Notes on Parasites, 
21 and 22. 
BY 
CH. WARDELL STILES AND ALBERT HASSALL, 
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
21: A new species of fluke (Distoma [Dicrocmlium] complexum) found in 
cats in the United States, with bibliographies and diagnoses of allied forms. 
[With nineteen figures.] 
Reprinted from Veterinary Magazine, June, 1894; 
PHILADELPHIA: 
Avil Printing Company. 
1894. C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
413 
NOTES ON PARASITES—21 and 22. 
By Ch. Wardell Stiles and Albert Hassall, 
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, 
Washington, D. C. 
21: A new species of Jluke (Distoma [Dicrocselium] complexum) found in cats 
in the United States, with bibliographies and diagnoses of allied forms. 
[With nineteen figures.] 
In the March number of the American Veterinary Review 
(pp. 692) Stiles gave an abstract of Braun’s article on the 
liver-flukes found in cats and allied animals, in which Braun 
showed that two known species, i. <?., D. truncatum and 
D. felineum, and a new species, D. albidum were present in 
European cats. In the Review it was stated that Dr. Th. 
Smith has found a fluke in cats in Albany, which was evidently 
identical with Braun’s new species, D. albidum. 
Since the abstract went to press Hassall has ou two different 
occasions found liver-flukes which agree with the form found 
by Dr. Smith, once (December 16, 1893,) in a cat in Baltimore, 
Md., and once (December 26, 1893,) in a cat in Washington. 
In the former case eighteen parasites were present, in the latter 
case there were only two. This material places us in position 
to extend the knowledge of the geographical distribution of 
this species in this country beyond the State of New York as 
far south as Washington, D. C., and also to make a more de- 
tailed study of the form. It is certain that liver-flukes occur 
in cats in some other parts of the country, although it is impos- 
sible for us to state at present, to what species they belong. 
The liver of the Baltimore cat was of a peculiar dark color, 
the gall-bladder contained a small quantity of dark bile. 
Nothing unusual was noticed in the larger bile-ducts, but 
the first large sub-divisions contained a greenish pus-like 
fluid, and on pressing the unopened portions of the ducts a 
fluke was forced out with this fluid. Upon following the ducts 
further, more distomes and more pus were found, the flukes in 
all cases having their anterior end directed toward the periphery 
of the liver ; when taken from the bile-ducts the parasites were 
of a greenish tinge, but when preserved they became pinkish 
or whitish. 414 
Notes on Parasites. 
Upon comparing the form found here with the description 
and* figures given by Braun of the new species D. albidum, we 
felt that it was better to consider the American form as a variety 
of that species rather than to establish it as a new species, not- 
withstanding certain differences between the forms, as we feel 
that there has been altogether too great a tendency among 
American authors to multiply specific names for parasites found 
in this country, when in reality many of the forms are practi- 
cally identical with already described 1 species. 
We accordingly prepared a note upon the parasite and were 
on the point of sending it to press when we received several 
typical specimens of D. albidum directly from Professor Braun. 
A comparison of these specimens with our own convinced us 
that the American form was entitled to specific rather than 
varietal rank. We, therefore, delayed the publication of this 
article in order to describe the form as a new species rather 
than a new variety. 
Notwithstanding the marked similarity between D. albidum 
(Figs, i and 2) and this new species (Figs. 3 and 4) for which 
we propose the name D. complcxum, there are several points of 
difference between the two which can hardly be ascribed to 
individual or varietal variation. 
The first point of difference between the two forms is that our 
species is much larger than Braun’s form. Braun’s measure- 
ments are 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long; our measurements are: live 
specimens 5 to 7 mm. long (may stretch to even 10 mm. in 
length) ; preserved specimens measure 5 to 6 111m. long. This 
character alone would not lead us to establish a new species. 
Braun does not state whether his measurements were based 
upon preserved or fresh material ; the preserved specimens he 
sent us measure 2.2 to 3 mm. long. 
1 In a later paper we shall endeavor to show that Distoma aquilce Leidy, 1886, and Cli- 
nostomumgracile Leidy, 1856, are identical with D. hererostomum R 1809, D. gastrocolum 
Leidy, 1890, with D. ocreatum Molin, 1858. Otherforms willbe given in our revision of Leidy’s 
collection. A comparison of American forms directly with European specimens may, of course, 
result in establishing many of the former as distinct species, although they may agree very well 
with the descriptions of the European forms. 
Monostoma molle Leidy, 1856, from Sternotherus odoratus is a distome and should 
accordingly be named Distoma (Polyorchis) molle. The testicles of this species lie in two longi- 
tudinal rows of thirteen each. In this case it is difficult to agree with Braun in suppressing the 
sub-genus Polvorchis Stossich, in fact, we are almost inclined to agree with Stossich in raising 
it to generic rank (Polyorchis polyorchis and P. molle). D. trapezium Leidy, 1890, is identical 
with D. reticulatum Ramsay Wright, 1879, (nec Looss, 1884.) C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
415 
A second point of difference between Braun’s form and our 
species is that in the German form (Figs, i and 2) the vitello- 
gene glands do not cross the intestinal caeca anteriorly (this 
holds good for Braun’s figure and description, and for four 
specimens of Braun’s material which we have mounted), while 
in seven mounted specimens of the American form (Figs. 3 and 
4) now before us, the vitellogene glands cross the intestine 
anterior to the acetabulum and come together in the median 
line, thus surrounding the uterus—hence the specific name 
complexion. Although there is some variation in the extent to 
which the vitellogene glands are developed in both forms, they 
are much more profusely developed in the American than in 
the German form. 
A fourth point of difference is that while in the four mounted 
specimens of D. albidum before us, the uterus is not so well or 
extensively developed as to prevent the acetabulum from being 
distinguished, in the American form it is so developed that it 
is with the greatest difficulty that the acetabulum can be dis- 
covered in mounted specimens ; in unmounted specimens the 
acetabulum is very evident. 
A fifth and most important difference is that the ovary of D. 
albidum is round or oval while that of D. complexion is dis- 
tinctly tri-lobate. 
A sixth difference is in the size of the ova, which in D. albi- 
dum measure 0.027 to 0.032 mm. long by 0.013 t° 0.016 mm. 
broad while the ova of D. complexion are slightly smaller 
(0.024 mm. long by 0.012 mm. broad). 
A seventh and very distinct difference between the two 
species is brought out by hsematoxylin and more clearly by 
acid carmine, i. e., in reference to the parenchyma of the body. 
In Braun’s species if a transverse line is drawn through the 
body at about the height of the ovary, it will be noticed that 
the parenchyma posterior (caudad) of this line is much denser 
than that anterior to the line, so that in stained preparations 
the posterior portion of the body is much darker than the an- 
terior, owing evidently to the more crowded nuclei. In D. 
complexion no such difference is noticed. 
