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A LECTURE
INTRODUCTORY TO THE COURSE
DELIVERED IN THE
PHILADELPHIA ANATOMICAL ROOMS,
SESSION OF 1824-5.
BY JOHN D. GODMAN, M. D.
   LECTURER ON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
PUBLISHED BY THE CLASS
   PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED BY J. R. A. SKERRETT.

       1825. 
  At a meeting of the gentlemen composing the class attending Dr.
J. D. Godman's Course of Lectures on Anatomy, held Dec. 18th, 1824,
Anson Brookes was called to the Chair, and Philip M. Price, appoint-
ed Secretary :  The following resolutions were unanimously adopted:—
  Resolved, That a  committee of three  be appointed to wait on Dr.
Godman and request a copy of his Introductory Lecture to the present
course, for publication.
  Resolved, That if this application should be successful,  the same
committee be instructed to take measures for having the lecture pub-
lished in an appropriate form.  Whereupon, Benjamin Franklin Doswell,
Isaac \V. Hughes, and William B. Fahnestock, were appointed to carry
the foregoing resolutions into effect.
                                ANSON BROOKES, Chairman,
  P. M. PRICE, Secretary. 
MONITIONS
                TO THE

STUDENTS OF  MEDICINE.
                A LECTURE,  $c.

   THE arrival of this season when we are to commence
an arduous course of study,  gives rise to a variety of in-
teresting reflections, and one of the most pleasing is pro-
duced by witnessing the spirit and zeal evinced by your
eagerness to seek instruction at  every accessible source.
Those who are to be engaged in teaching cannot perceive
this, without anticipating much gratification from the per-
formance of their duties, since the  disposition to acquire,
promises to be as active  and  energetic as the willingness
to impart the advantages of experience  and knowledge,
and instead of looking with  apprehension or indifference
on our future labours, they are to be hailed with pleasure,
as offering an ample reward of improvement and satisfac-
tion both to the pupil and teacher.
  With the intention and nature of Introductory Lectures
you are, generally, well acquainted.   They  may be com-
pared to the discussions of  the state of the weather, which
serve as  an  universal beginning to  casual  acquaintances,
and may lead to other subjects of deeper interest,  when
there  is assimilation of character  or  reciprocity of  senti-
ment—without which the acquaintance will prove as fleet-
ins as the clouds that provoked the conversation.  Intro- 
4
ductory Lectures may be considered as a hospitable wel-
come at the threshold, but can give us no idea of the nature
or zest of the entertainment we are afterwards to receive.
This is especially the case with those who profess to teach
by demonstration, from no other  notes  than those  fur-
nished by the nature of their subjects.   The qualifications
of such teachers cannot be fairly judged  from a  written
discourse, however discreetly pronounced, however fervid
and elegant may be its diction; however correct and forci-
ble it may be in expression.  Such a discourse may appeal
to the imagination, and give a new impulse to ever active
fancy, or it may fix the attention on reflections of serious
importance—but demonstration has a life and charm  that
addresses both the eye and ear, she  calls on  reason to  exa-
mine and store up her  relation  of  facts, and  enables the
judgment  to deduce therefrom invaluable principles of
thought and action.
   Since our present Lecture  cannot be demonstrative, I
shall take the liberty of addressing myself  to those  who
are about to enter on the study of a difficult and honourable
profession, in the hope of making my experience useful
to them in pursuing the objects they have in view.
   The importance and  dignity of the  medical profession
have been felt and acknowledged in all ages and in every
country, whether civilized or  savage, because the severity
of pain and dread of death have been coeval and co-exten-
sive with the human race.   Celsus has correctly remarked
that no period can be assigned when the art of medicine
did not exist.   Unfortunately  for us, the perfection of our
science is neither in proportion to its age nor to the revo-
lutions it has undergone.  Yet this liability to change both
in doctrines and practice is rapidly diminishing, as the dif-
fusion of knowledge is promoted and extended by a more 
5
correct study of nature.   The  charge of being a conjec-
tural  art must  at no distant period cease to be applicable,
and the resources of our science know neither limit nor
circumscription—if  all  who engage in its  cultivation be
properly zealous  in  their exertions, and true to the trusts
they assume.
