1 , AN ADDRESS \jlO TO THE \f *\ CLASS OF MEDICAL GRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY OP PENNSYLVANIA, DELIVEEED AT THE PUBLIC COMMENCEMENT, MAKCH 29TH, 1856. BY GEORGE B. WOOD, M. D., TROFESSOU OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, AND OF CLINICAL MEDICINE, IX THE UNIVERSITY. PHILADELPHIA: T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. 1856. • v^ JSITGRAVED BYT.B.WEI.CH 'PMLf' FHIjMA DAGUERREOTYPE ^H(DJBiLlE IBo ^©©IDdRDoID), c ' YYtS/ —£. —r^ 7> "i / //' ■'US/'- A/V.1 At a Meeting of the Medical Class of the University of Pennsylvania, held March 11, 1856, Mr. Kobert E. Tweedy, of Alabama, was called to the Chair, and Enoch Arthur, Jr., of Pennsylvania, appointed Secretary. On motion, it was resolved, that the Chairman be empowered to appoint a Committee to solicit from Prof. Geo. B. Wood, M. D., a copy of his Valedictory Address to the Graduating Class of 1856, for publication ; whereupon the follow- ing gentlemen were appointed:— Chas. Pendleton Tutt, Virginia. Xenophon X. Xaupi, Missouri. Albert H. Smith, Penna. Junius V. Barret, Alabama. Wm. W. White, Miss. 0. H. Baird, Virginia. On motion, the meeting then adjourned. CORRESPONDENCE. Philadelphia, March 12, 1856. Prof. Geo. B. Wood, M. D. Dear Sir : We, the undersigned, have been appointed a Committee on the part of the Graduating Class, to solicit from you the favor of a copy of your Valedictory Address, to be delivered at the approaching Commencement, for publication. Hoping that you may see fit to grant this last request of the Class, we remain your friends and pupils. Chas. Pendleton Tutt, Albert H. Smith, Wm. W. White, Xenophon X. Xaupi, Junius V. Barret, 0. H. Baird, Committee. Gextlemen : It gives me pleasure to comply with the request of the Gradu- ating Class. If the Address should serve no other purpose than to remind them hereafter of the friendly relations in which we have stood together, I shall feel gratified by its publication. Sincerely your friend, GEO. B. WOOD. Messrs. Chas. Pendleton Tutt, Albert H. Smith, W. W. White, X. X. Xaupi, J. V. Barret, 0. H. Baird, Committee, &c. I I ADDRESS. GENTLEMEN: Your state of pupilage is now passed; and, by the solemn act just performed, you have been admitted into full membership in the great medical body. "We, your late teachers, congratulate you on this fulfilment of your wishes, and receive you heartily into professional brotherhood. Custom, as well as our own feel- ings, prompts, along with the most kindly greetings upon the occasion, a few words of friendly suggestion, such as age and ex- perience, and an interest scarcely less than parental, may perhaps be admitted to warrant. But first we have the pleasing duty to perform, of awarding to merit its just meed of commendation. The Faculty are united in the statement, that with no class which has ever assembled under their tuition, have they had better reason to be satisfied, whether in relation to general demeanour, or industrious application to study. For some years, it has seemed to them that, in both these respects, a gradual advancement in successive classes has been observable; and the present assuredly constitutes no exception to the rule of progress. It is due to the students of medicine who now annually flock to our city, that we should perform our part towards placing them erect, as they deserve to be, in publie opinion. There is, perhaps, still lurking in our community some residue of that old prejudice, if prejudice it was, which regarded the young devotee of medicine as a little given to wildness; as disposed to qualify the sobriety of his daily routine by an occa- sional effervescence of conduct, not strictly in accordance with the rules of law and good order. Now, whatever may have been the truth in relation to past times, I do most sincerely express the 6 conviction, that the students of the present day are characterized by a regard for the proprieties of life, even beyond what is generally observable of young men of the same age; and that an equal number of any other calling whatever, not bound by peculiar re- ligious obligations, collected under the same circumstances of freedom from restraint, would offer more frequent occasion than they for complaints of irregularities, and various indecorums. The very nature of their position has led to this result. With the increase of professional competition, and the widening of the circle of medical knowledge, there has been an increased necessity for exertion; and the student feels that, to secure the attainment of his objects, he must work more, and amuse himself less than his predecessors. That he does labour diligently; that the scholastic hall and the quiet chamber are more familiar to his