Still another difference is that this transverse line divides a 
broader posterior portion from a narrower anterior portion in 
D. albidum, while this difference in breadth is not so apparent 
in the American form. 416 
Notes on Parasites. 
From this discussion it must be admitted that the American 
form is entitled to specific rank distinct from Q. albidum. 
Braun, too, is of this opinion, as we have just received a letter 
from him to the effect that he had examined a specimen this 
Bureau sent to him and believed the American form distinct 
from his D. albidum, although very closely related to it. 
The other forms of closely related Distomes found in cats and 
allied animals are: D. felineum (Figs. 5-8), D. viverrini 
(Fig. 9), D. truncatum (Figs. 11-12), D. conjundum (Figs. 
I3~I5), D. tenuicolle (Fig. 16) and D. sinense, but a glance 
at the figures will suffice to show that our proposed new species 
cannot be confounded with any of these forms. 
Before giving the specific descriptions, etc., of these forms, it 
may be well to call attention to an important point in individ- 
ual variation, topographical anatomy and correlated position 
which has apparently been overlooked by former authors. 
In his specific diagnoses of the distomes of cats Braun states 
(and in translating Braun’s diagnoses in the review referred to 
above, the original was followed) that in the case £>f D. trunca- 
tum, the left testicle lies about one-fourth its length in front of 
the right testicle ; in D. albidum, the receptaculum seminis is 
described as lying on the right of the ovary. In both of these 
cases the words italicized above {left, right, right,) should read, 
right, left, right, if his description is to agree with his drawings. 
This is shown both by Braun’s figures of these two species and by 
his figures and description of D. felineum, in which the terms 
right and left, as given in the text agree with those sides as 
given in the drawings. (It is here assumed that as the acetab- 
ulum is drawn distinctly in Braun’s figures, the ventral view 
has been taken.) 
If Braun’s figure (Plate 1, Fig. 1) of D. albidum is now com- 
pared with our figure (Fig. 2) of a specimen which Braun sent 
to us, it will be noticed that the testicles in our figure agree 
with Braun’s description, but not with his figure. In all four 
preparations of D. albidum which we have, the right testicle is 
posterior to the left, and the receptaculum seminis is on the right 
side. Before receiving Braun’s specimens we had noticed the 
discrepancy between his figure and his description and were 
led-to examine several allied forms in order to find an explana- 
tion for this discrepancy. C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
417 
This study of fight and left immediately suggests a point in 
topographical anatomy, which may possibly be utilized in some 
cases in specific determinations, or if not of use as a specific 
character, will certainly be an excellent example of individual 
variation. 
A study of distomes in general teaches us that they possess a 
right and left testicle, and that the excretory canal runs be- 
tween the two. In many of the elongated forms, it is noticed 
there is not room enough for the testicles to lie side by side, but 
one of them is crowded in front of the other. In the case of 
D.felineum, (Cf. Braun’s figure and description ; also Railliet's 
figure of D. conus [= D. felinemn\ in Neumann), the right tes- 
ticle is posterior of the left testicle, the receptaculum seminis is 
on the right side of the ovary. In D. albidum, according to 
the figure by Braun, the left testicle is posterior of the right 
testicle, the receptaculum seminis is on the left side of the 
ovary ; according to Braun’s description, however, the recepta- 
culum seminis is on the right side of the ovary. D. truncatum, 
as stated above, is figured with the right testicle anterior to the 
left, but is described as having the left testicle anterior to the 
right. In Braun’s figure of D. tenuicolle R., the left testicle is 
posterior to the right, and the receptaculum seminis is figured 
on the left of the ovary. 
From these statements it will be seen that all of the figures 
thus far referred to agree in having the receptaculum seminis on 
the side of the ovary corresponding to the posterior testicle, i. e., 
when the right testicle is posterior, the receptaculum seminis 
is on the right side and vice versa. At first we thought that 
this could be used as a character in determining which testicle 
was right, and which was left, in case the excretory canal was not 
to be seen, and that we would find that in some forms the right 
testicle would always be posterior, in other forms anterior of 
the left. Braun’s apparent lapsus calami, referred to above, 
however, induced us to examine another form which Hassall 
has found very common in the liver of the American crow, 
(Corvus americanus), and once in C. ossifragus. This species 
is ver}7 closely allied to D. longissimum, which von Linstow 
described from Ardea stellaris. In this 1 form we find one testicle 
1 This parasite is so closely allied to von Linstow’s D. longissimum that we hesitate to de- 
scribe it as a new species without first comparing it with von Linstow’s type-specimens. The 
American form differs very greatly in some points from von Linstow’s description, as will be 418 
Notes on Parasites. 
in front of the other, but in the four specimens which we 
examined the topography was not constant. In two complete 
specimens, the right testicle was posterior to the left, and the 
receptaculum seminis was on the right of the ovary, (Fig. 17); 
in the other specimens, however, (fragments of the posterior 
end, dorsal surface was determined by the opening of Faurer’s 
canal), the left testicle was posterior to the right, and the recep- 
taculum seminis was on the left side of the ovary. 
This case of the correlation between the position of the recep- 
taculum and the ovary is thus borne out in this species, but we 
see that here the position of the right or left testicle (as anterior 
or posterior) cannot be used as a specific character. This im- 
mediately brought up the question as to whether the words 
right, left and right in Braun’s descriptions of D. albidum and 
D. truncation are really to be looked upon as errors or whether 
this disagreement between his descriptions and figures is simply 
an unconscious statement on Braun’s part that there is an indi- 
vidual variation in these species corresponding to the individual 
variation of D. longissimum. In four of the specimens of D. 
felineum, which we owe to the kindness of Professor Braun, the 
the right testicle is posterior to the left, and the receptaculum 
seminis is on the left side. 
seen in the analytical key (vid: infra), but a comparison with von Linstow’s figure (Plate IV., 
Fig. 19) shows that the forms cannot be widely separated. Until we can examine von Linstow's 
material or he can examine ours, we propose to describe the American form as a provisional new 
variety. The diagnoses of the two animals are as follows:— 
Distoma (Dicrocaelium) longissimum von Linstow, 1883.—Body very elongate, cylindrical, 
20 mm. long by 1 mm. broad; spines absent; oral sucker 0.28 mm. in diameter; acetabulum 
slightly larger (0.34 mm.) on boundary of first and second anterior sixths of body, genital pore 
immediately anterior to acetabulum. Pharynx nearly as large as oral sucker, oesophagus as 
long as pharynx, intestinal caeca extend to posterior end of body. Testicles lobate, in posterior 
sixth, one in front of the other; penis not seen. Ovary lobate ; vesicula seminalis large, globu- 
lar ; shell-gland anterior to ovary, diffuse ; vitellogene glands lateral in third fourth of the body, 
not extending posterior to cvary ; eggs 0.026 mm. by o. 015. Contractile vesicle ? 