  It  is  therefore all-important that  we who are about to
begin our professional career, should  set  out with correct
ideas of the most advantageous  course  to  be  pursued in
search of professional distinction, now that  medicine is
placed on a basis of  the broadest and  fairest character, and
the value  of medical  talent is becoming more generally
understood.  To lose time  by misdirected  application, is
an evil—but to acquire  deep-rooted  and injurious preju-
dices relative to our science is an almost irretrievable mis-
chief, of  whose magnitude we can scarcely form an idea.
   The  circumstances determining many of us to adopt a
particular  profession are seldom to be  recollected.   The
choice is frequently the result of accident, sometimes of
caprice, and occasionally of necessity. Hence, many of us
set forth  before we  have had an opportunity of  inquiring
to what point our path  is to  lead—what difficulties may
impede our progress, or what  qualifications are necessary
to our success.  We are often  fairly embarked, and return
 is no longer possible, before we discover the true nature of
our enterprize, and  though  we then see  how slenderly  we
 are appointed  for so hazardous a voyage, we can do nothing
 but make the best of our situation.   The accidental adop-
 tion  of a profession would perhaps be of little disadvantage,
 could we be informed of the best course to pursue, or able
 to assume constancy and industry enough to surmount the
 difficulties that must present  Our knowledge  often comes
 too late, except to convince us that  much  time has been
 lost and many efforts made in vain. 
6
  The science of medicine is vast, almost beyond the first
conception of  any  man:  it comprises almost all the
branches of natural science directly or collaterally, and he
who writes himself Doctor in medicine, tells us  by impli-
cation, thafhe is at least possessed of the general principles
of many sciences, each of which is individually  compre-
hensive enough to require more than the life time of one
man to grasp its particulars.  If we confine ourselves to
the departments strictly called medical, we shall find even
in them, an amount of knowledge collected which we dare
not hope to appropriate to ourselves.  Anatomy, Surgery,
Therapeutics, Obstetrics, Chemistry, &c.  excite  in our
minds ideas of long-continued and  severe study,  even for
obtaining  their elements,  and  we  see  the  venerated
teachers of our University growing old in the study of a
single branch, without ever imagining or pretending that
they have explored the whole of the  field they  have  so
ardently and  assiduously  cultivated. These circumstances
are  neither mentioned to  inspire dread nor deter  from ex-
ertion, but to place in stronger light the  necessity there is
that you should be  thoroughly  aware of  what you are
pledged to  attempt  and perform, and  to incite you to
advance, by advising you of the means that will most con-
duce to your  success.
  We will commence by inquiring what it is you are ex-
pected to accomplish during the period of your noviciate ;
what circumstances are necessary to full and lasting suc-
cess.  The great object of your preparatory studies is  to
acquire a sufficient stock of knowledge to make it safe that
you should be allowed to study in the great school of ex-
perience.  In other words, that you should gain such an
acquaintance  with the facts and principles on which your
art  is founded, as will justify the proper  tribunal in plac-
ing your names on the roll of those who may without in- 
7
jury to society become responsible for the  lives and hap-
piness of your fellow creatures.   This is all you can do as
mere students—it is all that is asked of you—and that it
is not always performed is often owing to a want of a pi'O-
per acquaintance with the nature of the task to be accom-
plished.   The study of  medicine should be regarded as  a
selection and examination of facts, with a view to the  de-
duction  of general principles of action—not as  an effort
to accumulate materials for the mere purpose of aggrega-
tion.  To know that the pulse is produced by the contrac-
tions  of the heart—that the arteries  are the vessels in
which pulsations occur, and that these vessels are always
to be  found  in a certain situation, would  be of slight im-
 portance, did it not furnish us with means of deciding in
 many difficult cases on the most efficacious treatment
 __and frequently enable us to disappoint inexorable death
 of his prey,  when accident has invited his approach.
