
<1L


A BRIEF WORLD HISTORY
a.v;
OF
T
TFT

UZ
 
 
'99
  "THE FLU
A BRIEF HISTORY
OF
INFLUENZA
IN
U. S. AMERICA
  EUROPE
  HAWAII
BY
A. MOURITZ, Ph.D
PHYSICIAN
HONOLULU, HAWAII
   U. S. AMERICA



     1921   V  LIBRARY
7<c
 
              COPYRIGHTED
Entered Accordiug to Act of Congress, in the Year 1921
                     By
                A.  MOURITZ
      In the Office of  the I ibrarian of Congress
             Printed in Hawaii
Pr< ss:  Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd., Honolulu
               MDllXCWI
  FEB  19/92/
©C1A610465 
PREFACE
This Booklet has been written and  compiled  for the use of any
student or layman  who seeks concise and  clear information on
the  history of  Influenza.  Brief and salient  facts  are  set  forth
relating to "Flu" epidemics and  pandemics: other collateral fea-
tures have al>o been discussed, connected with or bearing  upon
this subject.
                                           A. M.
                                    Author and Compiler.
Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S.  A., V>2\.
? 
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Finckler, Dittmar........  Influenza..........Bonn.  1898.
Fonseca,................    "  "  .....Salamanca.  1625.
Hubbard, ...............    "  -  ........London.  1667.
Lobineau,  ...............     '  ••  .........  paris.  1650.
Pasquier,................    "  •■  .'......... paris.  1665.
Perkins,.................    "  "  .........  paris.  1776.
Pfeiffer, Richard.........    "  "  .......Breslau.  1892.
Short, Thomas...........    "  "  .......London.  1587.
Thompson, Theodore.....    "  "  .......London.  1852.
Webster, Xoah.....Epidemics, Pestilences.   London.  1800.
American Dictionary of Medicine; Various Authors.  ...  1914.
Report of London College of Physicians.....London.  1783.
Madhava, Indian Physician.  Pathology  'Rugyinischaya.'
   ................'................'...........13. C.   582.
Diodorus Siculus, Historian. Agyrium, Sicily.   . A. 1).    78. 
5
                        CHAPTER  I.

 What is Influenza?  Discovery of the Bacillus.  Alleged causes.
     Names given to the disease and their translation.  Explan-
     ation of  medical words.


                        INFLUENZA.

     An infectious and  contagious disease; most startling in its
 methods of sudden  appearance  and disappearance;  its widely
 diffused  and  rapid spread  is seen in no  other disease; it has
 excited universal and general attention;  physicians and  scien-
 tists have been stimulated and fascinated  whilst pursuing  their
 investigations  and studying the disease  in  its various  phases, to
 wit: spread, incubation, differences of type, and the exact micro-
 organism  which  invades  the  system of  man,  and if there is
 more than one that enters  together or separately.
     Discovery of the Bacillus.  In the year  1892, Dr. Richard
 Pfeiffer, of the  University of Breslau,  Silesia, Prussia,   dis-
 covered the specific  microbe of Influenza,  a  Bacillus,  which is
 generally accepted as being the cause of the  disease;  however,
 there are some physicians who dissent.
     It was found to  be present in the  lungs, bronchial mucous
 membrane, sputum and  nasal discharge.  It is one of  the small-
 est of  the known bacilli; measures about  one micron  long  and
 a  one-half micron  in breadth.  A  micron is  equal  to ■ 251(M)()
 of an  inch.  The bacillus is found singly  and in pairs, is  non-
 motile.  Domestic animals  are not subject to  the Flu, but mon-
 keys and rabbits can be  infected.
     Alleged Causes  of  the  "Flu.''   It  has been  attributed to
 numerous and varied agencies in  the past.   Philosophers,  phy-
 sicians and the people believed the disease to be due  to super-
 natural phenomena.
     Some of the  causes given were in the main fanciful, freak-
 ish and imaginary, the  delusions of minds filled  with wonder
 or fear, and illusions of the senses, such as:
     Comets, earthquakes,  volcanoes  and  cosmic  dust  caused
 by the rising and setting of the  sun.
A.D.  1411  Diabolical pollution of the air with pestilential vapors
           arising from the air and ground ;  these  caused bleed-
           ings from the mouth, nose and  bowels, and in women
           caused abortions.
  "   1580  Bad conduct of  Sirius the dog star,  caused  by anger.
 "    1658  Blast  from the stars.
  "   1742  Malign  influence (Influenza)  of the stars, etc., etc. 
6
   NAMES GIVEN TO INFLUENZA:  TRANSLATED.

Date of Epidemic.       Name.                 Language.
       A.D.
        827      Se Wulf               Saxon
        827      Heafd Flowan          Anglo-Saxon
        876      Italiae Febris           Latin
       1411      Le Tac                French
       1414      Le Horion             French
       1427      Ladendo               Italian
       1510      Cephale Catarrhale      French
       1510      Coqueluche             French
       1510      Coccoluche             Anglo-French
       1742      Influente               Italian
       1742      La Grippe             French
       1781      Catarro Russo          Italian

     Se Wulf.  Sc (the), Wulf, wolf.   Probably  so named  from
the cough of the Flu  victim resembling the growd of the wolf;
or from the sudden seizure  by the outlaw wolf of its victim.
     Heafd  Flowan.   Heafd,  head;  Flowan, to flow;  hence
Head  Catarrh.
     Italiae Febris.   Fever of Italy.
     Le Tac. The Rot;  slow  recovery, persistent cough, like T.B.
     Le Horion. The thump or blow;  suddenness of the attack
of the  Flu.
     Ladendo.  This word  is  puzzling;   it  is  slang  Latin or
Italian or is  misspelt.  If Latendo, it means, the Hidden  One,
the  Flu.  If it  is  Ludendo, then it may  mean,  the Tickler or
Laugher, the tickling cough  spasms, resembling a person laugh-
ing.   In the Epidemic of 1427,  the  manner of greeting  was
"As-tu eu  Ladendo?"   Have  you  had Ladendo?
     Cephale  Catarrhale.   Head  Catarrh.
     Coqueluche; from coq, the male bird;   hence crested like
the comb of a cock.  Luche  means a cap or hood. The wearing
of a cap,  cocked  or  crest  shaped, by the victim of  the  Flu,
gave the name to the  disease, hence,  "Coqueluche."
     Coccoluche.  Is the  above  word Coqueluche,  Anglicised.
Coc  or core  is  Anglo-Saxon for the  French word, coq.
     La  Grippe.  La,  the, and the verb,  agripper,  to grip or
cling to or choke.
     Influenza.  The world-wide  designation  by  which the dis-
ease is known todav;  is of Italian origin from the word In-
fluente;  a  malign Influence or Influenza  from  the  stars being
the  cause.   Latin:  in, into or upon, and  fluo to flow;  hence a
flowing in,  into or upon:  caused bv an  unseen power or In-
fluence or  Influenza,  like the  profuse nasal  discharge, flowing
from an invisible source. 
7
               THE PERFECT LANGUAGE.

     Sanskrit literally  means  ''the perfect language,"  from  san
or sam, with, ancf krita, perfected or done.  It  is a mother lan-
guage, the ancient  language of the  Hindus, and  called the  In-
fallible language, because it  is based  on infallible rules;  and also
the language of the Gods.
     The language contains the root Plu ; to flow, to rain, to swim.
Now, whether it is the Anglo-Saxon word, flowan to flow; or the
Latin words pluo, to rain, and fluo to flow ;  or the German flies-
sen,  to flow : or the Greek word phleo, to  flow; and the  Italian
word, influente, influo, and hence Influenza ;  every one of these
words is drafted from this  Sanskrit root Plu;  from 1800 B.C.
downwards  is the time that the Sanskrit was in  use.
     Plu or Flu is an ancient disease,  so the Author of this Book-
let believes, and in confirmation thereof, cites the views of native
Italian Sanskrit scholars  who have found the records of a pesti-
lence, resembling the Flu away back in the mists of  antiquity,
1200 B. C.
     This  disease repeatedly ravaged  the then centers  of dense
population, Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Southern  Asia,  in
the reigns of Tiglath  Pileser (1120-00)  and   Nebuchadnezzar
(605-562). The sickness affected the  citizens of ancient Babylon;
and the described features of the epidemics were  such as we have
today in  those of Influenza, cough, headache, fever, pain in  the
eyeballs,  and copious tears  and water gushing  from  the nose,
stained with blood or all blood. The Sanskrit historians  jjave  the
name "Plu"  to the disease, probably from the flowing nasal dis-
charge.
     It is an  uncanny coincidence, that our Hawaiian people, who
are descended from the Indian branch  of  the Indo-European
family of nations,  use the  softer letter p  in  pronouncing  the
shortened form of  the word Influenza, Plu  for Flu.
     Unknowingly, the Hawaiians  are using probably  the word
that  their ancestors used 2.500 years ago in  India on the banks
of the river Sindhu or Indus.

         EXPLANATION  OF MEDICAL WORDS.

