mexico.	
63	38.16	23.48	12.72	41.36	65.03	34.87	13.84	38.77	89	—18	107	Northern New Mexico.	
64	44.01	29.42	17.17	46.16	67.76	43.37	22.12	44.85	96	—10	106	Western New Mexico.	
65	71.80	60.22	49.82	74.25	94.15	73.17	55.44	74.25	116	34	82	Colorado river, California.	
66	60.45	54.30	47.61	59.40	72.86	61.64	49.52	60.85	102	27	75	San Diego, California.	
67	54.22	48.14	40.97	56.11	75.90	57.05	45.08	58.53	98	24	74	San Joaquin valley, California.	
68	62.25	52.91	42.45	65.55	85.24	63.83	44.98	64.65	106	31	75	San Joaquin valley, California.	
69	56.71	52.08	46.75	54.71	56.46 55.78		50.37	54.33	70	37	33	San Francisco, California.	
70	59.98	55.48	45.46	58.67	66.60	60.50	45.73	57.87	96	31	65	Benicia, California.	
71	52.43	58.77	44.33	54.93	60.02	52.72	48.62	54.07	72	31	41	Humboldt bay, California.	
72	48.58	38.29	27.63	52.49	73.56	52.38	33.72	52.76	106	3	103	Scott's valley, California.	
73		42.14	38.52									South Fork of Yamhill river, Oregon. Port Orford, Oregon. Rogue river, Oregon. Yamhill river, Oregon. Columbia river, "Washington.	
74				52.26	.........				69	32	37		
				55.12					102	24	78		
76		43.67 43.45	38.88 37.64										
77	51.53			53.81	63.96	55.91	39.77	53.36	85	24	61		
78	51 72	47.72	44.65			52.73			71	34	37	Umpqua City, Oregon. Columbia river, Oregon. Puget's Sound, Washington.	
79			32.18 37.84										
80	51.39	43.83		51.35 62.46		51.99	41.06	51.71	88	23	65		
 
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METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
461
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1857.
	Oct,	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Sum.	Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	Locality.
1	47.02 52.09	37.25 42.99	25.98 34.77		66.09 68.97	47.74 52.87			89 91	4 —13	85 104	Augusta, Maine.
2				43.67			28.18	48.32				Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
3	33.50 53.46	44.48 42.45	36.47 37.69			47.10 53.22						Newport, Rhode Island. New York harbor, New York.
4				44.11	68.82		30.52	49.17	89	1	88	
5	53.32	42.46	36.91	45.59	71.76	53.54	30.31	50.30	91	15	76	New York harbor, New York.
6	54.82	44.21	39.28	47.06	71.29	55.08	31.56	51.25	88	— 6	94	West Point, New York.
7	51.66	39.03	37.54	45.22	71.02	51.83	31.51	49.89	92	—12	104	Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
8	52.45	38.50	35.70	45.66	71.50	52.32	29.05	49.63	87	—16	103	Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
9	36.37	44.16	39.14	47.84	74.64	49.43	32.89	51.20	98	0	98	Near Newcastle, Delaware.
10	56.26	45.45	42.25	49.73	73.70	56.77	35.65	53.96	92	— 6	98	Near Baltimore, Maryland.
11	60.71	50.68	48.37	52.75	77.03	61.52	31.33	55.66	95	2	93	Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
12	64.40	57.58	55.71	60.18	79.23	66.24	50.77	64.10	90	15	75	Charleston harbor, South Carolina.
13	73.98	71.00	70.36	71.86	82.09	77.08	52.26	70.82	93	29	64	Indian river, Florida.
14		76.27 69.65	78.71 69.14	74.67 71.67	82.15 80.97		71.89 64.75		90 94	44 32	46 62	Key West, Florida. Charlotte's harbor, Florida.
15	73.30					74.39		72.94				
16	76.18	74.56	73.87	74.68	82.27	77.78	68.81	75.88	89	30	59	Miami river, Florida.
17				72.29 68.65	80.71 80.27				92 90	28 26	64 64	Caloosa Hatchee river, Florida.
18		68.21	61.51				62.03					Tampa bay, Florida. Mount Vernon, Alabama.
19	60.86	56.99	55.73	62.21	79.29	64.81	53.64	64.99	92	10	82	
20	69.77	61.10	58.13	67.15	81.23	70.34	57.89	69.15	87	28	59	New Orleans, Louisiana.
21	65.90	57.59	55.17	64.06	79.07	66.64	55.86	66.41	92	19	73	Baton Rouge,Louisiana.
22	60.95	48.99	48.58	59.39	79.28	61.29	44.07	61.01	99	— 4	103	Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation.
23	59.08	45.86	46.54	56.40	77.21	58.96	41.85	58.60	100	5	95	Arkansas river, Arkansas.
24												Neosho river, Cherokee Nation.
25	55.48	40.16	41.05	48.45	77.19	56.16	34.66	54.11	100	0	100	Near St. Louis, Missouri.
26	54.23	39.89	39.95	46.60	72.34	54.22	34.24	51.85	89	-11	100	Newport, Kentucky.
27	48.52	26.37	25.42	37.20	70.12	45.56	13.11	41.49	91	—35	126	Mouth of St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
28		24.55	20.13	33.72			8.28			—37		Upper Mississippi river, Minnesota. St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
29	46.44	26.62	24.08	35.83	68.79	44.33	12.03	40.24	96	-26	122	
30	48.94	31.32	28.60	38.76	72.72	47.88	15.59	43.47	104	10	94	Missouri river, Nebraska.
31				41.05 48.73								Missouri river, Nebraska.
32	55.44	37.47	39.21		75.58	55.19	28.17	51.77	103	—20	123	Missouri river, Kansas.
33	55.07	36.80	37.40	47.90	78.08	54.12	26.11	51.55	105	—23	128	Kansas river, Kansas.
34	48.66	30.59	30.28	41.72	72.68	48.14	20.09	45.66	102	-12	114	Platte river, Nebraska.
35	55.36	33.63	30.15	51.11	71.55	51.24	29.31	50.80	98	—14	112	Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
36	59.10	46.24	45.56	57.31	78.15	59.44	40.60	58.85	106	— 4	110	Near Washita river, Indian Territory.
37	64.83	50.86	46.72	61.55	83.12	64.09	44.71	63.37	106	12	94	Red Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
38 39	60.09 61.74			61.24 60.44	83.51 80.96				115 104	23 5	92 99	Clear Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
		49.63	45.41			61.19	44.94	61.88				Oak creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
40	63.32	53.20	47.66	62.96	79.88	63.03	48.48	63.59	101	H	90	San Saba river, Texas.
41	73.33 65.18	61.39 54.49	56.03 49.32			75.02 64.99			98 106	34 30	64 76	San Antonio, Texas.
42				63.28	82.63		49.76 65.16					Llano river, Texas.
43	63.94	50.77	45.79	63.83	81.49	64.46	46.75 61.63		106	5 !	101	Live Oak creek, (Pecos river,) Texas.
44	63.59	53.01	43.02	61.24	78.13	63.52	46.22 j 62.28		'102	10 j	92	Verde creek, (Gaudalupe river,) Texas.
45	63.15	51.52	47.52	62.87	83.38 63.09		46.97 ; 64.08		107	8	99	Mukc-water creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
46	75.34	68.47	62.34	70.42	83.49 i 75.02		62.88 ( 72.93		96	29	67	Brownsville, Texas.
47	73.53	65.71	58.94	70.72	86.10) 73.56		61.03	72.85	104	31	73	Rio Grande, Texas.
48	73.86	66.10	58.83	73.33	87.26 74.09		60.10	73.69	105	23	82	Rio Grande, Texas.
49	69.34 70.62	62.23 63.06	54.13 56.66	67.30 70.23		70.01 71.26	54.08 56.05		72 104	17 20	55 S4	Rio Las Mortis, Texas.
50					86.58			71.03				Rio Grande, Texas.
 
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METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
<±65
MONTHLY, AND  EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE  FOR 1858.
Oct.  |  Nov.   Dec.   Spring.  Sum.   Am.  I Win.   Year.  Max.  ! Min.
   54.95
   54.85
   56.68
   5C.56
6 ] 58.83
7 j 55.44
8  55.62
   59.63
   59.11
   64.38
   70.07
   79.35
37.60
38.76
39.24
40.09
41.87
38.79
38.63
41.92
42.89
49.10
52.59
72.54
31.00
33.40
33.18
32.87
34.59
38.62
33.15
35.86
40.26
47.15
56.09
75.55
40 45
44.07
70.90
72.73
49.97  56.65
52.47  59.66
74.96
67.94
58.29
58.74
47.60
44.32
46.32
46.38
59.32
58.03
49.77
45.64
68.33
67.68
68.34
76.77
72.52
73.20
77.88
68.48
79.32
71.31
78.84
69.67
75.50
78.98
65.63
54.73  61.47
47.72 j 58.52
37.40
39.67
31.81
24.77
27.96
30.02
35.66
34.56
32.25
33.82
36.35
41.51
34.43
43.76
46.43
48.86
55.43
52.70
55.86
62.89
49.33
59.38
49.53
59.43
49.04
55.15
62.19
49.29
11.96
15.64
19.78
31.94
28.03
25.58
26.02
41.09
41.37
44.48
48.55
51.81
51.17
52.51
63.43
47.38
57.95
50.29
57 38
48.15
52.36
57.11
44.99
45.62
46.33
49.78
49.65
49.77
46.98
52.36
55.11
64.16
79.06
72.02
73.12
63.49
66.81
66.95
69.16
67.51
72.25
72.85
73.34
73.92
74.30
77.07
76.46
78.14
80.97
82.76
79.96
81.72
69.34
70.99 £
69.07
56.68
51.52
43.06
44.13
47.95
54.80
55.27
47.99
47.27
64.95
65.13
72.53
67.85
75.00
68.54
77.92
62.23
77.43
78.88
76.17
70.69
69.92
74.89
79.03
76.49
72.99
71.24
81.31
79.19
84.26
81.97
82.06
84.08
80.67
46.45
78.06
86.49
69.91 | 82.54
72.58  83.53
76.19 ! 86.20
65.20 I 75.27
51.97
52.33
53.60
53.98
56.20
52.45
52.41
57.19
56.51
62.60
65.66
77.96
65.63
67.57
29.31
31.70
31.61
30.88
33.39
33.83
31.35
34.48
37.78
43.91
53.50
73.27
54.52
48.60

50.70
51.01
53.18
52.48
51.96
53.93
55.78
59.94
66.07
78.26
66.73
69.88 j  59.22  55.74
       56.84 '.........
55.64
55.53
45.18
41.98
44.21
46.77
55.78
54.75
48.53
49.95
34.72 J  56.78
36.65  55.47
12.52
17.02
19.72
32.57
30.87
24.51
42.06
43.82
47.33
55.54
54.34
48.25
93
93
81
88
91
88
92
93
95
94
91
96
90
96
91
91
90
91
102
 93
 83
- 1
  9
 10
 10
 18
 13
  7
 15
 18
 19
 28
 34
 63
31
37
47
41
32
11
15
28.83 ! 49.32
 92
 92
104
 99
 95
 97
 91
64.45
63.37
63.50
70.21
67.37
69.00
73.61
64.28
70.48
61.60
73.71 ! 58.01
65.20 '........
69.92 | 53.76
74.14  56.97
62.60 I 46.71
45.14
47.97
44.89

51.18
61.82
47.34
57.79
63.69
63.94
67.97

67.52
73.63
64.21
63.16

73.91

69.95
73.38
62.44
 97
103
 97
 99
102
 98
 98
100
107
101
101
106
103
106
 98
-27
-16
-15
- 5
-12
-12
-29
94
84
71
78
73
75
85
78
77
75
63
62
27
65
54
44
49
59
91
78
75
119
108
119
104
107
109
120
12	85
12	91
14	83
26	73
22	80
22	76
37	61
14	86
31	76
19	82
30	71
19	87
26	77
33	73
20	! 78
Locality.
Augusta, Maine.
Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
Newport, Rhode Island.
New York harbor, New York.
New York harbor, New York.
West Point, New York.
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Near Newcastle, Delaware.
Near Baltimore, Maryland.
Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
Charleston harbor, South Carolina.
Key West, Florida.
Indian river, Florida.
Charlotte's harbor, Florida.
Miami river, Florida.
Caloosa Hatchee river, Florida.
Mount Vernon, Alabama.
Pensacola, Florida.
Tampa Bay, Florida.
New Orleans, Louisiana.
Baton Rouge,Louisiana.
Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation
Near St. Louis, Missouri.
Newport, Kentucky.
Island of Mackinac, Michigan.
Mouth of St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
Upper Mississippi river, Minnesota.
St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
Missouri river, Nebraska.
Missouri river, Kansas.
Kansas river, Kansas.
Platte  river, Nebraska.
Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
Near Washita river, Indian Territory.
Red Fork  of Brazos river, Texas.
Oak creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
San Saba river, Texas.
San Antonio, Texas.
San Pedro river, Texas.
Llano river, Texas.
Brownsville, Texas.
Live Oak creek, (Pecos river,) Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Verde creek, Gaudalupc river, Texas.
 Rio Grande, Texas.
 Muke-water creek, Colorado river, Ti \a
 Rio Las Moras, Texas.
 Rio Grande, Texas.
 Limpia river, Texas. 
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METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
467
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1858.
	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Sum.	Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	Locality.
51	65.93	51.95	40.92	65.83	79.76	63.91	44.75	63.56	100	20	80	Opposite El Paso, (Rio Grande,) Texas.
52	59.04	45.65	38.61	57.81	74.49	58.43	41.05	57.94	102	15	87	Arizona.
53	55.68	42.59	39.30	58.40	77.06	55.54	38.67	57.42	105	7	98	Southern New Mexico
54	66.26	47.54	40.02	63.62	81.43	63.48	42.15	62.67	100	10	90	Southern New Mexico.
55	60.61	44.80	33.39	58.94	77.63	59.23	38.00	58.45	93	9	84	Southern New Mexico.
56	47,82	33.92	31.24	48.87	62.10	46.10	32.50	47.39	83	0	83	Eastern New Mexico.
57	56.73	43.13	29.07	53.87	71.84	54.99	34.49	53.80	100	— 2	102	Albuquerque, New Mexico.
58	49.31	34.37	24.07	48.58	67.58	48.89	31.20	49.06	85	0	85	Santa Fe, New Mexico.
59	48.98	35.17	26.98	48.60	67.96	48.81	29.86	48.56	92	— 4	96	Northern New Mexico.
60	42.06	27.37	15.34	45.62	63.41	43.36	21.70	43.52	85	—18	103	Northern New Mexico.
61	42.24	28.52	9.66			42.32						
69				40.33 48.02					85 87	—19 —13	104 100	
63	46.98	35.99	21.70		68.08	48.72	22.30	46.78				Western New Mexico.
64	76.65	64.18	52.72	74.01	92.33	77.18	57.29	75.20	114	34	80	Colorado river, California.
65	64.87 57.90		53.03	59.04	71.45	64.47	52.60	61.99	92	37	55	San Diego, California.
66	54.74 51.83		40.48	53.05	73.68	62.55	42.38	57.91	97	26	71	San Joaquin valley, California.
67	1			62.94								San Joaquin valley, California. Pitt river valley, California.
68	48.15 41.46		23.31	48.41	68.99	51.47	29.83	49.68	103	—17	120	
69	57.53	54.60	46.11	53.40	57.26	57.23	48.89	54.19	68	35	33	San Francisco, California.
70	60.88	56.57	44.38	60.61	68.02	61.65	48.43	59.68	100	28	72	Benicia, California.
71	52.20	50.62	44.64	51.51	57.30	53.14	46.67	52.15	65	29	36	Humboldt bay, California.
70				53.06 52.16						10 23		Scott's valley, California. Umpqua City, Oregon.
73	54.29	52.73	44.16		59.53	55.44	46.05	53.29	78		55	
74	48.42	47.68	37.94	51.85	64.82	52.46	40.13	52.31	100	9	91	South Fork of Yamhill river, Oregon.
75	49 36	49 08	38.96	49.42	59.78	52.53			91	10	81	Siletz river, Oregon. Yamhill river, Oregon.
76	47.84	43.93	35.81	48.18	59.34	50.40	38.26	49.04	94	10	84	
77	49.91	42.82	33.94	53.67	70.85	52.67	36.15	53.33	98	- 6	104	Columbia river, Oregon.
78	51.39	42.66	30.49	55.19	73.41	53.64	52 80	56.26	103	— 4	107	Walla-Walla valley, Oregon.
79	49.40	46.84	37.44	51.19	66.26	53.01	38.64	52.28	98	8	90	Columbia river, Washington.
80	46.86	44.31	37.71	49.13	61.42	49.96	37.45	49.49	88	11	77	Puget's Sound, Washington.
81	48.12	45.23	37.04	49.22	60.91	47.32	38.44	48.99	84	12	72	Bellingham bay, Washington.
82	48.64	41.68	29.07	58.28	72.16	52.82	30.84 53.52		99	1	98	Yakima Reservation, Washington.
83	49.56	45.25	34.65		65.93	52.33	1		92	9	83	Columbia river, Washington.
84				40.75								Utah Territory. Utah Territory. Utah Territory.
85 86	40.57 45.05	30 29	.........i 14.80			42.79	1		84	—20	104	
		37.31	23.83			47.61			90			
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METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
469
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1859.
	Oct. | Nov. 1 Dec. Spring. Sum. Aut.						Win. : Year.		Max.	Min.	Range.	Locality.
1	47.48	ji 41.67 25.99 ! 46.97			i 67.47 ; 49.54		27.69	47.92	88 -	-10	98 i	Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
2	49.14	.................II 46.49 '			67.14 .........				84 -	- 5	89	Newport, Rhode Island. New York harbor, New York.
3	49.81	44.54 28.89 i 48.88 69.27				52.20	30.50	50.21	92	1	91	
4	56.46	45.40	29.96 51.09 71.05			56.54	30.87	52.39	91	3	88	New York harbor, New York.
5	53.96	48.32	31.55 53.77		71.90	55.48	33.62	53.69	88 -	- 9	97	West Point, New York.
6		42.03 42.08	29.20 53.69		70.59 71.54		31.58		93 97	0 0 0 5 19 25	93 97	Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Near Newcastle, Delaware.
7	49.87		i	52.86 53.05 55.16 59.14		52.28						
8							|					
9							i ' '					Near Baltimore, Maryland. Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
10	59.60 66.00	55.27 59.78	44.11 1		75.91 78.54	62.65 67.40			94 95		75 70	
11			52.97	68.94			52.04 66.73					Charleston harbor, South Carolina.
12	80.40	72.85	69.98	79.06	83.96	79.12	70.94 78.27		90	59	31	Key West, Florida.
13	65.23	60.98	48.39	67.58	79.75	67.51	51.67 66.63		92	14	78	Mount Vernon, Alabama.
14	67.08	61.54	51.25	67.57	80.52 68.92		53.61	67.65	96	22	74	Pensacola, Florida.
15	70.74	65.67	53.65	72.01	82.97 : 72.28		57.02	71.07	91	32	59	New Orleans, Louisiana.
16	67.00			68.95 64.76 62.06 59.45	81.67		i		94	26 2 1 — 5	68	Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation.
17		58.94 55.74 49.39	33.53 31.06 25.33									
18	65.54 55.91				78.46 77.62	64.54 57.59			96 100		95 105	Arkansas river, Arkansas.
19							30.31	56.24				Near St. Louis, Missouri.
20	52.64	46.54	27.54	57.23	74.34	55.24	33.12	54.98	97	— 4	101	Newport, Kentucky.
21	41.73	34.43	16.23	39.69	62.98	43.38	18.45	41.12	86	—25	111	Island of Mackinac, Michigan.
22	40.95	27.73	.52	40.65	69.07	41.98	7.51	39.80	95	—38	133	Upper Mississippi river, Minnesota.
23	46.93	31.26	6.35	42.43	71.00	69.57	11.82	43.70	99	—17	116	St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
24	49.47	32.66	11.47	45.13	75.41	48.32	18.36	46.80	108	—18	126	Missouri river, Nebraska.
25	53.93	44.02	18.87	54.20	76.15	54.73	27.99	53.27	98	— 5	103	Missouri river, Kansas.
26	48.10	44.77	21.33	55.46	79.15	54.26	29.59	54.61	106	2	104	Kansas river, Kansas.
27	49.80	39.38	18.84	48.76	74.25	49.96	25.42	49.79	99	—11	110	Platte river, Nebraska.
28	54.41	34.46	21.98	45.20	75.29	48.54	28.23	49.31	100	1	99	Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
29	62.73	57.92	32.36	63.37	81.62	64.17	41.72	62.72	102	0	102	Near Washita river, Indian Territory.
30	62.86	58.12	35.87	65.52	84.44	64.52	44.75	64.86	104	5	99	Oak creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
31												San Saba river, Texas.
32	62.66	51.31	35.52	61.92	82.78	62.42	40.46	61.89	98	— 2	100	Upper Rio Grande, Texas.
33	73.23	66.39	46.29	69.88	84.98	73.22	52.89	70.24	103	17	86	San Antonio, Texas.
34	63.22	60.44	39.04			65.66			105	- 9	114	
35	68.66	61.89	43.93	71.86	85.88	69.97	50.82	69.64	103	15	88	San Pedro river, Texas.
36	65.83	58.67	38.93	70.14	86.60	69.99	47.75 67.37		105	10	95	Live Oak creek, (Pecos river,) Texas.
37	63.37	62.64	42.80	68.19	82.02	67.39	49.20	66.70	100	12	88	Verde creek, (Gaudalupe river,) Texas.
38	63.96	59.00	'35.88	68.05	85.26	65.63	46.70	73.91	100	9	91	Muke-water creek,(Colorado river,) Texas
39	65.44 68.86											Clear Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
40		63.70	44.36 76.67		88.09	: 71.11	51.93	71.95	106	19	87	Leona river, Texas.
41	69.68	63.86	41.87 73.25		86.74	70.94	51.54	70.62	102	19	83	Rio Las Moras, Texas.
42							i					Rio Grande, Texas.
43	60.05	55.80	39.87 j 65.40		77.91	61.63	49.35 63.57		93	13	80	Limpia river, Texas.
44	66.64	57.33	41.49 62.43		51.58	66.47	45.65 56.51		99	12	87	Opposite El Paso, (Rio Grande,) Texas.
45	61.44	49.58	37.51 j 55.47		75.59	60.48	41.53 ! 58.02		91	17	74	Arizona.
46	66.20	40.77	l 33.89 64.02		82.62	60.62	39.01 61.56		100	0	100	Southern New Mexico.
47	58.16	48.75 31.73		59.27	78.95	58.31	38.25 58.69		93	8	85	Southern New Mexico.
48	51.05	44.89	29.66	52.52	70.64	55.65	35.99	53.70	83	I 7	76	Eastern New Alexico.
49	52.55	35.27	17.56	55.11	72.71	50.58	30.60 52.32		100	0	100	Albuquerque, New Mexico.
50	50.65	1 38.10	23.54	45.77	69.56	48.88	26.68	47.72	84	— 4	88	Santa Fe, New Mexico.
 
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rN
o 
METEOROLOGICAL
REGISTER.
MONTHLY, AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR 1859
	Oct. Nov. 1		Dec. :	Spring.	Sum.	Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	Locality.
51	48.14	42.16	25.52	46.74	i i 68.69 48.83 29.67			48.48	89	— 8	97	Northern New Mexico.
52	50.50	38.93	23.42	43.08	65.46 48.56 25.47 45.64				83	—10	93	Northern New Mexico.
53	42.77	52.71	15.17	38.46	64.26 42.48 \ 15.63 i 40.20				90	15	75	Northern New Mexico.
54	48.98 75.49 78.19		23.08	45.67	69.37		25.90		89	—16 30 35	105	
55		60.43 64.18	49.34 54.34			73.52						Colorado river, New Mexico.
56				69.92	92.50	75.98	57.62	73.50	109		74	Colorado river, California.
57	65.80	60.90	55.26 .........		70.22 64.82				83	36	47	San Diego, California.
58	61.89	49.92	43.36	51.22	75.83	62.89	!		95	29	66	San Joaquin valley, California. Pitt river valley, California.
59	53.20	39.15	26.58	44.98	71.04	51.45	26.10 48.39		90	—20	110	
60	57.42	53.48	48.66	52.21	56.90	56.39	48.05 53.39		75	33	42	San Francisco, California.
61	63.84	54.51	47.16	54.45	65.23	60.95	47.22 ! 54.46		89	30	59	Benicia, California.
6^	57.07 53.13	49.15 49.16	43.68 44.53		60.18 58.18	54.97 53.05			77 70	30 29	47 41	
63				49.39			48.63	51.81				Humboldt bay, California.
64	53.29	46.10	43.47	49.18	59.80	52.45	44.08	51.38	72	20	52	Umpqua City, Oregon.
65	52.50	38.17	34.72	46.22	60.41	49.38	36.74	48.19	89	7	82	Yamhill river, Oregon.
66	53.64	40.46	36.10	47.81	63.42	50.57	38.60	50.10	93	8	85	South Fork of Yamhill river, Oregon.
67	52.72	42.43	40.43	46.84		50.77	41.43		87	25	62	Siletz river, Oregon.
68	53.19	35.05	25.21	51.36	71.51	50.53	31.78	53.79	99	— 3	102	Columbia river, Oregon.
69	61.48	34.56	22.44	52.07	77.14	53.96	31.27	53.61	107	— 6	113	Walla-Walla valley, Oregon.
70	51.58	37.39	35.65	44.54	64.52	48.84	36.28	48.29	89	10	79	Puget's Sound, Washington.
71				47.59					78	26	52	Bellingham bay, Washington.
7°												
73	55.48	39.61	30.34	48.31	64.91	51.58	33.91	49.68	90	__oo	112	Columbia river, Washington.
74				43.61								Admiralty Inlet, Washington. Columbia river, Washington.
75	53.60	39.58	3133	49.52	63.37	51.35	36.00	50.06	94	10	84	
76 77	51 93	38 83	35 59	49 00	64.91	50.01			81	10	71	Semiahmoo bay, Washington. Utah Territory. Utah Territory.
	46 51	30.22	13 30	34.84		41.97			90	—24	114	
78	50.66	36.27	20.29	47.17	75.67	48.44	23.32	48.65	91	__oo	113	
 
472
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT  OF  RAIN FOR  1855.
Fort Independence.
Fort Hamilton......
Fort Columbus.....
West Point........
Fort Ontario.......
Alleghany Arsenal..
Carlisle Barracks...
Fort Delaware.....
Fort McHenry.....
Fort Monroe.......
Fort Moultrie......
Fort Capron........
6.34
3.71
3.30
3.63
1.90
2.15
3.37
2.49
2.50
1.60
  .81
4.81
Fort Dallas*.............! 9.01
Fort Myers
Fort Deynaud.
3.20
	3.94
	2.34
	1.09
Mount Vernon Arsenal...	.45
	