experience than the theatre and the bar-room; that his feast- ing is mainly at the board of knowledge, and his intemperance that of study and not the bowl; are sufficiently evinced by the contrast between what he is in face and person when he arrives, and what he becomes before departing. WTith this contrast I have often been struck. Fresh from active pursuits, he comes ruddy or embrowned, full of health, spirit and physical energy. Five or six months of confinement and hard mental work follow; and, when he goes, he carries with him not unfrequently pallid cheeks, a wasted form, and a spirit worn by anxieties and fatigue. How often have I been consulted for dyspeptic symptoms, head- ache, mental dejection or disquietude, and various nervous dis- order, for which I have been able to hold out the termination of the course of study as the only cure! It is no dispraise to you, young gentlemen, to appeal to your present looks as confirmatory of what I have said. If your fair friends do not see in you all the bloom and rotundity which may please the mere physical eye, I will venture to pay them the compliment to believe, that they see and appreciate the deeper intellectual accomplishment which has been gained at the expense of the outer man. Let them look on you some twelve months hence; and, unless my observation in similar cases has been strangely fallacious, they will discover no deficiency of health and manly vigour. But, with my opinion of the sex, I would infinitely prefer, to the mere admiration of ex- ternal form, that feeling of inward approval, of respect for labours 7 achieved and honours won by meritorious effort, which woman is so apt to evince, and which speaks so strongly of her own pure and noble nature. If, then, I may be permitted to turn for a moment from you to those who have honoured you and us with their presence this morning, I would beg of them to join us in the effort to give the character of the medical student that place in general estimation which it merits. They will thus not only be doing an act of justice, but will contribute to the still further elevation of that character, by offering to those who may hereafter come among us the strongest inducement to support and improve the reputation which their predecessors left them, and sedulously to avoid everything which might fix the least stain upon it. But let us return from this little digression into which the occasion tempted us, and set out upon a brief anticipatory jour- ney through the future that lies before you. The dreamer crowds the events of years into a few minutes. Let us dream ourselves on the path of life together. Perhaps we may be able, by a rapid course, to reach the end of it before we part. Perhaps, too, some thoughts may spring up, some hints be gathered by the way, which may remain when the dream is over, and serve a useful purpose on the real journey which is to follow. Your first steps are those of exultation and gladness. You have aspired, have laboured, have denied yourselves, and have won. The goal is reached; the prize is in your hands. And now for home, sweet home! Ah! the delight of returning once more to assured affection. The father's benignant greeting; the deep tenderness of the mother's eye ; the mingled smile and tear of the sister; the boisterous glee of the young brother ; and, it may be, the warm blushes of one not less loving or beloved; what is there in life more delicious ? All nature exhales sweets for you in this morning of your journey. Earth, air, and water ; the field and the stream; man and his works; and lovely wo- man, the crown and the charm of all, spread for you the feast of enjoyment everywhere upon your way. Soul and body ex- pand under these genial influences. The sickly hue and lan- guor of study give way to the bloom, the vigour, and activity of health. But this stage of excitement passes. Man was not made for 8 self-indulgence. Your long labours have gained for you a brief period of exuberant gratification. It is the reward of toil. But nature has paid her dues, and in her turn puts forward the in- evitable claim, either labour or suffering. We have been gifted with powers mental and bodily. These powers were given to be used; and the penalty for not using them is pain. The limb always at rest suffers with an aching void; the body unexercised is punished with the tortures of dyspeptic and nervous disorder; and mental inertness is almost surely attended with the horrors of ennui. But nature is not unkind; though she exacts labour under the penalty of suffering, she repays it with enjoyment. Every faculty has connected with it a chord that inces- santly vibrates pleasure when the faculty is duly exercised. Paradoxical as it may seem to