Habitat. Liver of Ardea stellaris in Turkestan. 
D. (D.) longissimum var. corvinum S. & H. var. nov., 1894—(Will probably prove 
to be a new species). Body very elongate, cylindrical or flat, 12 to 29 mm. long, 1 mm. broad ; 
spines present; oral sucker 0.424 mm. in diameter ; acetabulum o 248 mm. on boundary between 
first and second thirds of body. Genital pore immediately anterior to acetabulum. Pharynx 
smaller than oral sucker ; oesophagus as long as pharynx ; intestinal caeca extend to posterior 
extremity. Testicles globular, in posterior eighth of body, right (or left) anterior to left (or 
right'; penis absent. Ovary globular, anterior of testicles; vesicula seminalis posterior and 
lateral of ovary ; shell-gland rather diffuse; Laurer’s canal very evident; uterus enormously de- 
veloped, situated between ovary and genital pore; vitellogene glands lateral, confined to pos- 
terior half of body, beginning at middle and extending to posterior testicle or beyond ; eggs 
0.028 by 0.016 mm. End portion of excretory canal sigmoid, running between the testicles. 
Habitat. Biliary ducts of Corvus americanus and C. ossifragus. U. S. A. (Maryland 
and D. C.) 
Type deposited in U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. C. IV. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
419 
In one of two specimens of Rudolphi’s D. truncation. (Vig. 12), 
for which we are indebted to Geheimrath Mobius, of Berlin, 
the right testicle is posterior to the left, while in Braun’s figure 
(Plate III, Fig. n), the left is slightly posterior to the right. 
Upon re-examination of our specimens of D. complexion, we 
found the same variation and the same correlation, for of the 
ten mounted specimens we examined the left testicle was pos- 
terior to the right in four cases, the right testicle posterior to 
the left in six cases, and in all cases the reccptaculion seminis 
was on the side of the ovary corresponding to the posterior 
testicle. It may be also added that in Cobbold’s figure of D. 
conjunction, (Plate III, Fig. 13), the left testicle is posterior to 
the right, while in figures given by McConnell (Fig. 14), 
Lewis and Cunningham (Fig. 15), the right testicle is posterior 
to the left. 
In most cases there is a great temptation to look upon the 
correlation of position between the receptaculum seminis and 
the posterior testicle as a mechanical effect of the position of 
the anterior testicle, but it seems doubtful whether this will 
hold in all cases. 
These statements of variation may be summarized as follows: 
Plate. Fig. 
D. albidum . . 
left test. post. 
• right 
test. ant. . Braun’s figure . . . 
I. 
t 
right 
it 
. left 
if 
“ description . 
right 
ft 
. left 
ii 
. S. & H., 4 slides . . 
I. 
2 
D. conjunctum 
left 
a 
• right 
if 
. Cobbold’s figure . . . 
III. 
*3 
right 
<( 
. left 
ii 
. McConnell’s figure . . 
III. 
14 
right 
a 
. left 
ii 
. L. & C.’s figure . . . 
III. 
15 
D. felineum . . 
right 
a 
. left 
ii 
. Braun’s figure and desc. 
I. 
5 
right 
a 
. left 
it 
. Railliet’s figure . . . 
II. 
7 
right 
a 
. left 
it 
. Rivolta’s figure . . . 
II. 
8 
right 
tt 
. left 
ii 
. S. & H., 4 slides . . 
I. 
6 
D. longissimum . 
left 
a 
■ right 
ft 
. S. & H., 2 slides . . 
var. corvinum. 
right 
« 
. left 
ii 
. S. & H., 2 slides . . 
IV. 
17 
D. tenuicolle . . 
left 
tt 
• right 
ii 
. Braun’s figure and desc. 
IV. 
16 
D. complexion 
left 
tt 
. right 
if 
. S. & H., 4 slides . . 
I. 
4 
right 
a 
. left 
ii 
. S. & H., 6 slides . . 
D. truncatum 
left 
a 
. right 
ii 
Braun’s figure .... 
III. 
11 
right 
a 
. left 
ii 
Braun’s description . . 
right 
a 
. left 
if 
S. & II., I slide .... 
III. 
12 
The receptaculum seminis in all cases is on the side of the 
ovary’corresponding to the posterior testicle. 
Although it is evident from the [above discussion that the 
relative position of the right and left testicle is too inconstant 420 
Notes on Parasites. 
to be used as a specific character in these forms, a comparison 
of the number of figures of various authors brought out the fact 
that authors have as a general rule not shown in their drawings 
whether it was the right testicle or the left testicle which is 
anterior or posterior and we are not yet in a position to deter- 
mine whether the topography is constant in other species or 
not. It will, of course, generally be necessary to examine a 
number of specimens of a given species to determine a point of 
this nature. 
The comparison of various drawings brought out another 
matter in topography which may possibly serve as a taxonomic 
principle, at least in distinguishing species, and one which 
most authors have ignored entirely, i. <?., the topographical re- 
lations of the exGretory canal. As Braun has already shown, 
this canal pursues a sigmoid course between the testicles in the 
case of certain allied species, (.D.felineum and D. tenuicolle), 
and the same holds true for D. complexum, D. longissimum var. 
corrinum and D. conjunction. 
In Stossich’s figure of D. scorpcence (see also Braun’s Vermes. 
Taf. XXII, Fig. 9), still another topography is given, the ex- 
cretory canal running ventrally of both testicles, the left testicle 
being posterior to the right. In D. sinense and in von Binstow’s 
figure of D. (Dicrocoelium) cylindraceum, (see Braun’s Vermes, 
XXII, 6,) the canal runs dorsally of the testicles, and Hassall 
has found a Distoma (Brachylaimus, Fifth Section), in Cistudo 
Carolina which presents the same topography. 
Naturally we do not care to go so far as to assert at the 
present moment that the topography of the end portion of the 
excretory system will serve as a taxonomic principle in all 
cases, but the examples cited above show that at least three 
different positions may be assumed by this organ, and that in 
those species where the testicles are posterior it will be worth 
while to pay more attention to this point. 
As this study of the topography necessitates a change in some 
of the specific diagnoses, we append revised descriptions below : 
Genus 1 Distoma Retz (Type species D. lanceolatum). Sub- 
genus Dicrocoelium (type species D. lanceolatum). 
1 Cf. Ch. Wardell Stiles. The Anatomy of the large American Fluke (Fasciola magna) 
and a comparison with other species of the genus Fasciola, s. st.; Journ. Comp. Med. and Vet. 