	•"r
	1,16
	3.25
	,93
	4.99
	4.20
	3.06
Feb.  M
Fort Mackinac...........] 4.74
Fort Brady........
Fort Snelling......
Fort Ripley........
Fort Ridgelyf......
Fort Leavenworth..
Fort Riley.........
Fort Kearny.......
Fort Laramie......
Fort Pierre........
Fort Arbuckle.....
Fort Belknap.......
Fort Chadbourne...
Fort McKavett.....
Fort Merrill........
Corpus'Christi.....
Fort Brown*.......
Ringgold Barracks.
Fort Mcintosh.....
Fort Inge..........
Fort Duncan.......
Fort Clark.........
2.13
1.67
 .41
4.63
 .59
 .61
1.00
 .04
   n
1.10
 .09
 .35
3.47
1.06
 .25
  10
   0
   0
3.20
4.60
3.45
4.23
1.82
1.77
3.04
1.70
4.00
 .40
 .97
2.56
 .20
 .55
1.72
 .83
2.88
1.44
1.16
2.06
2.05
 .54
 .93
 .48
 .93
1.38
 .45
2.03
 .65
 .41
 .28
1.58
 .20
 .25
 .25
1.08
1.16
1.41
1.20
 .83
1.20
3.08
1.88
2.02
2.80
2.00
4.83
2.80
3.90
6.41
1.28
 .78
2.50
1.00
2.19
1.40
1.86
 .91
1.96
2.87
3.09
2.86
1.17
 .82
1.07
 .13
 .50
 .57
3.98
7.15
2.51
1.00
1.03
1.87
1.12
3.96
 .42
 .51
1.35
1.41
April.
2.72
2.45
2.40
2.52
 .70
2.60
1.72
2.15
 .39
 .45
 .96
1.14
3.00
 .50
3.03
1.43
 .33
 .75
   0
 .45
 .24
 .75
1.00
1.52
2.00
 .40
3.47
2.99
3.63
1.71
2.18
3.32
1.55
1.07
 .28
 .36
 .68
 .27
 .63
 1.62
 3.91
 3.85
 4.16
  .72
 2.33
 1.81
 2.63
  .91
 2.10
 6.34
 5.54
14.69
 3.00
 3.56
 3.55
 1.77
 1.92
  .20
 1.77
  .60
 2.11
 4.92
 5.65
 4.70
 8.32
 2.35
  .60
    0
 1.23
 1.68
 2.24
 1.98
 3.93
 4.91
 2.79
June. '■ July.  Au;. | Sept.  Oct
2.28
 .30
3.35
2.29
 .23
  0
  0
.01
.17
.28
.30
 3.18
 5.06
 3.70
 4.50
 3.60
 7.58
 5.80
 8.59
 2.79
 3.80
 7.58
 5.41
 3.20
10.20
 8.38
 4.47
 7.07
 4.21
 2.22
 1.75
 4.43
 2.07
 3.15
 4.85
 2.71
 4.25
 9.30
 1.76
 1.10
 2.38
 4.88
 3.21
 1.09
 5.06
 2.20
 3.25
3.13
3.55
6.33
2.63
1.21
1.92
2.40
2.88
1.44
4.29
3.57
2.34
6.00
6.26
5.20
5.57
6.07
4.79
2.62
1.65
3.59
11.32
 6.80
 7.97
 4.59
18.61
 9.85
 7.24
 3.61
 2.39
 1.56
  .74
 7.78
 6.05
 2.55
 7.10
3.38
3.15
3.31
1.19
8.75
1.32
4.03
2.44
1.70
2.15
3 90
1.45
 .38
3.50
 .53
2.08
4.43
7.58
5.38
3.50
 1.68
 2.99
 2.55
 3.10
 1.65
 3.57
 3.38
 2.63
 2.50
 1.80
 4.62
 9.24
 4.70
11.35
14.27
 6.31
 5.64
16.14
12.59
 4.12
 6.64
 3.56
 5.15
 5.34
 3.48
 4.84
 5.00
 5.15
 2.59
 4.41
 3.58
 6.34
 IP. 18
 4.30
 4.69
 2.93
 3.03
 6.76
 2.12
 2.40
 2.60
 6.29
 5.09
 9.52
 6.81
 3.89
4.50  3.84
4.77    57
1.52  5.19
 .95 j 4.70
1.30 j 5.50
  97 10.25
2.02 '■ 3.40
 4.79
 5.94
 3.70
 2.30
 3.30
 3.74
 4.48
 5.70
 5.35
 3.36
 7.95
 1.45
 6.45
10.03
 4.36
 4.49
 1.01
 3.24
 4.13
 4.09
 3.12
 8.50
 3.63
 3.49
 6.26
 4.95
 5.10
 4.43
 6.52
3.39
1.88
1.73
   0
1.30
 .07
3.18
4.78
9.44
1.56
2.95
1 54
2.79
3.70
1.51
2.38
7.90
2.95
2.59
7.97
1.10
2.14
2.17
2.10
5.13
 .70
1.47
2.35
4.61
4.25
1.37
 .89
 .80
 .90
 .06
 .80
 .38
    0
 .18
 .62
 .42
 .57
4.00
1.26
3.43
  .59
  .35
5.77
2.50
2.36
Nov.   Dec.
2.92  3.68
3.15
2.40
3.69
2.25
5.07
1.45
1.20
 2.90
 2.05
  .75
 5.06
 1.89
 8.40
10.78
 5.59
 9.75
 3.58
 4.90
 4.50
 4.50
 4.80
 7.60
 3.51
 1.16
 2.38
 1.96
 1.40
 2.75
 1.80
 2.12
  .18
 1.74
 5.08
 4.46
 3.65
  .72
  .25
  .60
 3.85
  .»5
  .22
5.10
8.30
5.14
1.47
3.28
 4.62
 3.60
 3.27
 7.13
 1.61
 1.80
 2.30
 3.03
 2.89
 2.42
13.42
 7.62
 8.23
10.10
 1.09
 1.85
 2.49
2.97  2.16    .57    .50
3.76 i 4.40 I  1.03  I  .63
3.04
4.90
1.77
1.68
1.67
 .24
2.40
3.56
 .49
1.48
1.20
 .39
1.43
 .22
    0
    0
Spring.
 5.50
 7.77
 7.45
 7.51
 2.62
 8.01
 5.41
 6.80
 4.10
 4.55
12.13
 9.48
21.59
 9.91
 3.56
 6.66
 6.41
 5.78
 2.89
 4.59
 2.07
 5.71
 8.41
 9.85
10.39
17.65
 8.18
 3.15
 2.10
 3.38
 3.16
 3.75
 2.67
 5.07
 6.94
 4.85
Summer
Autumn
5.76
3.95
9.83
5.00
1.57
4.95
3.83
3.22
 8.43
10.39
12.25
13.86
10.45
16.72
15.25
16.01
 7.91
 7.25
15.79
19.22
28.35
30.62
15.37
1.72
5.04
38.96
24.66
13.11
14.68
 8.02
 9.86
10.93
13.97
15.14
16.85
14.01
 2.10
 8.11
12.49
11.99
12.97
11.51
10.79
 7.63
13.64
 5.80
 5.87
19.47
 9.63
 8.80
 9.20
 5.91
 7.67
11.40
7.94
7.20
6.83
16.50
10.35
 6.70
20.78
 4.44
16. £9
22.98
12.05
19.37
 5.29
 9.61
10.98
13.20
12.17
17.47
 8.03
 5.45
 9.54
 6.97
 7.30
 7.56
 8.32
Winter.
12.57
11.31
 9.10
 4.19
 4.04
 7.38
 8.46
 6.21
 4.22
 4.02
 5.73
19.04
 4.41
 5.53
13.22
13.41
15.05
13.00
 5.19
 7.20
 8.81
10.10
 5.27
 8.91
 8.98
11.01
 6.05
 7.66
 7.64
15.95
 9.23
12.90
 2.79
 6.03
 3.90
3.23
6.06
8.62
8.41
8.54
2.46
3.75
 .93
5.44
4.35
1.39
2.73
2.32

2.91
1.00
3.60
1.09
9.22
1.74
1.66
1.06
1.96 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
473
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF  AMOUNT OF  RAIN FOR 1855.
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss...........
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Thorn...........
Fort Craig...........
Cantonment Burgwin.
Albuquerque........
Sauta Fe............
Fort Union..........
Fort Massachusetts ..
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma..........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon...........
Fort Miller..........
San Francisco........
Benicia Barracks.....
Fort Reading........
Fort Humboldt.......
Fort Jones...........
Fort Orford..........
Fort Lane...........
Fort Vancouver......
Fort Dalles...........
Fort Steilacoom......
   0
   0
   0
 .20
   0
 .05
 .40
 .21
   0
 .67
1.71
1.26
4.83
1.39
2.88
2.79
6.95
4.45
3.83
6.04
1.27
3.84
 .63
8.40
 .80
 .12
 .19
1.02
 .20
 .40
1.47
3.30
   0
1.53
1.58
3.64
3.23
3.13
5.68
6.80
5.24
9.84
3.26
3.99
1.87
7.85
April.: May. |June.
3.58
   0
 .45
 .20
 .10
 .05
 .74
 .85
   0
 .41
 .51
   0
1.82
3.78
4.44
3.65
3.25
5.17
5.40
1.50
5.17
 .98
2.04
 .17
7.14
 .10
   0
 .10
 .11
 .89
 .68
2.88
 .98
 .10
   0
 .10
 .61
 .84
1.42
2.01
5.43
2.80
 .87
8.60
1.33
3.77
1.08
5.81
1.77
2.12
 .66
 .43
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .20
1.60
 .08
1.80
1.03
2.43
 .24
1.40
July.
4.21
 .16
2.63
3.64
2.31
 .37
2.09
4.37
2.60
1.54
 .10
   0
3.33
1.12
1.29
1.21
 .57
2.39
7.89
1.46
Sept.
5.89
7.22
2.31
4.97
2.98
1.43
5.38
3.83
3.33
2.85
   0
 .99
   0
   0
   0
 .60
1.3S
.46
.69
Oct.
 .58
1.05
 .09
 .39
 .07
3.52
 .32
1.41
 .15
5.17
Nov.
1.84
1.25
 .45
1.94
1.43
 .83

2.69
2.20
5.27
1.47
 .10
2.23
   0
 .30
 1.77
14.18
 3.37
 2.05
 1.44
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  .49

 1.85
  .91
  .38
 1.59
    0
  .31
 7.50
 1.07
 4.31
 2.62
 8.31
 9.52
 6.47
20.00
 6.55
10.77
 2.24
4.93
 1.00
  .32
  .35
 2.65
 1.73
 3.28
 2.86
 3.91
    0
 3.45
 5.97
 8.92
 8.30
 8.39
16.28
15.00
 7.61
23.61

 9.80
 3.12
20.80
7.97
1.33
3.99
4.85
3.09
2.96
11.75
 7.95
Autumn Winter.1 Year.
8.31
9.52
2.85
7.30
4.48
2.26
8.07
6.43
8.60
4.33
2.38
1.04
 .30
1.93
5.10
22.19
3.92
2.28
2.64
 .91
1.05
4.13
1.38
7.54
 3.94
10.08
 8.27
18.95
17.27
11.88
33.85
12.20
27.90
 5.90
23.12
    * Although the amounts of rain reported at Fort Dallas, Banancas Barracks, and Fort Brown are unusually great, there is nothing in the original
records to warrant the belief that the measurements are incorrect.
    f The records of rain at Fort Ridgely from January to May, 1855, inclusive, as here recorded, differ from those reported in the monthly tables; jlie
medical officer in charge having reported errors.                                                                                    R. H. C.
60- 
474                                            METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT  OF RAIN  FOR  1856.
Fort Independence  .....
Fort Hamilton..........
Fort Columbus..........
West Point.............
Fort Ontario............
Alleghany Arsenal......
Carlit-le Barracks........
Fort Delaware..........
Fort McHenry.........,
Fort Monroe............
Fort Moultrie..........
Fort Capron...........
Key West Barracks....
Fort Myers............
Fort Dallas............
 Fort Brooke...........
 Fort Deynaud.........
 Barrancas Barracks.....
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans...........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Gibson..........,
 Jefferson Barracks....
 St. Louis Arsenal... .
 Newport Barracks ....
 Fort Mackinac........
 Fort Brady...........
 Fort Snelling.........
  Fort Ripley...........
  Fort Ridgely..........
  Fort Leavenworth....
  Fort Riley...........
  Fort Kearny..........
  Fort Laramie.........
  Fort Pierre...........
  Fort Arbuckle........
  Fort Belknap.........
  Fort Chadbourne......
  Fort McKavett........
  Corpus Christi........
  Fort Mason...........
  Fort Lancaster........
  Fort Brown..........
  Ringgold Barracks.....
  Fort Mcintosh........
  Fort Clark............
  Fort Thorn...........
Jan. i Feb.   Mar.  April. May.  June. July.
5.27  1.28
3.65    .38
1.47 j 3.36  5.13   2.65
1.83 ' 4.31 ; 3.42 '  3.79
5.60
2.81
4.95
2.64
9.45
2.22
2.11
4.68
6.89
8.26
5.17
7.50
8.00
5.28
10.11
 5.50
 5.46
 8.90
 6.75
 2.28
 2.02
 5.05
1.25
 .63
2.90
1.80
1.50
1.14
 .50
 .50
2.38
7.62
4.12
7.60
1.50
4.83
5.25
 1.60
3.16
3.68
 3.70
 3.44
 4.55
 5.25
3.00
1.68
1.50
1.73
1.22
1.14
2.47
1.70
5.93
2.92
1.90
4.25
4.90
  .81
5.26
7.12
5.33
 3.73
 3.53
 2.18
 1.80
2.65 | 3.65
3.76  6.59
 .85
1.23
 .07
 .24
 .89
 .28
3.14
 .26
 .07
 .27
 .55
 .02
 .66
 .27
 1.20
 2.67
    0
3.18
1.25
1.19
 .70
1.01
1.90
1.80
 .12
 .21
 .18
 .08
 .45
1.07
 .84
 .52
 .45
 .19
4.10
3.91
 1.97
5.55
3.15
 .97
2.29
3.30
3.33
1.48
1.60
 .22
 .36
 .63
    0
2.00
    0
  .79
  .10
 3.53
 2.85
 3.10
 2.38
 2.10
 5.70
2.95
2.52
3.35
2.57
1.19
2.72
4.14
5.98
2.77
2.15
4.70
1.80
1.60
1.S9
4.03
1.58
1.02
 .55
1.21
 .45
 .22
 .01
 .17
 .11
 •68
 .64
1.75
 .64
2.49
2.57
2.27
1.96
    0
    0
3.98
 .90
 .83
 .74
4.47
4.88
2.54
4.85
1.48
3.44
 .34
2.68
4.16
 .20
 .20
 .24
2.90
4.13
1.70
3.99
3.54
2.12
  .92
4.55
2.38
4.41
2.28
7.65
6.70
5.65
1.50
1.79
1.19
2.01
1.03
8.64
4.64
3.41
2.53
5.48
2.57
 .55
2.75
3.95
2.30
1.00
2.08
 .55
1.62
2.01
1.30
3.30
1.94
3.18
3.51
2.19
 3.95
 3.42
 1.00
  .95
4.38
2.73
2.50
2.42
2.16
2.71
3.80
1.90
1.82
2.13
3.99
9.29
Aug.
Sept.
12.45
 4.80
22.24
 9.16
 5.50
 7.60
11.26
 1.41
 1.60
 2.55
 6.29
 4.88
 6.19
 7.54
 6.24
 2.50
 2.84
 1.20
 8.30
6.18
9.26
5.79
2.55
 .31
 .99
1.75
3.80
1.18
4.65
2.47
2.47
  .76
3.81
1.46
3.56
4.55
4.65
  .82
  .48
 1.53
 1.39
.26
2.85
 .11
2.16
   0
2.05
1.41
1.63
 .84
 .08
.30
3.25
3.07
1.36
 .78
 .74
4.42
3.19
8.63
7.20

4.69
  .76
2.15
3.41
3.85
1.73
1.11
2.47
4.53
2.30
9.11
3.40
5.09
4.15
1.S8
 1.77
 3.19
  .25
 1.77
4.20
4.35
3.00
4.52
3.37
1.95
1.15
3.35
2.83
7.67
1.32
2.80
8.45
2.00
8.40
3.80
Oct.
 .45
1.70
1.35
 7.15
 5.74
16.12
14.05
 2.85
  .23
 3.50
 5.93
 5.74
 1.37
 2.45
 2.49
 1.09
 2.11
 1.33
 6.73
 4.90
 2.14
 2.55
   .33
 10.77
 6.85
 3.43
   .35
2.05
2.15
1.10

2.80
2.18
6.72
7.14
1.10
10.10
   11
Dec.
2.91
2.50
2.50
 .65
 .85
1.90
1.00
 .29
 .14
 .17
2.30
1.25
3.20
2.04
4.18
1.83
1.80
3.20
2.63
1.97
2.89
8.36
3.24
1.36
1.00
3.22
1.10
1.92
  .23
  .70
 6.73
10.20
 5.89
 6.47
2.86
 .70
2.29
4.43
4.20
3.39
6.60
2.41
1.67
2.07
1.97
2.16
2.10
1.85
2.25
2.25
2.47
2.13
  .26
  .50
  .44
 1.33
 7.07
11.25
 4.65
 9.13
 1.78
 3.40
 1.20
 6.07
 4.05
 3.70
2.95
2.30
5.76
2.00
3.91
 .58
1.98
 .11
 .04
1.55
9.22
6.56
3.25
1.48
1.51
3.71
6.35
3.97
3.86
4.24
2.83
1.99
5.50
 .29
1.75
1.20
1.18
2.28
3.08
1.34
2.80
4.20
2.05
3.63
1.53
  .96
  .44
1.23
   0
1.64
3.00
4.62
5.87
4.75
5.78
2.10
3.93
3.10
3.02
Spring
Summer
 .85
3.15
5.75
6.60
7.82
1.80
 .23
1.70	2.01
.72	1.68
.89	4.38
3.13	4.55
1.96	1.93
.40	1.35
.21	.17
1.05	.55
1.55	3.02
2.19	.55
.88	.11
.60	.27
 9.96
 9.56
 9.30
12.03
 5.42
 6.54
 7.87
 7.04
 5.14
 6.02
10.29
 9.26
 5.30
 6.40
11.60
   .81
14.69
11.86
 12.27
 9.11
 12.11
 7.13
 4.45
 .25
 .58
1.45
1.15
1.13
 .58
 .60
.20
  0
.55
.40
.38
  0
.15
7.30
2.45
4.12
1.74
6.31
6.90
4.01
8.26
4.10
7.26
4.60
5.51
10.60
6.19
 3.47
 3.15
16.19
12.02
13.00
17.81
 5.28
 8.30
 9.89
10.31
 7.62
12.87
13.91
19.94
22.94
12.70
36.19
2.09
4.43
6.05
2.93
5.01
1.11
17.75
18.19
30.54
23.80
 3.93
 5.91
 6.01
11.88
10.33
 9.87
 6.65
 6.07
 4.32
10.45
 5.09
19.40
12.85
11.88
 7.52
 2.49
 14.07
 11.43
 4.23
 2.49
7.71
7.20
8.37
Winter.
6.98
9.15
9.20
 5.97
 5.46
 6.55
 5.45
12.72
 5.75
11.99
17.72
 3.36
19.00
 4.35
12.23
13.20
10.14
15.60
10.16
 8.62
 9.60
11.68
 8.35
 7 74
 5.78
13.75
 7.56
 4.66
 8.81
18.80
16.84
 9.73
16.33
 9.50
11.75
18.36
11.72
14.49
17.33
16.23
 7.82
10.50
 13.40
Year.
2.95
 8.91
 5.94
 6.13
 8.18
 5.05
 7.82
  .73
 3.50
 9.48
13.57
 9.05
10.15
7.66
5.73
6.05
1.76
 .96
2.46
10.32
10.45
 9.23
10.56
 5.51
 7.20
3.08
2.04
7.97
5.88
2.84
2.14
1.17
  .76
7.78
4.73
3.98
8.50
5.53
3.25
2.56
4.73
2.74
36.27
38.65
47.41
26.59
36.97
31.46
22.87
40.42
40.75
58.03
49.03
52.80
53.10
53.56
58.15
67.12
67.74
29.04
29.48
27.72
22.62
25.33
23.20
42.72
24.84
29.10
15.02
12.56
41.93
35.93
20.03
24.29
25.14
24.58
18.71
10.79
13.15 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
475
MONTHLY  SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT OF RAIN FOR 1856.
Stations.
Jan.
April.
May.
June,
July.
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov,
Dec. i Spring. Summer Autumn Winter. J  Year.
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss............
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Craig............
Fort Stanton..........
Albuquerque.........,
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union............
Cantonment Burgwin.
Fort Massachusetts ..,
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma...........,
San Diego...........,
FortTejon...........,
Fort Miller..........
San  Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks......
Fort Reading.........
Fort Humboldt___,..,
Fort Jones...........
Fort Hoskins........,
Fort Orford...........
Fort Lane..........,
Fort Yamhill.........
Eort Vancouver......,
Fort Umpqua........,
Fort Dalles............
 .33
   0
   0
 .50
 .20
1.29
 .76
 .08
 .15
 .82
   0
 .66
4.41
1.86
5.74
4.81
8.25
3.91
1.59
2.75
1.86
5.55
1.85
1.40
 .58
 .20
1.36
1.08
 .30
2.14
1.54
   0
2.04
7.88
 .83
 .24
 .27
 ,80
1.97
 .42
1.90
2.32
2.02
 .30
 .89
1.59
 .19
2.59
1.11
 .14
 .35
 .52
 .50
1.97
2.24
3.10
1.17
1.17
2.05
1.21
1.18
1.45
 .34
   0
   0
 .03
 .24
 .10
 .88
1.06
 .15
1.35
 .78
   0
2.48
4.98
1.18
2.24
1.72
4.39
1.84
1.85
2.58
   0
   0
 .20
 .26
 .23
 .48
 .56
 .04
   0
 .33
   0
 .27
4.62
1.10
 .54
7.62
1.26
4.67
 .58
2.21
 .44
11.30
 2.53
5.00
3.07
1.01
.91
.79
1.31
2.77
3.20
1.91
2.55
1.22
 .58
 .85
1.21
 .68
 .25
2.32
 .65
 .21
 .55
 .10
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .03
1.00
3.48
2.20
 .86
 .97
1.99
 .17
 .78
3.39
 .51
2.19
2.14
 .48
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .87
8.19
3.38
2.48
 .97
3.62
1.23
7.08
6.74
 .70
3.30
3.07
   0
   0
 .30
   0
   0
   0
2.76
4.62
7.00
2.61
6.32
2.81
1.12
2.52
4.04
 .40
1.55
L75
 .36
 .05
 .08
   0
   0
   0
2.37
 .50
   0
   0
 .06
 .19
 .10
 .99
   0
 .18
 .95
   0
   0
   0
 .05
 .20
 .33
 .46
 .24
 .11
 .75
 .27
 .51
2.14
 .33
2.18
 .70
 .60
 .79
 .18
 .19
1.47
3.12
1.49
1.57
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
2.21
 .03
 .60
 .12
 .55
 .55
 .40
   0
1.20
6.54
2.91
2.57
1.91
.61
.60
2.69
 .13
3.45
1.78
 7.50
 8.93
15.97
1.85
 .41
1.38
   0
2.37
   0
4.81
   0
6.63
6.62
4.91
14.80
15.37
11.43
10.79
 5.20
 5.24
 2.02
  .30
 1.12
 2.09
  .52
 3.95
 2.73
  .33
 1.70
 1.63
  .50
 4.72
11.84
 5.38
 3.95
 2.64
6.91
5.79
16.71
 4.42
12.89
 6.16
 4.19
 3.15
 6.29
 1.65
10.18
10.78
 1.42
 6.04
 5.31
  .48
    0
  .30
    0
    0
  .03
5.37
5.23
7.75
2.88
6.89
5.14
1.55
5.69
4.74
 .58
3.29
1.93
 .55
1.52
3.25
1.69
1.90
1.44
.61
.80
6.34
1.91
6.23
13.80
 4.91
    Note.—It appears from an official report, dated October 12,1856, that the amount of rain falling at Fort Steilacoom has been incorrectly measured
this year, and  that probably it  has  also been  incorrectly measured since the year 1852.   The average annual fall of rain is about forty inches.  The
summary for Fort Steilacoom is therefore omitted in this table.                                                                      R. H.  C. 
476
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF  AMOUNT OF RAIN  FOR 1857.
Stations
Jan.  Feb. I Mar. ! April.I May.  June. July.  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec
Kennebec Arsenal........
Fort Independence.......
Fort Adams..............
Fort Hamilton...........
Fort Columbus...........
West Point..............
Alleghany Arsenal.......
Carlisle Barracks.........
Fort Delaware...........
Fort McHenry...........
Fort Monroe.............
Fort Moultrie............
Fort Capron.............
Key West Barracks......
Fort Myers..............
Fort Dallas..............
Fort Deynaud............
Fort Brooke..............
Barrancas Barracks......
Mount Vernon Arsenal...
New Orleans............
Baton Rouge.............
Fort Washita............
Fort Smith..............
Fort Gibson..............
Jefferson Barracks.......
Newport Barracks.......
Fort Snelling............
Fort Ripley..............
Fort Ridgely.............
Fort Leavenworth.......
Fort Riley...............
Fort Kearny.............
Fort Laramie............
Fort Randall.............
Fort Pierre*.............
Fort Arbuckle...........
Fort Belknap............
Camp Cooper............
Fort Chadbourne........
Fort McKavett...........
San Antonio.............
Fort Mason..............
Fort Lancaster...........
Fort Brown..............
Camp Verde..........
Camp Colorado........
Ringgold Barracks ....
Fort Mcintosh........
2.29
1.67 I 2.60  6.40
2.99
3.20
2.25
1.86
2.80
4.00
3.50
2.31
2.11
 .55
 .81
 .07
 .20
1.01
1.80
3.69
2.65
2.68
2.85
1.20
   0
2.20
 .20
 .96
3.48
1.67
5.85
 .27
 .63
1.06
 .33
 .91
 .97
1.10
   0
1.02
 .90
1.79
1.56
1.15
   0
 .66
 .90
1.73
5.59
 .99
 .01
1.50
1.17
 .10
2.00
1.97
1.40
4.19
6.83
2.23
1.85
 .94
1.68
5.54
5.56
3.57
   0
 .53
 .72
2.17
5.07
4.31
3.01
1.32
1.64
.67	1.95
15	.25
10	.35
0	0
0	0
30	0
50	.15
1.79
1.45
1.88
1.03
1.60
   0
2.30
1.80
2.60
3.21
3.09
 .84
5.50
3.37
3.68
6.68
5.70
5.32
2.50
2.20
3.00
1.84
5.12
3.29
3.26
1.94
2.13
3.90
 .73
 .91
2.54  3.20
4.92 ! 1.77
4.50
2.86
6.05
 .38
   0
1.48
1.20
 .70
  79
 .74
3.60
1.94
 .35
 .12
   0
 .11
 .29
 .63
1.54
 .06
1.13
 .70
  80
 .65
2.30
   0
   0
 .60
 .20
4.78
1.73
2.18
 .44
3.49
2.12
5.33
4.25
1.16
2.90
 .58
 .81
1.21
 .07
1.21
 .58
1.69
 .14
 .42
1.14
 .64
 .80
1.02
1.15
   0
   0
1.52
 .71
5.03  4.60
5.10  4.20
5.70
6.34
8.65
2.00
3.23
3.60
 .61
1.93
 .89
 .23
3.20
 .04
 .36
 .17
7.33
9.01
4.41
3.63
1.22
9.25
2.05
2.68
4.95
2.31
 .91
1.58
1.45
1.96
2.88
5.83
2.91
2.50
 .74
 .43
 6.38
 5.14
 9.35
 5.36
 7.45
 4.85
 3.97
 7.65
 1.25
 8.03
 6.20
10.46
 5.56
2.60
2.90
2.53
2.71
1.75
   0
7.11
4.53
6.74
5.66
2.85
5.95
1.20
 .49
 .12
1.98
1.95
4.65
 5.48
 4.80
 2.04
 2.89
 2.82
 1.30
 2.47
 4.55
 8.25
 4.82
12.39
 8.67
12.00
 4.31
 7.41
3.85
5.86
5.19
2.95
4.20
5.95
4.10
 .65
1.45
1.87
 .20
8.50
 .04
1.94
3.24
4.29
3.10
1.49
 .90
8.64
6.42
9.30
 .90
        ,45
3.20 ! 5.35
     i
   0 '   .50
   o :   .40
   0 ■    0
 .28 i   .16
1.55    .34
2.41
1.81
3.25
1.03
 .41
1.67
1.29
 5.59
 5.91
 2.60
 3.21
 4.30
 3.97
 4.65
 2.91
 3.00
 4.43
 4.20
 6.18
 3.99
 4.25
 9.27
 6.56
10.73
 6.39
9.33
4.64
6.48
4.61
5.45
2.77
4.25
2.03
3.25
3.81
4.37
4.39
1.87
1.14
6.18
6.42
9.35
2.02
3.58
2.60
3.34
4.23
 .65
2.77
2.89
1.13
 .82
1.09
1.76
1.40
3.18
3.05
4.46
2.20
1.50
1.00
1.40
5.90
1.00
6.47
6.10
6.23
 .17
2.55
 .90
1.64
2.43
5.85
1.19
2.46
3.95
1.46
3.09
2.65
 .10
3.10
 1.04
 2.17
 2.50
 3.75
 3.77
 3.48
 8.66
 5.85
 4.65
11.85
 4.25
 3.45
 2.32
3.14
4.22
4.20
2.87
4.10
5.40
3.66
1.49
 .30
2.89
2.90
2.21
3.29
2.05
5.78
3.33
5.01
2.40
2.37
5.05
5.18
4.06
   0
 .39
2.01
1.26
5.88
1.53
2.04
3.66
1.55
6.75
2.87
3.55
2.15
4.46
7.16
4.65
3.96
2.56
1.76
1.63
 .30
1.70
1.45
1.09
1.00
2.75
3.52
2.48
 .60
1.87
2.30
2.52
6.25
1.13
   0
3.79
2.74
i0.05
 3.05
 2.45
 4.58
 4.35
5.00
6.01
5.75
   0
2.84
5.35
1.39
2.56
 .05
 .85
5.22
7.30
1.12
1.42
8.88
3.88
2.71
 .55
3.16
2.34
 .88
1.38
4.30
4.48
4.98
3.87
2.90
5.25
3.61
5.35
5.40
6.33
4.45
5.81
7.42
 .90
2.80
4.61
6.39
5.10
8.55
3.69
1.65
2.18
4.10
2.95
 .46
 .81
 .60
 .20
 .20
 .06
 .20
 5.19
 4.56
 3.85
 2.99
 4.25
11.09
 6.70
 7.20
 2.55
 7.11
 4.19
  .85
 4.52
Spring. Summer Autumn Winter.  Year
13.92
10.74
12.33
13.50
12.25
12.90
 9.87
12.45
 5.00
 7.37
10.52
 6.50
 8.40
 5.92
 3.20
12.60
 4.14
 4.95
13.29
13.30
12.39
12.68
15.08
 9.66
14.35
13.60
18.40
16.46
17.89
25.97
24.66
25.50
19.36
 9.45
11.92
17.24
 5.23
 7.12
 4.54
15.28
 7.09
 4.58
11.45
 4.83
 2.07
 2.89
 1.52
 3.28
 3.75
 8.15
 4.59
 2.98
 3.01
 1.77
15.78
13.40
14.20
10.28
11.40
15.83
12.88
 9.42
 7.55
11.59
 5.77
13.38
 2.03
 5.06
18.06
17.13
21.75
 4.41
 5.46
2.40	6.20
4.87	11.39
3.45	4.40
0	4.20
0	3.30
2.40	2.96
2.46 i   2.45
 4.53
 7.68
 7.05
 7.14
 8.15
12.61
 9.38
 5.47
 1.90
 6.16
11.10
 5.73
16.01
 8.15
15.80
13.5S
10.61
 5.75
 8.59
11.83
16.03
11.26
 8.21
 7.18
 8.82
 5.74
11.09
 1.68
 9.92
11.02
 7.74
 8.74
14.51
17.01
15.72
 9.85
18.97
 9.15
 6.09
 6.33
8.44
 8.48
 7.00
 9.59
 7.03
 9.30
 9.40
10.49
 7.66
 9.65
13.56
 2.70
 2.88
 6.31
4.73
12.80
 9.08
 8.48
 4.61
 6.91
 7.37
 3.81
12.20
 6.43
 4.39
 1.26
  .92
 1.83
11.36
 8.87
4.91
6.15
9.32
7.60
3.00
7.11
4.19
1.15
5.17
42.37
42.41
40.70
47.49
38.96
42.30
25.96
38.37
42.88
40.28
54.43
40.20
59.47
49.82
45.68
49.99
33.18
38.33
41.01
48.33
32.09
14.05
38.38
31.67
17.97
28.62
 6.15
16.16
47.49
41.61
20.07
22.12
34.93
39.58
20.70
30.28
16.64
12.60
16.41 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
477
MONTHLY  SUMMARIES  OF AMOUNT OF  RAIN FOR  1857.
                              ;      !
Jan. I Feb.  Mar.  April.  May. ] June.: July.  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.  Spring. Summer Autumn Winter.  Year
Fort Clark..........
Fort Duncan........
                        i
Camp Moore.............'
Fort Davis...............
Fort Bliss................
Fort Buchanan............
Fort Thorn..............
Fort Fillmore............
Fort Craig...............
Fort Stanton.............
Albuquerque.............  1
Fort Marcy..............!  1
Fort Union..............
Cantonment Burgwin....  1
Fort Massachusetts......
Fort Defiance.......
Fort Yuma.........
San Diego..........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Miller..........
San Francisco......
Benicia Barracks ..,
Fort Humboldt.....
Fort Jones.........
Fort Umpqua.......
Fort Yamhill........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles........
Fort Hoskins......,
Fort Steilacoom ....
Fort Walla-Walla..
Fort Bellingham---
Fort Simcoe.......,
4.00
1.85
.23
.50
.31
.18
  0
.04
  0
1.20
1.91
 2.51
  .95
  .52
  .97
  .25
  .87
  .11
  .27
  .52
  .67
  .30
 2.12
  .95
 4.53
 6.09
 4.78
 5.90
 7.59
11.44
 9.03
 4.39
 1.85
10.90
 4.18
 1.44
   0
   0
 .17
   0
 .11
 .12
 .12
 .20
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .29
1.39
1.17
4.60
2.35
8.41
8.52
7.30
2.83
8.63
4.45
1.47
.61
.67
  0
.46   1.68
  0  !  .63
 .71
3.70
1.62
2.52
6.41
1.52
 .01
 .26
 .07
 .62
 .15
 .73
 .98
 .32
1.51
 .51
   0
   0
 .04
   0
   0
   0
 .06
   0
 .67
 .10
 .37
   0
 .09
 ,2S
 .28
0	0	4.70
0	0	.43
16	.50	2.38
69	1.27	4.88
0	.10	.35
18	.22	.44
25	2.49	4.03
13	.02	.13
75	.95	.72
04	.45	1.30
0	0	
12	0	
63	0	.07
0	0	0
14	.11	0
01	.12	0
43	.50	
69	1.86	
07	2.98	0
76	1.28	.05
04	2.09	
23	1.02	.58
33	1.80	.13
83	1.73	.1.0
42	1.40	1.28
	.75 .04	.33
04		.11
 2.58
 3.73
10.60
 5.10
 3.68
 3.59
 9.24