you, I believe that the purest and most lasting gratification in this world, is that which waits upon the full and even laborious exercise of each faculty to its legiti- mate end ; whether of the bodily powers to their ends, the intel- lectual to theirs, or the moral, including the conscience, to theirs. The commencement of laborious efforts may be distasteful; there may be frequent occasions for painful self-denial; and the firmest control of the passions may sometimes be necessary to restrain their irregular tendencies ; but a balance fairly struck will show a great preponderance in the scale of enjoyment. The point in your life-journey that we have now reached, is one at which you are called on for a decision, upon which must turn the happiness of your whole future. Too many, intoxicated by the brief draught of pleasure, and indisposed to relinquish it, attempt to supply the first vague uneasiness of satiety, and to quiet the troublesome calls of conscience, by the aid of artificial excitement, of the short joys of intemperance, the delirious ex- cesses of the passions, or the scarcely less noxious influence of men- tal dissipation. They fall off by the way. Some are lost, and heard of no more. Others linger out a miserable existence, with health destroyed by excess, and minds dead to enjoyment, useless to the community and a burthen to themselves. A few are arrested in their downward course of dissipation, vice, and wretchedness, and succeed in regaining the starting-point, after long and un- certain struggles, to begin anew the great work of life, with powers rusted by neglect, and feelings blunted by premature 9 indulgence. Oh! gentlemen, may no one of you incur this sad fate! May yours, one and all, be the choice of prudence and wisdom! Most happy is it for many of you, that you are not overloaded with this world's treasures; that necessity will come in aid of your better resolutions, and urge you on in the right path. There are few misfortunes greater for a young professional man than to be independent of the world. The temptations to self- indulgence are almost too strong for those not aided by long habit to resist. I have greater respect for no man than for him, who, with all the pleasures of the world at his command when young, holds a firm rein over his propensities, and mounts the laborious ascent of honour by his own determined efforts. He richly merits whatever eminence he may gain. But, in the mean time, those of you who are not exposed to his temptations, instead of repin- ing at your lot, should congratulate yourselves on your exemp- tion, and on the greater probability it affords you of one day attaining all that an honourable ambition can hold out as desir- able in this world. Be assured that, if you consult those who have preceded you, and reached the eminence at which you aim, the great majority of them will tell you, that one of their great- est causes of thankfulness is to have escaped the dangers of wealth, and even of competence, in early life. Well, gentlemen, you are resolved to struggle manfully for professional success. But, you may ask, how are we to struggle when there is nothing for us to do? Now, here again is a bless- ing in disguise. One of the worst results for you would be to rush, at once into the full tide of business. Employed in prac- tical duties, you would have no time, and probably no disposi- tion for self-improvement. You would be arrested at the point of progress at which you stand; and, though a certain amount of income, and a certain professional position might be attained; yet these would fall far short of the highest; and you might, as you advanced in life, have the mortification to see yourselves out- stripped by those who had, in their early career, enjoyed and availed themselves of the opportunity of enlarging their store of professional and general knowledge. The first few years of a physician's life, during which he is awaiting the slow incomings of a regular business, are a precious opportunity, upon the pro- 10 per use of which much of his subsequent prosperity must depend. In the schools, and the regular course of study, you have acquired the elements of your profession. You have had a foundation laid, upon which you are yourselves to build. In- stead, then, of folding your arms in listless idleness, or dissi- pating your time in irrelevant pursuits, or repining in moody inertness over the slowness of your success, bend your energies to the acquisition of knowledge and skill; study the records of the past; by a close observation, make the experience of your older contemporaries your own; seize every opportunity which the sufferings of the destitute may afford you of improving your- selves, while you extend