     Before  entering upon a description of the epidemics  of  In-
fluenza, which have ravaged the various countries of the  world,
it is  essential to explain the meanings of certain medical words
used  in  connection with epidemic,  contagious  and infectious
diseases.
     The definitions which are given, if not exactly orthodox,  are
fairly in accord with modern views, and are clear, simple, and
should be easily understood by any  ordinary reader. 
8
    Infectious.  A disease acquired  without any direct contact
with a sick person;  the infection may be carried by a person in
apparent good health, or by any intermediary substance, or by the
entrance of a non-immune person into a  room, house, or any
place  of human  residence,  or occupied as such;  where there  has
been recently any infectious disease,  such as Flu, Scarlet Fever,
Measles or Small-pox, etc., etc.
    Infection.   The entrance into the  system  or body of living
disease producing germs, such as by
    (a)  Droplet infection;  bacteria infected minute  particles
or droplets, ejected  by sneezing,  coughing, spitting and  talking.
    (b)  Aerial dust particles  coated with bacteria.
    (c)  Mixed, more  than one bacterium or organism present
in the system, they may enter together or one  precede the other.
    Contagious. A disease acquired from  a direct contact with
the sick.
    Contagion.  The spreading of a  disease by direct or indirect
contact.
     (a)  Direct  contagion.
     (b) Indirect  contagion or mediate, as by a "carrier,"  who
is apparently in good health, but nevertheless carries disease and
can convey it to other non-immune persons.
     (c)  By means  of Fomites  (hereafter defined).
    Contagium. The  virus or poison which  transmits  disease,
such  as the vaccine used in anti-smallpox  vaccination, which in
former years was obtained from the vacca  or  cow,  now  the calf
is the source of supply.
    Fomites.  Any non-animate agents or substances that trans-
mit contagion  such as blankets,  towels, handkerchiefs, or  any
articles which have been contaminated by the secretions or excre-
tions  of the sick.
    Endemic.   A  disease which  is permanently present in a
people or  district, it may become epidemic.
    Epidemic.  A rapidly and widely spreading disease attacking
many people.                                              ;  '
    Pandemic.  A wide and  rapidly spreading Epidemic affect-
ing many  people and all countries.
    Sporadic.   A disease occurring here and there,  not attack-
ing many  people, not widely spread nor epidemic.
    Incubation. The period between the implanting or acquiring
of a  communicable  disease and its development; and visible by
external signs  or other recognisable manifestations. 
<J
                       CHAPTER II.

     INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS  IN U.  S. AMERICA.

A.D. \??7.  Appeared in America.  Spread from Constantinople.
               Very fatal.
     1580.  Pandemic II.  Spread  to America.
     1647.  For  the first  time  mentioned in  the  history  of
               America. Swept the plantations  in the South.
     1732-33.   Pandemic III.  October 1732 appeared in Con-
               necticut.  Following day in  Massachusetts; Ann-
               apolis two days later, attacked 50% of the gar-
               rison.
     17(4.  Appeared in the spring.  Northern parts of U. S.  A.
               Philadelphia, Massachusetts and  Weymouth.
     17o7.  Appeared in the month of May.
     \77?-7(\   Epidemic in the U.  S. A.
     1781-S2.   Pandemic  IV.  Very  severe,  widespread, ap-
               peared in the  spring.  Began in the east,  China,
               thence to India, Russia, western Europe.  Named
               the "Russian  Catarrh."  Appeared in U. S.  A.
               in April 1782.
     1788-89.   Prevailed extensively in U. S. A.  From the 15th
               to the 45th  degree of latitude, spread over this
               area in 6 to 8 weeks.
     1807.  Generally disseminated  throughout "the U. S. A.
     1815.
     1824.
     1825.
     1826.
     1830.  Pandemic  VI.   November  1831  reached America.
             Seat of the outbreak Manila, P.  L, in September.
            1830.
     1*43.  Very prevalent in  New England  in the  month  of
            _   June.
     1850-51.   Epidemic in the U. S. A.
     1*73.  Prevalent in the States  of Pennsylvania,  Ohio, Vir-
              ginia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin. Minne-
               sota, Missouri, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas.
     1874-75.   Reoccurred  in all the above  States.
     1879.  Epidemic in the  U. S.  A.
     1889-90. Pandemic IX.  Began in  May, 1*89. at Bukhara,
               Russian  Turkestan. One of the worst pandemics
               ever known; ran over the whole globe in a few
               months.
            America infected  from both  Siberia and Europe.
            Appeared in New York end of ()ctober 1889. 
10
             San Francisco infected from Japan December, 1889.
     1918-19.  Pandemic X.  Began in  southwestern  Spain in
               April, 1918.  Spread to the U. S. A. in May, .1918,
               wide morbidity.   Prevalent all  over  the  States.
               Pneumonia very severe and fatal, especially in the
               training camps, where  it swept off  numbers  of
               the flower of the American youth.
     To date, number of Epidemics in the U. S. A.......17
     To date, number of Pandemics in the U. S. A.....  5

   INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS IN  EUROPE  AND ASIA.

B.C. 1103.  Epidemic in Babylon, or Babirus of the  Persians.
      722.  Epidemic in Nineveh, during the reign  of Sargon,
               King of Assyria.
      591.  Diodorus mentions a pestilence as having  occurred at
               this date; accompanied  with headache, coma and
               death.                     (?Meningitis) A.M.
      412.  The Roman Historian  and writer Livy  refers  to a
               pestilence resembling the Flu in book iv. page ?2.
      395.  A pestilence claimed to be Flu destroyed  by thou-
               sands the soldiers  in the Greek army at  the siege
               of Syracuse.          (?Plague or Cholera) A.M.
A.D.  827. A cough disease with fever spread rapidly and widely;
               known as Heafd or Heafod Flowan,  also as Se
               Wulf.  Epidemic in Britain.
      876.  A disease attended  with cough and  fever, pain  in
               the  eyes, Italiae febris, Italian  fever.  Ravaged
               Germany and  Italy.
      888.   A disease with cough and fever spread through  Ger-
               many.
      927.   A disease with  cough and  fever Epidemic in  France
               and Germany.
      996-7.  A disease  with cough  and  fever Epidemic  in
               England.
      1173.   First epidemic or claimed to be the first, prevailed in
               Italy, Germany and England.
      1323.   The same countries  invaded,  spread   to persons,
               towns and villages.
      1327.   The same  countries  invaded,  spread   to persons,
               towns and villages.
      1387.   Jacob  von  Konigshofen  states in  the Strasburg
               chronicle, "A general pestilence invaded the whole
               country, attended with cough and fever;  hardly
               one among ten were unaffected."
      1403-4.   Epidemic over Europe. 
11
      1411.  Epidemic :  name given to the disease le Tac.  Cause:
               contagion in the air, extensively;  caused Abor-
               tions, during convalescence  there  was  profuse
               hemorrhages  from the mouth, nose and  bowels.
               This account of the disease is given by Pasquier
               of Paris, 1665.
      1414.  Epidemic in France in February and March.  Names
               given to the disease, Le Tac, le  Horion and the
               Coqueluche.  (Authority, Lobineau.)
      1427.  Epidemic.  Widespread in France and the continent
               of Europe. Name given to the disease, Ladendo.
               Symptoms, cough,  insomnia, renal pains, ano-
               rexia, rigors constantly. The greeting everywhere
              on meeting friends was "Have you had Ladendo?"
    *1510.  PANDEMIC I.  All over Europe.  First accurate
               description given of its prevalence in the  British
               Isles.  Mild in type.   Names given in France,
               Cephale  Catarrhale and Coqueluche;  in  Britain
               Coccoluche.  (Authority,  T.  Thompson.)
      1557.  Came from Constantinople.  Very fatal.  Spread to
               U. S. A.   Ravaged  Paris in July and August,
               Spain in August, England in  September, Holland
               in October.
            Distinctive symptoms, "tightness and dreadful op-
               pression  over the chest, as if bound with red hot
               chains;  the same sensations  over  the abdomen
               and stomach."   (Authorities, Thompson, Her-
              man.)
      1562.  Mild Epidemic.
      1563.  Mild Epidemic.

                            1580
    PANDEMIC II.  Started  on the north  coast of Africa in
Algiers and Morocco, in  May, also in the Island of Malta.
    Spread to  the U. S.  A. (Authority, Fonseca of  Madrid.)
    England ravaged August, September, October November.
    Rome, 9,000 persons died.
    Barcelona, Cadiz, Cordova, Seville, Madrid and other Spanish
cities  are  said to have been depopulated.
    The Spanish Physicians bled their patients,  this venesection
is said to  have been very fatal; those who were not bled, most
lived.
    Thomas Short, London, 1587, states on page 9, "All had the
Coccoluche; few died except  those who were bled or had  un-
sound Viscera."                      ....
    Anna, wife of Philip I. of  Spain, died of the disease.
    Pope  Gregory XIII. was given up for death, but  recovered. 
12
    Epidemics in 1591, 1593, 1597, 1626.