 1.75
 2.96
  .21
 3.98
 1.78
    0
    0
  .12
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  .10
  .10
  .14
4.28
4.15
4.76
6.13
2.24
3.79
6.14
 .78
1.28
4.33
1.20
1.34
1.01
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .55
 .60
1.59
1.68
1.87
2.70
1.95
2.73
1.22
2.81
 .03
2.34
2.87
1.07
1.00
2.41
 .92
2.59
1.25
1.40
3.32
1.25
1.19
1.73
   0
 .64
2.11
1.03
 .45
 .32
 .57
 .80
2.10
1.56
 .96
 .25
1.20
2.07
 .64
2.02
 .32
   0
 .07
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .87
 .10
 .27
1.10
1.97
2.03
4.30
   0
2.25
1.04
3.90
2.84 ' 2.90
23.03
 5.57
 .69
1.10
 .13
 .80
 .59
   0
 .24
 .55
 .83
 .67
1.07
   0
1.38
4.50
1.72
3.13
2.34
7.80
4.47 ] 4.24
6.46 U2.60
7.58 14.26
7.01 !12.28
5.38 I 7.42
7.05 15.72
4.36 13.01
2.68
2.70
 .73
3.15
6.92
1.17
1.06
 .02
  .26
  .23
 1.48
  .15
 1.02
 1.35 !
  .57
 2.46
  .55
    0
  .12
  .67
  .29
 1.53
 1.18
 6.09
 3.04
12.15
10.38
10.71
 3.06
10.05
 5.54
 5.17
5.97
10.67
 5.88
 9.80
 4.11
 6.47
15.39
 1.22
 2.41
 9.48
  .38
 5.65
 3.53
    0
3.08
1.43
1.60
2.03
2.13
2.68
1.32
 .15
10.05
13.84
 6.62
 7.09
 5.83
 7.13
 4.65
 4.71
 9.60
 2.13
 2.95
 8.75
 4.42
 4.56
 7.04
    0
 2.87
 3.15
 4.93
 3.29
 2.04
 4.25
 5.87
10.15
10.82
 9.84
 8.33
10.20
 9.16
 4.54
 7.53
 1.08
•
* First fourteen days of May. 
478
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT  OF RAIN  FOR  1858.
Stations.
 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Adams...........
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Delaware.........
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Fort Capron............
 Key West Barracks
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Dallas............
 Fort Deynaud..........
 Fort Brooke............
 Barrancas Barracks
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 New Orleans..........
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Washita..........
 Fort Smith............
 Fort Mackinac.........
 Jefferson Barracks.....
 Newport Barracks.....
 Fort Snelling..........
 Fort Ripley............
 Fort Ridgely...........
 Fort Randall............
 Fort Leavenworth.....
 Fort Riley.............
 Fort Kearny...........
 Fort Laramie..........
 Fort Arbuckle.........
 Fort Belknap..........
 Fort Chadbourne.......
 Fort McKavett........
 San Antonio  ..........
 Fort Mason............
 Camp Hudson.........
 Fort Lancaster.........
 Camp Verde............
 Camp Colorado........
 Fort Brown...........
 Ringgold Barracks.....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark.............
Jan.
3.55
 .68
2.05
2.61
1.70
3.83
1.15
1.54
1.50
1.83
2.80
2.03
3.86
2.04
1.20
6.87
1.12
10.62
 3.71
 7.97
 2.45
 5.80
3.35
2.75
1.21
 .85
1.70
2.38
1.24
1.45
   0
1.62
2.38
1.57
1.46
4.53
 .46
1.50
1.73
1.97
 .63
Feb. | Mar.  April
2.25
1.42
1.41
3.54
1.20
1.65
2.78
 .95
 .30
1.61
5.10
6.70
2.71
2.51
5.16
3.30
1.23
3.44
3.12
4.30
2.06
1.51
1.70
 .73
 .55
 .53
 .45
2.10
 .05
 .24
 .02
  .51
 1.05
10.60
 1.70
1.15
1.07
 .86
 .85
 .69
 .63
 .33
1.23
1.43
1.63
 .68
 .65
 .92
 .99
1.07
 .10
1.31
1.00
1.03
3.97
1.75
1.80
5.18
5.04
4.20
5.21
4.71
3.15
1.32
 .90
1.22
 .61
 .60
 .38
1.00
1.92
1.94
 .02
5.33
4.43
4.21
4.50
   0
4.48
4.29
3.70
3.00
4.33
2.99
2.67
 .40
 .28
   0
 .85
 .58
 .48
5.02
2.26
1.67
2.65
5.65
3.79
2.15
3.66
2.17
2.62
3.75
4.04
 .09
3.60
4.50
1.95
 .35
1.78
 .50
1.16
 .72
3.56
1.83
 .07
   0
 .13
2.37
1.80
Mav.
3.10
2.95
3.46
4.58
5.54
6.17
6.63
8.55
4.20
9.08
3.30
4.11
2.51
3.47
4.51
1.31
1.42
3.45
6.60
 1.62
16.65
1.90
2.93
3.22
5.00
3.29
3.55
1.12
1.69
 .85
3.12
4.30
1.80
4.25
2.90 ! 2.41
2.05 | 2.54
   0 j 1.00
   0 I  .69
   0 I 2.10
1.62  1.17
June.
July.
2.38
5.60
6.86
3.30
5.95
4.30
4.30
2.80
2.05
4.90
3.45
1.09
7.27
1.10
4.80
4.89
6.57
6.39
6.95
1.80
1.16
1.36
8.77
5.30
3.02
 .80
 .50
1.28
   0
 .07
3.45
5.97
1.55
1.30
5.15
7.27
1.54
4.99
3.87
2.80
3.98
3.87
4.40
3.17
3.60
1.05
 .60
3.23
2.60
Aug.
13.29
 7.14
 7.31
 7.72
 5.66
4.48
7.67
3.98
 3.95
 4.75
 3.85
10.57
 4.66
 4.41
 1.14
2.73
 .14
3.27
   0
5.00
 .55
2.33
 .70
2.30
 .50
 .10
4.60
5.16
4.78
2.40
3.91
3.52
1.90
4.05
1.90
3.37
2.45
8.04
1.52
3.44
5.89
7.35
 .95
1.87
6.20
1.77
3.26
3.96
7.26
4.10
1.76
1.81
1.56
 .43
1.68
 .51
2.60
1.66
2.76
 .05
1.77
2.45
2.90
1.32
3.20
Sept.
3.44
3.47
2.80
3.30
2.05
1.03
3.10
   0
4.44
2.95
5.86
Oct,
4.38
4.38
3.67
2.27
4.27
4.14
2.58
 .92
8.28
1.66
2.10
 .70
1.68
4.35
 .70
2.71
1.14
 .70
 .50
1.40
5.77
2.00
 .90
2.67
1.75
3.45
1.23
2.00
3.65
2.40
1.80
1.36
2.34
 .65
1.18
1.61
7.89
7.73
4.13
4.30
2.81
6.57
3.11
 .44
 .96
2.76
5.66
4.51
3.35
1.43
2.36
 .73
 .74
2.00
1.05
 .03
 .98
3.00
2.65
2.75
 .80
 .30
 .10
3.37
2.87
3.58
4.00
6.30
2.37
1.65
1.01
3.97
4.45
3.84
Dec.
4.64
3.23
3.98
3.20
3.85
 .78
3.94
2.02
 .67
 .96
 .26
3.90
 .74
 .21
 .32
.35
.78
.49
.87
.05
.07
.35
• 61
.60
.45
.49
.55
.90
2.96
4.60
3.90
4.77
3.30
1.12
5.65
5.50
2.85
Spring.
 6.38
 7.87
 3.42
11.73
 1.20
 4.24
 1.05
 3.80
 7.42
 .62
 .28
 .27
2.11
 .75
 .07
 .45
 f
 .55
 .33
1.63
1.09
 .41
 .05
1.58
1.38
 .50
3.67
1.01
 .35
1.60
 9.66
 8.81
 9.30
 9.76
 6.19
11.57
11.91
12.32
 7.30
14.72
 7.29
 7.81
 6.88
 5.50
 6.31
 7.34
 8.65
10.42
11.42
10.59
23.20
4.66
7.19
5.77
8.62
8.96
9.53
1.23
2.92
6.23
8.12
7.41
6.42
1.07
 .69
2.23
5.46
Summer

  10.85
  13.56
  15.62
   9.57
  14.26
  10.99
   9 80
   7.90
   4.55
  11.50
   8.50
  17.21
 8.56
 9.79
 7.61
 9.30
11.90
 5.80
 6.55
 2.37
10.75
 8.05
10.88
6.74
11.73
11.33
18.00
19.96
15.93
17.13
 7.52
 9.17
 9.17
26.60
14.06
 9.19
 3.75
15.50
16.09
10.90
 5.86
14.78
 5.88
 5.25
 4.50
 3.94
17.84
 6.91
 5.66
 2.45
Vi
3.67
3.19
5.58
3.57
3.81
1.24
2.03
4.11
4.65
8.97
 9.11
 7.70
 9.38
 8.70
 5.75
 2.92
 9.09
13.40
11.58
5.58
21.61
11.43
21.76
 8.66
11.87
2.38
1.66
2.42
6.59
2.04
1.76
 .47
 2.41
 4.14
16.22
 2.57
6.02
3.29 I   3.43
1.75    2.95
3.67 :   2.56
37.67
36.05
37.45
43.94
36.21
33.56
17.14
46.06
37.24
47.48
38.56
64.35
52.81
49.96
58.08
19.81
22.52
21.30
59.65
31.97
26.14
 7.90
10.34
21.62
28.56
19.73
28.21
24.36
19.88
10.25
19.98 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
479
MONTHLY  SUMMARIES  OF AMOUNT  OF RAIN  FOR  1858.
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Davis...........
Fort Bliss............
Fort Buchanan .......
Fort Thorn . .........
Fort Fillmore.........
Fort Craig...........
Fort Stanton.........
Albuquerque.........
Fort Marcy...........
Fort Union...........
Cantonment Burgwin ,
Fort Massachusetts...
Fort Garland........,
Fort Defiance.......
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego...........
Fort Tejon..........
Fort Crook..........
Fort Miller..........
San Francisco.......
Benicia Barracks
Fort Humboldt......
Fort Bridger.........
Fort Yamhill.........
Block House........
Fort Jones...........
Fort Umpqua........
Fort Vancouver.....
Fort Dalles..........
Fort Hoskins.........
Fort Steilacoom.....
Fort Walla-Walla....
Fort Bellingham  ....
Fort Simcoe.........
Fort Cascades.......
Camp  Floyd.........
Camp  Scott..........
Jan.
 .45
3.00
 .25
1.97
1.30
   0
   0
 .65
   0
   0
1.13
 .72
 .54
 .54
   0
1.87
2.60
2.23
2.36
3.07
2.05
6.25
9.18
 6.15
11.70
 5.62
 5.60
 7.82
 8.38
 1.96
 3.72
 2.11
.32
 .28
1.45
 .15
 .51
   0
   0
   0
 .12
 .50
 .48
1.36
 .18
 .20
 .54
1.06
 .45
 .75
4.38
 .17
1.02
1.01
8.45
1.79
 .02
 .06
 .29
 .04
 .22
1.50
1.47
 .80
 .69
1.15
 .53
 .08
 8.78
10.40
 6.90
 9.41
12.29
 3.17
 2.62
 3.43
 4.54
.26
 .59
   0
1.60
7.39
2.57
1.00
3.46
2.49
5.21
7.51
9.55
3.69
7.80
4.20
2.91
1.89
6.70
2.76
2.74
1.06
April.
   0
   0
   0
1.45
  10
   0
 .11
 .31
1.60
1.05
 .40
2.24
2.11
1.64
   0
 .27
5.37
1.28
 .81
1.12
 .81
2.67
2.66
7.23
1.XS
4.62
1.98
1.36
2.81
3.21
2.02
2.69
 .49
.52
May.
2.68
 .50
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .70
   0
 .58
1.20
 .74
1.00
   0
   0
   0
 .09
 .13
   0
 .16
 .12
1.30
3.87
5.46
1.55
3.75
2.30
1.70
6.92
3.85
1.52
1.21
 .54
4.65
4.14
2.21
 .19
 .48
  22
 .78
 .24
2.00
3.50
 .73
3.20
 .89
 .58
July.
   0
 .15
1.20
 .34
   0
   0
 .01
 .47
2.54
2.57
 .60
 .85
1.82
1.03
2.19
2.65
1.72
1.35
 .48
3.40
1.30
 .24
2.07
1.52
3.21
2.52
2.50
1.13
3.49
3.60
4.04
5.80
1.38
1.36
1.87
2.42
2.42
3.50
5.09
1.61
1.42
8.09
4.90
2.40
5.71
2.39
2.22
   0
   0
   0
   0
3.32
   0
 .03
 .35
 .03
.01
.10
.45
.30
.16
  0
 .60
 .71
 .75
 ,21
4.47
 .90
2.16
1.04
1.00
 .43
Sept.
2.90
2.05
 .40
1.32
 .20
   0
 .04
 .74
   0
 .43
 .40
 .87
   0
   0
 .40
 .26
4.02
6.44
2.24
4.37
5.16
5.66
3.80
1.30
1.68
 .85
7.33
 .18
Oct.  Nov. > Dec.
.35
  0
  0
.60
  0
  0
  0
.47
  0
.03
.30
.56
1.22
 .28
   0
  49
2.62
3.67
1.95
1.89
3.77

4.47
7.71
7.05
3.55
3.32
6.67
3.39
1.64
2.39
 .83
5.78
1.78
.17
.01
.16
.04
  0
  0
.24
  0
.30
 .08
 .28
   0
 .32
 .25
1.32
  .53
   0
 3.38
  .48
 6.85
11.95
9.17
4.25
6.48
7.50
4.65
1.06
4.03
 .84
8.30
 .50
 .54
 .23
   0
2.58
1.07
   0
 .19
 .48
1.40
 .62
1.42
 .83
Spring.
 .15
1.34
1.03
3.65
3.07
6.39
 4.60
 3.91
 9.33
 1.36
11.37
22.59
14.69
 4.76
 5.93
13.71
 5.34
 1.36
 5.49
  .95
 8.18
  .15
4.47
 .52
 .06
1.75
 .14
 .22
1.61
2.48
2.40
2.32
2.75
3.51
3.19
Summer1 Autumn Winter.  Year.
 6.25
 6.70
 4.13
 7.19
 7.83
 4.69
 2.79
13.58
12.00
 7.17
14.71
 4.66
4.02
2.22
 .41
2.08
 .24
 .04
1.45
   0
 .76
1.42
2.01
1.27
4.68
 .40
5.06
2.37
 .19
1.25
1.90
1.10
3.91
1.73
 2.23
    0
 1.87
12.85
 3.98
 1.81
 4.74
 3.42
 9.18
14.04
22.34
 6.39
16.17
 8.48
 5.97
11.62
13.76
 6.30
 6.64
 2.09
5.61
   0
 .18
1.55
 .37
.04
.11
.92
2.70
2.87
1.75
2.53
1.78
2.70
7.67
2.88
3.93
1.55
4.40
1.51
   0
 .92
3.31
5.03
 2.48
 1.89
 7.55
 1.31
15.34
26.10
18.46
12.17
14.96
19.83
11.84
 4.00
 8.01
 2.52
21.41
 2.36
 2.42
 2.09
 5.97
 6.42
13.00
 8.69
 6.97
24.03
38.79
17.28
20.94
33.82
16.87
 5.94
12.64
 7.60 
480
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT OF RAIN FOR 1859.
Stations.	i Jan.	Feb.	Mar. April.! May.			June.	July.	Aug. Sept.		Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Summer	Autumn	Winter.	Year.
	4.99 5.71 5.47 6.20 4.00 .43 4.45 2.81 7.06 3.61 3.65 2.43 6.07 6.43 6.40 5.18	3.18 3.10 3.60 4.35 2.30 2.67 5.15 .22 5.74 3.03 .79 8.49 3.07 3.77 4.35 1.89	5.39 6.82 5.18 7.50 5.85 3.83 6.40 4.38 6.26 3.80 7.92 0 10.82 13.58 7.84 5.10 .55 2.84 2.90 4.30 2.11 4.49 4.22 1.76 1.85 1.27 2.99 0 .92 .25 .22 .01 .10	2.51 3.86 4.21 6.05 4.00 4.79 2.20 3.90 6.96 4.39 1.70 .21 6.42 11.01 3.99 4.40 1.46 5.44 3.20 7.28 .40 1.44 1.62 .22 1.8S .97 .65 .18 1.61 3.89	3.41 4.27 1.70 3.90 2.89 2.00 1.67 1.90 2.74 3.80 .73 2.97 2.97 2.30 1.94 1.94 4.82	7.79 6.68 5.17 6.70 5.45 3.02 2.45	1.02 1.06 3.96 3 80	3.76 3.73 4.06 1 4.05 5.70 ; 1.91 7 in ! 7 in		2.45 2.74 .87 1.30 1.55 1.45	2.45	5.97	11.38 14.95 11.09 17.45 12,74 10.62 13.75 10.18 15.96 11.90 10.35 3.18 20.21 . 26.89 13.77 11.44 6.83	12.57 11.80 14.83 17.60 13.80 9.89 7.37	8.63	14.14	46.72
											2.98 3.65 2.70 1.69 .75	2.34 4.76 1.40 4.77			5.76 12.05 9.45 11.90	11.41 15.31 7.70 7.87	43.09 62.41
							! ! 1.65 j 6.70 j 5.20 1.87 1 5.00 j 2.74 ■ 1 3.25 ! 9.55 ; .90										43.69
																	
																	
						1.16 3.60 9.06 5.20 6.47 2.93 7.12 4.41											
							4.36 4.q.t : a nn			2.05 .28 6.54 2 41 7.42 2.17 .95	2.60 4.58 5.25 1.80 .92 2.79	2.50 2.74 .86 2.91 5.24 5.09		12.21 37.73 13.52 16.57 14.76 14.22 14.39	7.65 6.22 13.45 10.69 13.70 6.15		
Mount Vernon Arsenal...							4.25 3.90 5.57 3.72 .,3 3.95	24.42 4.42 4.53 8.11 6.17 6.03	1.38 1.68 6.48 5.36 1.19 2.35							9.42 4.08 17.47 14.74 15.26	63.72 34.23 64.94 70.09 49.40
																	
											1.38 4.40 4.04 5.87 2.42 2.10 1.37 .28 .79 .77 .21 1.12 1.03 .16	.55 2.25 2.35 6.95 .49 .52 .83 .14 .03 0 .10 .20 1.28 1.18					
								4.45 3.40 3.27 2.62 1.65 1.30 3.84 6.47 5.84 2.76 .57 2.15 1.36	5.70 3.28 1.95 3.43 3.87 2.54 1.38 5.47 1.17 2.03 .49 8.92 7.24	1.35 1.01 2.00 1.97 .35 .46 .18 .52 1.39 .38 .22 .75 1.15					11.45 8.31 9.82 7.82 6.32 4.37 1.84 6.78 3.33 2.62 1.83 10.73 8.55		
	2.41 2.50 .32 .57 .61 .04 2.25 2.79 .23 .01 .70 1.05 .60 .13 1.30	6.10 6.20 .54 .50 .49 .70 .59 .16 .37 0 .50 .23 .06 1.20 .30			12.28 1.70 2.23 5.85 6.47 3.75 5.71 5.70 3.95 2.11 4.54 2.21	7.83 3.26 2.62 4.00 7.04 3.15 6.96 1.98	3.80 1.30 3.40 .68 5.90 .25 0.32 1.45						17.18 13.28 4.74 11.78 12.31 5.73 9.44 7.94 7.59 2.29 7.07 6.35	15.03 7.83 8.64 6.31 14.24 7.25 19.75 9.25 5.22 1.93 7.68 4.03		11.06 15.65 1.35 1.59 1.93 .88 2.87 2.95 .67 .21 2.48 2.46	51.58 46.58 22.55
																	26.00
																	32.85
																	15.70
																	38.34 23.47
						.66 ! 1.80 i .03 1.33 i 4.47 1.06											16.10
																	6.26
																	27.96
						1.16	1.51										21.39
																	