aid to them; even wander out occa- sionally into the regions of general literature, and garner up thoughts, facts, and feelings, which may tend to enrich and adorn your mental structure, and give your whole character, both in itself and in the eyes of the world, the amplest development and fairest proportions. Depend upon it, your labour will not be thrown away. Opportunities occur to all men. They occur in vain only when there is a want of disposition or qualification to make use of them. Be prepared to meet the advances of fortune, and she will be sure to befriend you. The great danger is of premature discouragement. Many a professional man has thrown himself away, when approaching success was almost within sight; when it was about to turn the very corner, upon which his de- spairing eye had just taken its last look, before his departure into other scenes and struggles. Let me tell you of another rock on which young men too often split. It is the rock of false pride. Nothing is more disgusting than an over-pushing disposition, resolved to gratify itself at any sacrifice of honourable feeling, independence of character, or re- gard for the rights of others. But distaste for such an exhibi- tion does not justify that absurd pride, which shuts itself up in its own shell, and expects the world to approach, and beg that it would come forth, and warm itself in the sunshine of its favour. The world has a right to expect that we should make known our ability to serve it; and he who neglects all honourable opportu- nities of favourably impressing the community in which he lives, has no right to expect its aid in the furtherance of his own pur- poses. 11 I repeat that, with qualifications improved by culture, with all due personal efforts, and with a proper perseverance, you can scarcely fail of ultimate success. It may be that all of you have not resources upon which you can rely until success may come. But there are honourable means by which an energetic young man may supply the deficiencies of professional income; and rigid personal economy, with a prudent avoidance of premature responsibilities, will always enable him, if in health, to supply his essential wants, if not exactly on the spot which he might prefer, yet in some part or another of this vast country. Deter- mine only that you will not live on the future, that you will not allow yourselves to enjoy pleasures that you have not earned, that you will not fall into the fatal error of supposing yourselves entitled to begin life, with all the comforts and indulgences which your parents may have won for themselves before its close; de- termine thus, and I can almost guarantee you against ultimate failure. But should your expectations be disappointed, should it seem evident to you, after due patience, whether with or without fault of your own, that satisfactory success in your profession is unat- tainable ; do not, I beg of you, in your despair, descend into any degrading practices. Leave the whole ground of quackery free to ignorance and imposture, without competition from you. Some regularly educated physicians, I say it with shame and sorrow, have deserted the banner under which they had enlisted, and thrown themselves recklessly into the empirical ranks. They may, in some instances, have received the pecuniary recompense they sought for; but I need not tell you of the consciousness of merited contempt, and of the self-loathing which fester under the gilded exterior of their fortunes. Ignorance may plume itself upon success in the stratagems and impositions of quackery; but intelligence never can sink to that miserable level, without an inward contempt and scorn of the baseness, which, brazen-faced as it may be before the world, will forever cling to the innermost conscience with a vulture-like tenacity. Anything but this, gen- tlemen! If you cannot succeed regularly in your profession, leave it; seek your fortunes in some other honourable or honest calling; become lawyers, merchants, manufacturers, farmers, me- chanics, labourers; if necessary, stitch, or cobble, or dig for a 12 living; nay, starve, if it must be so; but never turn to quackery. There is, however, no danger. You cannot be guilty of the base- ness. I do not know whether an apology is not due to you for the mere hypothetical supposition. We will take it for granted that you have succeeded in your profession. You have merited and gained the confidence of your neighbours. Hundreds look to you as the guardians of their health, their main earthly hope in the agonies and dangers of dis- ease. Here is an immense responsibility. The sacred ark of hu- man life has been entrusted to your keeping. You are an anointed priesthood in its service. How important