   The first  great mistake of the medical student usually
 follows  his eagerness to grasp all the particulars  of know-
 ledge properly pertaining to his profession.  He begins by
 loading his  memory with details, instead of improving his
 judgment to examine the value and bearings of the general
 rules proper to each section, or common to the whole. His
 exclusive attention to a particular segment of the circle is
 not felt to  be incorrect until  a considerable advance is
 made, and a fondness acquired for a particular department,
 in which alone the material still seems inexhaustible, and
 the space to be traversed boundless, though  many other
 equally important branches are to be studied.  A violent
 and hurried effort is then made to effect what patience and
 steadiness   alone can accomplish, and the  most common
 consequence is, that the memory is exclusively relied  on
 without reference to any other end than the performance of 
8
a task. It thus often happens, that he who properly directed,
would have looked forward to the honors of his profession,
as a reward merited by  his application, too often receives
them in uncertainty and  dread for correct  answers to
questions that may prove nothing but the  strength  of his
memory, and be forgotten long before their importance is
felt or understood.  Were every student well informed of
the exact character of the acquisitions he is to make during
his noviciate, the condition would be very different  from
that just referred to.  To learn all that is known in all the
branches of medical education is  impossible in  the  very
nature of things, but to become acquainted with  their ele-
ments or outlines is in every  man's  power.  This  is the
knowledge you  are  to  gain—not the ability to answer
every question that may  or can be  asked, and  the man
who has applied  himself to  the study of the leading facts
of each department, and learned to deduce from them the
rules by which his professional conduct should be govern-
ed, is able to show that he is  qualified to  perform all the
duties pertaining to his profession.  In honouring such a
man with a degree, a  benefit  is conferred on the science
and on his country.
   It would give  me great happiness to  prevent you from
falling into a common error relative  to the great objects
for which a student of medicine is to strive.  If  we were
to ask what is his great  aim, many would reply, the at-
tainment of his Degree.   Now, though the degree has  its
specific value, it is as an evidence of previous industry—and
actual acquirements—not as  having any  intrinsic value,
separately considered. The  possession of a degree does not
impart talent—nor does it prove that the possessor has ta-
lent—nor is more than ordinary intelligence indispensable
to the attainment of this honour in any institution, through- 
out the world.  Correct deportment—an observance of the
proper forms, and a certain diligent attention,  will  insure
a degree to the plainest and most middling genius. Proofs
of this are at all times before your eyes—and should  con-
vince you that the terrors of examination can only be such,
to those who have mispent their time or misapplied their
industry.
   A degree  merely, is not,  and  should not be, the chief
good of a student who comes  to  a  great institution in  a
large city.  His efforts should be  strenuously made to gam
knowledge, to fill his mind with  the treasures placed with-
in his reach, and exert his industry in the  way that will
best fit him for the discharge of the high and  responsible
duties of his profession.  The opportunities presented to
you at  this period of your lives, can rarely, if ever, be en-
joyed a second time. When about to begin the practice of
medicine, most of you must remove to  distant situations,
 where  there are  few books to consult, and still fewer pro-
 fessional friends.  Little will it avail either in  relieving
 your patients or consoling you for  loss of reputation pro-
 duced  by neglect of opportunities, to be able  to say you
 have procured a degree.  But if  the student acts under a
 proper conviction of his duties, and determines to  use the
 ample  opportunities spread within his reach, the degree
 follows as a matter of course-and  is proffered to him with
 as much readiness as he can have to receive it-and with
 this enhancement of value-it is then a substance, not a
 form-an honour deserved, not inherited-a testimonial of
 high character, and not an empty title. Such a degree con-
 fers as much honour on the givers, as it does on those who
 receive it-and  the success of such graduates is regarded
 by the institution with the same  pleasure that aparent looks
 en a favourite child, whose generous emulation and noble
                            2 
10
deeds promise to give lustre to all who have been concern-
ed in the development of his character.