				.35 1.35	0 2.45	.08 j 1.99 .40 .45		2.11 5.00	1.75 17.60	.32 2.80 1.88 2.87 3.28 1.88 1.13 .01 3.15 2.75	.24 0 ° .16 0 0 0	.13 .23 0 .32 .71 .50 1.33	.36 3.90	4.18 5.85	2.31 20.40	1.46 1.83	8.31
																	31.98
																	
	.60 1.20 1.05 1.00	...... .03 0 .46 0	.02 0 .59 .61	1.03 3.45 .02 1.64	3.00 .40 1.03 1.61 2.42 1.42 .65	.72 ;...... 2.90 2.10 5.90 1.28		1.32 0 1.01 2.69 2.35 1.39	1.73 10.85 6.01 8.60 .79 5.11 9.20				4.05 3.85 1.67 3.86	5.00 8.19 4.88	4.76 4.13 7.89 9.73	.95 1.91 2.01 2.33	
																	24.89
																	19.76
						1.27 2.40 2.80 .21	.92 3.20 .26 1.46										20.80
																	
	.70 .75 .74 .29 .10 .54 0 0	.67 .10 .50 1.08 .10 2.36 .14 0	.08 .30 0 0 0 0 .05	.91 .35 .07 1.68 .01							.06 0	.55 .59	2.41 1.30	5.41 3.06	8.32 11.95	1.92 1.44	18.06
Fort Clark...............																	17.75
																	
					.31 01	1.89 j 2.94 3.83 .03 | 1.60 .22 .20 9.24 i 6.67 0 1.18 1.15			8.49 1.11 .74 1.59 2.39 0	1.94 .70 2.33 .30 .50 G 2.60	0 .95 2.84 1.16 .20 1.50 .25	.i. 0 .40 0 .97 .29 1.65	1.97 .02 .50 0 .05	8.66 1.85 16.11 2.33 20.47	10.43 2.76 5.91 3.05 3.C9	1.47 .20 3.30 .14 ! -97	22.53
																	4.83
				.50 \ 20 0 ! 0													25.82 5.52
				0	0	1.17 7.43		11.87 0									24.58
	.09	.53	1.00	.30	.20	3.19	3.30	] 6.93 ! 3 77					1.50	13.42	6.62	........ 2.27	23.81
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
481
MONTHLY  SUMMARIES OF AMOUNT OF RAIN FOR  1859.
Jan.  Feb. i Mar.
April
Albuquerque............     0
Fort Marcy..............[   .01
Fort Union..............[   25
Cantonment Burgwin ....    .33
Fort Garland.............     0
Fort Defiance............>   .02
Fort Yuma..............     0
San Diego...............  ......
FortTejon...............    .29
.64	.50
0	1.00
1.35	.66
.15	.27
.77	.41
2.09	0
1.81
1.63
Fort Crook..........
San  Francisco......
Fort Ter-Waw...............
Benicia Barracks........  1.35
Fort Humboldt___
Fort Yamhill......
Fort Umpqua.....
Block House......
Fort Dalles........
Fort Steilacoom...
Fort Walla-Walla.
Fort Bellingham ..
Fort Vancouver...
Fort Hoskins......
Fort Simcoe......
Fort Cascades.....
Fort Townsend...
Camp Semiahmoo.
Camp Floyd......
Fort Bridger......
10.32
 9.35
 9.08
12.70
 5.33
 8.35
  .50
 2.36
 5.77
10.70
 2.50
 7.72
  .66
 4.26
10.10
10.57
15.35
12.30
 6.00
 3.42
 1.62
 1.76
 5.10
12.12
 1.19
 8.54
  .59
1.14
 .13
 1.22
 4.06   1
 1.99    .14
......!  3.47
 1.16 ;   .29
 6.90   1.54
11.67
14.45
22.57
 6.07
 7.75
 3.90
 4.29
 9.60
15.56
 1.38
13.83
  .52
 6.22
•  .28
  .24
1.50
2.22
2.41
2.38
1.52
1.90
2.41
 .50
3 14
 .46
2.12
 .40
 .29
  0
  0
  0
.48
.32
.39
  0
   0
 .60
1.17
2.00
1.43
1.10
2.60
3.19
5.33
1.27
1.40
2.22
1.94
2.00
4.52
2.43
1.09
1.69
1.24
1.09
    0
  .97
 4.80
  .48
 1.32
  .63
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
  .30
    0
  .08
  .09
  .85
 1.90
  .20
  .35
  .04
 1.46
  .16
11.11
July.
 .25
2.02
5.76
1.85
2.72
2.72
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
 .08
   0
 .15
 .04
 .40
.06
.70
.14
.54
.25
.06
L'pt.  Oct.
2.30	3.10
2.44	1.98
7.18	3.55
2.87	1.93
4.75	.68
2.17	1.79
.50	0
•	0
.07  . 8.58
    I
.05   1.1
   0
1.42
   0
 .02
6.61
   0
   0   1.94
 1.08 '  5.75
 l.li j  6.30
......Il3.80
  .47 !  5.77
  .44 !  4.09
  .28   3.33
   0
  .55
1.10
  .55
  .55
  .30
  .42
  .18
  .16
   0
  .02
4.03
   0
1.17
3.10
2.90
6.20
2.14
4.63
  .60
1.02  4.29 '' 2.22
1.18 ! 7.08  3.49
.63
.15
4.38
2.67
3.91
1.72
1.39
  0
.15
   0
 .23
   0
 .83
  20

1.83
1.71
 3.85
 5.45
15.35
 4.10
 6.57
 8.02
 8.55
16.20
 4.25
 3.37
 2.40
4.15
9.70
   0
 .07
 .25
 .48
 .20
 .23
   0
2.20
   0
1.00
1.10
7.44
1.08
2.88
1.86
4.73
 .07
3.66
3.42
 .72
Spring. Summer Autumn Winter.  Year.
 .30
 .58
1.65
2.03
 .78
1.65
   0
   0
 2.55
 5.43
17.74
 5.20
 8.79
 5.52
  .50
   0
2.40
4.11
2.57
3.11
1.63
 5.92
 3.30

 2.88
 9.54
15.77
19.86
30.31

 9.95
 8.50
 7.75
13.50
22.49
 .05
   0
1.80
 .23
1.21
2.38
 .73
1.49
 .46
 3.10
 2.76
 4.65
 3 31
 1.43
    0
 2.25
1.89
 8.65
 5.65
 5.49
25.99
 4.10
 9.68
16.87
17.75
36.20
12.16
12.09
 6.33
   0
 .72
 .50
2.16
 .35
1.02
2.09
1.43
1.35
10.66
20.27
13.27
26.93
19.40 i   1.85
 2.07 ........
10.03 !   3.56
1.92
1.62
2.85
19.33 I  20.39
14 36
 4.83
 3.17
1.66
 5.95
 9.49
24.54
12.70
11.35
8.77	20.39
7.55	16.34
6.69	
23.30	42.75
21.78	55.63
29.16	69.15
25.07	
14.99	
15.19	38.72
2.84	18.13
38.86
71.04
60.97
The amounts of rain reponed this year at Forts Columbus and Moultrie are unusually great, but the measurements appear to have been correctly
                                                                                                                          R. H.  C.
61- 
482
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
SUMMARY OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR 18									56.			
				WINDS.		sw.	w.	NW.	WEATHER.		RAIN &.SNOW.	
l STATIONS.	s.	NE.		PAYS.					DAYS.		DAY! Rain.	
			E.	SE. S.					1 Fair. '	Cloudy.		Snow.
	20	27	7	18 ! 14		45	16	69	165 164 177 209 109 159 241 246 224 242 196 248 194 151 270 279 126 121 166 217 132 141 248 184 178 221 149 115 165 223 206 219 199 204 211 222 230 306 236 216 249 84 222 201 49 231 40	109 202 189 157 160 207 125 120 142 124 170 118 141 215 96 87 87 245 200 149 234 225 118 151 62 114 217 124 109 143 160 147 167 162 155 144 136 60 130 150 117 7 84 165 135 135 21	73 66 78 83 56 101 69 60 78 77 97 140 79 88 57 93 48 94 120 109 86 78 64 56 47 41 65 63 44 46 41 46 59 55 59 40 37 80 71 66 61 4 43 81 19 60 0	24 17
	15 140 18 | 57 9 i 29 54 28 45 42 48 77 125 33 46 89 67 59 58 27 36 72 1 32 40 24 47 44 44 14 40 64 73 29 36 69 98 81 30 19 26 34 20 37 11	48 6 13 i 40 9 42 29 86 57 46 67 33 206 62 30 17 42 51 73 57 30 49 38 33 21 11 5 20 53 13 29 28 16 16 27 29 17 31 62 20 26 25 39 2	4 4 27 30 4 14 38 21 49 55 78 42 253 58 43 15 42 68 68 32 114 33 27 8 17 34 14 19 17 36 32 14 13 90 53 65 33 26 14 11 31 43 9 57 1	44 j 17 13 ! 102 24 | 49 | 20 36 45 48 45 29		92 18 30 56 77 55 46 93 43 36 23 30 61 41 18 42 26 37 23 36 37 28 41 55 77 20 31 64 28 42 36 50 23 20 15 11 28 12 42 7 52 4 3 1 4	24 28 89 75 95 50 95 28 45 44 18 60 93 42 22 29 27 16 34 39 36 12 3 24 88 114 7 22 50 79 30 65 68 157 36 20 29 17 17 i 16 4 4 15 5	122 55 18 52 78 96 40 58 33 41 14 44 57 48 25 113 63 43 27 26 15 27 42 83 26 35 23 80 55 78 43 32 111 23 93 19 14 13 18 10 11 50 4 36 3				17
1 Fort Ontario (a)........................'												27 47
												44
												30
Fort Delaware............................												21
				30 24 21 56 52	34 25 68 40 33							15
Fort Monroe..............................												8
Fort Moultrie.............................												0
												0
												0
Fort Myers................................				23 j 57 138 154 55 27 19 , 10 39 ; 21 64 35 62 \ 30 25 i 58 71 58 31 57 62 | 48 81 7 30 i 69								0
Fort Dallas................................												0
												0
												0
												0
												0
												1
												0
												8
												5
												7
												1
												16
				25 20 22 65 23 22 64 16 13 13 73 62 18 36 64 17 68 139 12 157 2	71 15 125 55 65 38 92 97 49 11 30 91 129 150 117 6 76 66 105 22 5							22
												39
1 Fort Brady..............................												21
Fort Snelling..............................												26
												21
												38
												29
												22
												21
												27
												19
												15
												9
												I *
												I 6
												0
												o
												0
												0
												0
												0
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.                                   483
SUMMARY OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR 1856.												
		WINDS.						1	WEATHER.		RAIN & S	NOW.
STATIONS.		DAYS.				sw. w. i 1		1 ___ NW.	DAYS.		DAYS	.
	N.	NE.	E.	SE.	9.				Fair.	Cloudy.	Rain.	Snow.
	39 55 33 7 32 13 12 57 12 64 27 43 83 74 34 23 16 1 31 22 o 56 52 49 1 57 11 3 6 5 0 35	45 27 20	45 167 16	155 66 15 211	44 ! 7 | 3 35 1 | 11 1 6 ! 2 112 1 1 'A.			1 27 4 112 39 22 52 19 25 , 57 20 47 62 4 35 27 78 29 138 37 30 4 3 47 13 23 44 59 9 70 ' 39 9 34	194	179	75 51 26 40 \ 52 27 j 26 36 64 27 35 41 48 25 32 9 40 58 19 51 4.5 10 79 55 21 62 41 23 120 26 14 127	1
Fort Clark.................................i									203 163 266 1 100 147 I 219			1
Fort Thorn................................												3
		1 ' 8										1
Fort Davis.................................		11 29 20 17 7 37 59	7 4 42 ; 68 j 31 47 45 34 53 93 61 : 37 88 32 i 94 30 j 21 | 126 35 55 38 ' 11 5 ! 34 ! 97						1 248 230 251 295	118 136 115 71 !		7
Fort Bliss..................................												0
												6
Fort Craig.................................												3
Fort Stanton..............................									135 931			15
			51 52	17 79 34			55 50		256 238 260 212 174 266 300 200 304 156 191 287 68 208 221 18 110 133 12 180 64 86 137	110 128 106 154 192 100 66 166 62 210 175 79 23 158 145 43 103 80 i « i 186 89 35 229		6
				52 33 12 28 28 80 34 87 44 11 19 1 33 6 0 C5 25 8 64 27 14 13	25 52							36
		16 13 7 2 36 15 22 11 60 14 45 55 15 1 22 56 19 I 1 1 ! 79 3 1 10 3 4 3			66 i 45 87							23
					223 \ 6 48 ; 48		4 60					37
												24
					104 79 61							44
					14 68 19 91 3 18 34 | 50 18 169		29 77 1 91 96 232 4 3 127 10 2					0
												0
												12
												0
												1
					5 23 28	24 0 21						1
												0
												0
					91 i 72							10
		11 1 23 1 12 14 29 18	5 2 6 1 25 24 6 16		0 9 5 8 22 7 14 67	2 5						n
11 Fort Orford............................												0
						42 27 17 5 37 52 14 8						0
												
												1 1:-
												1 6
						31 60	1 H | 93					7
												4
							i					
                  Observations not taken.
  a Last five days in September not observed.
  6 First five days in May not observed.
            Winds and weather—months observed.
  1 January, February, March,  April, May, June, July, Au-
gust, September.
  2 May, June, July, August, September, October, November,
December.
  3 January, February, March, April,  May,  June, August,
September, October, November, December.
  4 January, February, March,  April, May,  November, De-
cember.
  5 January, February, April, May, June, July, August, Sep-
tember, October, November, December.
  6 January, February, March, April,  May, June, July, Au-
gust, September, October, November.
  7 January, February, March.
  8 March, April,  May, June, July, August, September, Oc-
tober, November,  December.
  9 November, December.
  10 January, February, March.
  11 January, February, March, April, May, June, July.
  12 August, September, October, November, December.
  1J November, December.
  u February, March, April, December. 
484
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
SUMMARY OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR  1857.
WEATHER.
RAIN &. SNOW.
STATION;
 1 Kennebec Arsenal.....
 Fort Independence (a) .
 Fort Hamilton............
 3 Fort Adams..............
 Fort Columbus............
 West Point................
 Alleghany Arsenal.......
 Carlisle Barracks.........
 Fort Delaware.............
 Fort McHenry............
 Fort Monroe...............
 Fort Moultrie.............
 Fort Capron...............
 B Key West Barracks...
 Fort Myers.................
 Fort Dallas ................
 6 Fort Deynaud (6)......
 20 Fort Brooke.............
 Mount Vernon Arsenal
 New Orleans...............
 Baton Rouge...............
 Fort Washita.............
 Fort Smith..................
 7 Fort Gibson  (c)..........
 Jefferson Barracks.......
 Newport Barracks.......
 Fort Snelling...............
 8 Fort Ripley..............
 Fort Ridgely...............
 Fort Randal]...............,
 Fort Leavenworth .......
 Fort Riley..................
 Fort Kearny...............
 Fort Laramie..............,
 9 Fort Pierre (d)...........
 Fort Arbuckle.............,
 Fort Belknap................
 Fort Chadbourne..........
 Fort McKavett.............
 10 San Antonio.............
 Fort Mason.................
 Fort Lancaster.............
 Camp Colorado (e).......
 Camp Verde................
 Fort Brown.................
 Ringgold Barracks........
11 Camp Cooper..........
29	16
40	50
39	47
10	20
00	57
93	9
53	39
6	16
36	40
39	29
6	89
76	50
41	58
67	51
140	12
24	84
38	84
15	78
59	72
58	54
43	73
34	46
27	39
22	17
1	36
32	33
38	10
47	18
8	11
91	24
30	45
79	39
63	23
63	25
27	10
62	31
82	16
63	13
19	69
62	18
46	12
70	12
22	22
39	35
32	22
27	27
14	10
 39
 28
 22
  6
 16
 14
 21
 24
 43
 41
 26
 33
 58
 72
 44
 89
 26
 69
 23
 64
 81
 38
115
 10
 56
 14
 18
  7
 36
 38
 23
 16
 11
 59
 32
 71
  5
 29
 17
 12
 20
 16
 51
 16
 54
 34
  6
 12
 34
 26
 30
 31
 35
 39
 51
 32
 33
 43
 17
 58
 53
  4
 69
 32
 79
 67
 74
 32
 48
 47
  9
136
  9
 59
 14
 33
 58
 38
 38
 11
 12
  9
 77
 58
 75
108
 22
 41
 28
 29
 98
152
184
 10
 75
 32
 17
  9
 34
100
 57
 54
 39
 51
 21
 67
 75
 32
 44
 30
 15
 31
 39
 20
 65
 61
 55
 11
 12
 64
 73
 36
 30
 53
 50
 91
 48
 23
  8
 62
148
 99
 83
 25
155
188
 27
 57
 66
 28
 14
Cloudy.   Rain.   Snow.
 24
 54
 72
 29
 81
 22
 58
 21
 13
 45
 99
 41
 14
  7
 11
 11
 24
 30
 20
 31
 27
 15
 22
  3
 32
115
 58
 13
 32
 31
 49
 33
 32
 13
  4
 16
 29
 20
 28
  4
 41
  4
 22
 43
  3
  3
 13
 29
 43
 27
 14
 49
 32
 67
 18
 34
 84
 21
 43
 38
 12
101
 27
 13
 16
 24
 10
 26
 19
 35
  5
 14
 57
 16
 36
102
 24
 54
 41
 73
114
 22
 21
  5
 21
  8
  4
 22
  9
 32
  8
  1
  4
 13
 21
 67
115
 33
 75
 59
 31
 70
129
 43
 52
 35
 38
  8
  7
 26
  9
 13
 60
 50
 16
 31
 11
  5
 78
 41
 79
 34
 70
 45
 74
 27
105
 57
 22
 24
 18
 46
 32
  6
 27
  7
 20
 34
 36
126
201
151
 89
191
206
160
214
264
191
221
217
270
117
108
279
137
287
178
252
118
123
235
 36
221
146
231
170
212
222
205
234
210
257
 71
277
205
202
169
 98
203
124
129
222
228
227
173
119	61
147	92
214	65
64	30
174	69
159	87
205	112
151	70
101	29
174	76
144	65
148	79
95	132
187	72
257	94
86	86
105	75
47	42
187	107
113	102
247	97
242	65
130	50
26	3
144	59
219	78
134	38
72	16
153	48
143	54
160	60
131	58
155	38
108	18
63	20
88	79
160	69
163	82
196	58
55	38
162	48
241	42
227	46
143	58
137	48
138	40
131	48
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.                                   485
SUMMARY  OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR 1857.
WINDS.
WEATHER.   i RAIN & SNOW.
STATIONS.
Fort Mcintosh.............
3 Fort Clark................
13 Fort Thorn .............
Fort Duncan...............
15 Camp Moore...........
* Fort Davis................
13 Fort Bliss (/)...........
14 Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Fillmore .............
Fort Craig..................
Fort Stanton...............
Albuquerque...............
Fort Marcy................
Fort Union.................
Cantonment Burgwin ...
Fort Massachusetts......
Fort Defiance.............
16 Fort Yuma.............
16 San Diego (h)...........
Fort Tejon..................
Fort Miller.................
San  Francisco.............
Benicia Barracks.........
8 Fort Humboldt.........
s Fort Jones................
Fort Hoskins..............
Fort Yamhill...............
16 Fort Vancouver........
Fort Umpqua.............
Fort Dalles................
Fort Steilacoom..........
19 Fort Walla-Walla (g)
18 Fort Simcoe............
17 Fort Bellingham.......
29
38
21
 0
 3
21
13
 5
15
66
26
70
22
29
90
46
35
26
 2
19
49
19
 5
54
29
28
 5
 5
 3
 4
27
 0
22
28
38
19
20
17
12
 9
19
19
33
32
13
11
52
28
 4
48
15
58
24
26
28
24
 4
16
57
51
 8
16
38
60
34
34
11
18
E.	SE.	s.
31	188	36
178	37	52
19	22	26
22	115	0
18	28	18
5	2	20
58	48	32
37	31	17
84	63	40
13	31	73
68	27	1
48	7	73
41	54	29
26	59	36
53	7	151
28	21	55
14	11	45
30	45	22
63	39	8
20	108	56
55	39	40
1	21	10
74	16	3
4	43	32
8	36	124
49	15	17
11	19	17
49	27	24
22	36	7
10	21	6
19	21	57
0	45	38
37	19	32
2	36	19
  7
  1
 39
  0
 28
 39
 48
 37
 25
 59
 27
 18
 63
 29
  4
 78
 56
 56
 95
 39
 40
179
 34
 23
 29
 41
 85
 28
101
 89
 90
192
 30
 90
169
  1
 33
 49
 79
 10
 79
 46
115
106
 59
 28
 31
 68
133
 45
 75
 51
 83
 89
220
  4
 11
 69
 30
 86
  6
 56
 73
  7
 55
  3
32
 1
12
35
11
22
36
 4
22
41
 51
129
  4
 14
 56
 52
 16
 46
 30
 22
  8
 22
 41
 83
 93
 23
135
 99
 51
 45
 13
  6
197
230
263
106
136
232
223
116
243
294
151
287
256
264
182
168
230
310
192
272
216
165
291
140
208
191
199
162
183
221
 65  I
200
H«|
132
Cloudy.
168
104
 71
259
 15
103
108
 37
122
 71
214
 78
109
101
183
197
135
 24
129
 93
149
200
 74
194
126
174
166
172
182
144
300
104
 70
 82
 62
 61
 35
 42
  5
 46
 28
 37
 35
 35
 63
 29
 42
 37
 42
 27
 44
  1
 24
 25
 19
 41
 42
 55
 38
 92
139
115
120
 64
141
 98
 20
 61
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 4
 0
 0
 0
 7
16
 5
27
15
28
29
26
 0
 0
 5
 0
 0
 0
 0
12
 4
15
 6
                   Observations not taken.
  a Seventeen last days of January.
  & Last day of February.
  c Nine last days of June wind only.
  d Seventeen last days of May.
  e Three days in April and six days in July.
  / Thirteen days in April.
  g Eleven days in January and ten days in June.
  h Three days in July.
            Winds and weather—months observed.
  1 May, June, July, August, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  2 August, September, October, November, December.
  3 January, February, March, April, May, June, August,
September, October, November, December.
  * January  February, March, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December
  ^ Jan.,Feb.,Mar., April, May, June, July, Aug., Nov.,Dec.
  <• Jan., Feb., March, April, May, June, July, August.
  7 January, May, June.
  8 Jan., Feb., March, April, May, June, Nov., Dec.
  9 January, February, March, April, May.
  10 August, September, October, November, December.
  11 Feb., Mar., April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct.
  12 January, April, May, June, July, August, September,
October, November, December.
  13 January, February, March, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December.
  14 August, September, October, November, December.
  15 January, February, March, April, May.
  16 January, February, March, April, May, June, August,
September, October, November, December.
  17 Mar., April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., No v., Dec.
  13 April, May, June,  July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  19 January, February, March, June, July,  August, Septem-
ber, October, November, December.
  20 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Au-
gust, September, November, December 
486
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
SUMMARY OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS  FOR 1858.
STATIONS.
1 Kennebec Arsenal..............
Fort Independence...............
Fort Adams, (Dec. wanting).
Fort Hamilton.....................
Fort Columbus....................
West Point.........................
Alleghany Arsenal...............
Carlisle Barracks.................
Fort Delaware.....................
Fort McHenry....................
Fort Monroe.......................
Fort Moultrie......................
Key West Barracks.............
2 Fort Capron......................
3 Fort Myers.......................
* Fort Dallas......................
5 Fort Deynaud....................
Mount Vernon Arsenal.........
6 Barrancas Barracks (a).......
7 Fort Brooke......................
New Orleans.......................
8 Baton Rouge.....................
9 Fort Washita  (6)...............
9 Fort Smith........................
Jefferson Barracks................
Newport Barracks................
10 Fort Mackinac.................
11 Fort Snelling....................
Fort Ripley.........................
Fort Ridgely.......................
Fort Randall.......................
Fort Leavenworth................
Fort Riley..........................
Fort Kearny.......................
Fort Laramie......................
10 Fort Bridger....................
9 Fort Arbuckle...................
12 Fort Belknap...................
Fort Chadbourne.................
Fort McKavett (c)...............
San Antonio........................
13 Camp Hudson..................
Fort Mason........................
Fort Lancaster....................
14 Camp Verde....................
14 Camp Colorado................
Fort Brown.........................
WEATHER.
RAIN & SNOW.
 39
 48
 25
 46
 12
113
 50
  6
 35
 46
 14
 68
 45
 13
 50
 11
 15
 61
 51
 11
 47
 45
  9
  2
  6
 48
 26
  6
 39
 22
 69
 27
 58
 52
 29
  9
 14
 44
 46
  7
 69
 15
 36
 48
 13
  8
 32
 29
 51
 25
 31
 46
 20
 61
 12
 46
 39
116
 47
 90
 17
 20
 24
 14
 57
 27
 38
 50
 33
  3
  2
 46
 25
 18
  4
 31
 35
 20
 39
 47
 34
 13
 12
  3
 14
  7
 58
 52
  2
  4
  8
  6
 70
 31
30
44
17
42
65
13
18
 9
39
35
34
20
93
16
19
31
12
33
21
43
65
56
 5
11
30
22
36
10
18
74
49
36
27
17
36
 5
 2
17
11
11
63
10
 7
 5
23
43
57
 10
 35
 48
 18
 36
 25
 23
 46
 31
 26
 30
 29
 49
 33
  3
 20
  9
 63
 23
 47
 66
 35
 11
  6
176
 15
 16
 12
 32
 62
 48
 75
 41
 36
 24
  8
 11
 40
 83
152
117
161
 33
 18
 98
 46
144
  50
  20
  44
  14
  20
 114
  41
  39
  37
  42
  15
  73
  32
  13
   8
  23
  11
  57
  11
  38
  32
  51
   6
   2
   7
 121
  23
  19
  63
  24
  61
  56
  82
  46
  31
   7
  12
  41
 125
  25
  36
  30
 171
 208
  82