that your hands should be clean, your hearts pure, and your souls deeply reverent in your ministrations. This, gentlemen, is the light in which you should habitually view your profession; not as a mere business; not as a mere avenue to competence or wealth; but as a covenant with the Most High, by which you are devoted, soul and body, to the good of your fellow-men, so far as that may depend on life and health. The ox, however, must not be muzzled that treadeth out the corn. You have a right to expect from your labours a support equal to the dignity of your calling. But this should be looked on as incidental; as an important, or even essential accessory, if you please; but not as the great end and aim. He who enters the medical profession with a mercenary spirit, will almost neces- sarily come short of its highest requirements. Aiming at the ap- pearance rather than the reality of skill, he will think more of the impression he may make on others, than of a proper understanding and treatment of the disease. Where nothing is to be gained but the consciousness of duty fulfilled, he will be little apt to spend time and labour, which might yield him more if applied elsewhere, or at least would be abstracted from his pleasures. For the frequent self- denial, the steady devotion of thought and energy, the unwaver- ing guard over his precious charge, as well when unseen as when seen of men, which characterize the right spirited practitioner, he has no sufficient inducement. He will be almost necessarily more or less superficial. He never can be the true model physician. Just in proportion as medicine is cultivated in the mercenary, or in the pure professional spirit, will be its decay or advancement in efficiency, real dignity, and acceptance with God and man. 13 Be this, then, gentlemen, your great care, to establish and cul- * tivate proper notions of your high calling; to fix in your inner- most convictions the truth that you are engaged in a great mission, and responsible to him who sends you forth for its due discharge. This feeling will be the best preservative against every temptation; against the solicitations of indolence or pleasure; the hateful sug- gestions of envy; the unkindly influence of opposing interests, and the irregularities of all sorts that spring up, like noisome weeds, in the rotten soil of an avaricious or grasping spirit. Time is not left to sketch that round of duties, of things to be done and avoided, of feelings to be cherished or subdued, of rela- tions to be preserved with the public, the sick, and your medical brethren, which constitute the ethics of your profession. But they all fall within the great general principle already referred to. Get the true professional spirit, and all else that is needful or de- sirable will be added unto it. Nevertheless, you will find great aid from the study of those written rules, which the wise and good among your predecessors have deduced from an ample experience, cultivated judgment, and enlightened conscience. Such a code of ethics has been adopted by the great national medical association, and published as a guide to the whole profession. I would urge on you to study it thoroughly, and make its rules the laws of your professional life. Based, as they are, upon sound morals and a lofty feeling of honour, they cannot but lead, if duly observed, to the elevation of our calling in usefulness, dignity, and respect, and consequently to the personal advantage of every conforming member. Before coming to the closing scene, let us picture to ourselves your position, when, in the middle or decline of life, having strug- gled manfully through early difficulties, you are firmly fixed in the confidence of the community, with a consciousness that you have lived up to the capacities with which heaven has endowed you, and endeavoured, so far as is compatible with human infirmity, to make your conduct conform with your convictions of social and professional duty. Let us see whether there is not some- thing in such a position worthy of the aspirations of the young, and calculated to encourage them in a course of honourable effort and virtuous self-denial. 