                            1647
    Noah Webster states, "For the first time Influenza is men-
tioned in the history of U. S. America, but it must not be con-
cluded in  the absence  of earlier records, that the disease never
occurred in  the U. S.  A."
    Webster also  cites from  Hubbard, "the disease swept the
Southern  States and the plantations."
    The West Indies  were ravaged and had an  extensive mor-
bidity ; on each of the Islands of Barbadoes and  St. Kitts there
were 5,000 to 6,000 cases.
                            1658
    Epidemic in Europe,  started the end  of  April.   Thomas
Wills,  M.D. of Oxford, says,  "the cause of the disease  was a
Blast  from the Stars."
                            1675
    Epidemic, ravaged Germany.
                            1688
    Epidemic, began in May.  Europe, swept. Great mortality in
Britain.
                            1693
    Epidemic.  Europe.
                            1709
    Epidemic in Europe. France, Germany and Italy chiefly af-
fected.
                            1712
    Europe, epidemic began in Germany.  Fever, cough, sense of
dread and oppression, painful eyes and great backache.   Rapid
spread, great and  prolonged exhaustion, morbidity  great,  nearly
everyone attacked, mortality very light.

                           1729-30
    Origin, Moscow, Russia, April, 1729.  Morbidity enormous,
lightning-like spread.   In  London great  mortality, barely \°/o
escaped!  In the  month of September, 1729, over 1,000 persons
died each week. Rome  had some 60,000 cases. (Authority, Hahn.)

                            1732-3
    PANDEMIC III.  Raged over the entire  earth.  Spread
to U. S. America October, 1732.

                            1742-3
     La GRIPPE and INFLUENZA appear as  names given to
the disease  for  the first time.  Epidemic, great  morbidity, few
deaths. 
13
                            1758
     I he Flu prevailed as an epidemic in France, Scotland and
the West Indies.
                            1761
    Present in the  U. S.  A. in the spring.
                            1762
    Epidemic in  Europe.
                            1767
    U".  S. America, began in month  of  May.
                           1775-6
    Spread  from Europe  to  U.  S. A. (Authority,  Glugc.)
                           1780-1
    January, 1780, started in France.
                           1781-2.
    PANDEMIC  IV.  Very  severe, widespread.   Began  in
the autumn  of  1781  on the borders of China and India, thence
spread to Russia and U.  S.  A.
    In  1782 appeared in  western Europe;  the name given in
this Pandemic was RUSSIAN CATARRH.
    The British fleet sailed  from  the Channel  ports, Plymouth
and Portsmouth, on  May 6,  1782.   No further  contact was had
with the land, vet on the 27th of  May the Flu broke out on the
fleet.
    **(The  presence of Flu carriers on the ships,  or  infected
stores, clothes and other fomites and  only opened after a week
or two at sea;  also  the Flu being epidemic at  the ports of de-
parture, will amply account  for this alleged miracle)  (Author.)
                           1788-9
    Widespread epidemic  in  the U. S. A.  "Statement of Web-
ster."
    "Influenza is not spread  by Infection : sailors  on board ships
100 miles from land, and insulated as to infection were attacked."
    **(Influenza is spread by infection, the explanation and de-
fense  is the same as just made above.) (Author.)
                         1799-1800
    North Eastern  Europe.   Epidemic.
                           1802-3
    PENDEMIC V.
                            1807
    PANDEMIC  VI.
                            1830
    PANDEMIC  VII.  The seat of the  outbreak  was Manila,
P.I., in September.  It spread to  the U. S. A. 
14
                            1833
    Epidemic in  Northern Asia, Europe, North  Africa.  In St.
Petersburg great  morbidity, none escaped.

                            1836-7
    PANDEMIC VIII.   Starting point obscure, but in the East-
ern Hemisphere.  Morbidity and Mortality large. Pulmonary In-
fluenza or Influenza-Pneumonia cases very common.
    In London, for the week ending January 24, 1837, there died
1166 persons;  and for the week ending  January 31, the  death
rate reached a total of 1169; these deaths were solely  due to Flu.

                            1847-8
    PANDEMIC IX.  Point of origin unknown; center of the
focus of the disease the Eastern Hemisphere and Europe es-
pecially.  More females than males were attacked.
    Great mortality;  of those  affected  with the disease,  there
died        83% of children, babies and infants.
           104% qf those 15 to 60 years.
          247% of those over 60 years.
                                        (Authority,  Peacock.)
    In Paris 34 t0 XA 0I  the population were attacked.
    In Geneva ]/$ of the population were attacked.
    In London 250,000  were said to have been  stricken.
    U. S. America escaped the  disease.

          1850-1:   1857-8;   1873-4;   1875;  1879.
    Influenza prevalent  in both Hemispheres.

                           1889-90
    PANDEMIC X..  Started at Bukhara,  in Russian Turkes-
tan, large province situated to the east of the Caspian sea; March,
1889.   Very vicious in its morbidity and  spread, acted as never
before; ran over  the whole globe in a few months.
    CONTAGIOUS : which hitherto in doubt, was clearly dem-
onstrated by  this Epidemic, which spread from Asia to  Russia.
    America was infected from both Siberia and Europe.  Tropi-
cal  and temperate countries,  mountain  and plain, were all swept
over alike.
                         1918-9-1920
    PANDEMIC XL  Origin in south eastern Spain, Barcelona
a seaport;  April, 1918,  where a German submarine  is  said to
have carried it; originally acquired by this boat at the Baltic port
or ports of  Danzig  or Stettin.
    Swept Europe and entered Asiatic Russia, later Japan. U. S.
America was infected at its  Pacific  and Atlantic ports.
• 
15
    The conditions  of  trade  and commerce during the World
War were  unusually favorable for the carrying of Influenza to
theU. S. A.                              ^  &
    America the great-souled, as always,  acting most generously,
putting  herself on short rations  in  order  to  feed  the  starving
millions of  the world, and sending her ships with food and cloth-
ing to the Flu-infected ports, carried back the disease to  her own
people.
      To date, number  of  Epidemics in  Europe......47
                          Pandemics          ......11
           NAMES  FOR INFLUENZA.

Italian .................Catarro Russo, and Influente.
Portuguese...............Cattarrho Epidemico.
Spanish................Catarro Epidemico.
German................Blitzkatarrh=Lightning-catarrh.
German................Influenz.
♦ 
16
                       CHAPTER III.

                INFLUENZA IN HAWAII.

    Previous to the year  1889 Hawaii  had been tolerably  free
from the "Flu." Such cases which had appeared in former years
were  of  a mild character, as  were also those which  prevailed
during the 1889-90 epidemic. Epu'emic Catarrh has been known
in the Hawaiian Islands for  many years.   The  Annals of the
early  Missionary Fathers mention  it.
    Dr. Alonzo Chapin, an early Missionary physician, refers to
it;  on page 39 of  the Author's "Monograph on Leprosy," is the
following quotation taken  from  the  Doctor's writings in the
years  1836-37:  (in Hawaii)  "Diseases occur epidemically, as
was the  case with Catarrh, repeatedly."
    This epidemic catarrh was  probably Influenza in a mild form ;
or  it  may have been the  epidemic catarrh  of the  kind known
to the physicians  of today, as that caused by the Micro-coccus
Catarrhalis, a globular  or spheroid shaped micro-organism.
    SoUw.1 Wind  Catarrh :  In Hawaii  during the season when
the South wind prevails,  from  November  to  March, epidemic
and infectious  colds are very common.  They  are attended with
disagreeable frontal headache, nasal discharge,  sore throat, fever,
aching limbs and body;  these  are cases  of  mild "Flu."   Elderly
people, middle aged and old foreign residents, and our Aboriginal
population are  those mostly affected.
     Hawaii today, due to great increase of travel, greater speed
of  ocean  steamers, and  its cosmopolitan population, is probably
infected,  like all other  ports of the U.  S.  A., with several dif-
ferent species or strains of the Influenza Bacilhis, and also  those
of  the Micro-coccus Catarrhalis.
Contagious Nature of  Colds or  Catarrhs, so  Called.
     It is a well known fact, that when isolated  peoples are visited
by  strangers, whether they arrive by sea or  land, epidemic colds
speedily  appear amongst the residents of  these localities.
     The  Esquimaux,  Indian  tribes,- residents of  South  Sea
Islands, Caroline,  Marshall and Marquesa groups, Pitcairn Island,
etc.;  isolated peoples and out of the track  of travel, when visited
by  strangers, become affected  with epidemic catarrh and cough,
which may attack great  numbers of them and cause high mortality.
Those visitors  who carry the germs of  the  Catarrh show no
visible signs of disease themselves.
     Possible sources of Disease:  During the past four centuries
there  is  clear evidence that Hawaii has been  infected with dis-
eases  from certain sources;  there is also  evidence that is not
so  clear, yet it is worthy of consideration.  From \vhat_ countries
could ships carry  diseases to  Hawaii before  the opening up of
• 
17
 the Islands to foreign trade?  Spain, China, Japan and Russia.
 Since the opening up of the islands to  foreign commerce, the ships
 ot all nations have carried to Hawaii a varied assortment of dis-
 eases some nearly harmless, but others of the deadliest kind.
  _ _  In the past centuries there are credible records of  Spanish
 visitors, also of Chinese and Japanese, and of a people coming
 in Praus and Junks with "tufts of  hair on their faces," Formos-
 ans, whose speech has an alliance with the Malayo-Polynesian and
 hence  Hawaiian.
     At the present time numerous ships  which visit  Honolulu
 carry infectious and contagious diseases amongst their crews and
 passengers, especially those who travel  in the steerage.
     What occurs today at known intervals on a very large scale,
 most probably  happened on  a smaller scale at extended and un-
 known  intervals in past centuries;  diseases were introduced  to
 Hawaii, and carried from here.
     Castaways and shipwrecked mariners  can carry diseases  to
 the shores they arrive at, the same  as other voyagers, and prob-
 ably did so to  Hawaii.
    If there was no Tuberculosis  in  Hawaii before the coming
 of the Foreigner, then where  do  the ancient Hawaiian words
 "hookn/ "akepau"  come from?  Hookii  means, in English,  to
 grow thin  in flesh, to  waste away; akepau means to consume,
 to finish,  hence to  eat away.
  -  Even today inspection of arrivals from oversea ports,  and
 even limited quarantine carefully carried out  by competent of-
ficials,  is not always an  effective protection against the introduc-
 tion of  infectious and contagious diseases into any country.
    The following list  of  contagious  and infectious  diseases
eluded the Quarantine officials  at the port of  Honolulu  and in-
fected the town, some later infected other  Islands of the group.
        Year.               Month.             Disease.
       *1853            May  13.           Small-pox.
       *1881            February  4.      Small-pox.
        1895            August 22.        Cholera.
       *1899            December.        Plague.
        1911            February  23.      Cholera.
        1911            October'27.       Yellow Fever (?).
       *1918            June.             Influenza.
    *Spread to the other Islands of  the group.
               THE EPIDEMIC OF 1889-90.