I  19
I  54
  34
  56
  39
  47
  39
  27
  92
  64
  17
  50
  86
  48
   8
  17
   6
  11
   5
  38
  18
  20
  36
  30
   4
   3
  25
  57
  13
  12
  19
  22
  36
  39
  33
  61
  23
  70
   6
  29
  16
i  55
   7
   0
  52
   5
  49
  17
   3
 28
 43
 18
 25
 61
 17
 40
150
 24
 81
 22
 39
 24
 10
 30
 19
 11
 11
 22
  4
 13
 32
  2
  4
 10
 55
 32
 12
 38
 62
 33
 34
 41
 31
160
 38
  8
 14
 22
  3
  1
  5
 18
 20
 18
 17
  4
 23
 67
117
142
 85
 36
 41
 30
135
 48
 39
 32
 24
 28
  6
 12
 12
 48
 23
 14
 55
 19
  5
  1
 62
 22
 20
 14
 36
 64
 47
 58
 33
 63
 49
 32
  3
 16
 51
 54
 20
 23
 42
 12
 26
 28
 40
148
216
136
150
227
249
155
271
267
181
210
252
249
109
 94
122
 66
184
123
183
235
116
 26
 39
200
123
 79
 47
212
204
228
227
222
122
280
124
 35
168
186
122
241
115
221
225
203
127
204
Cloudy.
 95
149
198
215
138
116
210
 94
 98
184
155
113
116
 42
 87
 29
 23
181
 76
 29
130
188
 33
 23
165
242
105
 42
153
161
137
138
143
243
 85
 60
 27
 47
179
243
124
130
144
140
131
207
161 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
487
SUMMARY OF  WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR 1858.
STATIONS.
WEATHER.
RAIN &, SNOW
Ringgold Barracks....
Fort Mcintosh.........
Fort Clark...............
Fort Duncan............
Fort Davis...............
Fort Bliss................
Fort Buchanan.........
Fort Thorn..............
Fort Fillmore...........
Fort Craig...............
Fort Stanton............
Albuquerque............
Fort Marcy..............
Fort Union..............
Cantonment Burgwin.
15 Fort Garland.........
7 Fort Massachusetts.
Fort Defiance...........
Fort Yuma...............
San Diego................
Fort Tejon...............
Fort Crook..............
3 Fort Miller (c)........
San Francisco..........
Benicia Barracks.......
Fort Humboldt.........
Fort Yamhill............
16 Block House (<*)....
3 Fort Jones.............
Fort Umpqua...........
Fort Vancouver........
Fort Dalles..............
Fort Hoskins...........
Fort Steilacoom........
Fort Walla-Walla ....
Fort Simcoe.............
Fort Bellingham.......
17 Fort Cascades.......
Camp Floyd (e)........
3  Camp  Scott (/).......
50
30
41
 0
40
24
57
39
21
37
 7
40
40
37
54
 4
19
31
16
 2
 8
19
15
18
14
53
 4
23
 8
 0
27
 5
43
23
 1
10
53
 4
18
 7
 44
 35
131
 12
 42
 28
 70
 33
 38
 43
 10
 12
 37
 26
 10
 12
 20
 22
 35
 33
  1
 11
  8
 24
 16
 20
  9
 14
 25
 29
 40
 67
 25
 37
 21
 11
 22
 17
 29
 39
 40
 79
  9
 16
 27
 60
 17
 71
 26
 73
 46
 14
 27
 67
 22
 13
113
 40
 61
  2
  0
 44
  5
 36
 14
 20
 19
 16
 50
 17
 21
 16
 17
  0
 21
  4
 23
 12
176
162
  9
123
 35
 33
 25
 10
 51
 50
 19
  6
 51
 62
  4
  9
 16
 28
 29
 64
  8
 39
 16
 12
 23
 31
 19
 17
 21
  7
 81
 18
 18
 33
 82
 13
 66
 16
 20
  4
 49
  7
  0
 24
 26
 74
 21
 41
 68
  5
 72
 31
 54
132
 13
 29
 41
 29
  1
 15
  3
 15
 12
  3
 21
  5
 15
  8
  0
 22
  7
 22
 38
  o
 50
150
135
  6
 20
  4
  5
  3
  2
 40
 60
 60
 53
 47
 48
 22
 20
 88
 44
 15
 16
 58
 57
 52
114
149
 35
 10
IK)
 33
 43
122
 60
 23
128
 64
 70
 47
 77
220
 68
 24
104
 15
 68
Fair.    Cloudy.
Rain.
 13
  3
  9
  1
 23
102
 15
158
 70
 52
142
136
 20
 30
 64
 13
 41
124
116
 69
127
  9
 56
 94
208
  7
 34
127
 21
 12
 34
113
 63
 76
  2
 90
 17
 26
 27
 40
 31
 39
 14
 51
 37
 58
  5
 34
 26
 42
 82
 34
 84
 86
 13
  2
 14
 46
 48
 20
 55
140
  6
 24
 33
 27
 48
 25
 28
126
 77
 51
 73
 67
 34
 20
  8
 20
 44
  8
232	133	50	0
263	102	48	1
215	150	83	0
152	213	36	0
263	102	47	5
308	57	26	0
283	82	64	9
292	73	31	2
228	137	15	0
315	50	27	6
152	213	56	29
329	36	21	8
273	92	51	31
303	62	26	17
163	202	53	43
74	18	3	7
144	68	12	16
222	143	39	32
276	89	6	0
182	183	44	0
277	88	46	12
237	128	36	40
71	99	9	1
182	183	52	0
283	82	44	1
157	208	87	2
175	190	165	17
146	156	104	2
80	71	17	11
188	177	149	3
145	220	135	10
237	128	105	13
177	188	148	11
138	227	130	12
246	119	89	16
230	135	63	27
157	208	170	16
121	124	172	6
134	37	18	16
128	47	14	24
                  Observations not taken.
a Fifteen days in June.          d Four days in April.
b Three days in December.       e Thirteen days in July.
c Eleven days in June           / Fourteen days in June.
             Winds and weather—months observed.
6 February, March, April.
8 June, July,  August, Sept., Oct., Nov., De
  7 January, February, March, April, May, June, July.
  8 Jan., Feb., Mar., April, May, June, July, Oct., Nov., Dec.
  9 January, December.
  10 July, August, September, October, November, December.
  11 January, February, March.
  12 January, July, August, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  13 May, June, July, August,  Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  14 February, March, April, May, June, July, August, Sep-
tember, October, November, December.
  13 October, November, December.
  16 May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  17 Mar., April,May, June, July, Aug.,Sept.,Oct..N.n ..Dec. 
488
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
SUMMARY  OF WEATHER  OBSERVATIONS FOR 1859.
STATIONS.
Fort Independence......................
1 Fort Adams.............................
Fort Hamilton............................
Fort Columbus...........................
West Point................................
Alleghany Arsenal, (Oct. wanting).
2 Carlisle Barracks......................
3 Fort Delaware..........................
* Fort McHenry (a)....................
5 Fort Monroe............................
Fort Moultrie.............................
Key West Barracks....................
Mount Vernon Arsenal................
Barrancas Barracks.....................
New Orleans..............................
1 Baton Rouge............................
8 Fort Washita (b)......................
7 Fort Smith...............................
Jefferson Barracks......................
Newport Barracks......................
Fort Mackinac...........................
Fort Ripley...............................
Fort Ridgely..............................
Fort Randall..............................
Fort Leavenworth......................
Fort Riley.................................
Fort Kearny..............................
Fort Laramie............................
Fort Arbuckle............................
Fort Chadbourne........................
8 Fort McKavett.........................
Fort Quitman............................■
San Antonio.............................■
9 Camp Stockton (c)....................
10 Camp Hudson........................
Fort Lancaster..........................■
Camp Verde..............................
Camp Colorado..........................
11 Camp Cooper..........................
Fort Inge..................................
Fort Clark.................................
12 Fort Duncan...........................
Fort Davis................................
Fort Bliss.............................••■•.
Fort Buchanan...........................
Fort Fillmore.............................
Fort Craig.................................
 26
 36
 34
 13
118
 36
  0
  2
 14
 11
 59
 83
 95
 93
 57
 54
 20
57
24
26
36
17
63
17
18
21
80
49
98
43
50
52
34
 46
 24
 26
109
  9
  5
 19
 15
17
25
47
45
16
54
35
 6
11  !  17
37
25
78
51
45
77
25
36
50
64
14
78
10
57
48
26
33
33
 3
37
82
 1
21
33
26
 1
22
26
16
 5
23
51
32
19
40
45
25
34
32
31
13
49
49
54
33
40
 9
17
16
27
10
 7
 9
22
 8
18
52
58
15
29
38
69
28
19
15
31
57
16
90
37
23
20
16
46
20
11
 0
36
38
 4
16
 i
14
56
18
85
27
 2
38
76
52
47
15
21
28
17
51
53
58
45
17
 12
 15
 34
 66
 40
 46
 80
 36
 61
 26
 62
127
 25
 74
 77
 35
202
165
171
 93
 51
 77
174
 51
 30
 38
 37
 53
 44
20
37
17
 8
97
39
28
14
26
25
58
44
56
32
29
54
47
86	73
73	44
54	35
23	67
 21
113
 27
 54
 13
 75
 42
 84
 13
 11
112
122
  6
 45
109
 14
 12
 79
 60
 40
 21
 25
 14
  0
 44
 61
 48
 45
 90
38
99
16
91
47
 5
20
23
22
14
11
38
46
33
34
33
24
43
47
44
37
38
15
14
31
12
 24
 11
119
 11
 31
 17
 31
 22
 16
 23
 27
 22
 13
 22
 80
 70
 48
 84
 37
 35
 50
 26
144
 16
 19
  2
 85
 39
 38
126
 66
 46
 44
 39
 73
 22
 40
 49
 16
 37
 47
 42
 22
 16
14	27	9	16
12	G	2	38
79	5	16	27
60	17	3	47
40	17	55	26
21	12	4	6
25	21	20	30
14	5	10	18
0	1	2	20
44	70	57	31
61	16	13	72
48	87	25	10
45	61	90	29
46
41
77
18
59
41
57
50
76
22
52
41
45
34
17
50
13
16
38
27
47
26
 6
30
18
20
31
72
10
29
69
WEATHER,
RAIN &, SNOW.
Cloudy.
249
168
216
221
266
166
229
110
 73
208
263
304
191
239
241
142
 94
128
145
139
181
207
173
233
195
209
124
223
270
154
 21
181
269
 72
179
267
222
116
118
194
174
 56
220
252
183
267
305
116
136
149
144
 99
168
105
 41
 86
129
102
 61
174
126
124
162
 82
 55
220
226
184
158
192
132
170
156
241
142
 95
211
 57
184
 96
 43
155
 98
143
249
 35
171
191
 65
145
113
182
 98
 60
Rain.   Snow
 90
 98
104
126
 72
107
100
 29
 72
 53
 94
 52
 96
125
103
 91
 22
 28
 59
 92
 70
 52
 83
 41
 81
 52
 45
 27
 78
 66
 12
 65
 46
 23
 43
 28
 50
 71
 24
 43
 40
  7
 70
 32
 48
 24
 59 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
489
SUMMARY OF WEATHER OBSERVATIONS FOR 1859.
STATIONS.
13 Fort Mojave..................
Fort Stanton.....................
Albuquerque....................,
Fort Marcy......................
Fort Union.................,.....
Cantonment Burgwin.........
Fort Garland....................
14 Fort Defiance................,
Fort Yuma........................
15 San Diego......................
5 FortTejon......................
Fort Crook.......................
San Francisco...................
16 Fort Ter-Waw...............
Benicia Barracks................
Fort Humboldt..................
Fort Yamhill.....................
Fort Umpqua....................
Fort Hoskins....................
Fort Vancouver.................
17 Block House..................
Fort Dalles, (April wanting)
Fort Steilacoom.................
Fort Walla-Walla..............
18 Fort Bellingham..............
Fort Cascades...................
12 Fort Simcoe...................
4  Fort Townsend (d)..........
19 Camp Semiahmoo...........
Camp Floyd.....................
10 Fort Bridger..................
WINDS.
38
 8
71
30
56
44
 0
28
 5
 3
91
24
15
 0
14
49
 2
 0
38
27
21
 5
10
 2
34
34
 0
12
37
86
39
 7
11
13
16
30
 7
34
 9
35
31
17
 2
21
 9
19
11
 8
51
25
52
28
60
75
29
 3
58
 0
 6
58
32
16
 7
73
46
 3
11
55
81
12
42
27
10
22
10
34
30
 6
22
12
 4
53
20
17
23
 0
 0
22
 1
 5
29
26
 4
 32
 12
 11
 43
 50
 14
 50
 23
 41
 40
 24
 12
 11
 26
 12
 29
 44
 10
 14
 27
 37
 23
 28
109
 10
 13
  0
 40
 37
 14
  1
 37
 10
 47
 24
 48
 89
 43
 37
 26
  2
 51
  8
  5
  0
 13
 23
  8
  0
 11
 24
 14
 11
 25
  0
109
 87
 13
 24
 38
 67
  0
 21
 13
 11
 75
 57
 45
 79
 51
 57
 56
 24
 50
 43
 58
104
 43
 91
125
 57
 50
 67
 60
 64
195
 20
114
 24
 21
 48
 15
 27
  4
155
151
 40
 17
 92
 72
144
134
 34
 68
111
247
 95
 90
  9
 57
 30
 65
 78
 69
 88
 40
  3
 13
 32
 12
 22
 46
 75
 87
WEATHER.
 52
 14
123
102
 18
  5
 32
 24
 21
 49
 25
 13
 54
 83
 74
 49
144
 94
 53
 47
 58
 74
 26
  4
  5
  1
 36
 10
 50
 81
 129
 156
 252
 251
 284
 157
 292
 196
 258
 86
 270
 232
 182
 161
 263
 166
 167
 170
 164
 155
 153
218
193
265
115
132
 49
 90
178
288
136
Cloudy.
  24
 209
 113
 114
  81
 208
  73
 139
 107
 126
  67
 133
 183
 114
 102
 199
 198
 195
 201
 210
 150
 117
 172
'100
  97
 233
  71
  67
 128
  77
 137
                  Observations not taken.
  a Twenty-two days in June.
  b Five days in December.
  c Seven days in September.
  d Five days in January and seven days in March.
            Winds and weather—months observed.
  1 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Au-
gust, September, October.
  2 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, Au-
gust, September, October, November.
  3 January, February, March, April, May.
  4 January, February, March, April, May, June.
  5 January, March, April, May,  June, July, August, Sep-
tember, October, November, December.
  6 February, March, April, November, December.
  7 February March, April, May, June, July, August, Sep-
tember, October, November, December
  8 January, February, March.
  9 July, August, September, October, November, December.
  10 February, March, April, May, August, September, Oc-
tober, November, December.
  11 May, June, July, September, October.
  12 January, February, March, April.
  13 August, September, October, November, December.
  "January, February, March,  April, May, June,  July,
August, September, October, December.
  15 June,  July, August,  September,  October,  November,
December.
  16 April, May, June, July, August, September, October,
November, December.
  17 January, February,  March,  April, May,  June, Sep-
tember, October, November, December.
  18 January, February, March, April, May, June, July.
  19 March,  April, May,  June,  July,  August,  September,
October, November, December.
02- 
490
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR MONTHS, SEASONS, AND														
Stations.	Lat.	r Altitude ! Lone. . ° above sea.		I Jan. ! Feb.		Mar. j April.		May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	
Fort Kent...................	0 ' 47 15 46 46 46 7 44 54 43 39 43 4 42 20 41 21 41 29 41 30 41 21 40 42 40 37 41 23 42 43 44 41 43 57 43 20 43 18 42 53 40 32 40 12 39 53 39 35 39 17 38 58 38 53 38 43 37 20 37 0 34 41 34 0 33 28 32 45 32 5 29 48 29 34 29 48 28 54 27 30 25 55 24 32 26 38 28 0 ! 28 1 1 29 30 29 10 29 7 . 29 15	1 O ' 68 35 67 49 67 49 66 58 70 20 70 49 71 0 71 9 71 20 71 20 72 6 74 1 74 2 74 0 73 43 73 25 76 15 76 40 79 8 78 58 80 2 77 14 75 13 75 34 76 35 76 27 77 2 77 6 77 25 76 18 76 40 78 5 81 53 79 51 81 7 81 35 81 48 82 5 81 2 80 20 80 20 81 48 82 0 82 28 82 0 82 28 82 10 83 3 83 0?	Feet. 575 415 620 70 20 40 50	11.10 15.66 14.72 22.37 22.78 24.95 26.83 27.23 30.34 29.49 29.10 30.18 31.75 28.25 22.97 18.37 22.19 23.98 26.88 27.30 29.30 29.24 33.21 33.89 32.86 32.31 34.09 35.50 38.73 40.54 45.17 49.03 46.73 50.73 52.43 57.03 57.26 56.32 62.40 62.75 66.38 68.69 63.69 61.53 58.40 60.50 58.48 58.55 58.78	11 63 i	91 «;i	35 98	46.86 47.84 50.49 49.23 52.82 53.00 57.04 55.17 54.98 55.61 56.30 59.30 57.86 59.82 58.70 54.51 54.87 52.04 55.77 52.95 60.92 60.41 61.55 65.31 63.10 64.48 66.26 68.28 67.79 66.14 68.89 72.86 72.17 73.05 75.46 73.50 76.45 75.38 74.58 76.92 77.97 79.10 80.13 76.64 76.69	58.99 57.06 60.28 56.76 63.11 61.80 65.57 64.74 65.43 64.52 66.12 68.93 67.83 68.41 68.22 63.60 64.43 63.26 65.16 64.06 69.22 70.45	62.49 62.78 65.18 62.33 68.20 67.10 71.08 70.60 72.07 70.41 71.65 74.83 73.23 73.75 73.61 68.81 69.86 69.18 70.35 68.21 72.98 74.08	63.55 64.90 64.53 62.42 66.41 65.07 69.10 69.02 70.89 69.59 70.09 73.16 72.98 71.83 70.93 67.86 69.02 68.31 69.73 68.53 71.21 71.78 74.41 75.98 74.66 76.03 76.29 76.96 77.90 77.25 78.87 80.17 79.66 81.11 80.81 80.56 80.19 79.71 78.81 82.38 81.78 82.96 83.15 80.43 80.03 79.34 80.09 79.37 79.35	51.59 49.93 55.25 57.25 59.26 58.95 62.78 61.71 63.84 63.22 63.27 65.78 66.57 64.31 61.84 58.91 60.35 60.75 61.85 62.02 63.58 64.43 68.70 70.92 67.82 68.82 67.76 69.57 70.57 72.03 74.64 76.04 73.82 76.89 77.02 78.60 78.63 77.07 78.16 80.85 79.59 81.79 81.75 79.35 79.18 77.89 78.18 78.99	40.08 40.92 43.37 47.95 49.26 49.47 53.02 48.84 53.76 54.30 52.97 54.19 55.24 53.11 49.38 46.49 50.02 47.96 50.48 45.91 50.91 52.22 55.81 57.99 55.68 57.62 56.70 59.80 60.08 61.93 64.42 67.07 63.49 67.88 67.12 72.42 70.47 70.04 71.96 75.00 77.96 78.11 77.76 74.02 i 73.81 70.49 70.56 71.83	1
Fort Fairfield..............					13 66 94 sn 3fi 99									9
Fort Sullivan...............					16.40 23.54 24.52 26.21 27.67 25.40 30.02 30.48 29.56 30.44 30.93 28.80 23.81 20.96 24.30 24.00 26.93 24.92 31.16 30.95 32.21 35.84 34.23 35.46 36.74 38.59 41.97 41.67 44.09 50.53 50.70 52.41 55.05 59.94 58.29 56.45 63.74 64.44 66.56 69.88 67.98 63.54 63.23 60.44 58.21 38.43 57.89	27.57 30.79 32.53 33.71 35.46 33.75 36.55 37.23 36.09 38.28 38.05 37.63 34.02 29.88 33.22 32.00 34.49 31.05 39.02 38.70 40.30 42.99 42.29 42.85 45.36 46.86 50.30 48.29 49.49 56.34 55.80 58.68 58.64 63.34 64.14 64.28 67.57 69.77 70.33 72.90 72.19	39.42 40.44 42.96 42.96 45.57 44.98 45.11 45.73 46.85 48.65 47.62 48.70 45.84 42.63 44.69 42.62 44.24 44.20 49.96 50.18 50.65 52.34 52.71 54.05 55.70 57.14 58.36 56.17 60.00 64.17 65.15 65.44 67.15 68.78 71.13 70.58 73.60 73.63 75.57 75.38 73.86							3 4
Fort Preble................														5
														6
														7 R
Fort Adams................			40 20 23 23 25 167 50 186 262 250 250 660 704 500 20 10 36 20 90 60 120 8 20 20 600 25 40 25 25											9
Fort Wolcott..............														10
														11
Fort Columbus............														12
Fort Hamilton............														13
West Point................														14
Fort Ontario...............														15 16 17 18
														19
														20
														21 22
Fort Mifflin.................									71.95 76.91					23
									73.77 71.58 72.72 74.44 76.35 76.58 74.22 76.87 78.92 79.05 79.19 79.84 79.64 80.26 81.88 78.84 79.02 80.57 81.63 81.25 79.46 78.24	77.99 76.54 77.92 78.26 79.99 79.19 78.23 79.80 81.48 81.92 81.72 81.46 80.90 81.20 80.25 79.77 82.50 82.12 83.00 82.87 80.72 79.76 80.02				24
Fort McHenry............														25
														26
														21
														2i
														2f
														3(
Fort Macon................														3]
														3i
														31
Fort Moultrie..............														3<
Oglethorpe Barracks...														3. 31
														3'
														3i
			20 30 20 10 50 20 80 60 50 35											3<
Fort Pierce (Capron)...														4 4
Fort Myers...............														4 4
						67.34 72.25 69.02 69.89								4
Fort Meade...............														4
						67.40 72.03 76.62 79.28								4
						64.36 71.41 65.66 69.89 66.87 70.45		76.39 74.75 73.53	79.78 ; 80.67 77.55 80.30 77.11 79.16					4
														4
												78.46 69.71		4
 
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
491
YEARS, AND OF EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE; CORRECTED FROM REPORT OF 1856.
	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Sum.	Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	No. of years.	Locality.
1	27.97	11.36	35.22	61.68	39.88	11.36	37.04	98	—39	137	3	Mouth of Fish river, Maine.
2	30.05	13.53	36.29	61.58	40.30	14.28	38.11	98	—28	126	ii	Aroostook river, Maine.
3	30.84	18.12	39.15	63.33	43.15	16.41	40.51	99	-26	125	17	Houlton, Maine.
4	37.35	25.79	40.15	60.50	47.52	23.90	43.02	94	—19	113	25	Eastport, Maine.
5	37.80	26.80	42.77	65.91	48.77	24.70	45.52	96	—14	110	22	Portland harbor, Maine.
6	38.75	28.63	43.22	64.65	49.05	26.60	45.88	96	—12	108	25	Portsmouth harbor, New Hampshire.
7	41.54	31.39	46.02	68.58	52.45	28.63	48.92	99	—13	112	17	Boston harbor, Massachusetts.
8	37.58	29.02	44.63	68.12	49.38	27.22	47.34	97	-12	109	6	Watertown, Massachusetts.
9	42.86	33.66	45.55	69.46	53.48	31.34	49.96	91	— 5	96	10	Newport harbor, Rhode Island.
10	43.03	34.29	46.19	68.17	53.52	31.42	49.83	92	— 6	98	14	Newport harbor, Rhode Island.
11	42.34	31.11	46.41	69.28	52.86	29.92	49.62	93	— 8	101	11	New London, Connecticut.
12	43.32	33.52	48.74	72.31	54.43	31.38	51.72	104	— 6	110	33	New York harbor, New York.
13	45.55	34.28	47.84	71.35	55.79	32.32	51.82	99	— 1	100	12	New York harbor, New York.
14	42.23	31.98	48.72	71.33	53.22	29.68	50.74	100	—11	111	31	West Point, New York.
15	38.90	27.14	46.19	70.92	50.04	24.64	47.95	99	—32	131	31	West Troy, New York.
16	34.62	21.32	42.34	66.76	46.67	20.22	44.00	100	—24	124	11	Plattsburg, New York.
17	37.96	25.98	44.26	67.77	49.44	24.16	46.41	94	—22	116	16	Sackett's Harbor, New York.
18	37.97	26.21	43.70	66.92	48.57	24.73	45.98	96	— 7	103	9	Oswego, New York.
19	39.53	29.66	44.83	68.41	50.62	27.82	47.92	95	— 6	101	14	Niagara river, New York.
20	35.83	30.04	42.73	66.93	47.92	27.42	46.25	92	— 4	96	4|	Buffalo, New York.
21	39.80	31.35	49.97	71.14	51.43	30.60	50.78	100	—18	118	22	Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
22	39.50	31.16	49.76	72.10	52.05	30.45	51.09	99	—16	115	13	Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
23	45.50	35.07	50.83	74.42	56.67	33.50	53.85	99	4	95	10	Near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
24	46.59	39.33	53.55	75.91	58.50	36.35	56.08	98	8	90	6|	Near Newcastle, Delaware.
25	45.10	35.63	52.70	74.26	56.20	34.24	54.35	102	—10	112	24	Near Baltimore, Maryland.
26	46.84	36.70	53.79	75.56	57.76	34.82	55.48	99	1	98	8	Near Annapolis, Maryland.
27	44.83	37.32	55.77	76.33	56.43	36.05	56.14	98	—14	112	12	Washington City, D. C.
28	47.42	37.99	57.43	77.77	58.93	37.36	57.87	103	— 4	107	15	Potomac river, Maryland.
29	50.59	43.43	58.82	77.89	60.41	41.38	59.62	96	4	92	8	Near Richmond, Virginia.
30	51.41	43.17	56.87	76.57	61.79	41.79	59.25	102	2	100	30	Old Point Comfort, Virginia.
31	56.51	48.00	59.46	78.51	65.19	45.75	62.23	96	19	77	5	Near Beaufort, North Carolina.
32	59.26	52.24	64.46	80.19	67.46	50.60	65.68	102	18	84	18	Smithville, North Carolina.
33	53.80	46.77	64.37	80.21	63.70	48.07	64.09	103	— 2	105	21	Near Augusta, Georgia.
34	59.62	52.51	65.72	80.67	68.10	51.88	66.59	99	6	93	28	Charleston harbor, South Carolina.
35	59.63	52.69	67.08	80.70	67.92	53.39	67.27	102	16	86	9	Savannah, Georgia.
36	63.58	57.26	68.54	80.37	71.53	58.08	69.63	95	23	72	20	St. Augustine, Florida.
37	61.50	56.00	70.57	80.55	70.20	57.18	69.63	99	28	71	6	Pilatka, Florida.
38 39	69.57 67.17	51.94	70.08	80.61	72.23	54.90	69.46				2	Interior of Florida.
		63.51	71.92	79.14	72.43	63.22	71.68	95	31	64	3	New Smyrna, Florida.
40	68.56	62.63	73.44	81.30	74.80	63.27	73.20	97	29	68	5	Indian river, Florida.
41	71.27	66.80	74.62	81.49	76.27	66.58	74.74	95	35	60	4	Miami river, Florida.
42	74.66	70.29	75.79	82.53	78.19	69.62	76.53	96	44	52	14	Key West, Florida.
43	71.50	64.72	75.39	82.41	77.00	65.46	75.06	95	31	64	4	Charlotte's harbor, Florida.
44	66.94	61.99	72.08	80.20	73.44	62.35	72.02	96	26	70	25	Tampa Bay, Florida.
45	68.48	61.08	71.87	79.34	73.82	60.90	71.48	96	24	72	32	Interior of Florida.
46	61.01 63.19	56.00 58.55	72.02 70.72	79.55 80.18	69.80 70.64	58.98 58.41	70.09 66.99				41 6	Interior of Florida.
47								106	11	95		Interior of Florida.
48	62.29	57.68	70.10 1 70.28	79.07	71.04	58.22	69.61	86	34	52	21	Gulf coast of Florida.
49	59.70	56.66		78.54	69.29	57.78	68.98					Interior of Florida.
 