Arch. 1894. In this paper I follow Cobbold in limiting the generic term fasciola L. to flukes 
of the type of F. hepatica, accepting Distoma Retz as the generic name for flukes of the 
type D. lanceolatum C. W. Si ties and Albert Has sail. 
421 
First section : The genital glands lie anterior to the uterine 
folds, (D. laceolatum, Fig. 19). 
Second section : The genital glands lie posterior to uterus or 
in posterior portion of body, partially covered with the uterus. 
Under this section the flukes given below agree also in the 
following characters :— 
The testicles are never exactly side by side, but one (right or 
left) is regularly more or less posterior to the other (left or 
right); no penis is present; vitellogene glands never extend 
posterior to the testicles. 
I. DISTOMA (DICROCCELIUM) TRUNCATUM (Rud., 1819). 
Plate III, Figs. 11-12. 
Synonymy. 
’19. Amphistoma truncatum n. sp. . 
(’23.) A. truncatum 
(’25.) Distoma conus n. sp 
(’36.) Amphistomum truncatum . . . 
[1819-1894-] 
Literature. 
Rudolphi.—Entoz. Syn., p. 91 et 359. 
Westrumb.—In Isis, p. 597 (from 
Dies., ’50). 
Creplin.—Observationes de entozoois. 
I. Gryph., p. 50 (from Braun, ’930). 
Diesing.—Monogr. d. Gatt. Amphis- 
tomum u. Dipiodiscus; Ann. d. 
Wien. Mus. I, 252. Tab. XXII, 13- 
15 (from Dies., ’50). 
Creplin.—Art. Eingeweidewiirmer. 
Ersch. v. Gruber’s Encykiop. d. Wiss. 
u. Kttnste. XXXII, p. 286, in nota 
(from Braun, ’93^). 
Dujardin.—Hist. nat. d. Helm., pp. 
331 et 440. 
Diesing.—Syst. Helm. I., 404 (except 
syn. D. lanceoiatum Sieb.). 
Creplin.—Nachtrage zu Gurlt’s Verch. 
d. Th. bei w. Entozoen gefunden 
worden sind; Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg. 
XVII, p. 279, Anm. (from Braun, 
’93^)- 
Wagner.—Beitrage z. Entwgesch. d. 
Eingeweidewiirmer. Haarlem. Tab. 
XXII, 1-2, p. 102 (from Braun, 
*93^)- 
Diesing.—Revis. d. Myzhelm; Sitzb. 
d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien. Math. 
Nat. Kl., XXXII, 332 (from Braun, 
’93^)- 
(’39.) Distoma conus 
’45. Distoma conus Crepl 
’50. Amphistomum truncatum Rud. 
(V) 
(’58.) Distomum conus Crepl. . . . 
(’58.) Distomum lanceoiatum Meh. . Notes on Parasites. 
422 
Synonymy. 
(’70.) Distomum conus Crepl. . . . 
Literature. 
IIilgendorf u. Paulichi.—Ektasie 
des Ductus choledochus u. d. gr. 
Galleng&nge, bedingt durch Anhauf- 
ung von Plattwiirmern bei einem 
Vielfrass (Gulo borealis); Berlin. 
Klin. Wochensch., VII, 566-567 
(from Braun). 
Ercolani.—Osservazioni di elminto- 
logia reguardanti: III. Una nuova 
specie di distoma parimenti del cane 
domestico; Memoria Accad. delle 
Scienze dix Bologna, ser. 3, tom. 5. 
Giorn. Anat. Fisiol. e Patol. 
degli Animali, pp. 33-40, Pisa, 1875. 
Boll. Soc. Med. Bologna, pp. 
274-279, 1875 (from Parana’s Elm. 
ital.) 
(’74.) Distoma campanulatum n. sp. 
’78. Distoma conus Crepl. . . . 
Amphistomum truncatum 
Rud. 
von Linstow.—Compend. d. Helm., 
P- 43» 44- 
’82. Distoma truncatum Ercol. . 
D. campanulatum Ercol. 
Perroncito.—I parassiti, etc., pp. 
284-286. 
(’85 .) Distomum campanulatum Ercol. 
van Tright, J.—Distomen in der 
Leber des Hundes; Die Tierarzt., 
Jhg. XXIV, pp. 84-85 (after Braun). 
’86. Distoma campanulatum, 
Ercol. 
D. truncatum, Rud., et D, 
conis, Crepl. 
Perroncito.—Trattato sulle malattie 
degli animali dom., p. 250. 
(’86-’87.) Distomum campanulatum 
Jong, D. A.—Dist. camp, en D. felin- 
eum bij den hond; Tijdsch. v. 
Veeartsenijk. en Veeteelt, XIV, 
Utrecht, pp. 57-62 (from Braun, 
’93*)- 
Zwaardemaker, H.—Tijdsch. v. 
Veeartsenijk. en Veeteelt, XIV. 
Utrecht, p. 265 (from Braun, 
Sonsino.—Studie e notizie elm. D. 
conus e forme affini; Proc verb. d. 
Soc. Tosc. d. sc. nat., 7 luglio, Pisa 
(from Braun, ’93^). 
(’87-) 
(’89.) Distomum truncatum Ercol. 
’89. D, campanulatum Ercol. 
D. conus Crepl. 
D. truncatum Ercol. 
Leuckart.—Die Parasiten d. Men- 
schen. 2. ed., I. 2., p. 357. Anm. 
’90. 
Zwaardemaker, H.—Cirrhosis para- 
sitaria; Virchow’s Arch. f. path. 
Anat., CXX, pp. 199-203, mit 2 Taf C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
423 
Synonymy. 
’92. Distoma truncation, Rud., pro 
parte (non fig.) 
’9T>a. Distomum (Dicroccelium) 
truncation. 
’93b. Distomum (Dicroccelium) 
truncation. 
’93Z. D. {D ..... 
’94. Distoma (D.) truncatum (Rud.) 
’94. Distoma (D.) truncation (Rud.) 
Literature. 
Neumann.—Traite d. Maladies para- 
sit., p. 529; Eng. transl., p. 544. 
Braun, Max.—Ueber die Distomen in 
der Leber der Hauskatzen; Zool. 
Anz., No. 428, pp. 347-355. 
Braun, Max. — Die Leberdistomen der 
Hauskatze (Felis catus domestica) 
und verwandte Arten; C. f. B. u. P.r 
XIV, pp. 381-392, 422-428, Fig. 1. 
— Helm. Notiz. 1: Distomum cam- 
panulatum, Ercol.; C. f. B. u. P., 
XIV, 802-803. 
Stiles.—Review of Braun, ’93/; * 
American Vet. Rev., pp. 691-696. 
Stiles and Hassall.—The present 
paper. 