    The 10th Pandemic which  had its origin  in the month of
March,  1889, at Bukhara, Russian Turkestan, ultimately reached 
1«
Hawaii, both from Japan and San Francisco:  from the former
country in August  of that year, and  from the  latter city in
December.
    Influenza became epidemic in the Islands in the year 1890, in
th^months of January, February, March and practically ceased
to exist in the latter part of April.  Its morbidity was extensive,
its death rate almost  nil.
    Extract from the Report  of the President of the Board
of Health to the Legislature:  session of 1890.
    "Early in the autumn  of the year 1889 a disease started in
Russia, which on that account  took  the name of the  Russian
disease.
    It spread rapidly  over Europe and  the  British Isles;  very
soon it crossed the Atlantic, and with extreme rapidity spread
over the whole continent of North America.
    Early in January, 1890, Dr. Trousseau, the port physician, re-
ported  many  cases  existing among  passengers,  on the  mail
steamer en  route to  the Colonies.
    In its  journey  westward from its  initial  starting  point in
Russia to the confines  of California, its  march  has been marked
by great prevalence and  fatality.
    In Hawaii with its mild and salubrious climate, its  intensity
is greatly modified,  and although it  caused  great  distress  and
physical suffering, very few deaths have  resulted from it.  This
disease has prevailed as an epidemic on several  former occasions
under  the name  of  Influenza.   Other extracts from the same
Report are as follows:
    Agent Reynolds, "Influenza has visited most of the  families
in town since its arrival, but deaths  have been few."
    Dr.  S.  B. Swift, "At Kalaupapa,   females at  the  Bishop
Home were most affected."
    Dr. Jared Smith, Kauai.    "Extreme  prevalence  of  In-
fluenza of mild type, began the middle  of January."
    Dr. D. Campbell, Waimea, Kauai.  "Influenza widespread."
    Dr. Greenfield,  Hamakua,  Hawaii.  "No  Influenza  epi-
demic.  Catarrh and Bronchitis; wet and cold weather."
    Dr. G.  Herbert. Wailuku,  Maui.   "One-third of the popu-
lation  affected ; at least 3,000 cases.  One Pneumonia case fatal.
Symptoms:  Fever,  frontal and  occipital headache, spinal  and
limb pains.  Pulmonary  congestion and  occasionally Pneumonia.
    Estimated number of  cases of Influenza:
       Island  of  Oahu.....6,500.....Population 28,000
                 Maui.....3,300.....   "     "    19,000
                     Deaths in Honolulu
                      February.....3
                      March  .......5
Total.........8 
19
          EARLIER ARRIVAL OF INFLUENZA.
                (Hawaii invaded from Japan.)

     On  or about the  20th  of August,  1889,  recently  arrived
Japanese laborers had Influenza in a mild  form.
     This shipment on arrival from Japan,  at  Honolulu, were
transferred  immediately from the ocean steamer to  the deck of
an  Inter-Island one,  and  were landed  direct at Onomea and
Hakalau plantations.
     The type of Influenza was very mild, never infected other
laborers; those who had the disease were segregated  for a week.
     At  Onomea there  were nine  cases, at Hakalau  feleven.
(Author.)
     The epidemic of  1890 left a trail of its own, somewhat dif-
ferent from the way it had acted as  an epidemic;  for almost
a decade cases  of  the nervous type  frequently kept cropping
out;  these were attended with Insomnia, great prostration,  se-
vere  neuritis  and facial neuralgia;  frequent attacks  and  re-
lapses in the intervals, of this Nervous form of Influenza, were
responsible for the decease of Honolulu's most prominent phvsi-
sian in the  year of 1894.
     The last, and fatal attack, the Doctor believed  he acquired
from visitors to Honolulu from Siberia, that country and Euro-
pean Russia being a continuous source of Endemic  Influenza.

                         DENGUE.

     Dengue in its initial stage or  degree  of progress in  some
respects resembles the Flu, and is often mistaken for it.   Such
was  the case in the years 1900-1901 when imported laborers from
Porto Rico, W.  I. carried the Dengue or Breakbone fever with
them.
     This disease has  practically disappeared, a sporadic case of
it comes to light now and then.  Its transmission by the Mosquito,
Culex fatigans, is not yet  definfiitely determined.
     A new  and more virulent type or species of the Influenza
Bacillus was carried overseas to the port of Honoulu  in the third
week of June, 1918, and spread to the residents of the town; and
it was this new imported type of Influenza that was responsible
for  the high mortality in the epidemics of that disease in 1918-19-
20,  due to Influenza and complicating Pneumonia, the so-called
Pulmonary or Pneumonic form of the disease.
     All these matters  have  been  fully described in the  public
press, and in part in the Reports of  the Board of Health, which
q—v. 
20
                      CHAPTER IV.

             GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Contents—Effect  of Influenza on  Man; Pulmonary-Influenza
    or  Influenza-Pneumonia;  Immunity; Incubation;  Salient
    Points;   Quarantine;  Cause  of "Flu";  Why  Microbes
    Created;  Flu Preventatives;  Hours When Flu  Attacks;
    Salient Points.

    Effect of Influenza on  Man.  When the  Influenza Bacillus
or Microbe has gained access to the system of man, it speedily
produces an  acute infectious toxaemia or blood  poisoning,  due
to the toxin  or  poison  liberated  in the  blood by the  Bacillus;
there  are also other disease producing micro-organisms  found
in the sputum or spit of the  Influenza  victim;  these are spheroid
or bead shaped and called  Cocci (kokkos, a berry, Greek), which
apparently aid the  B Influenza as allies  of  destruction to  our
systems.
    The effects of the "Flu" poisoning on the human lung some-
what  resembles the conditions seen in  those who have died from
inhaling strong  Chlorine  gas,  Carbon mon-oxide  or  Nitrogen
gases  in an atmosphere devoid of Oxygen.
    The type or general character of the "Flu" which has pre-
vailed in Hawaii during the past  two  years, especially  in Hono-
lulu in the months of January, February,  March and April, 1920,
is the highest development  of destructiveness to man, that the
B Influenza is capable of.   It was the true Russian Catarrh or
Malignant "Flu,"  and so called by the  Italians  Catarro  Russo
and not Influente or Influenza. This  type of  the "Flu" was re-
introduced into the U.  S. A. in  the  spring  of  1918.

               INFLUENZA-PNEUMONIA.

    Pulmonary  Influenza or  Influenza-Pneumonia  frequently
complicates the "Flu" in some epidemics, but  not  in all of them;
it is the main cause for the mortality due to  that disease.
    A century and a half ago the French physicians first dem-
onstrated its  peculiarities,  and its difference from  ordinary Pneu-
monia,  wdiich is as follows:
    (a)  It  develops gradually and  complicates the Bronchitis
of  Influenza.
    (b)  Its peculiar physical signs are:  the respiratory murmur
in the early  stages of the "Flu" is  diminished,  and later com-
pletely disappears;  then bronchial breathing begins  without dull-
ness  or  crepitant  rales, like true  Pneumonia.
    In  Hawaii as elsewhere, the complicating  Pneumonia seldom
appears before the  second or third day;  occasionally it comes to 
21
 the  fore after the fifth or sixth;  it is  not always easv of detec-
 tion in a mild case.   In our epidemic in Honolulu  last winter,
 1920, some of cases considered as Pneumonia  were  in fact those
 of simple Pulmonary  congestion and oedema,  attended with  ex-
 pectoration of frothy blood-tinged mucus, resembling the swollen
 or drowned lung found in  those who have been submerged and
 died  from  drowning.
     The true Influenza-Pneumonia  sputum or spit is "greenish-
 yellow," this greenish  color  being  due  to the presence  in  the
 sputum of a green pigment excreted by the diplo-coccus or double
 coccus, like a necklace of beads, or sometimes resembling rounded
 small  rods.