492
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR MONTHS, SEASONS, AND														
Stations.	Lat.	i , Altitude | Long. ° above sea. j		Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	April.	May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	
	O ' 29 35 30 20 30 18 30 14 31 12 30 10 30 8 29 57 29 25 30 26 31 33 34 0 34 14 35 23 35 47 37 45 38 28 38 40 39 5 42 20 42 55 45 51 41 52 46 30 47 30 44 30 43 31 43 5 41 30 43 0 41 32 46 19 44 53 39 21 41 30 40 38 42 12 34 27 33 8 32 40 32 30 32 2 31 56 31 26 30 40 30 10 30 55 29 25 28 17	O ' 83 0 84 0 87 27 88 0 88 2 89 38 89 51 90 0 89 30 91 18 93 32 95 33 96 38 94 29 95 10 94 35 90 15 90 5 84 29 82 58 82 23 84 33 78 35 84 43 88 0 88 5 98 28 91 0 90 40 92 0 93 38 94 19 93 10 94 44 95 48 98 57 104 31 97 9 98 48 97 25 99 45 100 5 97 26 97 49 98 31 99 5 100 5 98 25 98 0	Feet. 50 |	59.68 ' 58 26		67.00 68.36 61.80 53.28 60.26 62.34 60.19 64.15 62.37 61.93 59.15 53.40 53.31 51.58 52.19 43.13 45.04 42.30 45.46 35.40 32.61 25.68 32.30 25.15 28.94 31.33 32.60 34.53 37.82 29.59 39.54 24.37 31.31 42.22 33.77 34.50 36.81 53.22 56.90 56.30 58.02 58.01 58.09 59.18 60.38 57.61 57.39 63.19 68.66	70.67 71.03 68.45 65.54 66.87 70.55 70.88 70.06 72.86 69.30 67.80 64.00 63.18 62.38 62.50 55.72 57.06 55.08 53.39 45.82 44.08 37.03 46.08 38.31 38.07 43.43 47.20 50.88 51.06 49.85 55.77 40.75 46.34 55.49 51.84 47.13 47.60 61.85 65.79 62.56 66.39 65.52 64.06 63.67 65.65 62.47 66.25 69.44 73.27	75.66 75.17 75.45 75.61 73.92 77.03 77.91 75.62 77.00 75.60 73.72 69.77 69.95 68.22 68.79 65.44 66.32 65.07 64.72 56.02 53.80 47.47 56.32 49.14 48.41 55.79 56.66 60.58 62.68 58.44 59.22 52.87 58.97 63.57 62.23 58.81 56.11 69.93 72.00 70.48 71.93 69.51 72.59 71.53 71.54 68.50 72.16 76.40 79.72	79.12 79.70 80.80 79.19 78.03 82.19 81.30 81.11 81.99 80.56 80.25 76.97 76.23 75.55 76.49 72.11 74.11 74.20 73.49 65.62 63.44 57.21 62.67 59.01 56.68 66.17 65.63 69.55 71.39 64.76 66.43 62.78 68.46 71.31 72.98 68.51 67.34 76.33 77.98 77.44 76.46 73.79 79.45 78.93 78.34 75.48 74.93 80.52 81.88	81.55 78.94 82.19 81.59 79.39 83.39 82.66 82.79 82.97 81.56 82.22 80.82 80.78 79.19 80.76 77.22 78.00 78.72 76.48 69.71 69.52 64.59 70.67 64.73 63.55 71.49 70.95 75.26 76.49 72.44 76.49 67.30 73.37 76.67 75.88 73.56 74.70 81.71 82.37 80.99 80.73 77.87 83.13 82.92 81.06 77.25 78.46 82.03 83.19	82.20 79.40 81.64 80.30 79.19 82.94 82.14 82.87 81.45 81.26 81.35 79.69 80.86 78.07 80.24 75.53 76.46 76.16 75.02 67.47 67.10 64.05 68.55 62.90 62.17 67.88 67.31 72.03 74.47 68.67 71.73 64.74 70.05 74.16 75.44 72.33 73.78 82.09 82.50 82.87 81.49 78.64 84.70 85.09 82.56 78.14 79.51 83.90 84.43	80.45 78.20 78.47 77.26 75.74 79.16 78.90 78.94 80.56 77.14 76.09 72.53 74.84 72.23 73.50 68.62 67.74 69.58 68.21 60.05 60.31 55.08 60.10 54.57 55.79 57.23 57.83 61.54 62.97 61.50 61.17 56.67 58.86 66.16 65.63 64.42 64.21 74.49 77.33 76.54 74.43 71.98 77.46 79.18 77.53 72.95 73.38 79.78 79.92	72.13 67.41 70.08 71.26 65.93 70.53 68.60 70.75 72.96 67.58 65.90 61.04 62.87 59.65 61.56 55.28 55.68 54.20 55.81 47.69 48.66 45.17 48.52 43.56 42.91 46.54 47.22 48 92 52.26 45.65 44.68 44.00 47.15 54.46 52.00 49.56 50.91 62.74 66.81 62.22 63.59 62.45 67.64 67.25 67.30 62.04 65.89 72.18 74.06	1
				55.53 53.61 55.19 50.44 54.76 54.77 55.27 59.47 53.47 50.63 43.14 42.94 40.18 40.15 32.73 32.58 31.44 34.04 27.01 25.30 19.40 23.60 17.22 23.40 18.93 19.52 19.43 22.80 21.15 27.43 7.87 13.88 28.37 19.36 21.14 31.03 39.10 42.80 43.58 42.92 44.29 47.95 52.02 49.29 46.18 44.75 1 53.26 ij 54.82	60.55 55.67 50.18 53.69 56.86 56.44 58.35 60.14 55.02 52.69 45.97 47.07 43.89 42.41 34.98 35.16 33.43 36.94 26.62 25.26 17.60 24.74 16.23 21.40 19.96 18.50 21.67 24.68 20.34 29.98 11.87 17.37 31.15 25.23 26.11 32.60 43.69 47.47 48.78 49.31 46.75 52.14 50.90 52.21 52.45 46.87 57.54 57.10									0
			20 i 20 200 10 20 10 Sea level 41 80 300 645 460 560 1,000 472 450 500 580 598 728 591 600 623 620 770 642 528 700 780 1,130 820 896 1,250 2,360 4,519 1,000 1,600 1,100 2,300 2,120 900 1,000 1,000 2,300 2,060 600 150											3 4
Mount Vernon Arsenal. Fort Pike....................														5 6
Fort Wood.................														7
														8
Fort St. Philip.............														9
Baton Rouge Barracks..														10 11
														12
														13
Fort Smith..................														U
														15
														It
														11 lc IS 2f
														21
														2S
														2:
														2^
														2.
														2
														2
														2
														2
														3
														3
														3
														3
														3 3
														3
														3
														3
														3
														4
														4
														4
														4
														4
														A
Fort Martin Scott....... Fort McKavett...........														4 4 *■
														<
 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
YEARS, AND OF EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE; CORRECTED FROM REPORT OF 1856.
	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Sum.	Aut.	Win.	Year.	Max.	Min.	Range.	No. of years.	Locality
1	60.62 59.48 61.02	55.03 54.64 55.55	71.11 71.52 68.57	80.96 79.35 81.54	71.07 68.36 69.86	57.66 56.91 54.94	70.20 69.04 68.73				2i 2 17	Interior of Florida.
2												Near Tallahassee, Florida.
3								104?	10	94		Pensacola, Florida.
4	59.00 56.47	52.00 50.97	64.81 67.02	80.36 78.87	69.17 66.05	52.46 51.70	66.70 65.91	88 99	32 9	56 90		Mobile Point, Alabama.
5											14	Near Mobile, [32 m.,] Alabama.
6	62.80	55.85	69.97	82.84	70.83	55.82	69.86	98	21	77	14	Petites Coquilles Island, Louisiana.
7	62.20	55.01	69.66	82.03	69.90	55.41	69.25	100	14	86	G<2	Petites Coquilles Island, Louisiana.
8	62.44	55.98	69.94	82.26	70.71	56.53	69.86	100	17	83	20	New Orleans, Louisiana.
9	62.98	58.97	70.78	82.14	72.17	59.53	71.15					Mississippi river, Louisiana. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
10	59.90	54.15	68.94	81.13	68.21	54.21	68.12	100	8	92	24	
11	56.66	50.21	66.89	81.27	66.22	51.18	66.39	100	7	93	23	Near Natchitoches, [25 m.,] Louisiana.
12	50.24	42.05	62.39	79.16	61.27	43.72	61.64	100	— 3	103	20	Choctaw Nation, near Red river.
13	51.61	42.09	62.15	79.29	63.11	44.03	62.15	106	— 4	110	12	Near Washita river, Chickasaw Nation.
14	48.36	39.27	60.73	77.60	60.08	41.11	59.88	102	— 4	106	12	Arkansas river, Arkansas.
15	49.72	40.84	61.16	79.16	61.66	41.13	60.76	116	—15	131	27|	Neosho river, Cherokee Nation.
16	41.91	31.09	54.76	74.95	55.27	32.93	54.48	98	—10	108	10	Near Marmiton river, Kansas.
17	43.15	33.81	56.14	76.19	55.52	33.85	55.43	102	—18	120	26	Near St. Louis, Missouri.
18	42.55	31.93	54.15	76.36	55.44	32.27	54.56	107	—18	125	12	St. Louis, Missouri.
19	44.71	35.54	54.52	75.00	56.24	35.51	55.32	98	—15	113	71	Newport, Kentucky.
20	38.26	26.88	45.75	67.60	48.67	26.84	47.21	94	—13	107	13	Detroit, Michigan.
21	38.24	27.14	43.50	66.69	49.07	25.90	46.29	96	—18	114	HI	St. Clair river, Michigan.
22	34.30	23.12	36.73	61.95	44.85	20.04	40.89	90	—27	117	24	Island of Mackinac, Michigan.
23	37.90	29.37	44.90	67.33	48.84	25.90	46.75	94	-22	116	41	Chicago, Illinois.
24	32.50	21.50	37.53	62.21	43.54	18.32	40.40	98	-33	131	31	Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.
25	30.17	20.55	38.47	60.80	42.96	21.78	41.00	94	— 9	103	2	Copper harbor, Michigan.
26	34.26	20.83	43.52	68.51	46.01	19.91	44.49	100	-38	138	21	Green Bay, Wisconsin.
27	32.14	21.33	45.49	67.96	45.73	19.78	44.74	104	—29	133	16	Fox river, Wisconsin.
28	35.13	22.65	48.66	72.28	48.53	21.25	47.68	100	—32	132	19	Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
29	39.02	27.16	50.52	74.12	51.42	24.88	50.23	-96	-24	120	111	Rock Island, Illinois.
30	31.25	20.38	45.96	68.62	46.13	20.62	45.33	95	—22	117	41	Turkey river, Iowa.
31	35.31	29.20	51.51	71.55	47.05	28.87	49.74	98	— 6	104	2	Des Moines, Central Iowa.
32	28.06	10.28	39.33	64.94	42.91	10.01	39.30	97	—50	147	6	Upper Mississippi river, Minnesota.
33	31.67	16.89	45.54	70.61	45.89	16.05	44.52	100	—40	140	351	Mouth of St. Peter's river, Minnesota.
34	40.36	29.77	53.76	74.05	53.66	29.76	52.81	105	—30	135	241	Missouri river, Kansas.
35	36.45	20.60	49.28	74.76	51.36	21.73	49.28	108	—21	129	7	Missouri river, Nebraska.
36	34.07	21.87	46.81	71.47	49.35	23.04	47.67	102	-28	130	61	Platte river, Nebraska.
37	35.83	27.98	46.84	71.94	50.32	30.54	49.91	104	—29	133	6	Laramie and Platte rivers, Nebraska.
38	49.28	39.56	61.67	80.04	62.17	40.78	61.17	109	— 4	113	41	Near Washita river, Indian Territory
39	51.31	44.66	64.90	80.95	65.15	44.98	63.99	111	0	111	31	Red Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
40	53.36	43.38	63.11	80.43	65.37	45.25	63.54	107	5	102	31	Trinity river, Northern Texas.
41	53.26	46.26	65.45	79.56	63.76	46.16	63.73	106	— 2	108	2	Clear Fork of Brazos river, Texas.
42	53.22	46.66	64.35	76.77	62.55	45.90	62.39	110	5	105	21	Oak creek, (Colorado river,) Texas.
43	55.49	46.48	64.91	82.43	66.86	48.86	65.76	112	5	107	31	Brazos river, Texas.
44	56.97	45.81	64.79	82.31	67.80	49.58	66.12	103	4	99	21	Leona river, Texas.
45	56.10	46.88	65.86	80.65	66.98	49.46	65.74 103		8	91	41	Near Colorado river, Texas.
46	52.41	43.09	62.86	76.96	62.46	47.24	62.38	100	7	93		Fredericksburg, Texas.
47	53.64	45.74	65.27	77.63	64.30	45.79	63.25	104	10	94	3	San Saba river, Texas.
48	61.83	50.95	69.68	82.16	71.26	53.92	69.25	103	14	89	31	San Antonio, Texas.
49	62.55	1 56.78	73.88	83.17	72.18	56.23	71.37	102	22	80	3	Nueces river, Texas.
 
494                                   METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR MONTHS, SEASONS, AND
Stations.
Lat.	Long.	Altitude above sea.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	April.	May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.
O '	O '	Feet.										
28 5	98 57	200	52.92	57.61	67.10	74.05	78.41	82.70	84.37	83.84	80.57	72.43
27 47	97 28	20	56.30	56.98	66.59	69.86	77.92	82.00	82.46	83.12	81.04	73.39
25 54	97 26	50	59.80	64.40	69.21	75.14	80.21	82.32	83.95	83.83	80.67	74.49
26 23	99 2	200	58.39	63.41	70.67	77.05	82.00	84.65	85.18	86.13	81.45	74.96
27 31	99 21	400	55.64	60.84	68.99	76.66	81.87	83.93	86.33	87.48	82.59	74.24
28 42	100 30	1,460	52.07	57.34	65.10	73.44	79.72	82.81	84.67	85.94	82.25	72.64
29 10	99 47	845	49.46	55.39	62.63	68.02	75.37	79.40	81.53	82.61	78.72	68.54
29 22	99 33	900	51.76	59.02	63.32	66.81	73.22	78.32	82.27	82.52	79.76	70.00
29 17	100 25	1,000	47.21	49.38	61.46	70.18	75.66	79.15	80.96	81.06	77.23	69.33
32 14	106 15	3,927	44.47	48.93	55.46	64.39	71.32	80.92	83.36	79.68	77.21	64.39
32 47	108 4	6,350	40.59	40.47	46.21	53.10	59.43	70.11	75.14	69.89	63.08	53.85
33 34	107 9	4,576	37.08	43.00	52.28	61.54	65.66	74.64	80.09	77.64	76.93	59.89
35 6	108 38	5,032	35.78	39.63	47.94	56.23	63.54	72.05	77.27	75.41	69.38	58.48
35 15	107 20	6,200	34.90	39.36	44.50	51.36	61.65	72.52	77.44	75.65	68.45	58.24
35 41	106 2	6,846	31.45	33.25	40.71	51.28	57.06	68.84	72.57	69.98	61.93	51.27
35 54	104 57	6,670	33.08	33.40	39.31	49.24	56.35	65.83	69.39	66.83	58.80	49.07
37 32	105 23	8,365	19.69	22.24	31.28	44.82	49.44	58.20	63.48	62.21	51.69	43.03
35 44	109 15	6,500	26.18	30.78	38.30	46.58	51.15	64.00	69.88	66.96	56.19	46.24
32 32	114 36	355	56.45	58.03	66,12	73.46	76.73	87.29	92.27	90.29	86.12	76.53
32 42	117 14	150	51.90	53.97	56.00	61.23	62.67	67.39	72.18	73.68	70.66	65.50
34 0	117 25	1,000	54.01	54.87	56.78	62.58	63.66	70.29	73.77	73.25	72.06	67.46
36 36	125 52	140	52.25	50.47	51.45	53.76	56.76	57.85	58.49	59.58	59.27	58.45
37 0 37 48	119 40 122 26	402 150	47.04 49.60	53.01 51.78	56.68 52.87	62.86 55.37	68.81 55.29	83.16 56.86	90.24 57.90	83.03 57.22	76.58 58.26	67.52 57.91
38 3 39 7 40 30 41 36 42 44	122 8 121 18 122 5 122 52 124 29	64 150 674 2.570 50	47.02 45.33 44.23 31.37 48.38	52.09 48.45 49.31 37.46 47.88	53.05 51.29 54.43 43.11 49.57	57.41 59.20 59.43 49.29 51.09	59.16 67.00 65.77 54.69 54.80	67.07 71.66 77.91 61.56 59.03	67.36 73.89 82.96 71.56 59.73	66.61 73.00 79.09 68.66 61.09	64.62 66.88 71.82 62.72 58.91	62.83 64.89 62.35 51.84 54.88
45 40	122 30	50	40.56	41.66	44.14	52.55	58.95	62.67	68.71	65.56	60.81	53.30
45 36	120 55	350?	33.09	40.01	46.45	52.98	59.58	67.09	73.22	70.77	61.71	53.61
47 10	122 25	300	38.67	40.58	42.90	48.88	55.84	60.65	64.23	63.80	57.75	52.35
40 46	112 6	4,351	27.12	35.01	39.75	50.20	65.25	71.29	80.55			
												
Fort Ewell............
Corpus Christi......
Fort Brown..........
Ringgold Barracks.
Fort Mcintosh......
Fort Duncan.........
Fort Inge .............
Fort Lincoln.........
Fort Clark............
Fort Fillmore........
Fort Webster.......
Fort Conrad..........
Albuquerque.........
Cebolletta.............
Fort Marcy..........
Fort Union...........
Fort Massachusetts
Fort Defiance........
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego.............
Rancho de Jurupa.
Monterey.............
Fort Miller............
Presidio San Francisco.
Benicia Barracks..,
Camp Far West...
Fort Reading........
Fort Jones...........
Fort Orford.........
Fort Vancouver ...
Fort Dalles..........
Fort Steilacoom ...
Great Salt Lake ...
    Note.—It was the intention of the compiler to include in this report a consolidated table of mean temperatures for months,
seasons, and years, and of extremes of temperature, giving the results of all the observations made at the military posts from
January, 1819, to January, 1860, a period of forty-one years.  A very great amount of labor was expended in the preparation
of such a table, involving the computation of nearly two and a half millions of observations.   It was, however, found impos-
sible to complete the table, with  the necessary accuracy, in time for this report. 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
495
YEARS,  AND OF EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE; CORRECTED FROM REPORT OF 1856.
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
64.77
64.89
69.14
67.23
64.69
61.86
59.16
55.64
60.31
51.22
43.61
45.58
44.12
43.70
38.57
37.14
27.08
35.66
64.41
56.92
57.81
54.16
55.48
54.31
54.26
52.04
52.91
41.81
51.92
46.51
 41.33
 44.97
 41.73
56.89
56.88
62.64
59.41
55.61
52.34
51.46
53.79
52.61
46.45
42.82
38.52
36.04
33.69
30.21
31.19
20.29
29.27
55.93
51.70
52.78
50.93
48.01
51.20
47.95
45.09
44.82
32.50
 46.17
36.51
33.66
 39.26
 34.11
73.18
71.46
74.85
76.57
75.84
72.75
68.67
67.78
69.10
63.72
52.91
59.83
55.90
52.50
49.68
48.30
41.84
45.34
72.10
59.97
61.01
53.99
62.78
54.51
56.54
59.16
59.88
 49.03
51.82
 51.88
 53.00
 49.21
 51.73
83.64
82.53
83.37
85.32
85.91
84.48
81.18
81.04
80.39
81.32
71.71
77.46
74.91
75.20
70.46
67.35
61.29
66.95
89.95
71.08
72.44
58.64
85.48
57.33
67.01
72.85
80.00
67.26
59.95
65.65
 70.36
 62.89
 75.92
Win.
72.59
73.11
74.77
74.54
73.84
72.25
68.81
68.47
68.96
64.27
53.51
60.80
57.33
56.80
50.59
48.34
40.58
46.03
75.69
64.36
65.78
57.29
66.53
56.83
60.57
61.27
62.36
52.12
55.24
53.54
52.22
51.69
55.81
56.72
62.28
60.40
57.36
53.92
52.10
54.86
49.73
46.62
41.29
39.53
37.15
35.98
31.64
32.56
20.74
28.74
56.80
52.29
53.89
51.22
49.35
50.86
49.02
46.29
46.12
33.78
47.48
39.54
35.59
39.50
32.08
71.30
70.95
73.82
74.21
73.24
70.85
67.69
68.04
67.04
63.98
54.85
59.40
56.32
55.12
50.59
49.14
41.11
46.76
73.63
61.93
63.28
55.29
66.04
54.88
58.29
59.89
62.09
50.54
53.62
52.65
52.79
50.82
Max.
Min.
Range.
100
 93
 98
108
108
109
106
101
103
107
100
101
107
100
102
 93
 89
 95
121
102
 96
 96
118
 89
105
107
110
101
 80
 98
105
 94
  19
  26
  22
  18
  17
  12
  19
  12
  15
  10
  12
   4
— 4
   3
—11
— 9
—13
  20
  19
  26
  28
  32
  23
  27
  19
  24
  15
    5
  30
 —  1
 —15
 —  1
 81
 67
 76
 90
 91
 97
 87
 89
 88
 97
 88
 97
111
 97
113
102
102
115
102
 76
 68
 64
 95
 62
 86
 83
 95
 96
 50
 99
 120
 95
No. of
years.
2
n
71
5|
6
6
6
2
3
3|
2i
31
41
21