Specific Diagnosis.—Length 2 mm., form conical (pointed 
anteriorly, truncate posteriorly); integument thickly and 
regularly covered with fine spines; oral sucker and ventral 
acetabulum about the same size (o. 134-0.172 nun.), the ace- 
tabulum being situated slightly anterior of the middle of the 
body ; the oral sucker is followed immediately by a pharynx 
0.091 mm. long, the latter by a very short oesophagus posterior 
to which the intestine branches into the two csecal sacs which 
extend to the posterior extremity of the body. Immediately 
anterior to the blind posterior ends of these caeca are situated 
the two elliptical (non-lobated) testicles (o. 172-0.376 mm. 
long), seldom side by side at the same height, as one testicle 
(the right or left) generally lies about one-fourth of its length 
in front of the other (the left or right). Anterior to the 
testicles, either in the median line or slightly laterally, is found 
the globular ovary, which is smaller than the testicles and 
generally covered by the uterus. The lateral vitellogene 
glands, like the uterus, are situated in the middle third of the 
body, and are composed of ten to twelve acini each side. 
Genital opening anterior to acetabulum ; cirrus is absent, but 
the winding end (vesicula seminalis) of the vas deferens is 
generally evident. Kggs 0.029 mm. long by 0.011 mm. broad. 
Excretory pore in the middle of the posterior extremity, which 
is surrounded by a muscular ridge. Color of fresh specimen 
whitish, with a brownish spot (uterus). (Translated and 
modified from Braun, ’93^.) 424 
Notes on Parasites. 
Hosts.—Phoca vitulina, Delis eatus domestica, Canis familiaris, 
C. vulpes, Halichcerus fcetidus, Gulo borealis. 
Geographical Distribution.—Germany, Holland, Italy and 
France. 
Types in Coll. Rud., Berlin Museum; U. S. Nat. Mus., 
Washington. 
2. D. (D.) ALBIDUM Braun, 1893 
Plate I, Figs. 1-2 
[1893-1894.] 
Synonymy. 
’93a. Dislonmm (Dicroccelium) albi- 
dum sp. n. 
’93/;. Distomum (D.) albidum n. sp. 
94a. Distoma (D.) albidum Braun, 
(exc. “ D. conus [?] ”) 
Distoma (D.) albidum Braun. 
Literature. 
Braun—vide Br. ’93a sub. D. trun- 
catum (supra). 
—v. Br. sub, D. truncatum, Fig. 2. 
Stiles—v. Stls. ’94a sub. D. trun- 
catum. 
Stiles and Hassall.—The present 
paper. 
Specific Diagnosis.—Length 2.5-3.5 mm.; breadth 1-1.6 
mm.; body spatulate, the anterior portion being narrower and 
generally separated by a constriction from the broader flat, 
posterior end ; the posterior end is rounded, and does not 
possess the sucker-like muscular ridge. Posterior portion with 
denser nuclei. Integument thickly covered with spines 
(“ Dornen”)) which are somewhat larger on the anterior por- 
tion than on the posterior portion: these spines frequentfy fall, 
especially from the posterior portion. Oral sucker slightly 
larger than the acetabulum or nearly the same size (0.323- 
0.301mm., smaller specimen 0.269-0.242); acetabulum in the 
median line on the border between the first and middle thirds 
of the body, and occasionally more or less obscured by the 
uterus. Oral sucker followed b}’ pharynx, the latter by a very 
short oesophagus; intestinal caeca extend into the posterior end 
of the body. Testicles lobate, in posterior half of the body, 
right (or left) in front of left (or right); ovary round or oval, 
0.242 mm. in diameter (slightly less than one-half the diameter 
of the testicles) ; lateral of ovary is situated a pyriform recepta- 
culum seminis, which is larger than the ovary ; shell-gland 
rather diffuse, composed of unicellular glands; vitellogene 
glands composed of numerous acini, and extend from about 
the posterior end of the oesophagus to about the middle of the C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
425 
body. Genital opening anterior to the acetabulum, cirrus 
absent; excretory pore on posterior end. Eggs 0.027-0,032 
mm. long by 0.013-0.016 mm. broad. Color of worm white, 
with brown spot (uterus). (Translated and modified from 
Braun, ’93^.) 
Host.—Cats. 
Geographical Distribution—Konigsberg, Germany (Braun) ; 
Alfort, France (Railliet). 
Types—Coll. Braun, Konigsberg; Coll. Stiles, U. S. Nat. 
Mus. ; Coll. B. A. I. 
3. D. (D.) COMPLEXUM sp. n., 1894 
Plate I, Figs. 3-4. 
[1894-] 
Synonymy. 
’94a. “ D. conus (?) ” sub. D. albidum 
’94b. D. (D.) complexum sp. n. . . 
Bibliography. 
Stiles—vide Stls. ’94a sub. D. (run- 
catum. 
Stiles and Hassall.—The present 
paper. 
Specific Diagnosis.—Length 5-7 mm. (can stretch to 10 mm,),; 
breadth 1.5-2 mm.; body linguiform, not so separated into 
anterior and posterior portion as in D. albidum; anterior end 
rather pointed, posterior end rounded, but does not possess any 
muscular ridge. Integument covered with spines. Oral sucker 
terminal or by contraction may appear subterminal, of abopt 
the same size as acebatulum (0.33 to 0.39); acetabulum i,n 
median line about on boundary between first and second fourths 
of body and very much obscured by uterus. Oral sucker 
followed by pharynx, oesophagus very short; intestinal caeca 
extend to posterior end of body. Testicles lobate (three to 
eight lobes) in posterior half of body, one (right or left) in 
front of the other (left or right), separated by sigmoid end of 
excretory system. Ovary trilobate, lateral of ovary is situated 
pyrifom receptabulutn seminis ; shell-gland same as in D. albi- 
dum ; vitellogene glands confined to anterior half of body, cross 
the intestines and meet in the median line, thus encircling the 
uterus. Genital opening anterior to acetabulum ; penis not 
seen. Eggs average 0.024 by 0.012 mm. Color of fresh worm 
greenish; of preserved specimens whitish to pinkish, with dark 
brown spot (uterus). 
Host.—Cats. 426 
Notes on Parasites. 
Geographical Distribution.—New York, Maryland and Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 
Types deposited by B. A. I. in U. S. Nat. Mus.; typical 
specimens with Braun and in Berlin Mus. 
(To be continued.) 
4. D. (D.) FELINEUM (Gurlt, 1831), Riv., 1884. 
Plate I, Figs. 5-6; Plate II, Figs. 7-8. 
[1831-1894.] 
Synonymy. 
’31. Distoma conus 
(’36.) Distoma lanceolatum . . . . 
Literature. 
Gurlt.—Lehrbuch d. path. Anat d. 
Haust-augethiere, pp. 373—375, Tab. 