           LEGACIES OF THE "FLU" TO  MAN.

     A tendency to T.  B., softening of the heart muscle, nervous
 prostration, insomnia,  restlessness and  inability for brain work,
 depression of spirits and irritability of temper, neuralgias, middle
 ear disease, eye troubles, vertigo or giddiness  from the  ear dis-
 ease or eye or heart;  stomach  disease  after intestinal influenza,
 vomiting spells, etc., etc., emaciation, diarrhoea.
     The open air life  of the occupants  of  T. B. hospitals  ac-
 counts  for  their  freedom  from epidemic "Flu"; but they are
 not immune to every epidemic.  Residents of asylums, hospitals,
 and jails are not  so fortunate, numbers of the  inmates being  at-
 tacked; daily rations of quinine should be given.

          IMMUNITY THE KING PROTECTOR.

    Paradoxical as the statement may appear, the mild and balmy
 climate of the Hawaiian Islands, or any other place,  neither pro-
 tects nor prevents any person  from being attacked  by  the In-
 fluenza.
    A mild climate is not a factor of prevention against  any  in-
 fectious or contagious  disease:  the dominant agent  and king of
 protectors is an IMMUNITY inherited  or acquired.
    Climate cannot alter, change or prevent any person from be-
 ing infected with Small-pox,  Plague,  Cholera,  Scarlet  Fever,
Typhus or  Influenza.
    In the presence of King  "Flu" all  men are not  equal, those
who  have had several attacks of the disease  in former years, or
have recently had it,  are fairly Immune, not absolutely so; but
others  who  have not  recently had  Flu are liable to  become  in-
fected with  it, and may be stricken at any time.
    Good living, careful personal hygiene, fresh air in abundance,
avoidance of over heated and poorly ventilated rooms, together
with a  general high  standard  of living, are excellent, in  their 
22
way to prevent ordinary disease;  but in so far as they can pre-
vent any one  from  being infected  by  the  Flu,  the absolute
protection is entirely lacking  in  them;  none of these very es-
sential hygienic principles  can  produce  IMMUNITY,  which
is  the  SOLE protector  from an  attack, or more  than one at-
tack of Influenza, and it is Nature's standby, and by means of
which  it braces up the system  to  convalescence  and ultimate
recoverw
    Successful Vaccination against Small-pox  will  prevent  or
render mild  an attack of that disease, in 95%  of those who have
been vaccinated and re-vaccinated.  A  baby in  arms if success-
full}' vaccinated is Immune and protected;  whereas an  unvac-
cinated giant living in a balmy climate, should he contract Small-
pox, will probably be a candidate for a coffin or the furnace of
a Crematory.
    A mild  climate cannot alter nor  render less harmful to the
system of man, the specific toxin or  poison  of Influenza  once
it is liberated into his blood ;  nor the toxin of any other  micro-
organism of the infectious type.
    In the combat with  disease, many of the  advantages  of our
Hawaiian climate  are to a certain extent  neutralised by  a lack
of stamina  and disease  resistance (and also the neglecting to
call in the services of a physician at an early  stage of the ill-
ness) of some of  our  inhabitants.
    Any person who is affected with symptoms of  disease, such
as fever, headache, nasal discharge, cough, sore  and  tickling
throat, and  lassitude,  during the  prevalence of Fid,  epidemic or
sporadic, should take  to  bed, and  by so doing, it may mean and
is  in line wdth a quick recovery,  ^and a mild case of that dis-
ease :  whereas fighting off the disease and struggling to  pursue
one's daily avocation may change a mild type of illness to  a very
grave and hopeless one.  In this respect Influenza resembles Ty-
phoid fever  of the ambulatory type, the victim does not  realize
how sick he is, but when  the hour comes that exhausted body
and brain forces him to .seek his bed,  it is often too late, and
death or prolonged sickness awaits him.  Frequently the  athlete
and the physically strong, when stricken with Flu,  refrain from
early  rest, struggle against  the  inroads of the  disease, exhaust
their recuperative  powers, and when finally driven  to  bed, col-
lapse and die: whereas a weaker individual being  speedily over-
come, gives  up and takes early to bed  and recovers.
    The death  rate  amongst  those  who are  attacked by  the
"Flu" varies in each epidemic and pandemic;  as a fair average,
approximately most recover, sav 75fi ; incomplete recovery 15',r  ;
and in the  late epidemic in  Honolulu, the winter  of 1920, the
death rate was 8% to 10% ; in  the U.  S. A. it  was 4% to 6%  ;
and in Europe 4^%. 
23
                       INCUBATION.

    Great  discrepancies occur in the statements of different ob-
servers, but inasmuch as each epidemic varies in severity, a severe
type of the "Flu" may have a shorter incubative period than  a
mild type,  and therefore taking the variations in type into con-
sideration,  may  reconcile the differences.  If Influenza was ac-
companied  with a facial eruption or exanthem, this would ma-
terially  assist in the determination  of  its Incubative period.  In
Hawaii, two to three days is the most frequent period of Incuba-
tion;  it may vary, however, from 24 hours to 72 hours, even to
five days;  in these long incubative cases, headache, aching eye-
balls,  and great  languor are the indicating signs, and those per-
sons so affected  succumb  slowly  and offer  great  resistance to
the overpowering toxins of  the Bacillus Influenzae.
    The Immunity which a person  may possess in one Epidemic
and not in  another, may be accounted for by assuming that each
Epidemic may have a difference in the strain or the species of
the Influenza bacillus.

                    SALIENT POINTS.

    Period of Life.  Most  cases occur between 20 and 40 years.
    In Schools.   The older children are first attacked: open air
schools  are a positive, but not an  absolute defense against In-
fection.
    Indoor Schools. The ratio of prevalence amongst children of
all ages is 40%.
    Outdoor Schools.  All ages, the ratio of prevalence is  10%.
    Open Air Occupations.  Such as workers in the fields, 12%
are attacked.
   . Closed Rooms.  Factory Operatives, 49% are attacked.
    MAIN FACTOR OF SPREAD.  Not the Weather, but
HUMAN  intercourse,  especially  Commerce; the  greater  the
speed of Commerce, the greater and quicker is the spread  of the
Flu;  it follows  the path of HUMAN travel;  it is a Contagion
solelv spread by HUMAN  intercourse, viz. "The Influenza Car-
rier or Carriers."
    Positions in life, which require contact with Travelers, neces-
sarily influence and spread  the disease.
    "Flu"  is spread in the same ratio of speed as the Carrier
of IT.
    When  the Flu is a weakling,  his  best Nurses and Foster-
Mothers are  Overcrowding and lack of Pure Air.
    Where the Crowd is, there the Flu is: little crowding means
little Flu;  plenty of Crowding, plenty of Flu. 
24
            QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION.

     Period of Isolation, for ordinary Flu patients:  12 days.
     Period of Isolation, for Influenza-Pneumonia cases, until the
and  of Convalescence.
     Quarantine and Isolation are beset with difficulties owing to
the extraordinary contagious nature of the Flu,  due to the mul-
tiplicity of Contacts, Carriers, and mild undected cases.
     It should be borne in  mind that Influenza is a  most  refrac-
tory disease, and not at any time or season is it under our control,
and  to bring about this condition is as yet an unsolved problem.
     It may attack us at any time, although  its favorite period of
appearance is the  Autumn and Winter months.
     Influenza is mainly a Respiratory disease, hence Isolation and
Quarantine cannot be  relied  upon  to prevent the spread of the
Flu, and  both  of these restraints  of personal  liberty and hin-
drances of commerce  must  fail, besides being  also unpractical
and  impossible.
     People must meet  to transact business in public  places,  must
eat and drink in public,  use telephones in public places, use public
lavatories, and many other acts  of public  nature;  all of  these
acts  cannot  be  quarantined,  nor can talkmg amongst crowds;
even if rigid quarantine rules were enforced, the Flu has hitherto
eluded them  and spread outside  of  the quarantined limits.

                  CAUSE OF THE FLU.