  One admirable advantage you would gain from a correct
appreciation of the objects that ought to command y our efforts,.
and the reward you should propose to yourselves, would be,
the removal of those perturbing anxieties that arise  when
the period of examination approaches. I pretend not to say
it would banish all solicitude—for that feeling is insepara-
ble from modest and ingenuous youth in such a situation—
but it would extinguish fear and eternally silence the sug-
gestions that are sometimes made of the possibility of par-
tiality in our public tribunals, of personal feelings being al-
lowed to influence their decisions—or of private  passion
being permitted to produce public injustice.* A moment's

  * Among other circumstances of a somewhat similar character, the
students of medicine have frequently expressed apprehensions of pro-
voking the displeasure  of the Professors, by attending the lectures or
dissections of teachers not holding offices in  the University, and not-
withstanding the manifest absurdity of such fears, many have thought
it most prudent to take a dissecting ticket in the University, although
they have freely expressed their desire to dissect elsewhere.
  The examinations of the University are for the purpose of ascertain-
ing how much candidates have learned, and not precisely in what place
they have studied, provided the regulations of the school have been
observed.  It is entirely optional with  students whether they study
Practical Anatomy in the University or not, so that they do study it;__
and there is no obligation expressed or implied,  that they shall learn
to dissect in any  partictdar place or under any individual.   In fact, the
right of the student to  decide who shall be his instructor in Practical
Anatomy, is as great and secure as his right to select his place of abode,
or to choose his  own room-mate; interference with either would be
considered in the same light and produce similar results.
  The statement of the folly of such apprehensions would  be unne-
cessary, were the students of medicine when they first arrive in the city
properly acquainted with the candour and liberality of the justly dis-
tinguished gentleman who has charge of the department of Practical
 Anatomy in the  University. 
LI
reflection will be sufficient to prevent you from listening
to insinuations so degrading to the mind capable of believ-
ing them.  It is impossible that men, selected solemnly to
decide on the fitness of candidates for a distinguished and
honourable office, should allow themselves to be influenced
by any other considerations than those of duty and justice.
That men thus responsible, should allow  pique, anger, or
any other ignoble motive, to blast the reputation of one
who is just entering on the theatre of life is a supposition
too monstrous ever to have been credible, notwithstanding
the  frequency with which it  may  have been imagined.
But were such a thing possible,  the  general sentiment of
public indignation would whelm the perpetrator beneath a
world of obloquy, which the strength of Atlas could not
sustain—nor the hundred arms of Briareus repel.
   Those who are obliged to  decide  on the acceptance or
rejection  of candidates, are men  who have trodden  the
same  arduous  path—have felt  all  the anxieties  you now
feel, and endured  the  same toils that you now  undergo.
They well know  how  eagerly the hopes and wishes of
friends centre in the candidates, and how deep  a wound
they must inflict when  they declare any one unworthy of
the honour to which he aspires.  They must unfeignedly
rejoice in the success of those who are accepted, and deeply
regret the rejection of such as are unqualified.  This rejec-
 tion can only follow their most dispassionate and deliberate
 conviction  of the  unfitness of the  applicant.  Join with
 me then in treating all  such suggestions as the offspring of
 ignorance or ignobleness, and  be deaf to every whisper
 that would imply unworthiness or degradation in those we
 are inclined to honour for their talents and high standing;
 whom we venerate for  their justice and integrity; and love
 for their moral and social  worth. 
15
   The solicitude felt by those who have been most indus-
 trious and attentive to their studies, is not without its salu-
 tary influence on the candidates themselves and  on those
 who are in  future to  become so.   It gives the  strongest
 testimony of the high character of the  tribunal and of the
 elevated standard they have fixed as the test of the candi-
 date's fitness.  There is no aberration from truth  in saying
 that the  qualifications requisite to obtain admission to share
 the honours of the profession here, would secure the same
 honours  from any institution in the world.  Here, the exa-
 mination does not mean  the observance of forms, nor is
 it necessary for the learner to waste his time in acquiring
 the facility  of talking Icanine] Latin in order to answer
 questions that he best understands in his own tongue.  The
 only proofs he has to give are that he has correctly acquired
 the elements of his art, and is fit to be dismissed to his
 friends and the world to assume the charge of the health
 and lives of his fellow creatures.