VIII, Figs. 34-36. 
v. Siebold.—Helm. Beitrage II. Syn- 
gamus trachealis, ein doppelleibiger 
Eingeweidewurm; Arch. f. Naturg., 
I, p. 113, in nota. 
Diesing v. Dies.—’58, sub. D. trun- 
catum, p. 332. 
v. Linstow.—Compendium d. Helm.,, 
p. 30. 
Rivolta.—Sopra una specie di distoma 
nel gatto e nel cane; Giorn. di Anat.,. 
fisiol., et patol. degli animali. XVI, 
p. 20. 
van Tright v. van Tr.—’85, sub. D. 
truncalum. 
de Jong v. de J.—Sub. D. truncatum. 
SONsINO v. Sonsino.—’89, sub. D. 
truncatum. 
Leuckart v. Lkt.—’89, sub. D. trun- 
catum, p. 339 et 357. 
Neumann.—Trait6 d. Malad. par. non- 
microb., 2. ed., p. 529, fig. 284. 
(apres Railliet, in6d.), Eng. transl., 
P- 544- 
Braun v. Br.—’93#, sub. D. trun- 
catum. 
V.— sub. D. truncatum, fig. 2. 
Stiles v. Stls.—’94, sub. D. trun- 
catum. 
’58. Distomum lanceolatum, Mehl. . 
’78. Distomum lanceolatum, Mehl. . 
’84. Distomum felineum, Riv. . . 
(’85.) Distomum lanceolatum .... 
( 86-’87.) Distomum felineum . . . 
’89. Distomum conus, Sonsino . . . 
’89. Distomum felineum, Riv. . . 
’92. D. truncatum, Rud., pro parte . 
’93a. Distomum (Dicrocceliutn) feli- 
neum, Riv. 
Distomum (D.) felineum, Riv. 
94. Distoma (Dicrocodiutn) feli- 
ntum, Riv. 
Specific Diagnosis.—Body 10-13 (seldom 18) mm. long by 
1.25-2.5 mm. broad ; flat, anterior end conical, posterior end 
rounded; the anterior fifth of body separated from the 
remainder by a constriction ; acetabulum situated at plane of C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
427 
constriction. Color reddish, transparent; oral sucker and 
ventral acetabulum of same size (0.28 mm. diameter) ; pharynx 
(0.204 mm- long by o. 161 mm. broad) follows oral sucker; 
oesophagus 0.2 mm. long; intestinal caeca extend to the pos- 
terior end of the body. Testicles lobate, situated in posterior 
end one anterior to the other ; ovary slightly lobate, anterior of 
testicles ; receptaculum seininis lateral and posterior to ovary ; 
shell-gland diffuse, composed of unicellular glands ; vitellogene 
glands lateral in middle third of body, and composed of eight 
to nine groups of small acini. Genital pore immediately 
anterior to acetabulum. Eggs 0.030 mm. long, 0.011 mm. 
broad. (Translated and modified from Braun, ’93$.) 
Hosts.—Cat, dogs and glutton (Gulo borealis). 
Geographical Description.—Germany, Holland, Italy and 
France. 
Note.—Winogradoff has recently found a fluke in man in 
Siberia, which he described under the name Distomum sibiri- 
cum, but which Braun considers as identical with D. felineum. 
The parasite was found in 8 out of 124 post-mortem examina- 
tions. 
Braun, who has examined Winogradoff’s drawings fbut not 
his specimens), asserts that this supposed new species, D. sibiri- 
cum, is unquestionably identical with D. felineum. D. sibiri- 
cum Win., 1892, must accordingly be added to the above list of 
synonyms, man to the list of hosts, Siberia to the geographical 
distribution, and the following to the literature : 
Winogradoff\ K.—On a new species of distome in the liver of 
man ; Nachrichtv. d. Kais. Univ. Tomsk. IV, 1892, Abt. 2. No. 
13, pp. 116-130,1 Taf. . A second case of Distomum sibiricum 
in the liver of man ; ibid., No. 9, pp. 131-136. 
The internal parasites of man, according to the results of 
pathological anatomy; ibid., 1892, 13 pgs. (Quoted from 
Braun ; the originals are in Russian.) 
Braun.—“ Ueber ein fur den Menschen neues Distomum 
aus der Eeber; ” C. J. B. u. P., xv, 1894, pp 602-606. 
5. D. (D.) VIVERRINI (Poirier). 
[1886-1894.] 
Synonymy. 
’86. Distomum viverrini, sp. n. . . 
’92. D. (D.) viverrini, Poir 
’94. Distoma (Z>.) viverrini, Poir. . 
Literature. 
Poirier, J.— Trematodes nouveaux 
on peu connus; Bui. Soc. Philom. 
d. Paris, pp. 27-29, III, 1-3. 
Stossich v. Stos.—’93, p. 24, sub. D. 
truncation. 
Stiles and Hassall.—The present 
paper. 428 
Notes on Parasites. 
Specific Diagnosis.—Body 6 mm. long by 2 mm. broad ; 
white, lanceolate, convex dorsally, flat ventrally ; oral sucker 
and acetabulum about the same size (0.23 mm.), acetabulum at 
boundary between first and second anterior third of body 
(1.8 mm. from anterior end). Pharynx present, oesophagus 
three times as long as pharynx, intestinal caeca extend to 
posterior extremity. Genital pore immediately anterior to 
acetabulum ; testicles four-lobed in posterior end, one anterior 
to the other; ovary multi-lobed ; receptaculum seminis lateral 
of ovary ; Laurer’s canal present: shell-gland rather diffuse ; 
vitellogene glands lateral of intestines, beginning just behind 
the acetabulum and extending slightly beyond second third of 
the uterus in second third of body; egg ovoid, 0.026 
mm. by 0.013 mm. End portion of excretory system sigmoid. 
(Based upon Poirier, ’86.) 
Habitat.—Biliary ducts of (Felis viverrina), 
France. 
6. D. lD.) TENUICOLLE (Rud.) 
[1819-1894.] 
Synonymy. 
’19. Distoma tenuicolle, R 
’45. D. (D.) tenuicolle, R 
’50. Distomum tenuicolle, R. . . . 
’59. Distoma tenuicolle, R 
’92. Distoma (Brachylaimus) tenui- 
colle, R 
’93a, Distomum (D.) tenuicolle, R. . 
Distomum (D.) tenuicolle, R. . 
’94. Distoma (D.) tenuicolle . . . 
Literature. 
Rudolphi.—Ent. Syn., p. 93 et 365. 
Dujardin.—Hist, nat., p. 444. 
Diesing.—Syst. Helm., p. 337. 
Cobbold.—Syn. Dist., p. 6-7. 
Stossich v. Stossich.—’92, p. 18-19, 
sub. D. truncatum. 
Braun v. Br.—’93a, sub. D. trun- 
catum (supra). 
v. Br.— fig. 4, sub. D. ttun- 
catum (supra). 