     In the absence of any alleged cause or theory, which can ac-
count for  the erratic prevalence of the Flu,  the Author advances
the following:
     (a)   The Bacillus of Influenza normally  cannot exist  or
thrive in our every-day  ordinary atmosphere, constituted of  20%
of Oxygen, and  80% of Nitrogen.
     (b)   Under certain atmospheric conditions, such as any  frac-
tional excess above 4-5 Nitrogen, the normal amount present in
the air, the Bacillus of  Flu can  become acclimated and acquires
new  sources of  vitality,  viz.,  the  means to exist  in the presence
of Oxygen,  and to thrive  and multiply in it, and propagate, in
this  temporarily changed atmosphere.  It  speedily becomes im-
bued with virulent disease producing properties,  multiplies  on  a
vast  scale, and  proceeds to attack  and scourge  man;  hence an
Epidemic  of  Flu is brought into  our lives.
     (c )   Later  when the normal  atmospheric balance is restored,
the Bacillus ceases to be pathogenic or disease  producing,  loses
its power. Facultative or Potential, to multiply and live on a  large
scale, but  certain  of the most vigorous members of  the Colony
survive and remain dormant, and latent, and years or months later 
25
under the same favorable atmospheric  conditions,  Nitrogen  ex-
cess in the atmosphere, become  active and produce a New Epi-
demic of Flu.
    Each Epidemic may be considered as a  sprouting  of  the
"seed" of the previous or past ones; such seed or microbe is  not
permanently nursed by any host, such as man or animal, as a car-
rier ;  but the Bacillus lies hidden  in the dust of rooms, attics,
books, packed away clothes, towels,  non-sterilized  fomites in gen-
eral, especially blankets  and  handkerchiefs, wall  paper, etc.; on
premises which had been occupied  by Flu victims  or victim, or
convalescents  from the disease,  weeks,  months, or  years before.
    No disease producing microbe can develop  itself  anew, it
must  come from the seed of the old stock, whether it be Flu,
Typhoid, Plague, T. B.,  or Small-pox.  Like produces,  and only
can produce like, is an infallible law, and applies to every living
microbe, malignant or harmless.
    Anything with life,  when the entire species is  eradicated or
destroyed, with no live  members or  parents surviving, is abso-
lutely gone for ever, save and except the Supreme deity sees fit to
regenerate it.
    In Honolulu, how uncomfortable we all feel when the South
wind  prevails,  with its  excess humid atmosphere; Headaches,
Sweats, Sneezing.Lassitude and loss of appetite, etc., affects many
of us, and coughs and  sore throats; this is  the Sick wind or
atmosphere, so called by the  Hawaiian; a condition of  mild  Flu
producing weather; akin to Nitrogen plus air, and Oxygen minus,
which the Author has suggested as an explanation of the cause
of dormant Influenza, developing into an Epidemic.

          WHY WERE MICROBES CREATED?

    We have an abundance  of non-disease producing microbes
dwelling in our  bodies, and  also  many other harmless  micro-
organisms pervade the lower strata of our atmosphere; the upper
strata of the air are devoid of microbes, say five miles from the
surface of the earth, but inasmuch as human beings cannot breathe
in comfort at such a high elevation,  we cannot escape  germs of
disease  by residing at great heights.
    The harmless microbes inhabiting our bodies are good  friends
and protectors ; disease producing microbes may have been  created
for the purpose of maintaining a bacterial balance,  not too much
of one kind nor too little of the other.
    If  Providence  intended to decimate mankind and destroy
him by  microbic diseases, one species of a deadly and virulent mi-
crobe would suffice.
    Micro-organisms, in order  to live and exist, must  find suit-
able surroundings and pabulum; if these are lacking,  they must 
2t>
perish.  Man  and animals,  in the main, furnish the homes and
food which enables a microbe to exist;  and when death destroys
the "host," the parasitic microbe still lives in the body of  its vic-
tim when buried in the ground ; hence the necessity for cremation,
which is the ideal and most efficient method of disposing of the
corpses  of those who have died of infectious diseases.

           SPORES HAVE GREAT VITALITY.

    The Creator, by introducing microbic life to our globe,  must
have intended it to live and propagate;  bacteria are provided
with a wonderful defense against eradication;  this  is evident in
the protection designed for the Spore or Re-productive element
of Bacteria, whose coat or outer cell envelope is one  of "the  most
resisting substances to  destruction in the Organic world."
    Agents, that cause other forms of life to succumb,  fail to
destroy  it;  the average spore when subjected to a dry heat  tem-
perature of 300° Fahr.  for one  hour  is apparently still alive;
it  requires  this  same temperature to be maintained for  several
hours in order to destroy it.
    It is an unalterable law of life, that  every living  species
grows old and ultimately perishes; even  one day's  existence to
a microbe may combine birth, infancy, maturity and  old age.
    It is impossible to believe or to  think, that our Creator is
always creating  new or  fresh supplies of  Flu  microbes or any
kind of the  disease producing ones; whether microbes survived
the Deluge,  or were post Pluvial creations  is  a moot point?  if
Noah took microbes into the Ark and preserved them by  Divine
order, for future liberation amongst  mankind, he certainly did
his work efficiently in so  far as the species of the Influenza bacil-
lus is concerned; it  has lost none of its virulency or vigorousness
in the year 1920, after living 6,000 years.

            PREVENTIVES OF  INFLUENZA?

    Are there any Influenza preventives?   Serums, of late years
have been the chief agents used for preventing and treating the
Flu.
    As  a preventive remedy, the immunity  (?)  or protection af-
forded is very brief, and it ceases to be of value in a few  weeks.
    In Hawaii,  the Author has not been greatly impressed  with
the yalue of  Serums in the treatment of  Influenza; the  alleged
great benefits  and cures  set forth in  Medical  papers, and publi-
cations of laboratory statistics by manufacturers of the Serums
are not obtained here.
    Serums after  injection  are supposed  to  aggravate all the
symptoms of Flu, followed later by a great improvement in the 
27
patient's condition, but this prophecy is not always  borne out;
hence the increase of the  headache, fever and pains in the limbs
and aching bones, alarms and frightens the patient of  the Asiatic,
Hawaiian races and man}- of the Caucasians.
    Amongst cases of Influenza, lying side by side, those treated
by simple remedies recovered just as speedily and safely  as those
who had undergone the Serum treatment, and were attended with
much less discomfort.
    QUININE.  The bi-sulphate of  Quinine is one  of  the best
haemal  or blood microbicides that we have, and its daily use in
times of epidemics of Influenza  may prevent the user of it from
being attacked.  It is more a Preventive in some of the epidemics
than in  others, the ratio of prevention is 40—60, sometimes  more,
sometimes less; the remedy is easily taken, and in small doses has
no drawbacks;  it is best so administered; it  is  cheap and in the
coated tablet form palatable, convenient; any person  can take it
and pursue  his usual  avocation.
    After forty years of practice as a physician, the Author feels
convinced of the value of Quinine; he learned its value in western
Europe, even if the headache of Flu is very severe small trial
doses may be given, as the Author knows from personal experience
it is helpful; in a later stage of the disease, with excessive sweats,
cold clammy skin  and aching  bones,  all  due to cadaveric bacilli
circulating in the blood, give Quinine, and your patient or patients
will  soon respond to  its  beneficial effects, their  condition will
improve, and they will thank you and ask for the medicine.
    Should  small  doses  upset  the  stomach,  in very  susceptible
persons, then it may be given by hypodermic injection, using the
more  soluble salts of  QUININE,  the  Lactate a  white powder
soluble  in 1 to 5  of  water, or  the  Acid Hydrochloride of the
*B  P;  in the U  S P** it is the Di-chloride, which is soluble
in less than  its own weight of water; if small  doses  of  Quinine
cause headache and ringing  in  the  ears  in  a  well person than
the remedy  is unsuitable and should not be taken,  for it will not
prevent  an  attack of  the Flu  in that  person.
    Professor Dittmar Finkler,  M.D., of the university of  Bonn,
Rhenish Prussia, in his work on Influenza, cites the experiments
carried  out  by Dr. Graser, Medical Army Corps, on  duty  at the
cavalry  barracks at Bonn, where five squadrons of German cav-
alry were quartered  during  an  Epidemic of  Flu;  one of the
squadrons,  complement  of men, was  given  daily  rations  of
Quinine for several weeks during the prevalence of the epidemic,
the other four squadrons received no  Quinine;  the  results are
here set forth:

    * British  Pharmacopeia.    ** U. S. A. Pharmacopeia. 
28
Squadron	C	"implement	"Fl	i" C	ases	Quinine
First		135		22		None
Second		135		4		0.5 gm. daily
Third		135		19		None
Fourth		135		42		None
Fifth		135		32		None
  It is reasonable  to  assume, that  the  food or pabulum of the
bacillus of Influenza is poisoned by Quinine entering the blood,
hence the microbe  will avoid by instinct any person whose blood
contains  quinine in solution;  if  the bacillus has gained acccess
to the  system it is speedily destroyed, and becomes cadaveric as
<oon as it enters the zone of the quinine barrage.

    Are  there Hours of the day when the System is more suscept-
ible to Invasion by the Bacillus Influenzae?

    To determine this question  requires careful study, time,  a
great  deal of patient and tedious work and perseverance; yet  it
is possible to gain  some information on this phase of  the "Flu."
    At intervals, during the past twenty-one years,  from more
than 1000 cases of Influenza in adults,  the Author  has managed
to collect 132 cases;  wherein, it was possible to  check  and verify
with some degree of accuracy, the time of contact with a known
source of Flu;   no subsequent contact  being had with any other
known source  of that disease.
    Material evidence  was  collected  from isolated  plantation
camps, sparsely inhabited villages, and the suburbs of 1 lonolulu
at such times as there was no epidemic of Flu.   A record of cases
collected mostly in the autumn and  winter months, from October
to March, is hereunder set forth:
hours of Contact     Cases
5 a.m.  to  8 a.m.       30
8  a.m. to 6 p.m.       22
6 p.m. to 10 p.m.       80
   CROWDS in attendance at Social gatherings, Public meetings,
Restaurants, Places  of amusement; together with lack of pure
Air in overheated and un\ entilated rooms and halls, plus low-
ered vitality after the day's work, easily and clearly  account for
the great excess of cases in the above table,  between the hours
from 6 to 10 p.m.
    Influenza has neither cosmic nor heliacal connections.