   The  University  of Pennsylvania,  the oldest and most
 celebrated school in the western world,  has derived a great
 part of her deservedly high reputation from the value she
 sets on essentials, and the neglect, of mere forms.  Strength
 of mind and  useful acquirements  have ever been valued
 above mere  ornament  or  abstruse trifling, and in  conse-
 quence very many of those who have  been ushered into
 the profession under her  auspices, have done  honour to
 themselves and their alma mater, no less than they have
 benefited society at large.  It  is not  possible to believe
 that any of you could wish that the standard of professional
 excellence should be lowered here, or that the gates of the
profession should  be thrown open to any but those  who
 have  exhibited  the  best evidences of  their courage and
 zeal,  by  their perseverance  in ascending that proud em*- 
13
nence on which her portals are erected.  You would reflect
with  sorrow  on any change in this respect, and should
rather rejoice that the requisites were increased, than hope-
they  will be diminished.
   The high standing of our school—her past glory—her
present usefulness and splendor,  are  all additional  incen-
tives  to  your ardour and  emulation.   By acquiring her
degree  you  become participators  in her renown, and re-
lated  to  all the talent and worth she has possessed  or sent
forth  into the world.   Secure  of the past, and actively
zealous  for the  future, her reputation must daily  become
more valuable and worthy of  your highest veneration.
These circumstances properly considered, will show how
futile are the notions we sometimes hear, of establishing
other institutions in our neighbourhood, which,  without
foundation—with  few  resources- -and  being withal  un-
necessary—shall at once rival and outshine the great school
by which we are taught—and whose character  is bright-
ened  by the glory  of all that is renowned or distinguished
in the medical history of our country.*
   It is incumbent on you to make the best use  of the op-
portunities afforded by  your visit  to this city,  for  many
excellent  reasons.   The  respectability  and  rank  of the
students  of medicine are increasing with the increase of
their  respect for themselves, and  in proportion to their
vigorous application  to  the business of their studies.  In-

  * In this place we allude to schools erected for the purpose of con-
ferring professorships, and degrees, and necessarily in direct opposition
to the  University.  Private Lectures in all departments of Medicine
are more numerous, useful,  and successful, in Philadelphia, and the
opportunities given to students are greater than in any other city in
the Union. All the Private Lectureships are subsidiary, as they should
be, to the University, and have always been much encouraged. 
14
stead of being  considered  as  thoughtless youths,  more
eager after pleasure than improvement, they are now re-
garded  as  serious and  laudable young men, desirous of
qualifying themselves for usefulness in life,  and many  of
them destined to occupy a conspicuous place  in the history
of our country.  In all parts  of the  Union we find literary,
scientific, and philanthropic  institutions founded and con-
tinued by members  of our  profession, and  your friends
will hope to see the same spirit actuate your conduct.  In
addition to what is  to be expected of you on ordinary  oc-
casions, your country  must look  to  you for still higher
and more arduous duties—you may be asked to  bind  up
the wounds of those who are injured in her service; on you
may fall the  care of  hundreds,  who,  far from  home and
friends, have been  maimed and disabled,  and all  their
hopes of earthly aid  will rest on you.   If you make your-
selves the men  you ought  to  be, by rightly using your
opportunities, your presence will be looked for as eagerly
as the light  of the  blessed  sun, and  the dying soldier or
sailor, who has no parent, wife nor child to close his  eyes,
will heave his last breath in  blessings  for the soothing and
consoling attentions of such  a friend.