14 You are in the midst of those who feel themselves indebted to you, either in their own persons, or that of their nearest friends, for the continuance of life and health, or associate you affection- ately with the memory of lost relatives, whose sufferings have been alleviated, and their last moments cheered by your kind and indefatigable attentions. If a soured temper, or perverted heart, may occasionally seek satisfaction in misinterpreting or misrepresenting your best exertions, it is only an evil which is incident to humanity in every station; a slight mixture of bitter- ness in your cup, which, though not agreeable to the taste, may have an invigorating influence on the mental health. No pro- fession probably offers less occasion for unkindly feelings. You thwart no interests in your progress; your success is not at- tained at the expense of others; yours is not the reckless course which crushes under its iron wheels whatever of respect, compe- tence, hope, enjoyment, or any other pleasant or valuable thing, may lie in its ambitious way. Your aim is always the good of others; your triumph is also theirs. Wherever you go, you scatter hope, or joy, or consolation. Not only affection, but respect and esteem attend you. Social influence, and the power to do good in other walks than the purely professional, are yours. The comforts of life, and not unfrequently even its elegancies and superfluities, are at your command. If without political power and station, it is only because these are incompatible with your pursuits, habits, and tastes. The highest in the world deem themselves not dishonoured by your association and friendship. Your name and character are a rich inheritance for your descend- ants for generation after generation. Is not this a position fully worth all its cost? Is it not a sufficient compensation for the early labors, the trials, the patient waiting, the watchings, fatigues, anxieties, for all, indeed, but the awful responsibilities of a phy- sician's life? For the burthen of these responsibilities, an ap- proving conscience, and the trembling hope that the most merci- ful may overlook the short-comings of human weakness, are the only adequate recompense. And now, gentlemen, we have come to the last scene of life. This is usually looked on as an occasion from which the thouo-hts are to be turned away as from some fearful object, the contem- 15 plation of which is calculated to throw a shade of gloom over every present and coming enjoyment. But this is a great mis- take. Death is inevitable; and it is cowardice not to be willing to look it steadily in the face. In the physician especially, whose path it constantly crosses, who cannot hope to exclude its presence, it is extreme weakness to shut the eye against it, and thus endeavour for a brief space to dream of an impossible ex- emption. We should accustom ourselves to regard it firmly, to strip it of imaginary terrors, to see in it whatever there may be of good or of evil, and calmly to prepare ourselves accordingly. This is the part not only of religion, but of philosophy. An habitual feeling of the uncertainty of life in the properly consti- tuted mind, is one of the best safeguards against all irregularities of thought or deed, and the surest guide back to the right path after any temporary wandering. Let us then cherish this feeling. We shall find it incompatible with no innocent pleasure; we shall even find it a consolation in trouble; and, should misfor- tunes overwhelm us, we shall see in it at least one star beaming through the tempest, and betokening a clear sky beyond. To the duly prepared mind, death, come when it may, whether in the morning, the noon, or the evening of life, is no evil. If in the midst of joys, it saves us from the sorrows that surely follow; if in trouble, it gives relief; if in a course of honourable useful- ness, it embalms our memory sweetly in the common mind; if at the close of a long and upright career, it comes as a kind friend, to free the spirit from the burthen of flesh, which cau no longer serve it as an instrument of action or enjoyment. May yours, my young friends, and may ours be the lot, when this messenger shall call, to be prepared to follow, with the calmness of a peaceful conscience, and the well-grounded hope of a happy futurity! But, gentlemen, you may recollect that we have been occupied by a dream of life. We are now awake again, and back in the present. This is probably the last occasion upon which we shall all be in one place together. To-morrow; and you will be scattered towards every corner of our common country. Allow me to express the sincere hope, that you will carry with you kindly recollections of your teachers, and your alma mater; and 16 that, in the varied experience that awaits you, your thoughts will now and then wander pleasingly back to these scenes of your young labours and success. Be assured that, wherever you may go, and whatever may be your lot, you will have with you our warm sympathies, and our zealous wishes for your welfare, present and eternal. MEDICAL COMMENCEMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, HELD ON SATURDAY, MARCH 29, 1856. PHILADELPHIA: T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. 