                     SALIENT POINTS.

     Care of the Flu patient.  Ventilation of the sick room should
be carried out with due regard to the wishes of the patient. What
is a cooling agreeable breeze to the average  Caucasian, may be
Incubation	Pneumonia
2 to 3 days.	None.
2 to 3 days.	None.
1 to 5 days.	9
 
29
felt as an Arctic blast by the Hawaiians and Asiatic races; this
causes them to fret  and worry.
    There is a happy medium in ventilation of sick rooms, as in
all things.   If  the patient  has Pneumonia, encourage resting on
the right or left side, changing from  time to  time; discourage
any patient from  lying on  the back.
    The Health of the Nurse.  The Nurse must protect her own
health, by regular hours for work, rest,  sleep, meals and exercise;
an overworked nurse is a non-efficient nurse, and it sends her along
the road to a breakdown and makes her or him more subject to
acquiring Flu from the patients.
    Practise nose breathing. Use sign language in the sick room;
keep the mouth closed; tightly closed lips  are a better safeguard
than a Flu mask;  mouth breathing is an inviter of infection ;
anoint the lips  and nostrils  frequently with camphor  vaseline, or
Spirits of Camphor;  use no sprays for the nose or  throat con-
taining alleged germ  destroyers;  gargle the throat with a little
Listerine  water;  by  so  doing you do not kill your protective
friends,  the non-pathogenic Bacteria; these  will get the best
of Mr. Flu in due time;  leave the nose alone ; germ killing sprays,
so-called,  are useless and are a  delusion;  remember the "Flu"
bacillus is  enclosed  in a  spray-proof  coat, almost as tough as
Shark skin. 
30
      (From the  Author's  Booklet, "Historical Hawaii.")

ADMIRAL ADAM. IVAN. KRUSENSTERN.  (1770-1846.)

    Adam.  Ivan. Krusenstern,  Russian navigator, explorer and
scientist.  Served and trained with  the British navy from 1793 to
1799.  In the year 1802, the Russian Government  purchased two
ships from  the British  Admiralty, whose names  were changed
to the "NEVA"  and the (?) Don.
    After being refitted and provisioned, these ships left Kron-
stadt in August, 1803, under the command of Captain Krusenstern,
on  a  voyage of exploration around Cape  Horn;  they  called  at
the Mendaha or Marquesa  Islands, remained there four months,
making investigation  of the resources  of  this group;  later  the
ships sailed for Hawaii, arriving  on June 13,  1804;  here also
an  intensive study was made  of  the  people, products of  the
islands, harbors, fisheries, climate,  etc.
    The ships returned to Kronstadt in 1806, and  Captain Krus-
enstern was advanced to the rank of Admiral; he is the Author
of "A Voyage Round the World," in 3 volumes, 1810 and 1814,
in the Russian language;   he also was the Cartographer of an
"Atlas of the Pacific Ocean."
    On page 199, of the Author's Monograph "Leprosy in Ha-
waii," will be found the following statement:
    1804, Tune 13.  The Russian ship "NEVA" arrives; did this
ship infecUhe Islands with  CHOLERA?
    1804,   ? - ?  A severe and deadly Epidemic disease ravages
the Islands,  named  by  the Hawaiian  people, the "Ma'i  make
Okuu," or the "Ahulau Okuu."

                  THE AHULAU  OKUU.

  The word Ahulau means a deadly epidemic  or  pestilence; the
word Okuu has two meanings which will be explained later.
    A description of  the symptoms of the  victims  of the Ahulau
Okuu, as related  to the Author in  the year 1883, is herewith set
forth in the words of the  narrators, graudchildren of some of
those who had been  stricken with the  Ahulau Okuu, but had
recovered.
    "Owing to  the  terrible  pains in  their  stomachs,  and the
cramps in the legs, those who had  the New disease could neither
stand nor lie down:  (hence the meaning  of the  word  Okuu, a
verb,  to sit up because one  has no place to lie  down in comfort).
    To obtain some relief  from the pains, the  sick people sat on
their  hams or heels,  with the body bowed  forward clasping their
stomachs, or sat on the  ground, their legs  in front and  the body
bowed in front over the legs.   Thin stuff  like  sour starch water 
                              31

flowed from them very often;  some vomited all the time;  their
faces and bodies became  black and  cold as like they had  died,
their eyes grew small  and far in the head.  They all the time
cried for water, for they had a great thirst.  People died so fast
and  so many,  nobody was left to bury them.
     The sick  and the well  ones who  looked  after  them,  lived
on baked  sweet potatoes; the people were too tired and weary
to make the  poi.
     It often  so happened, those  who were  not sick when they
began to cook  the food for the sick ones, were taken with the
Ahulau Okuu, and died  so  quickly, falling over dead  on the
face, before the potatoes had  cooked."  (All the above described
conditions are typical of  Cholera of the Asiatic type, the  most
malignant form.)  Author.
     The Ahulau Okuu ravaged all the Islands, and it is  said to
have caused 22,000 deaths.  Kamehameha I, then living on the
Island of Oahu, was stricken with the disease, but recovered.
     (A)  The Hawaiian  word Okuu, a verb,  means, to dismiss
or let go the Soul; It is applied to and accepted as describing the
last moments  of those stricken with the pestilence of 1804: "they
dismissed  freely their souls and died."   This explanation of the
meaning of Okuu is too  vague.  It gives no  clue  to the  early
stages of the disease or its symptoms.  The only conclusion that
can  be safely  drawn is that the Okuu was  a  rapidly fatal and
epidemic malady.
     (B)  The Author of this Booklet sought  for, and found
years ago another Hawaiian word  Okuu, which throws some light
on the progress of the Ahulau Okuu previous to death, and it also
gives some insight as  to  what the pestilence  could  be or  was ;
furthermore to any  physician of  an intuitive mind, the trans-
lation into English of the word  Okuu, "to dismiss freely and
let go the Soul in death"  explains nothing.
     There  are two words  Okuu in the  Hawaiian language, spelt
alike and  also  pronounced alike,  but entirely different  in  their
meanings; both are verbs.  Lorrin Andrews in  his Hawaiian dic-
tionary, a standard work,  A.D. 1865. (q. v.), states the meaning
of the second Okuu is "to  have to sit up because  one  has no
place to lie down in comfort"; this aptly describes the_ misery
of a cholera victim ; he  or she cannot stand up, sit up, nor lie down
in comfort, because of the intense and continuous pains in the
belly, and cramps in the legs.  Wmich  of  these two construings
of the word  Okuu gives  the  better and clearer explanation of
what the  Ahulau Okuu really was,  is left to the judgment of
the  Reader. 
                             32

  A  POLYNESIAN COLONY  LIVES  IN  PELE  LIILII
                        A. D. 1920.

    The Mentawe or Menekeawe Islands lie 70 miles off  the
West coast of the Island of  Sumatra, and the people of these
islands are the last and only Colony of Polynesians living in  the
Malay Archipelago;  all  the other Polynesians have immigrated
and passed onward to the  Pacific Ocean.
    Menekeawe  is a Polynesian word, hence  used every  day in
Hawaii; mene, means an axe or koi;  keawe, means a bearer or
carrier, also Keawe is the name of a man; hence we  have  the
hale  or house of Keawe, the  temple of refuge at  Honaunau, S.
Kona,  Hawaii.
    The Menekeawe Islands  are 21  in number, 4 large and  17
small; all are of volcanic  formation; they lie offshore  at  the
base  of the great mountain  Indrapura, 12,500  feet, now a quies-
cent  volcano, and the alleged  abode (pura) of Indra, the FIRE
GOD of the Indo-Aryan peoples, a  King God  of the Middle
Realm, the fire of the Air, the lightning.
    The four largest of this group of Islands are, Siberut,  Si-
pora or Sikatan, North  and South Paggi; they are surrounded
by coral reefs and volcanic shoals, difficult of access due to a
huge  surf.  The area of all  the  islands  is 1224 square miles,
about one-fifth the size  of  Hawaii nei; their  Lat. 1° South to
3° 30'; Long. 100°  E.
    The people of the Menekeawe Islands in  features,  language
and  customs have a  distinct and  remarkable affinity with  the
Polynesians; they are almost  a pure blooded  race of ARYAN
stock, and they are the only survivors of an eastward emigration
of an  Indo-Aryan people,  who antedate  the Malay peoples in
Sumatra,  the Battas  and others.  The Menekeawes have  not
fused nor mixed their blood with other Malay  peoples; miscegen-
ation, if any, has been very rare.