  But that you should be distinguished or experience the
delight  of ministering  largely  to  the happiness of  your
fellow men,  you must begin  by  laying  the most  solid
foundation, and  acquire the knowledge that is  to enable
you to do honour to your profession, as  well as  to secure
the ornamental additions which  will give grace and ease to
your manners and conversation.  In becoming Students of
Medicine you have  placed  yourselves in a condition  of
much responsibility,  and are pledged to make  the  most
persevering exertions—to display all  possible talent, and
strive for a distinguished reputation.   If you redeem this 
15
pledge you will hasten that era when the title of Student
of Medicine will be equally expressive of honourable am-
bition, elevated feelings, and high moral worth.  In this
city you cannot want for examples, of what may be  at-
tained by a proper exercise of professional talents.   This
has  been the field of Rush's greatness and of Wistar's
excellence—both  as  much  beloved as honoured—both
rising from their determination to improve themselves and
benefit their  fellow creatures, not  only by their specula-
tive doctrines, but by their eloquent and admirable exam-
ples.  These, and a bright band of kindred worthies have
ennobled our profession and enriched humanity, and the
mantle dropped in their heavenward flight has been caught
and nobly worn, by that universally venerated pupil of the
justly renowned Hunter, from whose lips it is our happi-
ness still to  receive instruction, and whose glory, in ages
to  come will prove a high incentive to emulation in the
bosom of every student of our science.
   Having endeavoured to point out the objects you should
have in view—the course to be adopted, and the examples
for imitation—let me take the liberty of offering a caution
that may save you many unavailing regrets.—We set out
in pursuit of professional distinction when  the  buoyancy
of youth and the vigour of imagination lift us over  every
impediment  and break down  every barrier.  Hope tints
the distance  with the most glowing and flattering colours,
and  the mind  revels in  the  delightful anticipations  of
pleasure, fortune, and renown.  A moderate experience in
the cold realities of life, proves that we have been dream-
ing, and teaches that if these good  things are ever  to  be
realized, it is only when years of patient endurance have
passed, and after the fires of youth have been well nigh ex-
pended in the service of our fellow creatures. Accident may 
16
sometimes realize the expectations of youth, but the most
universal rule is, that wealth and fame from  professional
exertion is the slow though sure reward of long labour and
persevering industry. This circumstance is of the greatest
advantage to society and to our profession, but those who
have yielded too much to the dominion  of hope and fancy,
are frequently so much affected by discovering the  truth,
as to suffer an entire revulsion of feeling and sink from the
most brilliant flights of imagination, to the lowest depths of
despair.  This despondence is permitted  sometimes to
prey on the mind until it produces neglect of business or
harsh misanthrophy, and the unfortunate sufferer is conti-
nually tortured with notions of the ingratitude of mankind
—the neglect of merit—the low state of professional cha-
racter—while he is letting slip the best opportunities to
convince himself of the contrary, by efficiently perform-
ing those duties his profession enjoins and society requires.
Be then prepared to discover that the world yields neither
wealth nor  distinction except  as the  price of industry
and great deservings.   Stop not to consider whether men
are ungrateful or merit is neglected—but perform  the
actions  that  create a claim to their  gratitude—declare
your merits by the faithful discharge of your duties—and
then you will find it impossible to make  any such  com-
plaint.
   If such were not to be the result, policy would dictate
the propriety of concealing our mortification.  The voice
of repining and discontent is ever painful  and offensive to
others—and the same men, who warmly sympathize with
a  noble  spirit  in misfortune, struggling  against  fate,
and, though  broken-hearted, looking calmly  on the  ap-
proach of inevitable distress—despise the creature who is
continually vexing their ears with his fruitless and peevish 
17
 complaints, and venting his selfish ejaculations against the
 characters of those who have lived beneath a brighter sky,
 or have been wafted along by more propitious gales.
   Of this you may feel perfectly assured, that really meri-
 torious conduct cannot go entirely  unrewarded—neither
 can the fire  of true genius  be  entirely smothered.   The
 time must come when perseverance in the conscientious
 discharge of high duties, will secure the remuneration and
 respect it is  entitled to; the mind that has been  wrought
 up by the study of proper objects, and is sustained by a de-
 termined enthusiasm to effect great purposes, may  for a
 time be weighed down by poverty or misfortune—but like
 the giant of ancient fable, its struggles will convulse the
 superincumbent mass, and eventually shake off every hin-
 drance to its perfect success.