Stiles and Hassall.—The present 
paper. 
Specific Diagnosis.—8-10.12 mm. long by 1.12 mm. broad; 
lanceolate, flat, anterior fourth quite thin ; acetabulum slightly 
larger than oral sucker and situated just in front of boundary 
between first and second fourth of body ; posterior end bluntly 
pointed ; testicles four to five-lobed, one posterior to the other 
and separated by sigmoid end portion of excretory system ; 
ovary oval; uterus profusely developed; vitellogene glands 
extend from about the acetabulum to the ovary; eggs small, 
elliptical. Intestinal caeca extend to posterior end of body. 
Habitat.—Lfiver of Phoca barbata (found by Treutler, 1788). C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
429 
5. D. (D.) CONJUNCTUM (Cobbold, 1859) 
[1859-1894.] 
Synonymy. 
’59. Disloma conjunctum, Cob. . . 
(’60.) “ “ “ . . 
(’61.) “ “ “ . . 
>64. “ << “ . . 
(’72.) “ “ “ . . 
’73- “ “ “ ■ • 
(’76.) “ “ “ . . 
(’78.) “ “ “ . . 
’79- “ “ “ • • 
’81. “ “ “ . . 
:82. “ “ “ . . 
83. “ “ “ . . 
’86. “ “ “ . . 
’86. “ “ “ . . 
’89. “ “ “ , . 
’92. Distoma truncatum, Rud. (pro 
parte). 
’92. Distomum conus, Crepl. (pro 
parte). 
Literature. 
Cobbold.—Syn. Dist., p. 8. 
Further observations on Entozoa, with 
experiments, Linn., Trans., XXIII, 
p. 349, pi. 33, 1-2. 
List of Entozoa, including Pentastomes, 
from animals dying at the Zool. Soc. 
Menag. betw. 1857-60; Proc. Zool. 
Soc., Lond. 
Entozoa, London, p. 20-22, pi. II. 
Lewis and Cunningham.—Micros- 
copical and Physiol. Researches. 
Appendix C. (foot note); Eighth 
Annual Rep. San. Comm., with 
Govt, of India, Calcutta, p. 168. 
Cobbold.—The Internal Parasites of 
Dom. Animals, London, p. 81. 
McConnell.—The lancet, March 4. 
Repr. in the Veterinarian. 
The Lancet, March 30, p. 476. 
Cobbold.—Parasites, etc., pp. 30-33. 
Kuchenmeister und Zurn.—Paras, 
d. Menschen, 2. ed., Leipzig, p. 335. 
VIII, 10 b. 
Perroncito.—I Parassiti, etc., p. 285. 
Braun, M.—D. th. Par. d. Menschen. 
pp. 65-66. 
Railliet.—Elements d. zool. med. et 
agric., p. 297. 
Perroncito.—Trattato, etc., p. 250. 
Leuckart.—Die Par. d. Menschen. 
2. ed., 4. L., p. 355, fig. 162-163. 
Neumann v. N.—’92, p. 529, sub. D. 
truncatum. 
Stossich v. Stos.—’92, p. 24-25, sub. 
D. truncatum. 
Specific Diagnosis.—6 to 12 mm. long, by 2.5 mm. broad; 
body transparent when fresh, lanceolate, posterior extremity 
obtusely pointed. Cuticle covered with minute spines. Acetab- 
ulum slightly smaller than oral sucker, situated on border of 
about second and third seventh (Cobbold’s figure)—second and 
third fifteenth (McConnell’s figure)—of body. Genital pore 
immediately anterior to acetabulum. Oral sucker followed by 430 
Notes on Parasites. 
a pharynx, this by a very short oesophagus, this in turn by 
two simple intestinal caeca which extend to posterior end of 
body. Testicles in posterior portion of body, right (or left) 
anterior to left (or right) ; cirrus absent. Ovary globular, 
rather large, somewhat posterior to uterus; uterus well de- 
veloped ; shell-gland ? ; vitellogene glands extend from a short 
distance back of the oesophagus—but anterior of acetabulum— 
to anterior testicle (after Cobbold’s figure)—(or from a short 
distance posterior to acetabulum to posterior testicle, after 
figures by McConnell, and Eewis Cunningham). Eggs 0.035 
mm. by 0.021 mm. End portion of excretory system sigmoid. 
(Diagnosis based upon figures and writings by former authors). 
Habitat.—Biliary ducts of American fox (Canis fulvus), 
examined in Eondon ; of Man in India. 
Authors have not hesitated to unite the form found by Mc- 
Connell, and Eewis and Cunningham, in one species. While 
not desiring to separate the forms into two species without hav- 
ing the original material before us, we will venture to express 
our doubt whether this union is justified, for the following 
characters shown in the figures referred to can hardly be as- 
cribed to individual variation : first, in Cobbold’s figure the 
acetabulum is situated two-sevenths of the length of the body 
posterior to the mounth and a considerable distance posterior 
to the branching of the intestines, while in the the other figures 
it is immediately posterior to the branching of the intestine ; 
secondly, the difference of position of the vitellogene glands 
given in the figures exceeds all limit of individual variation to 
which we are accustomed in the allied forms. 
Summary. 
1. A new species of flukes (D. complexum) is found in 
American cats. 
2. In many species of the second section of the subgenus 
Dicroccelium, the end portion of the excretory system (con- 
tractile vesicle) pursues a sigmoid course between the testicles. 
3. In some of the species (D. albidum, D. conjunction, D. 
longissimum var. corvinum, D. complexum, D. truncation) either 
the right or the left testicles may be anterior or posterior. 
4. This variation is not yet established for D. felineum or 
D. tenuicolle, but will in all probability be found in these species 
also. C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
431 
5. In all these species the receptaculum seminis is on the 
side of the ovary corresponding to the posterior testicle ;. in 
some (all ?) cases the diffuse shell-gland is on the side cor- 
responding to the anterior testicle (cf. Figs. 6 and 17 ; this 
correlation was established in D. albidum only). 
6. In all these cases the position of the right or left testicle 
is therefore subject to too great individual variation to be as a 
specific character. 
7. The topography of the contractile vesicle (end portion of 
excretory canal) may perhaps prove to be a character of con- 
siderable value in classification. 
8. It seems exceedingly doubtful whether D. conjunction, 
found in man by Lewis, etc., is identical with D. conjundum 
Cobbold found in the American fox ( Vulpes vulpes var. fulvus). 
9. Cobbold’s species need a thorough revision, carried out 
by some helminthologist who can obtain Cobbold’s original 
specimens and compare them with other material. 
10. The form mentioned in this paper under the provisional 
name D. (D.) longissimum var. corvinum will probably be 
shown to be a new species, but the type should be compared 
with v. Linstow’s type before it is given specific rank. 