PELE'S HAIR is  formed by whirlpools  of  scum floating  on
the surface  of the rapidly  moving magma of boiling lava,  and
blown by the wind over  the r m of the lava basin.  During heavy
rain, Pele ceases to spin her amber colored threads of glass.   In
January, 1888, the Author collected the hair; analysis showedthe
composition to be Silicate of Calcium 75% ; Silicate of Calcium
Oxide 15%; Ferrous Carbonate, FeC03, 7% ;  Ferrous Sulphate,
FeS04, 3% ; the "hair" is therefore  a fused transparent amor-
phous Silicate of Calcium; the amber color is due to the iron,
Fe salts,

     HALA: The Hala  mountains are 40 miles west of the Indus
river and form  the  boundary between S.  E.  Persia and India. 
33
The town of Hala in Persia is the modern Bela; an Indian town
Hala is located on the bank of the Indus 25 miles north of Hydar-
abad (the abode by the water). The Maikai mountains are found
S. of the Nerbudda river, Lat. 22° 30' N; Long. 78° E. In Hawaii,
hala, a pineapple, a tree; as a verb, hala, to pass beyond, as death;
also Pahala, Halawa.
    The  Hawaiian people  speak of living in PELE: The great
volcanic islands around the Java Sea are this land.  The great
island of Sumatra,  1100 miles  long  by 250 wide,  66  volcanic
centers, probably is the Hawaii Loa of the Hawaiians.
    Island of Java:  Yawa, Hawa, Chawa, Mul Java of Ibn Ba-
tuta, Jawa, Jawi, Jawah.
  Savii Loa is great Java,  Sawaii or Savaii is Javaii; Savaiiki is
Javaiiki or little  Java.
    The  Arabs  were the great  ancient navigators  and ex-
plorers; they acquired their maritime skill and seamanship in
the Mediterranean,  Red and Arabian seas and in the Persian
gulf.
    The-Phoenicians acquired their marine training around
the islands in the Gulf of Persia.
    The  ancestors of the  Hawaiians could have learned their
marine skill, and probably did so, on the shores of the  Arabian
Sea and off the estuary of the river  Indus, also in the Bay of
Bengal and off the  mouths of the River Ganges, and  later, in
the seas  of Indonesia.
    The  Polynesians are  pre-eminently a  race  of  excellent
seamen, due to centuries of a sea-faring life.  The early mem-
bers of that nation, upon their entry into the Pacific Ocean,
perhaps in dhows  and  praus,  but later as canoe-men, were
skillful, fearless and as successful a race of navigators and ex-
plorers as the world has ever produced; poorly fitted out for
ocean travel  in frail craft; nevertheless the Polynesians pur-
sued boldly a course into  an unknown, vast ocean, where pos-
sible storms, thirst, starvation, shipwreck and death awaited
them.
    Some probable points of departure of the primal Polyne-
sian  emigrants, seeking new homes in  the various islands of
the Pacific,  can be found at Sawaii  and Kawaahae on the
north coast of the island of Ceram (?Ceylon), one of the Mo-
lucca islands; thence they could  pass due north up the Gilolo
channel and  enter  the Pacific, leaving Pulo Morotai (Island
of Molokai)  to the northwest, then steering a course along the
north of  New  Guinea and the  Solomon  Islands  due east
towards Samoa.
                     *    *     *    *
    To escape the  Mongoloid hordes, who were crushing and
crowding them  out in  Indonesia,  the  Polynesians  in  their 
34
travels  appear  always from necessity and  safety  to have
chosen the path of least  resistance, the ocean; with its cur-
rents and winds, aided by sails and paddle power, it is a motor
of comparative ease and progress, and also of sustenance, pro-
viding abundance of fish,  limu (edible seaweed), etc.
    The early Polynesians,  armed  with their  knowledge  of
trade winds,  ocean currents,  the  stars, and with their skill  as
fishermen, reduced to a minimum the prospects of ocean dis-
asters or pilikias.  On the ocean's broad  expanse no enemy
could ambuscade them, nor were perils of this kind  liable  to
be  encountered.  Under  all the above conditions  of  ocean
traveling the  Polynesian  navigators were  enabled to explore
and discover new and many  hitherto unknown islands  in the
largest ocean  of our globe, the Pacific.
                     *    *    *    *
    The Polynesian speech  or language is distinctly not  of
Malay or Mongoloid origin; research indicates that Indonesia
was its home  and that it  must have been in use for centuries
before the Malay came into the field.  Due to the invasion  of
this race, some of their words became engrafted on  to the  Poly-
nesian, they did not and have not materially changed it, hence,
without any sufficient  reason, the name Malayo-Polynesian  is
in common use to designate  a language which is  85 per cent
Polynesian.
    The Polynesians are absolutely  a  separate and distinct
race from the Malays.  The pure  Polynesian type,  such as
most  of  aboriginal Hawaiians, has  the following character-
istics :   Tall, skin brown or olive, brown eyes, abundant black
wavy hair, ARYAN features, cleanly, cheerful, artistic,  intel-
lectual, gentle, polite and dignified, poetical, musical.
    Their long type of skull and its capacity resembles in part
the European.  Every one of the above properties is lacking
in the Malay, but the ancient  Hindu and the Persian possessed
every one of them; it is to these races that the primal Polyne-
sians can be traced and hence their identification in the Pacific
presents no problem that cannot be solved.
    William  Marsden (1754-1836),  "History   of  Sumatra,"
states:   "All  the Insular nations of  the Pacific are  colonies
from  Indonesia or  Malaysia, whose original  home  was the
great Island  of SUMATRA, and their common  speech the
Great Polynesian."

            The Land of our Aryan Ancestors.

    About 1400 B. C.—"The  summer months are two, and the
winter months are ten, and these are cold; and when the win-
ter encompasses (us)  with  the worst of its  annoyances it  is 
35
cold for the trees and the flowers, cold for the cattle, horses
and birds, and cold for the freezing waters filled with the fall-
ing snow."
    Quoted from  the sacred record of the Persians, kept by
the "Magi," the priests of the Persians—the Wise Men of the
East; of the same class as those who  carried to Mary,  the
mother of  Christ, gold,  frankincense  and  myrrh  (aromatic
germicides to protect the infant Christ from mumps, measles
and  tonsilitis, etc., and  also to purify  the air of the living
quarters).
    The  location  of a land  with  only  two  summer  months
must have been far to the north of the Caspian  Sea, on  the
banks of the River Rha or the Volga.  Petrograd, in 60 degrees
N. Lat., has an average annual temperature of 38 degrees Fahr.
                     *     *    *    *

                Farthest East in Polynesia.

    Rapanui,  or Easter Island:   Seen by Captain Alvaro Men-
daha, June 24, 15(>5 ; visited by the Dutch Admiral, Jacob Rog-
geveen, and his crew on Easter Sunday,  1722, hence the name
of the island, Easter.
     Inhabitants are today  Polynesians who came from  the
Marquesa Islands, some  1800 miles to the northwest of Rapa-
nui.   A translation  of one  of  their tablets  bearing a hiero-
glyphic inscription relates as follows:
    "In that happy land, that  beautiful land, where Romaha
lived before with his beloved Hangora; that beautiful land that
was  governed  by the Gods  from heaven; who lived in  the
water when it was cold; where the  Black and White pointed
Spider would have climbed to heaven, but was stopped by the
falling snow and the freezing cold."
    This very unique narrative probably harks back to north-
west India ;Ramachandra, the seventh incarnation of Vishnu,
the Polynesian Tangaroa, and the black and white spider is
the winter solstice,  similar to the Hawaiian astronomy, Ke
alanui polohiwa a  ke Kuukuu (the black luminous orbit of the
Spider). 
                              3G

           POLYNESIAN  VITAL STATISTICS.

                                                   Decrease

                                                   140,200

                                                   139,000

                                                   70,224


                                                  204,800


                                                   41,000

                                                   12,500

                                                    3,100

                                                    4,400


                                                     800


                                                   69,000

                                                  685,024

    Sources of information for the Above Figures.

    Consular  Reports  of various Nations.
    Encyclopaedia Brittanica, American  Edition,  1911.
    Century  Dictionary  and  Encyclopaedia, American,  1912.
    Admiral  Adam  Ivan Krusenstern,  (1770-1846).
    Admiral  Bougainville, (1729-1811).
    Statistics  collected by the  Author.

Units and tens are discarded in the above table of figures, 1st
   Census.
Estimating population of  Aboriginal  races  select  the  lowest
   totals.
Estimating the Death Rate of Aboriginal races select the highest
   totals.
POLYNESIA:  (Greek, polus, many; nesos, island).
MELANESIA:  (Greek, melas, melanos, black; nesos,  island).
MICRONESIA:  (Greek, mikros, small; nesos, island).
Islands	Population	Years
Tahiti Group	* 175,000	1774
	34,800	1910
Samoa Group	* 185,000	1768
	46,000	1912
New Zealand	* 120,000	1840
	49,776	1916
Hawaii Nei	*230,800	1780
	200,000	1804
	26,000	1910
Marquesa, or	*45,000	1804
Mendana Group	35,000	1842
	4,000	1910
Tonga Group	*30,000	1880
	17,500	1912
Cook Group	* 11,500	1880
	8,400	1900
Wallis Group	*8,000	1860
	3,600	1912
Austral Group		
Tabuai	* 1,800	1875
	1,000	1912
MELANESIA		
Fijii Group	* 194,000	1840
	125,000	1906
TOTAL .	* 1,001,100	
 
 
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