   If in offering these considerations  to you on the present
 occasion, I appear diverging too far from the beaten track,
 I trust you will pardon the zeal that urges me to lay be-
 fore you what reason and experience induce me to hope
 may be to your advantage.  Being exclusively devoted  to
• the service of those who are engaged  in the study of me-
 dicine, I may be allowed  in some degree  to  identify my
 feelings with theirs, and be  anxious to  spare them suffering
 no less than  to aid them in insuring their success.  What-
 ever defect there may be in manner, there is none in feel-
 ing—nor is there the slightest departure from fact in stat-
 ing—

          « For you, ye studious, I strive,
          For you, I tame my youth to philosophic cares,
          And grow still paler o'er the midnight lamp."
3 
 
PHILADELPHIA  ANATOMICAL  ROOMS.
MEMBERS OF THE CLASS.

          1824*-25.
John J. Bigsby, M. D. &c. &c.
Benjamin Franklin Doswell,
John Chapman,
William C. Warren,
Thomas J. Adams,
Anson Brookes,
Philip M. Price,
William B. Fahnestock,
William F. Davis,
Peter Fahnestock,
Benjamin J. Wiestling,
Edward Stanbery,
James Cox,
William A. Spark,
Alexander Copland,
George Spackman,
Robert M. Bird,
George W. Starr,
Morris Emanuel,
Joshua Whitall,
Joseph Templeton,
John S. Murdock,
Thomas Curtis,
William Johnson,
John Cox Davis,
Isaac W. Hughes,
Henry Abbett, Jr.
J. A. Stanert,
J. Donott,
William I. Ponsonby,
Constant F. Poole,
H. B. M.'s Army.
Hanover, Va.
Bucks, Pa.
Charles City, Va.
Petersburg, Va.
Portsmouth, Va.
Chester County, Pa.
Lancaster, Pa.
Portsmouth, Va.
Chambersburg, Pa.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Zanesville, Ohio.
Philadelphia.
Gloucester, Va.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
New Castle, Del.
Richmond, Va.
Richmond, Va.
Woodbury, N. J.
Washington, Pa.
Washington, Pa.
Middletown, Pa.
 Washington, Pa.
Middlesex, JV. J.
Montgomery, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
 Wilmington, Del.
Petersburg, Va.
 Philadelphia. 
 William Shultice,
 William R. Rose,
 Richard Sexton,
 Jacob W. Ludlam,
 John U. Francis,
 Joseph T. Ward,
 Isaac P. Trimble,
 David Bowman,
 John R. Wise,
 Thomas B. Custis,
 Thomas Custis,
 John F. Whitehill,
 George W. Long,
 Benjamin H. Stratton,
 Luther Swiggett,
 John H. Griffin,
 Joseph Shallcross,
 Edward F. Martin,
 Francis T. Meriwether,
 Samuel W. Bowie,
 Lewis Summerl,
 D. C. Frith,
 S. C. Hamilton,
 W. B. Vaughan,
 S. W. Githens,
 William Pleasants,
John Hunter,
Austin Janes,
Willison Hughey,
Thomas Gardiner,
Edwin N. Gaither,
Joseph C.  Neale,
John H. Prevost,
Samuel Kneass,
I. D. Newton,
 Fredericksburg\ Va.
 Lancaster, Va.
 Delaware.
 New Jersey.
 Montgomery, Pa.
 Woodbury, N. J.
 Chester County, Pa.
 Accomac, Va.
 Accomac, Va.
 Accomac, Va.
 Accomac, Va.
 Pennsylvania.
 United States' Army.
 New Jersey.
 Delaware.
 Virginia.
 Pennsylvania.
 Lehigh, Pa.
 Albemarle, Va.
 South Carolina.
 Pennsylvania.
 Virginia.
 Franklin, Pa.
 Brunswick, Va.
 Camden, N. J.
 Richmond, Va.
 Fairfax, Va.
 Virginia. *■
 Pittsburg, Pa.
 Washington, D. C.
 Georgia.
Junior Artists; from the
  Franklin Institute.

 Georgia.