1856. GRADUATES. At a Public Commencement held March 29th, 1856, at the Musical Fund Hall, the Degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred by the Provost, Henry Vethake, LL. D., upon the following gentlemen, after which the Valedictory Address was delivered by George B. Wood, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. NAME. RESIDENCE. ESSAY. Allen, Joshua G. Marple, Delaware, Pa. Organic Life Force. Arthur, Enoch Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa. Constitutional Pecu-liarities and their Pathological Ten-dencies. Baird, Oscar II. Petersburg, Dinwiddie, Va. Enteric Fever. Baldridge, John M. Bigbyville, Maury, Tenn. The Uterus. Bannan, Douglass R. Pottsville, Schuylkill, Pa. Management of La-bour. Barrow, Samuel H. Ringwood, Halifax, N. C. Intermittent Fever. Barret, Junius V. Gainesville, Sumter, Ala. Puerperal Fever. Baxter, Joseph J. Curretuck, C. H. N. C. Diseases of Eastern North Carolina. Beattie, Wm. I. Bennettsville, Marlboro', S. C. Rheumatism. Becker, Aaron D. Bethlehem, Northampton, Pa. Indigestion. Bettis, Wm. J. F. Camden, Wilcox, Ala. Enteric Fever. Birchett, Theophilus G . Vicksburg, Warren, Miss. Epidemic Cholera. Blodgett, William J. Savannah, Chatham, Ga. Intermittent Fever. Boyd, John M. Knoxville, Knox, Tenn. Anaesthesia in La-bour. Buck, Frederick J. Bucksport, Hancock, Ma. Development of the Human Ovum. Butt, H. Fairfield Portsmouth, Norfolk, Va. Muscular Tissue and Motion. Byington, William C. Newark, Essex, N.J. Retroversion of the Uterus. Capwell, Albert M. Dunmore, Luzerne, Pa. Pneumonia. Christie, Robert J. Stevensburg, Frederick, Va. Fracture of the Pa-tella. The Tongue. Cohoon, John T. P. C. Elizabeth City, Pasquotank, N. C. Coit, David G. Cheraw, Chesterfield, s. c. Pernicious Fever. 4 NAME. RESIDENCE. ESSAY. Coit, William N. Plattsburg, Clinton, N. Y. Anaesthesia. Coleman, John F. Uniontown, Perry, Ala. Physiology of Respi-ration. Cook, Joseph S. Easton, Northampton, Pa. Miasmatic Fever. Cooper, John C. Washington, Washington, Pa. Epochs of Life. Corson, Edward F. Plymouth Meeting, Montgomery, Pa. Vital Heat. Crockett, Joseph Wytheville, Wythe, Va. Anatomy of the Ear. Cross, Joseph F. Chickahominy, , Hanover, Va. Cholera Infantum. Cunningham, R. C. Harrisburg, Pontotoc, Miss. Southern Enteric Fever. Dashiell, W. Bond Shelbyville, Bedford, Tenn. Auscultation and Percussion. Dismukes, John L. Nashville, Davidson, Tenn. Abscesses. Downes, Robert N. Philadelphia, Pa. Diabetes. Doyle, Oliver M. Bounty Land, Pickins, S. C. Congestion. Drake, Nicholas T. Hilliardstown, Nash, N. C. Import and Dignity of the Medical Pro-fession. Dunn, Allen R. Forrestville, Wake, N. C. Enteric Fever. Flynn, John Philadelphia, Pa. Dysentery. Fowler, Richard Burnt Corn, Monroe, Ala. Epidemic Dysentery. Freeman, Edwin B. Livingston, Sumter, Ala. Physiology of Cell Agency. French, Edward J. Palestine, Crawford, 111. Ophthalmia as Influ-enced by Miasma. Frow, John G. Mifflintown, Juniata, Pa. Intermittent Fever. Fuller, Francis T. Kittrel, Granville, N. C. Tabacum. Gillette, Fidelio B. Shiloh, Cumberland, N. J. Patent Medicines. Graham, John W. Alexandria, Va. Kidneys and their Functions. Grant, James F. Bradshaw, Giles, Tenn. Circulation of the Blood. Green, Richard M. Princeton, Dallas, Ark. Diabetes Mellitus. Green, William J. Rolesville, Wake, N. C. Bilious Remittent Fever. Hall, William B. Lowndesboro', Lowndes, Ala. Physiology of Death. Hand, Daniel W. Cape May, C. H. N.J. Chlorosis. Handy, William N. Philada., Pa. Climate as a Thera-peutical Agent. Harry, Samuel M. Ercildown, Chester, Pa. Pneumonia. Haynie, R. Alpheus Sperryville, Rappahannock,Va. Menstruation. Hays, David S. Hollidaysburg, Blair, Pa. Inflammation. Helwig, Theodore A. Philadelphia, Pa. Transposition of the Viscera. Hildrith, Joseph S. Somerville, Middlesex, Mass. Anatomy and Physi-ology of the Eye. 5 NAME. RESIDENCE. ESSAY. Holloway, Robert G. Port Royal, Caroline, Va. Enteric Fever. Hughes, James B. Newberne, Craven, N. C, Therapeutic Use of the Mineral Acids. Hutchison, James Potter's Mills, Centre, Pa. Cholera Morbus. Jackson, Bailey Elizabeth City, Pasquotank, N. C. Remittent Fever. Jennings, Julius T. Bennettsville, Marlboro', s. c. Inflammation of the Mucous and Serous Tissues. Jones, Joseph Riceboro', Liberty, Ga. Researches upon the Physical, Chemi-cal, and Physiolo-gical Phenomena of Living Beings. Jones, Joseph E. West Chester, Chester, Pa. Urine in Disease. Jones, Lewis H. Milldale, Warren, Miss. Enteric Fever. Jones, Thomas Philadelphia, Pa. Acute Rheumatism. Jones, William K. Petersburg, Dinwiddie, Va. Remittent Fever. Kerlin, Isaac N. Philadelphia, Pa. The Pulse in Disease. Kirby, William R. Milldale, Warren, Miss. Digestion. Kitchen, Francis A. Easton, Northampton , Va. Hernia. La Roche, C. Percy