5|
2
31
31
51
2?
4
32
32
51
21
3
21
2
41
31
 5|
 U
Locality.
Nueces river, Texas.
Corpus Christi, Texas.
Brownsville, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Rio Grande, Texas.
Leona river, Texas.
Rio Seco, Texas.
Rio Las Moras, Texas.
Near Mesilla, New Mexico.
Southern New Mexico.
Southern New Mexico.
Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Ceboletta, New Mexico.
Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Northern New Mexico.
Northern New Mexico.
Western New Mexico.
Colorado river, California.
San  Diego,  California.
Santa Ana valley, California.
Monterey, California.
San  Joaquin river,  California.
Near San Francisco, California.
Benicia, California.
Sacramento valley, California.
Dapper Sacramento  valley, California.
Scott's valley, California.
Port Orford, Oregon.
Columbia river, Washington.
 Columbia river, Oregon.
 Puget's  Sound, Washington.
 Utah.
    The mean temperatures for months, seasons, and years, given in this table, are recalculated from the report published in
1856, and do not embrace  the observations made since January, 1855.  The "maximum," "minimum," and "range" were
obtained for the uncompleted table above referred to, and include those results for the whole period during which observations
have been made; that is, from January, 1819, to January, 1860.  The column " No. of years," gives the periods for which the
mean temperatures of each station have been calculated.
                                                                                                         R.  H.  L. 
496
METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.
CONSOLIDATED  TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF  RAIN  FOR  MONTHS, SEASONS,  AND YEARS;  FROM
                                                       THE  REPORT OF  1856.
 Hancock Barracks.....
 Fort Sullivan..........
 Fort Preble.............
 Fort Constitution.......
 Watertown Arsenal....
 Fort Independence.....
 Fort Adams............
 Fort Trumbull.........
 Fort Hamilton.........
 Fort Columbus.........
 West Point............
 Watervliet Arsenal*....
 Plattsburg Barracks___
 Madison Barracks......
 Fort Ontario...........
 Fort Niagara...........
 Buffalo Barracks.......
 Alleghany Arsenal.....
 Carlisle Barracks......
 Fort Mifflin............
 Fort McHenry.........
 Fort Severn...........
 Fort Washington.......
 Fort Monroe...........
 Fort Johnston..........
 Fort Moultrie..........
 Augusta Arsenal.......
 Oglethorpe Barracks...
 Fort Marion...........
 Fort Shannon..........
 Fort Pierce (Capron)...
 Key West.............
 Fort Myers............
 Fort Brooke..........
 Fort Meade...... .....
 Cedar Keys ...........
 Fort Barrancas.........
 Mount Vernon Arsenal.
 Fort Wood............
 Fort Pike..............
 New Orleans Barracks.
 Baton Rouge...........
 Fort Jesup.............
 Fort Towson...........
 Fon Washita..........
 Fort Smith.............
Fort Gibson...........
Fort Scott.............
2.86
3.17
3.37
2.42
2.87
3.62
4.10
3.64
2.98
2.78
3.50
2.07
1.38
2.49
2.02
2.25
3.33
2.18
1.67
2.43
2.64
3.96
2.37
3.48
2.64
2.39
2.74
3.57
2.09
 .93
4.45
2.86
3.56
2.20
1.07
2.80
3.87
6.80
5.57
5.62
5.61
5.26
4.70
3.13
1.65
1.96
1.83
 1.91
 3.18
 3.39
 2.64
 2.85
 2.84
 4.17
 3.76
 3.57
 2.92
 3.44
 2.08
 1.20
 2.47
 2.07
 1.89
 1.54
 2.17
 2.41
 2.60
 2.70
 3.02
 3.81
 3.01
 1.75
 2.33
 2.43
 2.18
 1.63
 2.64
 2.72
 1.38
 2.24
 3.01
 1.01
 5.30
 4.95
 6.04
 1.88
 2.41
 2.90
 4.91
 2.76
2.97
2.88
2.17
2.26
1.92 I 1.18
 1.84
 3.16
 2.92
 2.16
 3.30
 1.53
 4.38
 4.67
 3.65
 3.44
 3.71
 2.19
 2.18
 3.05
 1.93
 2.12
 3.08
 2.70
 2.92
 4.63
 3.86
 3.13
 3.17
 3.74
 3.49
 4.06
 4.69
 7.11
 2.34
 7.16
 3.01
 4.21
 4.60
 3.37
 1.64
 1.80
 5.87
 4.59
 6.48
 7.13
 3.90
4.68
 5.02
4.38
 3.27
2.92
2.54
 1.79
April
2.83
2.80
4.14
3.44
3.70
3.72
5.00
2.63
3.42
3.33
4.55
2.92
2.55
2.66
1.98
2.20
2.59
3.10
2.75
3.44
3.56
1.97
5.30
3.01
0.59
1.75
1.47
2.91
1.56
2.47
3.85
1.55
3.14
1.95
1.78
1.40
2.94
4.21
5.37
4.98
3.29
5.22
4.86
5.33
3.94
5.10
4.19
3.70
May.
 2.95
 2.92
 5.05
 3.43
 3.75
 3.35
 4.51
 3.60
 4.62
 4.78
 6.18
 3.55
 3.63
 3.23
 2.27
 2.55
 2.83
 3.58
 3.38
 4.90
 3.71
 4.55
 4.10
 4.17
 2.75
 4.08
 .82
 3.43
 2.00
 2.86
 4.27
 2.58
 3.28
 3.24
 5.34
 .90
 4.05
 4.62
 4.28
 4.59
 4.10
 5.18
 3.80
5.84
5.98
4.46
4.65
7.08
series
 3.82
 2.15
 3.39
 3.01
 3.61
 2.42
 2.87
 2.49
 3.65
 3.46
 4.79
 3.73
 3.51
 2.75
 3.17
 3.28
 2.77
 3.56
 2.68
 2.87
 3.28
 4.03
 2.16
 4.41
 2.44
 4.15
 1.30
 4.65
 4.27
 6 54
14.28
 8.29
15.83
 7.04
 7.79
 6.40
 4.66
 6.14
 7.03
10.49
 4.97
 5.52
 4.61
 5.78
 5.04
 4.74
 4.30
 8.13
July.
 4.83
 4.28
 2.78
 2.40
 2.64
 3.00
 3.74
 3.34
 3.55
 3.17
 5.50
 3.51
 3.22
 4.51
 2.22
 3.49
 3.05
 2.97
 4.69
 4.77
 3.50
 4.14
 3.90
 6.10
 5.18
 6.72
  .79
 8.79
 3.24
 7.35
 5.16
 3.35
 8.45
11.10
 7.55
 4.07
 6.80
 6.30
 5.63
 8.46
 6.66
 7.42
 3.36
 4.62
 3.57
 3.82
 2.75
 4.55
Aug.
 2.27
 3.62
 4.11
 3.80
 4.41
 3.00
 4.83
 4.82
 4.44
 4.70
 5.15
 3.10
 3.30
 2.97
 2.24
 3.04
 3.41
 3.34
 2.30
 4.98
 4.26
 3.83
 6.78
 6.29
 7.90
 6.58
 1.57
 8.06
 3.03
 7.60
 6.81
 4.95
 7.87
10.10
 6.35
11.88
 7.23
 6.40
 4.64
 4.66
 5.65
 6.20
 2.97
 3.96
 2.66
 4.47
 2.63
 3.69
Sept.
 2.94
 3.17
 3.31
 2.43
 3.00
 2.52
 3.12
 1.94
 3.38
 3.31
 3.89
 3.24
 3.72
 3.78
 2.31
 3.95
 4.94
 2.68
 2.27
 3.19
 3.31
 8.42
 2.86
 4.68
 9.86
 5.83
 1.43
 4.07
 5.85
 4.33
 9.27
 7.79
10.29
 6.23
 4.85
 4.97
 5.25
 3.05
 4.13
 8.43
 2.20
 3.91
 3.02
 3.41
 3.87
 3.01
 2.30
 2.30
Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
3.92	3.29	2.71
3.29	3.39	4.26
4.25	4.37	4.17
3.29	3.23	3.32
3.85	3.98	4.11
2.39	4.36	2.55
5.15	5.39	5.20
5.50	5.72	3.58
2.80	3.75	3.84
3.40	3.59	3.93
4.34	4.39	4.71
3.00	2.93	2.33
3.67	2.66	2.37
5.13	3.60	3.14
4.35	3.11	3.21
2.37	2.36	2.27
4.72	3.88	2.66
2.87	2.68	3.13
2.62	2.79	3.53
3.72	3.51	4.23
3.53	3.68	3.97
3.46	4.29	3.81
2.08	5.28	3.21
3.61	3.58	4.81
2.42	4.04	2.95
2.44	1.79	2.80
1.89	1.19	3.88
1.95	1.19	3.42
2.42	1.29	2.08
3.78	1.60	1.42
5.36	2.21	1.59
6.38	1.18	3.13
.98	.69	2.26
2.40	2.00	2.83
1.50	.56	1.79
3.80	3.17	2.01
2.41	6.05	2.90
3.92	6.18	5.25
5.65	5.82	4.15
3.72	6.81	4.62
2.74	4.68	4.20
2.67	5.90	5.23
3.80	2.92	4.03
4.59	4.23	2.84
3.06	3.85	1.89
3.43	3.49	2.53
3.85	3.10	2.06
2.66	3.43	1.69
Spring.
 7.62
 8.88
12.11
 9.03
10.75
 8.60
13.89
10.90
11.69
11.55
14.44
 8.66
 8.36
 8.94
 6.18
 6.87
 8.50
 9.38
 9.05
12.97
11.13
 9.65
12.57
10.92
 6.83
 9.89
 6.78
13.45
 5.90
12.49
11.13
 8.34
11.02
 8.56
 8.76
 4.10
12.86
13.42
16.13
16.70
11.29
15.08
13.68
15.55
13.19
12.48
11.38
12.57
 11  92
 10.05
 10.28
 9.21
 10.66
 8.42
 11.44
 10.65
 11.64
 11.33
 15.44
 10.34
 10.03
 10.23
 7.63
 9.81
 9.23
 9.87
 9.67
 12.62
 11.04
 12.00
 12.84
 16.80
 15.52
 17.45
 3.66
23.50
10.54
21.49
26.25
16.59
32.15
28.24
20.68
22.35
18.69
18.84
 17.30
23.61
17.28
19.14
10.94
 14.36
 11.27
 13.03
 9.68
 16.37
Autumn
  9.95
  9.85
 11.93
  8.95
 10.83
  9.27
 13.66
 13.16
  9.93
 10.30
 12.62
  9.17
 10.05
 12.51
  9.77
  8.68
 13.54
 8.23
 7.68
 10.42
 10.52
 16.17
 10.22
 11.87
 16.32
 10.06
 4.51
 7.21
 9.56
 9.71
 16.84
15.35
 11.96
 10.63
 6.91
 11.94
13.71
13.15
15.60
 18.96
 9.62
12.48
 9.74
 12.23
 10.78
 9.93
 9.25
 8.39
Measurements of snow (melted) incomplete.  A series of twenty years' observation at Albany gives 40 inches as the mean annual precipitation, 
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
497
CONSOLIDATED  TABLE  OF  MEASUREMENTS  OF RAIN  FOR  MONTHS, SEASONS,  AND YEARS,  FROM
                                                       THE REPORT  OF  1856.
Jan.  Feb. . Mar.
Jefferson Barracks.....
St. Louis Arsenal.....,
Detroit Barracks......
Fort Gratiot..........
Fort Mackinac........
Fort Brady............
Fort Howard.........
Fort Winnebago......
Fort Crawford........
Fort Atkinson........
Fort Des Moines......
Fort Snelling.........
Fort Ripley...........
Fort Leavenworth___
Fort Dodge............
Fort Kearny..........
Fort Laramie.........
Fort Arbuckle........
Fort Belknap.........
Fort Worth...........
Phantom Hill..........
Fort Chadbourne.....
Fort Graham..........
Fort Croghan..........
Fort McKavett.......
San Antonio..........
Corpus Christi........
Fort Ewell............
Fort Merrill...........
Fort Brown...........
Ringgold Barracks ....
Fort Mcintosh........
Fort Duncan..........
Fort Inge.............
Fort Clark............,
El Paso and Fort Bliss ,
Fort Fillmore.........,
Fort Conrad..........,
Albuquerque...........
Cebolleta...............
Santa Fe.............,
Fort Union............
Fort Massachusetts....
Fort Defiance.........
Fort Yuma...........
San Diego............
Rancho de Jurupa.....
Monterey............
1.91
1.93
2.18
2.04
3.37
1.38
2.19 ! 1.76
1.25
1.84
1.19
 .91
1.19
 .71
 .95
 .73
 .86
 .72
 .65
 .50
 .27
 .51
 .06
1.56
 .26
 .60
1.42
1.44
 .62
 .80
3.96
 .76
 .23
1.61
1.24
 .26
 .26
 .64
 .30
   0
 .01
 .06
 d4
 .30
 .31
 .19
 .23
1.08
 .03
  83
 .95
1.68
 .82
1.13
 .87
 .82
1.24
 .83
 .67
 .52
 .37
1.01
 .42
 .48
 .71
3.01
1.07
4.54
 .80
1.55
5.24
4.61
1.57
4.41
2.37
4.73
2.09
2.25
1.18
1.46
1.27
2.21
1.36
 .90
 .10
 .11
 .20
1.61
 .57
 .^9
 .72
 .65
 .39
 .01
1.50
1.50
(i3-
3.32
3.82
2.86
2.82
1.14
1.37
1.70
1.07
1.92
2.54
1.42
1.30
1.80
1.61
1.43
1.55
1.37
1.08
  .83
3.61
  .54
  .75
4.55
4.72
1.23
2.94
1.25
  .71
  .09
1.20
  .72
  .59
1.34
1.79
  .86
   0
  .21
  .14
  .38
  .36
1.29
  .37
  .94
1.68
  .20
1.40
3.12
3.-27
April
3.06
4.16
2.92
2.51
1.21
1.83
3.33
2.2G
2.99
4.68
3.83
2.14
1.42
2.74
3.04
2.68
1.93
2.08
1.36
4.30
  .45
1.57
4.53
3.88
1.29
2.80
4.01
1.12
1.62
  .56
1.08
1.03
  .71
1.26
1.14
   0
  .20
  .04
  .32
  .75
  .80
  .53
  .42
  .51
  .07
  .77
  .33
  .63
May.  June. July.  Aug
4.18
4.88
2.73
2 69
2.32
2.24
3.97
2.25
2.72
5.00
1.61
3.17
3.09
3.62
3.45
6.57
5.39
4.99
4.90
6.59
2.85
6.20
2.90
3.01
3.34
2.89
4.68
5.11
3.43
2.21
2.69
2.45
1.50
3.01
2.70
 .70
 .34
 .33
 .40
 .12
 .74
1.57
2.14
 .72
   0
 .57
1.14
 .53
5.07	3.67
6.94	4.00
3.91	3.20
3.74	3.37
2.81	3.20
2.83	3.75
4.93	5.51
4.24	4.21
3.74	3.48
6.68	8.67
6.58	2.01
3.63	4.11
5.15	5.20
5.80	3.15
5.16	1.57
4.36	5.07
2.95	1.83
3.95	2.68
4.74	1.14
3.73	2.38
2.90	1.15
4.61	3.36
2.71	2.15
3.33	3.39
2.92	2.92
6.15	3.23
5.63	4.89
7.85	2.90
4.10	6.13
4.55	1.95
3.47	2.13
3.61	2.48
5.63	3.35
5.38	3.66
5.03	1.98
.02	.57
.54	2.50
.78	1.28
1.72	1.36
.14	.55
1.32	4.18
2.00	4.07
.74	2.59
1.11	1.57
0	.18
.15	.01
0	0
.13	.08
4.14
3.15
2.18
2.88
2.87
3.39
4.01
3.01
4.05
5.08
2.34
3.18
2.27
3,29
1.42
2.62
 .92
2.35
 .43
2.69
 .03
2.49
2.06
1.08
 .85
 .84
2.91
2.43
3 40
2.76
1.50
1.24
 .93
2.02
1.52
2.97
1.40
1.18
2.37
1.22
3.40
3.55
2.05
3.73
1.13
 .39
 .09
   0
Sept.	Oct.
2.88	2.76
2.38	3.23
3.31	2.04
4.10	2.66
2.97	2.12
4.33	3.35
3.11	2.36
3.62	2.00
4.06	2.04
2.81	1.51
3.58	1.00
3.32	1.35
4.92	1.30
3.32	1.84
2.55	3.26
1.83	.88
1.33	1.26
2.98	2.76
1.05	3.79
2.06	3.29
2.55	3.41
3.29	3.27
.80	4.24
2.24	2.11
3.64	3.02
2.80	1.05
6.73	2.37
4.96	2.36
4.60	1.38
6.73	5.68
3.22	2.15
3.02	.96
3.28	1.43
2.21	2 70
2.37	2.21
1.88	1.07
1.26	.54
1.25	.50
.86	.50
3.60	1 59
2.55	1.60
2.45	1.25
1.39	1.10
2.64	1.05
.58	.10
.03	.05
0	0
.01	.33
2.38
3.10
2.06
2.10
1.92
3.08
2.37
2.01
1.80
 .50
 .32
1.31
2.20
2.17
2.38
1.11
1.37
3.16
1.41
4.14
1.34
2.43
4.73
3.89
1.39
3.72
1.05
 .49
1.82
2.67
 .94
1.C8
1.61
2.08
1.78
2.30
1.50
 .78
 .71
 .68
1.87
1.42
6.34
 .98
 .18
1.16
1.67
2.42
1.99
1.30
1.80
1.24
2.21
1.30
1.09
1.57
 .73
2.25
 .67
 .90
1.02
1.99
 .33
 .65
1.02
 .62
1.97
 .94
1.76
5.25
2.86
 .48
2.14
1.26
1.16
1.93
1.48
 .63
 .48
 .89
1.03
 .65
 .80
 .63
 .31
 .46
1.13
1.20
 .85
1.88
 .92
 .38
3.06
4.97
Spring. Summer AutumnlWinter.J  Year.
       I
1.31  I 2.73
10.56
12.86
 8.51
 8.02
 4.67
 5.44
 9.00
 5.58
 7.63
12.22
 6.86
 6.61
 6.31
 7.97
 7.92
10.80
 8.69
 8.15
 7.09
14.50
 3.84
 8.52
11.98
11.61
 5.86
 8.63
 9.94
 6.94
 5.14
 3.97
 4.49
 4.07
 3.55
 6.06
 4.60
  .70
  .75
  .51
 1.10
 1.23
 2.83
 2.47
 3.50
 2.91
  .27
 2.74
 •1.5<J
  1.43
12.88
14.09
 9.29
 9.99
 8.88
 9.97
14.45
11.46
11.87
20.43
10.93
10.92
12.62
12.24
 8.15
12.05
 5.70
 8.98
 6.31
 8.80
 4.08
10.46
 6.02
 7.80
 6.69
10.22
13.43
13.18
13.63
 9.26
 7.10
 7.33
 9.91
11.06
 8.53
 3.56
 4.44
 3.24
 5.45
 1.91
 8.90
 9.62
 5.38
 6.41
 1.31
   .55
   .09
   .21
 8.02
 8.71
 7.41
 8.86
 7.01
10.76
 7.84
 7.63
 7.90
 4.82
 4.90
 5.98
 8.42
 7.33
 8.19
 3.82
 3.96
 8.90
 6.85
 9.49
 7.30
 8.99
 9.77
 8.24
 8.05
 7.57
10.15
 7.81
 7.80
15.08
 6.31
 5.06
 6.32
 6.99
 6.36
 5.25
 3.30
 2.53
 2.07
 5.87
 6.02
 5.12
 8.83
 4.67
   .86
 1.24
  1.67
  1.65 
498
METEOROLOGICAL  REGISTER.
CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF  MEASUREMENTS  OF  RAIN  FOR MONTHS,  SEASONS, AND YEARS, FROM
                                                   THE REPORT OF  1856.
Stations.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	April.	May.	June.	July.	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Spring.	Summer	Autumn	Winter.	Year.
Fort Miller...............	1.34 3.23 2.18 3.32 3.75 1.97 8.81 9.62 3.16 15.30	1.69 3.31 1.66 .63 4.09 2.07 6.35 3.38 1.04 1.47	6.40 4.61 3.48 6.36 4.53 3.13 8.24 3.79 1.07 2.20	1.81 3.72 2.33 2.23 3.92 1.50 5.64 2.74 .99 3.09	1.36 .48 .59 .43 2.85 .75 5.24 2.75 .57 1.95	.01 .02 .01 0 .31 .52 1.06 2.68 .13 .55	.01 0 0 0 0 .16 .16 2.85 .03 .36	0 .01 0 0 .08 .21 1.78 .70 .26 .81	.05 .09 .01 .18 .01 0 ,19 .99 .78 2.68	.19 .84 .69 .10 .92 2.33 11.10 2.55 .83 3.96	3.35 2.44 1.95 3.46 3.96 2.97 8.31 6.76 2.55 3.02	8.31 4.84 3.72 4.61 4.60 1.16 11.64 6.69 2.91 3.93	9.57 8.81 6.40 9.02 11.30 5.38 19.12 9.28 2.63 7.24	.02 .03 .01 0 .39 .89 3.00 6.23 .42 1.72	3.59 3.37 2.65 3.74 4.89 5.30 19.60 10.30 4.16 9.66	11.34 11.38 7.56 8.56 12.44 5.20 26.80 19.69 7.11 20.70	24.51
																	23.59
																	16.62
																	21.32
																	29.02
																	16.77
Fort Orford..............																	66.52
																	45.50
Fort Dalles..............																	14.32
																	39.32
																	
    * The measurements of rain at Fort Steilacoom having been incorrectly made for the years 1852, 1853, and 1854, the amount for 1851 only is given
iu this table.
NOTE.
    This table gives the mean results of measurements of rain at the military posts from 1836 to 1854, inclusive—nineteen years.  It has been found
impracticable to designate, in the table, the years and parts of years during which the amount of rain was measured at each post; but this information
may be obtained by consulting the report of 1856, or the Army Meteorological Register published in 1855.
    It was the intention of the compiler to incorporate in this table the results of all measurements  of rain at the military posts, from 1836 (when rain
gauges were first furnished) to 1860, but it was found impracticable to do so in time for this report.
                                                                                                                     R. II. C. 
NOTES  AND ERRATA. 
 
NOTES  AND  ERRATA.
REPORT  ON THE  SICKNESS AND MORTALITY  IN  THE AMY.
                                              NOTES.

    The acknowledgments and thanks of the  compiler are justly due  to Hospital  Steward Charles Harling, United
States Army, for his very able and intelligent assistance in the preparation of this  report, and in its passage through the
press.
    It has been ascertained that some errors escaped detection in the proof sheets.  That these are not more numerous is due
as much to the very great care exercised by both compositors and proof readers as to the supervision of the compiler.
                                              ERRATA.

    Page  11, in first table, for " fouth" read fourth.
          11, in second table, for " cartarrhus" read catarrhus.
          19, line twenty-one from top, for " affluvia" read effluvia.
          29, third table, last column, for " 12" read 18.
          37, line eight from top, for " cretacious" read cretaceous.
          38, paragraph " Plants," for "and and" read and.
          97, line four from bottom, for " This first" read The first
         153, bottom line, for " arisin" read arising.
         156, 157, 159, 160, for " hammock" read hummock.
         184, line twenty-nine from top, for " conjestions" read congestions.
         193, line four from top, for " prevelent" read prevalent,
         208, line eleven from bottom, for " weasle" read weasel.
         263, line three from bottom, for " ready" read readily.
         286, line twenty-nine from top, for " expistaxis" read epistaxis.
         299, line twenty-six from bottom, for " abobes" read adobes.
         323, in table, for " Dilirium tremens" read Delirium tremens.
         330, line ten from top, for " of present" read of the present.
    In the fifth column of the table, on page 195, the figures " 34" should read 24.  This primary error renders the following
corrections necessary in that table:
          For 120, 1 in 20, 9.1, I For 427, 2,823, 1 in 74.3, 214,
         read 110, 1 in 18, 8.3. | read 417, 2,813, 1 in 74,   213.
    The misplacement of the figures " 37" from  the appropriate line " obstipatio" to " hepatitis chronica," in one of the
abstracts (page 79) from which  the tables on page 43 were compiled, led to  an  error which affected  so many of the results
given in those tables as to render it advisable to reprint them with the proper corrections.  The error wns detected  in reading
the proof of the abstracts, and corrected therein, but the tables had then been printed. 
502
NOTES  -AND ERRATA.
DISEASES OF THE ORGANS  CONNECTED WITH THE DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.
                              (Corrected from page 43.)
Gluarters ■
Strength,
14,185.
Cases. Deaths
13,233.
Cases. Deaths
13,200.
Cases.  Deaths,
14,956.
Cases.  Death
13,892.
Cases. Deaths.
o *p
o v
"5
Cholera Asiatica....................
Diarrhoea.............................
Dysenteria acuta...................
Dysenteria chronica...............
Enteritis...............................
Hepatitis acuta......................
Hepatitis chronica.................
Obstipatio.............................
All other diseases of this class.
      Total............

Exclusive of cholera.
  1
332
 80
  6
  0
  2
  6
198
284
31	15
717	0
169	1
2	1
3	0
9	0
6	1
280	0
329	0
1,862
  388
   16
    5
   12
    3
  321
  381
13
 5
 1
 3
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
    0
1,041
  181
   18
    7
    6
    6
  264
  337
  118
3,952
  818
   42
   15
   29
   21
1,063
1,331
28
16
 4
 9
 2
 0
 3
 0
 5
lin
lin
lin
lin
lin
Oin
lin
  4
247
202
  5
  7
 29
  7
Oin 1,063
1 in   226
909
14
1,546
3,074   22
1,860
13
7,389
67
lin   110
7,271
39
1 in   186
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
            (Corrected from page 43.)
	FIRST.		SECOND.		THIRD.		FOURTH.		YEAR.		o & a T3 . **- ?! o g> .2 ° o p. p £	o o
												
	14,	185.	13,233.		13,200.		14,956.		13,892.			to w
												O tl 'hi S
Diseases.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.	Cases.	Deaths.		o c o <~ Z O
	96 1,396 9 69 37 30	3 0 9 0 7 1	45 729 10 51 44 33	1 0 6 2 1 0	44 560 14 28 12 55	1 0 8 0 1 0	104 1,401 11 49 42 26	0 0 4 1 6 1	289 4,086 44 197 135 144	5 0 27 3 15 2	lin 58 Oin 4,086 lin 1.6 1 in 66 lin 9 lin 72	21 295
												3.1
												14
												9
All other diseases of this class......												10
Total...............................	1,637	20	912	10	713	10	1,633	12	4,895	52	lin 94	352
												
	379	2	443	0	416	1	483	0	1,721	3	1 in 574	123
												
 
NOTES  AND'ERRATA.
                  ERRATA  IN  THE  STATISTICAL REPORT  OF  1856.

    The minute examination of the " Statistical Report on the  Sickness and Mortality in  the Army from January, 1839, to
January, 1855," necessary to the preparation of the present report, has led to the detection of the following errors:
    Page  31, between the two tables, for " 4.5 per cent.," read 4.5 to 1.
          44, third line from bottom, for " 31.40 inches," read 34.65 inches.
         117, bottom line, "Total cases," for " 5,107," read 5,109.
         121, bottom line, " Total cases," for  " 6,125," read 6,135.
         127, bottom line, " Total cases," for " 3,839," read 3,836.
         131, bottom line, " Total cases," for " 4,320," read 4,313.
         146, eighth line from top, for "2.19 per cent.," read 2.19 to 1.
         203, bottom line, " Total cases," for " 5,253," read 5,255.
         250, between the two tables, for " cases treated to the number of troops," read deaths to cases treated.
         289, bottom line, " Total died," for " 16," read 17.
         301, bottom line, " Total cases," for " 6,769," read 6,789.
         334, between the two tables, for "The ratio of deaths to the number of troops," read  The ratio of deaths to cases
              treated.
         405, bottom line, " Total cases," for " 3,452," read 3,482.
         426, second line from top, for " Canoncito honito," read Cahoncito Bonito.
         441, fourteenth line from bottom, for " illy lighted," read ill lighted.
         443, nineteenth line from top, for " is rest and seclusion," read are rest and seclusion.
         492, Mean strength 1843, for " 9,636," read 9,863.
         493, bottom line of table, " Total cases," for " 352,685," read 352,785.
         494, last line but one, for " 1 in 14," read 1 in 114.  (This error was caused by the breaking of the type.)
                           METEOROLOGICAL   REGISTER.

                                      EXPLANATORY   REMARKS.

     In the preparation of the meteorological tables submitted as an appendix to this report, the compiler has made every effort
 to avoid errors and to present the results of the observations with as much accuracy as possible.  The proof sheets have been
 compared not only with  the " copy," but also with the original registers.   In no instance has an original record been altered,
 without the fact and the  reason being stated in a note.  The compiler  considers  it due to himself to state, what, indeed, is
 self-evident, that he is not responsible for the  correctness of the observations as originally recorded by the  observers. The
 directions given for the guidance of medical officers in taking and recording meteorological observations are clear and concise,
 and it is  to be presumed  that they have been adhered to, unless there be evidence to the contrary.
     It is not expected that these registers will prove to be free from errors, especially in the secondary results, or results  obtained
 by calculation.  These it would be impossible  to  examine critically in  the time  allowed for  reading  the proof.  As regards
 primary results, the only  known errors are the following:
     Page 347, Fort Fillmore, 2 p. m., for " 70.16," read 90.16.
         427, Fort Bridger, range of temperature, for " 38 | 20 | 18," read 38 | —20 | 58.
         457, seventh line from top, range of temperature, for "96 | 20 | 76," read 93 | —9 | 102.
     There is reason to believe that at some few stations the directions respecting the position of the thermometer have  not been
 observed, and that the instrument has been exposed to either the " direct  or reflected rays  of the sun."  There is satisfactory
 evidence that such has been the case at Albuquerque and at Fort Steilacoom, but for how long a time is not known.
     There is also  intrinsic evidence that the measurements of rain are  occasionally erroneous; that the lower part of the
 measuring scale has been read in tenths instead of hundredths of an inch, and the  upper part in inches instead  of  tenths and
 twentieths of an inch.  • Where erroneous measurements were suspected, the endeavor has been to ascertain the fact and apply
 the proper correction.  At Fort Steilacoom the error, as detected and reported by Assistant Surgeon George Suckley, consisted
 in applying the measuring stick with the point at the mark xl$, instead  of at the bottom of the scale.  At Albuquerque, the
 scale was read in hundredths  instead of tenths of an inch, in 1858.  This error is corrected in the summary for that year.
    The correctness of the measurements of rain at Fort Hoskins and at the Block House, on Silitz river, Oregon, are vouched
for by Assistant Surgeon Lewis Taylor.
    The amount of rain at Fort Moultrie, Charleston  harbor, in August, 1859, as reported by Surgeon B. M. Byrn.', United
States Army, was 24.42  inches, of which 16.45 inches fell in forty-seven and one half hours.  In answer to an official inquiry,
Surgeon Byrne vouched  for the  correctness of that record.  His reply  to a private  note from myself, though  not official, is
introduced for the purpose of showing that unusual records of rain arc not necessarily erroneous.
503 
504
NOTES  AND  ERRATA.
                                                            " Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, September 18, 1859.
    " Dear Doctor: I have received your letter of the 13th instant, and take no exception, I assure you, to the doubt whioh
you express of the accuracy with which the register of the rain gauge was kept at this  post  during the month of August,
especially when expressed in such courteous terms.  On  the  contrary, I duly appreciate  and respect the laudable solicitude
which you manifest on the subject."

    "Although 16.45 inches of rain was an  excessively large quantity to have fallen in forty-seven and  one half hours, I
cannot perceive anything incredible in the  occurrence.  Neither can  I  regard  the  quantity of rain which may have fallen in
Charleston as any criterion of that which fell at Sullivan's Island, any more than I could the quantity which fell  in Washington
or San Francisco.  The rains in the Southern  States, during the  summer months, are extremely partial, as  has been fully
illustrated this season in different parts of South Carolina.  In several districts in this State the crops have been destroyed by
drought, while in districts not five miles distant they have met the same fate from excessive rains.  A slip which  I here inclose,
from the Charleston Courier, exhibits in a very striking light the fact just stated.   If two inches could fall during one  and half
an hour in one part of the city, while but 0.35 fell at the same time about two miles  distant, it may be readily believed that even
if only six and three quarter inches fell in Charleston during thirty hours, 16.45 or even twice that quantity might have fallen
in forty-seven and one half hours at Sullivan's Island, which  is seven miles distant. But, in order  to remove,  if possible, all
scepticism, I shall detail some facts on the subject.  My  hospital attendant, on whose word I can  implicitly rely, informs me
that he emptied an overflowing rain-gauge three times between 2.30, p. m., on the 22d, and 2, p. m., on the 24th of August; and
the hospital steward, whose fidelity I do not doubt, positively assures me that he emptied the gauge three  times (not quite full
each time) within the same period, and that he scrupulously noted  the quantity which fell.  As to  myself, I entertain no doubt
about the accuracy of the report, nor does the quantity noted at all surprise me."

    " Although no ' desolating flood' was  occasioned on this  sandy island by the  rain in question, the streets were for many
hours  impassable, and such was the deluge that the water on  my kitchen floor (which  is nearly on a level with  the street) was
over a foot in depth.
                                                       " Yours, very truly,
                                                                                                "B. M. BYRNE.
    " Dr. R.  H. Coolidge, United States Army."