11. The following table will serve as a provisional key to the 
species discussed in this paper : 
I. 
Uterine coils and ovary posterior to testicles D. lanceolatum. 
Uterine coils and ovary anterior to testicles 2. 
Posterior extremity provided with muscular ridge .... D. truncatum. 
Posterior extremity without muscular ridge, rounded or pointed ... 3. 
2. 
Testicles branched, and frequently extending beyond the intestinal 
caeca into the lateral fields; excretory system runs dorsally of 
testicles D. sinense. 
Testicles lobate, confined (with possible rare exceptions) to median 
field; excretory canal sigmoid, between the testicles (see D. longis- 
simuni) , 4. 
3- 
(Esophagus longer than pharynx 5. 
. (Esophagus equal to or shorted than pharynx 6. 
4- 
Anterior portion thin, extended like a neck; posterior portion not very 
broad; ovary globular; body 8—10 mm. long D.tenuicoUe. 
Anterior portion not so thin or extended; posterior portion rather 
broad ; ovary lobate; body 6 mm. long D. viverrini. 
5- 
6. 
Ovary lobate 7. 
Ovary globular; spines present 8. 432 
Notes on Parasites. 
Spines preseht; body 25-35 mm. long; vitellogene glands extend 
from end of oesophagus (anterior of acetabulum) to middle of 
body D. albidum.. 
Spines absent; body 10-18 mm. long; vitellogene glands in middle 
third of body, not extending anterior to acetabulum . . . D. felineum.. 
7- 
8. 
Vitellogene glands extend into anterior half of body; worm not over 
12mm. long; hab. mammals 9. 
Vitellogene glands confined to posterior half of body; worm elongate, 
12-29 mm.; hab. birds 10. 
Acetabulum some distance from oesophagus; vitellogene glands 
extend from near oesophagus to anterior testicle (after Cob- 
bold) D. conjunctum. 
Acetabulum close to end of oesophagus; vitellogene glands begin 
some distance posterior to acetabulum and extend to posterior 
testicles (after McConnell, and Lewis and Cunningham) . D. conjunctum. 
9- 
Acetabulum about on boundary between first and second anterior 
sixths; testicles lobate; excretory canal (?); ovary lobate; vitello- 
gene glands begin at about middle and extend to shell-gland and 
ovary; spines absent D. longissimum. 
Acetabulum on boundary between first and second anterior thirds; 
testicles globular; end of excretory canal sigmoid, between testicles; 
ovary globular; vitellogene glands begin at middle and extend to 
posterior testicle or beyond; spines present D. longissimum 
var. corrnnum. 
io. 
22 : A case of Echinococcus in a Camel. 
At present we have no idea of the extent of the Echinococcus 
hydatid in this country, and on that account it is well to record 
every case found, so that we may trace the distribution of the 
parasite. The following are the only cases of its presence in 
domesticated animals in the United States and Canada recorded 
in this laboratory :— 
Welch recorded three cases of the hydatid in hogs in Mary- 
land ; Moore has found two cases in hogs in Washington, D. C.; 
Stiles one case in cattle in Nebraska; Kilborne one case of the 
adult in dogs in Washington ; Wheeler condemned the livers 
of 117 out of 2000 hogs between July 15 and September 15, 
1891, in New Orleans; Osier found it in 2.9 per cent of the 
(1037) hogs he examined in Montreal. A number of cases have 
also been recorded in Man. 
To these cases may now be added a case in a camel. The 
patient belonged to a traveling circus and was left in Wash- 
ington for the winter. It died of general tuberculosis and upon 
postmortem examination Dr. Buckingham found a growth in C. W. Stiles and Albert Hassall. 
433 
the liver which he sent to the laboratory for examination. The 
cyst, which was about 35 mm. in diameter, contained a col- 
lapsed and more or less degenerated bladder-like object which 
excited our suspicion and which upon microscopic examination 
proved to be an Echinococcus polymorphic, containing numerous 
heads. 
Echinococcus hydatids are said to be quite common in Texan 
cattle, but we cannot confirm the report for none of the cases 
(about twenty-five in number) which have been referred to us 
as Echinococcus represented this parasite. The cases we exam- 
ined were abscess which bore a striking resemblance to this 
parasite, but which upon being opened were totally devoid of 
any inner membrane, heads or hooks, and contained only a 
mass of pus. 
23 : An interesting anomaly in Moniezia plaissima. 
In our Revision of the Adult Cestodes of Cattle, Sheep and 
Allied Animals, we showed that this species agreed with the 
other species of the genus Moniezia in having the genital pores 
on the lateral margin. Quite recently in examining some 
mounted specimens of this species we noticed one segment in 
which the left genital pore is perfectly normal, opening on the 
margin ; the right genital pore, however, opens on the dorsal 
surface of the segment just between the two longitudinal 
canals. All of the neighboring pores are perfectly normal. 
It is possible to shift the position of the genital pores by roll- 
ing the preparation in mounting, but the case here recorded is 
not to be accounted for in that way, as in all cases of this arti- 
ficial displacement of the pore, several pores are affected at the 
same time. 
B. A. I., U. S. Department of Agriculture. III. 20 1893. Plate I. 
Fig. i.—Distoma albidum, Braun. Copied from Braun’s article, ’93^. 
Fig. 2.—D. albidum. From one of Braun’s original specimens, colored with acid carmine. Orig, 
Fig. 3.—D. complexum, sp. n. 
Fig. 4.—D. complexum, stained with acid carmine to show the internal anatomy. 
Fig. 5.—D. felineum, after Braun, ’93^. 
Fig- 6.—D. felineum, from one of Braun’s specimens stained in acid carmine. Orig, Plate II. 
Fig- 7 —D. felineutn. Neumann’s Fig 284“ D. conus seu truncatum 
Fig. 8.—D.felineum. Rivolta’s original figure. 
Fig. 9.—D. viverrini. Poirier’s original figure. 
Fig. ro.—Egg of D. viverrini; after Poirier. Plate III. 
Fig. ii —D. truncatum (R.), after Braun, ’93d. 
Fig. 12.—D. truncatum (R.), from one of Rudolphi’s original specimens. 
Fig. 13.—D. conjunctum, Cobbold. After Cobbold. 
Fig. 14.—D. conjunctum, after McConnell, from Leuekart) Fig. 1). 
Fig. 15.—D. conjunctum, after Lewis and Cunningham, from Leuekart, Plate IV. 
Fig. 16.—D. tenuicolle, (R.), after Braun, ’933. 
Fig. 17.—D. longissimum, var. corvinum. Orig. 
Fig. 18.—D. longissimum, v. Linstow, after v. L., 1883. 
Fig. 19.—D. lanceolatum, Mehlis. Orig.