Philadelphia, Pa. Enteric Fever. Lennard, Benjamin F. Cuthbert, Randolph, Ga. Pneumonia. Leverett, Frederick P. Pocotaligo, Beaufort, s. C. Tongue in Diagnosis and Prognosis. Lewis, Richard H. Chapel Hill, Orange, N. C. Medicine as a Science not incompatible with Christianity. Longstreth, M. Fisher Philadelphia, Pa. Cholera Infantum. Lowry, William M. Lowry, Bedford, Va. Typhus Fever. Lummis, George B. Philadelphia, Pa. Epidemic Cholera. Lunday, William E. Albany, Dougherty, Ga. Gunshot Wounds. Mallory, Joseph B. Memphis, Shelby, Tenn . Yellow Fever. Mann, Theophilus H. Henderson, Granville, N. C. Intermittent Fever. Marshall, Calvin P. New Port, New Castle, Del. Auscultation. Marshall, Thomas Markham, Fauquier, Va. Mercury. Martin, Edwin G. Allentown, Lehigh, Pa. Moral and Physi-cal Condition of Woman. Maury, Thomas F. Washington, D. C. Puerperal Convul-sions. Maynard, James G. English Town , Monmouth, N. J. Pneumonia. Mazaredo, Ramon de Cienfuegos, Cuba . Fractures. Meaux, Thomas 0. New Orleans, La. Malignant Tumour. M'Alpin, Sumner M. Nixburg, Coosa, Ala. Physical Diagnosis. M'Cormick, Henry Springfield, Clark, Ohio, . Homoeopathic Reme-dies. M'Elhinev. James P. St. Charles, St. Charles, Mo. Intermittent Fever. g NAME. RESIDENCE. ESSAY. M'Leniore, Sydney S. Springhill, Maury, Tenn, , Crural Phlebitis. M'Nairy, William J. Pulaski, Giles, Tenn, , Dyspepsia. Millen, George R. Savannah, Chatham, Ga. Morbid Sensibility of the Stomach. Offutt, Thomas Z. Rockville, Montgomery, Md. Anatomy and Phi-losophy of the Brain. Orendorff, Olcott Columbia, Herkimer, N. Y. Scarlatina. Overton, Jesse Columbia, Maury, Tenn. Intermittent Fever. Park, Robert W. Aberdeen, Monroe, Miss. Inflammation. Parmer, Thomas J. Pintlala, Montgomery, Ala. Pulmonary Auscul-tation. Peale, J. Burd Pottsville, Schuylkill, Pa. Influence of Emotion on Function of Se-cretion. Percy, Robert Trinity, Concordia, La. Scarlatina. Phillips, Albert L. Raleigh, Wake, N. C. Decarbonization of. the Blood. Pott, Samuel U. Muncy, Lycoming, Pa. Menstruation. Riddick, William M. Ritz, Ambrose H. Rodgers, John H. Rowland, James S. Sawyers, James H. Saunders, Dudley D. Schultz, Solomon S. Senderling, P. M. Shannon, Robert W. Sheild, William H. Smith, Albert H. Snyder, Jno. J. Sterling, John Gatesville, Lewis town, Springfield, Sandeford, G. Tyson Bath, Knoxville, Mobile, Clayton, Troy, Franklin, Yorktown, Philadelphia, Bethlehem, Morrisville, Gates, Mifflin, Clark, Hopkinsville, Christian, Knox, York, N. C. Scarlatina. Pa. Asphyxia. Ohio. Puerperal Convul- sions. Ky. The Human Mind. Eng. Tenn, Ala. Berks, Pa. Rensselaer, N. Y. Williamson, Tenn. Va. Pa. Northampton, Pa. Bucks, Pa. Yellow Fever in the British West In- dies. Vaccination. Action of Medicines. The Study of Medi- cine. Insanity. Acute Muco-Enteri- tis. Bright's Diseases. Influence of the Mind in Disease. Signs of Pregnancy. Intermittent Fever. Taylor, De Witt C. Taylor, Thomas L. Thach, William T. Thomas, James Gray Thomas, Joseph Tillum, B. Franklin, Philadelphia, Pa. Puerperal Fever. Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania, Va. Enteric Fever. Mooresville, Limestone, Ala. Enteric Fever. Cedar Rock, Franklin, N. C. Yellow Fever. Milestown, Philadelphia, Pa. Enteric Fever. West Chester, Chester, Pa. Medicine. 1 NAME. RESIDENCE. Tutt, Charles Pendleton Leesburg, Loudon, Tweedy, Robert E. Courtland, Lawrence, Tyler, R. Bradley Frederick, Frederick, ESSAY. Va. Endocarditis. Ala. Enteric Fever. Md. Inguinal Hernia. Vandyke, Edward B. Princeton, Mercer, N. J. Inflammation. Vest, Nathaniel A. Negrofoot, Hanover, Va. Intermittent Fever Walker, J. Newton Marcus Hook, Delaware, Pa. Pneumonia. Walton, John Tompkins i Philadelphia, Pa. Experiments on Di-gestion. Ware, John G. Berryville, Clark, Va. Typhoid Fever. Warren, John L. Newark, Newcastle, Del. Origin of Vegetation. Watts, Edward M. Portsmouth, Norfolk, Va. Anatomy of Mucous Membrane. Wells, W. Lehman Philadelphia, Pa. The Eye. White, William W. Aberdeen, Monroe, Miss. Scarlatina. Whitfield George Montgomery, Montgomery, Ala. Acute Cystitis. Whitley, Hillory M. Forestville, Wake, N. C. Cholera Infantum. Wiggins, Alfred S. Ringwood, Halifax, N. C. Inguinal Hernia. Williams, Charles J. Pittsboro', Chatham, N. C. Acute Dysentery. Williams, Junius Bolivar, Hardeman, Tenn. Pneumonia. Woodward, William E, Cambridge, Dorchester, Md. Enteric Fever. Xaupi, Xenophon Xavier St. Louis, Mo. Granular Conjuncti- vitis. Young, Allen R. Rolesville, Wake, N. C. Miasma. Zimmerman, Daniel A. Darlington, Darlington, S. C. Intermittent Fever. At the Commencement, July 3, 1856. Chas. B. Griffin, Salem, Roanoke Philip D. Grove, Va. Extra Uterine Preg- nancy. *harpsburg, Washington, Md. Tubercular Melano- sis. Total, 142.