                                             [From the Charleston Courier.]
    A Partial Rain.—On Thursday there was a very heavy rain  in the upper part of the city.   From 2.30, p. m., to 4, p. m.,
a gauge at the United States Arsenal showed a fall of two inches, while, for the same time, the gauge of the City Registrar, in
Tradd street, showed only 0.35 inches.
                         METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERYATIONS.

    The directions now in force for taking meteorological observations at the military posts are as follows:

    The following " Directions for taking Meteorological Observations" will be  observed, in all respects, with the utmost
 strictness and regularity.
    The senior medical officer on duty at each military station is responsible for the accuracy of the meteorological observations
 made at the station, and will sign each register.
    Within five days after the close of each month, a fair copy of the Meteorological Register (Form No. 11) will be trans-
 mitted, under cover, addressed directly to the Surgeon General.
    The department expects that the medical officers will instruct hospital stewards in the proper mode of taking and recording
 these observations, and give to the subject their personal supervision.  If the register be inspected daily, at the time of signing
 the morning report, errors would be promptly corrected with very little trouble to the medical officer.

                                                     DIRECTIONS.

    Observations  of the  barometer, with its attached  thermometer, of the thermometer (detached) and hygrometer, of the
 direction and force of the  wind, and of the weather, will be made at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m.
    At every  fall of rain,  snow, hail, or sleet, the time of its commencement and end  will be recorded, and the quantity which
 fell, as indicated by the rain gauge.
    Each of the above observations will be registered,  as soon as made, in its  appropriate column.  Should, however, an
 observation be from necessity omitted at any of the regular periods, it is  enjoined  that a blank  be left  on  the register in the
 place  where the omitted observation should have been recorded.
    At the end of the month add up each column of figures on the register under the heads of" Barometer" and " Thermometer
Attached," and divide the  sum by the number of days  on which  observations were made.  The quotient will be placed at the
foot of each column upon  the line marked  "Monthly Mean." 
NOTES  AND  ERRATA.                                       505
    One third of the sum of the three daily observations of the  thermometer and hygrometer will be registered as the  daily
mean.  The sum of the observations recorded in the 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. columns, divided by the number of observa-
tions made during the month at those hours, respectively, will give the monthly mean for each of those hours; and one third
of the sum of these three mean results is to be recorded as the average mean for the month.   The correctness of this last result
is to be proved by adding the " daily means" and dividing by the number of days  of observation.  The  two results should
approximate very closely, if the additions and divisions have been correctly made.
    The  " (Quantity of Rain" will also be added up, and the sum placed at the foot of the proper column.
    In all entries on the register, fractions will be expressed in decimals, carried out two points.

                                  BAROMETER AND ATTACHED THERMOMETER.

    The  barometers now in use by the department are the syphon, of Bunten, and the cistern, of Green.
    Special directions for observing those instruments, respectively, will  be  issued with each barometer, or will be furnished
to the medical officers on application to the Surgeon General.

                                          THERMOMETER (DETACHED.)

    The  thermometer will be placed in a situation having a free circulation of air, not exposed to the direct or reflected rays
of the sun, and  sheltered from rain.  Its  situation should be remote from massive walls, which slowly imbibe or part with
caloric.  In making observations, avoid breathing on the instrument, or touching it;  and at night manage your lamp so as not
to cause a rise of the mercury by its heat.

                                                   HYGROMETER.

    The hygrometer adopted by this department consists essentially of a thermometer, the bulb of which is covered with floss
silk inclosed in a piece of thin muslin, the ends of the silk sufficiently long to dip into water contained in a  brass  reservoir
secured immediately below the bulb.   In the top of this reservoir is a small opening to admit  the  silk, and to  the front is
attached  a cylinder communicating with the interior by a small hole.  The reservoir is to be kept always  supplied with water
poured into it through the cylinder, and the bulb will be constantly moistened by capillary absorption.
    Should the floss silk become incrusted with saline particles, or with dirt, it may be cleaned by gently syringing it with
warm water, or by means of a soft brush or camel's hair pencil; and in the event of the reservoir becoming filled with sediment,
it may be removed from the  case  by taking  out the screws by which it is attached, when it  may be freely rinsed, and the
sediment detached with  a feather introduced through  the  opening in  the top.  To  prevent such accumulations, the  use  of
filtered rain or of distilled water is recommended.  An  extra quantity of silk will be issued with  each instrument, and if it be
found necessary to apply a new covering to the bulb, it may be readily done by first removing the reservoir as above directed,
and taking care that the floss silk is accurately  spread over the surface of the bulb inside  of the gauze, before tying the thread
above it.   In those instruments in which the  bulb of the hygrometer is  curved forward, it will not be necessary to  remove the
reservoir in order to apply a new cover.  In freezing weather, when the covering of the bulb remains dry, it will be necessary
to moisten it with cold water, about fifteen or twenty minutes before the time  for making the  observation; the evaporation
from the film of ice thus formed being slower than that from water.   When recourse is had to this special moistening of the
bulb, the  fact will be noted in the column for remarks.
    The directions respecting the position and exposure of the thermometer will be observed in regard to the hygrometer.

                                                       WIND.

    The direction and estimated force  of the wind will  be registered together.
    The direction will be expressed, as is customary, by the letters which denote the points of the compass, as W., S. W., &c.
The force of the wind will be expressed by figures from 0 to 10, thus:
0 will signify a calm.
a barely perceptible breeze.
a gentle breeze.
a moderate breeze.
a brisk breeze.
a strong Avind.
6 will signify a very strong wind.
7      "     a storm.
8      "     a great storm.
9      "     a hurricane.
10
a violent hurricane.
    For example: should the wind blow a brisk breeze from S. W., the expression in the register would be S. W., 4.
    The whole number of times any point of the compass is recorded during the month gives the " number of observations,"
and that number divided by 3 gives the number of days from that point.   The results thus obtained are to be registered under
" Summary of Winds and Weather."
                 64---s 
506
NOTES  AND ERRATA.
                                                    WEATHER.

    Observations on the weather will be recorded as fair or cloudy; and the number of fair  and cloudy days during the month
will be ascertained by dividing the sum total of each record by 3.  The number of days on which it rains or snows will be
noted separately.

                                                      RAIN.

    The instrument used to measure the quantity of rain which falls is the conical rain gauge.
    It will be kept remote from all elevated structures, at a distance at least equal to their height, and still further off where it
can be conveniently done.  It is to be suspended in a circular opening made in a board, which is to  be fixed  to a post, eight
feet from the ground; the opening to  be five inches in diameter, and beveled so as to fit the side of the gauge, into which the
cap is to be fixed, base downwards, to prevent evaporation.   The  measurement is made by putting down perpendicularly to
the bottom of the gauge the measuring stick, and applying it, from  its point to the water mark, on the scale, which will express
the quantity in inches or their decimals.  The graduation of the scale is by hundredths of an inch for the first three tenths of
an inch, and above that by tenths and half tenths.  Parts of degrees will be  measured by the eye, and set down in decimals.
If a rain continue for  any length of time, the quantity in the gauge  will be measured at suitable intervals before the water rises
high in it, and the measurements summed up at the close.
    In freezing weather when the rain gauge cannot be used out of doors, it will be taken into the  room, and  a tin vessel will
be substituted, for receiving the snow, rain, or sleet, that may then fall.  This vessel must  have its  opening  exactly equal to
that of the rain gauge, and widen downwards to  a sufficient depth with-a considerable slope.  It should be placed where
nothing can obstruct the descending snow from entering, and where no drift snow can be blown into it.  During a continued
snow storm, the  snow may be occasionally pressed down.  The contents of the vessel must be  melted by placing it near the
fire, with a cover to prevent evaporation, and the water produced poured into the gauge to ascertain its quantity, which must
then be entered on the register.
                                                     NOTE.

    The military posts are supplied with the " Nine-inch Conical Rain Gauge."  The contents of a cone nine inches high are
equal to the contents of a cylinder three inches high, having its diameter equal to that of the base of the cone.   Three inches
fall of rain will fill such a cone.  A description of this gauge, and the principles upon which it is constructed, may be found in
" Silliman's Journal of Science and Arts," vol. 22, p. 321, July, 1832.
                                                     NOTE.

    The compiler regrets to find, when  too late  for correction, that the maximum and minimum temperatures given in  the
yearly summaries for 1855, 1856, 1857,1858, and 1859, are in some instances incorrect.  In the preparation of those summaries,
the duty of finding the maximum and minimum temperatures, as correctly recorded in the monthly tables, was intrusted to an
assistant, and being so simple a task, and so easy of execution, the results were  not  examined by the compiler with  the care
he bestowed on other portions of the work, where errors were more to be expected.   The assistant has, evidently, selected his
maximum temperatures  from the records for June, July, and August; and the  minimum temperatures,generally, from those
for December and January; neglecting the higher temperatures occasionally recorded  in May and September, and the lower in
February and March.
    The errors may be corrected by consulting the monthly tables.                                           r. h. C. 
CONTENTS. 
m 
CONTENTS.
                                                                                                       Page.
Report of the Secretary of War.................................................................................................................        3
Letter of the Surgeon General to the Secretary of War, transmitting a copy of this report.................................        3
Letter of Assistant Surgeon R. H. Coolidge to the  Surgeon General, respecting the general plan and arrangement
    of this report....................................................................................................................................        4

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................        7
                                   NORTHERN DIVISION.

North Atlantic Region—Coast of New England..........................................................................................         9
      Forts Sullivan, Preble, Constitution, Independence, Adams, and Trumbull..............................................         9
      Diseases occurring among the troops on the coast of New England.........................................................         9
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
           1. From all causes..................................................................................................................         9
           2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        10
           3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system ..............................................        11
           4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        11

North Atlantic Region—JVew York Harbor.............................................................................................        12
      Forts Columbus, Wood, and Hamilton.............................................................................................        12
      Diseases occurring among the troops in New York harbor.....................................................................        12
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
           1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        12
           2. From fevers............................................. ..........................................................................        13
           3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system ..............................................        24
           4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        25
      Fort Columbus.—Yellow fever.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Lafayette Guild..........................................     13-23
      Fort Columbus.—Asiatic cholera........................................................................................................     24-25

North Interior Region—East of the Great Lakes..........................................................................................        25
      Forts Kent and Fairfield, Hancock Barracks, Plattsburg Barracks, Watervliet Arsenal, and West Point......        25
      Diseases occurring among the cadets and troops at West Point...............................................................        25
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
           1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        26
           2. From fevers........................................................................................................................        26
           3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system..............................................        27
           4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        27
      West Point.—Epidemic catarrh.........................................................................................................     27-28
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the North Interior Region—East of the Great Lakes.....................        28
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality :
           1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        28
           2. From fevers........................................................................................................................        29
           3. From diseases of the organs  connected with the digestive system ..............................................        29
           4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        29 
510
CONTENTS.
                                                                                                             Page.
Region of the Grkat Lakks.....................................................................................................................        30
      Forts Brady, Mackinac, Ontario, Niagara, Gratiot, Wilkins, and  Howard; Madison Barracks, Buffalo
          Barracks, Detroit Barracks, and Detroit Arsenal...........................................................................        30
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the Region of the Great Lakes......................................... .........        30
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        30
            2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        30
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system..............................................        31
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        31

North Interior Region—West of the Great Lakes.......................................................................................        31
      Forts Crawford, Snelling, Ridgely, Ripley, Abercrombie, Pierre, Randall, Kearny, Laramie, Lookout, and
          Camps Platte Bridge and Walbach................................................................................................        31
      Forts Winnebago, Atkinson, and Dodge.............................................................................................        32
      Fort Abercrombie.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Asa Wall..................................................................     32-34
      Cantonment of Sixth Infantry, near Fort Pierre.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely.............     35-36
      Fort Lookout.—Report of Assistant Surgeon David L. Magruder..........................................................     36-37
      Fort Randall.—Report of Surgeon  T. C. Madison ...............................................................................     37-41
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the North Interior Region—West of the Great Lakes.....................        41
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        42
            2. From fevers ......................................................................................................................        42
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system..............................................        43
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system  ...............................................................................        43
       Fort Ridgely.—Report of Assistant Surgeon N. S.  Crowell...................................................................        44
       Fort Laramie.—Reports of Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns..................................................................     45-59

Abstracts of the principal diseases and deaths in the Northern Division................................................        61
       No.  1. Abstract for  the North Atlantic  Region—Coast of New England.................................................     62-65
       No. 2. Abstract for  the North Atlantic Region—Harbor of New York...................................................     66-69
       No. 3. Abstract for  West Point, New York......................................................................................     70-73
       No. 4. Abstract for  the Region of  the Great Lakes..............................................................................     74-77
       No.  5. Abstract for the North Interior  Region—West of the Great Lakes..............................................     78-81
                                       MIDDLE  DIVISION.

Middle Atlantic Region.........................................................................................................................        83
      Forts Mifflin, McHenry, Severn, Washington, Monroe, and Washington and Frankford Arsenals.............        83
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the Middle Atlantic Region.........................................................        83
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        83
            2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        84
            3. From diseases of the organs  connected with the digestive system ..............................................        86
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system ...............................................................................        87
      Fort Monroe.—Remarks respecting sickness and mortality ...................................................................     83-84
      Fort McHenry.—Yellow fever.—Report of  Surgeon Charles McDougall.................................................     84-86

Middle Interior Region—East................................................................................................................        87
      Carlisle Barracks,  Alleghany Arsenal,  and Newport Barracks................................................................        87
      Diseases occurring among the troops at Carlisle Barracks and Alleghany Arsenal .....................................        87
      Tables exhibiting  the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality :
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        87
            2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        88
            3. From diseases of the organs  connected with the digestive system  ..............................................        88
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system...............................................................................        89
      Diseases occurring among the troops at Newport Barracks.....................................................................        89
      Tables exhibiting  the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality :
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        89
            2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        90
            3. From diseases of the organs  connected with the digestive system..............................................        90
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system...............................................................................        91 
CONTENTS.
                                                                                                            Page.
Middle Interior Region—West................................................................................................................        91
      Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis Arsenal, Forts Leavenworth, Scott, Atkinson, and Riley.............................        91
      Diseases occurring among the troops at Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal.....................................        91
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        91
            2. From fevers......................................................................................................................        92
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................        92
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................;...............................................................        93
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the Middle Interior Region—West...............................................        93
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        93
            2. From fevers........................................................................................................................        94
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................        94
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        95
      Fort Leavenworth.—Remarks on cholera.............................................................................................     94-95
      Fort Leavenworth.—Report of Surgeon John M. Cuyler........................................................................        96
      Fort Riley.—Report of Assistant Surgeon R. H. Coolidge......................................................................     96-98

Abstracts of the principal diseases and deaths in the Middle Division....................................................        99
      No. 1. Abstract for the Middle Atlantic Region....................................................................................   100-103
      No. 2. Abstract for the Middle Interior Region—East...........................................................................   104-107
      No. 3. Abstract for Newport Barracks, Kentucky................................................................................   108-111
      No. 4. Abstract for Jefferson Barracks and St. Louis Arsenal.................................................................   112-115
      No. 5. Abstract for the Middle Interior Region—West..........................................................................   116-119
                                     SOUTHERN  DIVISION.

South Atlantic Region...........................................................................................................................       121
      Forts Macon, Johnston, Moultrie, and Oglethorpe Barracks...................................................................       121
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the South Atlantic Region...........................................................       121
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes...................................................................................................................       121
            2. From fevers........................................................................................................................       122
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................       126
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       126
      Fort Moultrie.—Yellow fever.—Report of Surgeon B. M. Byrne............................................................   122-125

South Interior Region—East................................................................................................................  •       126
      Forts Jesup, Pike, and Wood;  Baton Rouge and New Orleans Barracks; and Mount Vernon Arsenal..........       126
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the South Interior Region—East..................................................       127
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes...................................................................................................................       127
            2. From fevers.......................................................................................................................       127
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................       128
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       128

South Interior Region—West...................................................................................................................       128
      Forts Smith, Gibson, Wayne, Towson, Washita, Arbuckle, and Camp Radziminski.................................       129
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the South Interior Region—West................................................       129
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................       129
            2. From fevers.......................................................................................................................       130
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................       130
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       131

Abstracts of the principal diseases and deaths in the Southern Division................................................       122
      No. 1. Abstract for the South Atlantic Region......................................................................................    134-137
      No. 2. Abstract for the South Interior Region—East............................................................................    138-141
      No. 3. Abstract for the South Interior Region—West...........................................................................    142-145 
512
CONTENTS.
                                                FLORIDA.

                                                                                                             Page.
The Atlantic Coast of Florida...............................................................................................................        147
      Fort Marion, Camp near New Smyrna, Forts Pierce, Capron, Jupiter, Dallas, and Key West Barracks........        147
      Fort Capron.—Reports of Assistant Surgeon P. A. Gtuinan....................................................................    147-149
      Fort Dallas.—Report of Assistant Surgeon R. F. Simpson.....................................................................    149-150
      Diseases occurring among the troops on the Atlantic Coast of Florida......................................................        150
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................        151
            2. From fevers.......................................................................................................................       151
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system...............................................        154
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        155
      Fort Capron.—Fevers.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Asa Wall...............................................................    151-152
      Fort Jupiter....................................................................................................................................    152-153
      Key West Barracks.—Yellow fever.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Richard D. Lynde...............................    153-154
      Fort Dallas.—Dysentery.—Report of Assistant Surgeon E. W. Johns......................................................       154

Interior, and Gulf  Coast of Florida.......................................................................................................       155
      Barrancas Barracks, Forts Brooke, Meade, Myers, Deynaud, McRee, Cross, Center, and Kissimmee..........       155
      Fort Kissimmee.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Thomas A. McParlin......................................................    155-158
      Fort McRee.—Report of Assistant Surgeon William H. Babcock...........................................................    158-159
      Fort Cross.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John F. Head.......................................................................    159-160
      Fort Deynaud.—Report of Assistant Surgeon B. A. Clements.................................................................    160-161
      Fort Center.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Richard D. Lynde................................................................    161-162
      Diseases occurring among the troops in the Interior, and on the Gulf Coast of Florida................................       162
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................       163
            2. From fevers.......................................................................................................................       163
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................       163
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       164
      Surgeon General's letter to the Hon. David L. Yulee on the healthfulness and climate of Florida..................    164-167

Abstracts of the principal diseases and deaths in Florida......................................................................       169
      No. 1. Abstract for the Atlantic Coast of Florida..................................................................................    170-173
      No. 2. Abstract for the Interior and Gulf Coast of Florida.....................................................................    174-177
                                                  TEXAS.

Southern Frontier.................................................................................................................................       179
      Fort Brown, Ringgold Barracks, Forts Mcintosh, Duncan, Merrill, and Ewell..........................................       179
      Fort Duncan.—Reports of Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Mycr.................................................................   179-181
      Diseases occurring among the troops on the Southern Frontier of Texas...................................................       181
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................       181
            2. From fevers.......................................................................................................................       182
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system...............................................       184
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       185
      Fort Brown.—Yellow fever.—Report of Acting Assistant Surgeon A. F. Watson.....................................   182-184

Western Frontier..................................................................................................................................       185
      Forts Belknap, Chadbourne, McKavett,  Mason, Inge, Clark, Lancaster, Davis, Quitman, Worth, Graham,
          Gates, Croghan, Martin Scott, Lincoln, Phantom Hill, andTerrett; Camps Cooper, Colorado, Verde,
          Hudson, and Stockton................................................................................................................       185
      Camp Cooper.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John J. Gaenslen...............................................................   185-186
      Camp Colorado.—Report of Assistant Surgeon W. J. H. White.............................................................   186-188
      Camp Verde.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Joseph R. Smith.................................................................       188
      Fort McKavett.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Andrew K. Smith............................................................   188-190
      Fort Clark.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Basil Norris..........................................................................   190-191
      Camp  Hudson.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Richard D. Lynde.............................................................   191-192
      Fort Lancaster.—Report of Assistant Surgeon George Taylor.................................................................   192-193
      Diseases occurring among the troops on the Western Frontier of Texas.....................................,______  .       193 
                                                   CONTENTS.

                                                                                                              I'age.
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1.  From all causes...................................................................................................................        193
            2.  From fevers........................................................................................................................        194
            3.  From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................        194
            4.  From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................        195

Abstracts of  the principal diseases and deaths in Texas.....................................................................        197
      No. 1. Abstract for the Southern Frontier of Texas..............................................................................    198-201
      No. 2. Abstract for the Western Frontier of Texas..............................................................................    202-205
                                             NEW  MEXICO.

Forts Massachusetts,  Garland, Union, Marcy, Defiance, Craig, Thorn, Fillmore,  Bliss, Stanton, Buchanan, and
    Cantonment Burgwin and Albuquerque...................................................................................................       207
Fort Buchanan.—Report of Assistant Surgeon B. J. D. Irwin.........................................................................   207-218
Fort Buchanan.—Report of Surgeon William J. Sloan....................................................................................   218-220
Fort Union.—Report of Assistant Surgeon J. Letterman..................................................................................   221-222
Fort Thorn.—Report of Assistant Surgeon T. Charlton Henry........................................................................   222-224
Fort Thorn.—Report of Assistant Surgeon P. A. duinan................................................................................   224-225
Diseases occurring among the troops in New Mexico......................................................................................       225
Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
      1. From all causes...........................................................................................................................       225
      2. From fevers.................................................................................................................................       226
      3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system.........................................................       226
      4. From diseases of the respiratory system..........................................................................................       227
Abstract of the principal diseases and deaths  in New Mexico...........................................................................   229-233
                                             0 A LI F O R NIA .

Southern Division...................................................................................................................................       235
      Forts Yuma, Mojave, Tejon, and Miller; San Diego, Monterey..............................................................'.       235
      Fort Mojave.—Reports of Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau..................................................................   235-236
      Diseases occurring among the troops in Southern California....................................................................       237
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................       237
            2. From fevers........................................................................................................................       237
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system...............................................       238
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       239
      Fort Yuma.—Typhoid fever.—Report of Assistant Surgeon George Hammond.........................................       238

Northern Division..................................................................................................................................       239
      Presidio de San Francisco, Alcatras Island, Benicia Barracks; Forts Humboldt, Crook, Reading, Gaston, and
          Ter-Waw.................................................................................................................................       239
      Fort Crook.—Report of Assistant Surgeon C. G. Hollenbush..................................................................   239-240
      Fort Jones.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Charles C. Keeney.................................................................   240-244
      Diseases occurring among the troops in Northern  California...................................................................       244
      Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
            1. From all causes..................................................................................................................       244
            2. From fevers........................................................................................................................       244
            3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system................................................       245
            4. From diseases of the respiratory system.................................................................................       '245

Abstracts of the principal  diseases  and deaths in California..............................................................       247
      No. 1.  Abstract for Southern California...............................................................................................   248-251
      No. 2.  Abstract, for Northern California..............................................................................................   252-255 
514
CONTENTS.
                   OREGON,  AND  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.

                                                                                                              Page.
Forts Orford, Lane, Umpqua, Hoskins, Yamhill, and Dalles.................... .......................................................       257
Forts Vancouver, Cascades, Simcoe, Walla-Walla, Steilacoom, Townsend, and Bellingham...............................       257
Harney Depot, Camp Pickett, Camp Semiahmoo...........................................................................................       257
Fort Orford, Oregon.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Rodney Glisan.................................................................   257-258
Fort Umpqua.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau...........................................................................       258
Fort Yamhill.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Rodney Glisan............................................................................       259
Fort Cascades.—Report of Surgeon Joseph K. Barnes.....................................................................................   259-260
Fort Simcoe.—Reports of Assistant Surgeon A. Heger....................................................................................   260-268
Fort Walla-Walla.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John F. Randolph................................................................   268-270
Fort Townsend.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John F. Hammond...................................................................   270-271
Colville (Harney) Depot.—Report of Assistant Surgeon George Hammond.......................................................   271-272
Diseases occurring among the troops in Oregon, and Washington Territory.......................................................       272
Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality:
      1. From all causes............................................................................................................................       272
      2. From fevers.................................................................................................................................       272
      3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system.........................................................       273
      4. From diseases of the respiratory system.........................................................................................       273
Abstract of the principal diseases and deaths in Oregon,  and Washington Territory..........................................   275-279
                                                    UTAH.

Fort Bridger, Camp Scott, and Camp Floyd.................................................................................................       281
Tenth Infantry en route for Utah.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow..........................................   281-288
Camp Scott.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow ......................................................................   288-293
Camp Scott.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John Moore.................................................................................   293-297
Camp Scott.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely........................................................................   297-299
Camp Floyd.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Aquila T. Ridgely......................................................................   299-300
Utah Territory.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow...................................................................   300-304
Sixth Infantry en route for Utah.—Report of Assistant Surgeon John J. Milhau................................................   304-306
Fort Bridger.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Roberts Bartholow......................................................................   306-310
Fifth Infantry, Utah.—Report of Assistant Surgeon Charles Brewer...............................................................   310-314
Diseases occurring among the troops in Utah................................................................................................       314
Tables exhibiting the amount and ratio of sickness and mortality :
      1. From all  causes...........................................................................................................................       314
      2. From fevers...............................................................................................................................       315
      3. From diseases of the organs connected with the digestive system .......................................................       315
      4. From diseases of the respiratory system.........................................................................................       316
Abstract of the principal diseases and deaths in Utah...................................................................................   317-321
                   CONSOLIDATED  ABSTRACT  AND  TABLES.

Consolidated abstract of the principal diseases and deaths occurring in the army of the United States...................   322-324
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region......................       325
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region from fevers......       325
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region from diseases of
    the organs connected with  the digestive system.......................................................................................       326
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region from diseases of
    the respiratory system........................................................................................................................       326
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region from phthisis
    pulmonalis .......................................................................................................................................       327
Consolidated table exhibiting the amount and annual ratio of sickness and mortality in each region from rheumatism       327
Table exhibiting the annual ratio of sickness and mortality in the army of the United States..............................       328
Table exhibiting certain statistical facts in relation to the mortality among the officers  of the regular army.............       328 
                                                   CONTENTS.                                              51-5


                                           METEOROLOGY.

                                                                                                             Page.
Introduction......................................................................................................                   .......   330-331
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations for 1855...........................................................................   332-355
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations for 1856...........................................................................   356-379
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations for 1857...........................................................................   380-403
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations for 1858...........................................................................   404-427
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations for 1859...........................................................................   428-451
Annual summaries of mean temperatures and extremes of temperature for 1855.................................................   452-455
Annual summaries of mean temperatures and extremes of temperature for 1856.................................................   456-459
Annual summaries of mean temperatures and extremes of temperature for 1857.................................................   460-463
Annual summaries of mean temperatures and extremes of temperature for 1858.................................................   464-467
Annual summaries of mean temperatures and extremes of temperature, for 1859.................................................   468-471
Annual summaries of measurements of rain for 1855.....................................................................................   472-473
Annual summaries of measurements of rain for 1856.....................................................................................   474-475
Annual summaries of measurements of rain for 1857.....................................................................................   476-477
Annual summaries of measurements of rain for 1858.....................................................................................   478-479
Annual summaries of measurements of rain for 1859.....................................................................................   480-481
Annual summaries of weather observations for 1856.......................................................................................   482-483
Annual summaries of weather observations for 1857.......................................................................................   484-485
Annual summaries of weather observations for 1858.......................................................................................   486-487
Annual summaries of weather observations for 1859.......................................................................................   488-489
Consolidated table of mean temperatures for months, seasons, and years, and extremes of temperature..................   490-495
Consolidated table of measurements of rain for months, seasons, and years......................................................   496-498
Notes and errata.......................................................................................................................................   499-506 
 
 
 
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