Q\jESTrojvs 
ON 
KIRKE’S 
PHYSI0L0GY 
SAM. COCHRAN, M. D. 
COPYRIGHTED 1893, 
& n‘BKRT Company, Ky. QUESTIONWI^mSIOLOGY. 
What does physiology mean ; Of what does it treat; 
What are vital phenomena; What is a protoplasm; 
How has dissection shown the body to be constructed ; 
Of what are each of these composed; What is embry- 
ology ; What does it teach; Size; Shape; What find 
in it; Name; What do cells exhibit; What is the 
foundation of physiology; Give old definition of cell; 
Part of cell is of prime importance; Give Huxley’s 
definition of cell; Define a cell; Through what does 
each cell go; Origin of a cell; Give properties of pro- 
toplasm; Appearance under the microscope; What is 
Brownian movement; What are vacuoles; In what 
cells most numerous ; Give composition of protoplasm ; 
What are ptoteids; Composition; What is essential to 
the composition of the protoplasm ; What other bodies 
are frequently present; Composition; What are car- 
bohydrates; Name other things found in cell; What 
is chloraphyll; Composition of fats; What is lecithin; 
In what can we study vital characteristics of proto- 
plasm; Where found; Describe the movement; What 
is amoeboid movement; Streaming movement; Glid- 
ing movement; Name the movements of vegetable 
cells and describe each; What will increase the move- 
ment of the amoeba; Kind temperature; Give ex- 
ample of mechanical stimuli; Nerve influence ; Chem- 
ical stimuli; Kind atmosphere will suspend it; Cause 
it to resume; How influenced by electricity ; Describe 
the digestion of the amoeba; How does it excrete; 
Does it respire; What is metabolism; How many 
kinds of changes and what are they; What is ana- 
bolism; Katabolism; In the direction of anabolism, 2 
name the two changes which take place; In what 
does the katabolism of the cell consist; What would 
increase it; Of what nature is it; In what does this 
result; When does the weight of the animal remain 
stationary; Grow; Decay; Is growth confined to liv- 
ing beings; Give example; Describe the growth of 
salt; Living structure; Kind structure subject to de- 
cay; How do these changes occur; Are lifeless struc- 
tures subject to the same laws; Kind structure is an 
oyster shell; From what formed; How; Does crystal 
of salt change in composition; What structure does; 
Does amoeba reproduce; From what does every cell 
descend; What is gemmation; Fission; Name the 
parts that make up the structure of a cell; Which 
best developed in young cells; Give names of the 
meshwork; The fluid; Give properties of reticulum; 
Does it vary; Is it always present; Reason for think- 
ing the hyaloplasm is contractile; What are nuclei; 
What does nucleus mean; Nucleolus; How do histol- 
ogists recognize nuclei; Give structure of nuclei; 
What is chromoplasm; Achromatin; Nuclea matrix; 
Describe it; Give difference between animal and veg- 
etable cell; Difference in function ; What do vegeta- 
ble cells receive from air; Soil; Out of these what is 
formed; What is chlorophyll; What takes place in 
plants containing chlorophyll; Which peculiar to 
plants; What is formed with the carbon; What other 
bodies are constructed; Is chlorophyll found in ani- 
mals; What is necessary for chlorophyll to be active; 
How do animal cells act; By this wear what is pro- 
duced; What cells have synthetical action; What 
action have animal cells; Chlorophyll and the sun’s 
rays has what effect on potential energy; Relation of 
light to animal life; Function anabolism; Katabol- 
ism ; Difference in food of animal and vegetable; Com- 
position ; Movement; Digestive apparatus; From what 
does life start; What is the blastoderm; From what 
formed; How; It divides into how many layers; 
Name them; What does epiblast form; Mesoblast; 3 
Hypoblast; In studying the functions of the human 
body, what is first necessary; What does anatomy 
mean ; Histology ; Comparative anatomy ; Embryol- 
ogy ; What enables us to know the composition of 
dead tissue; What is necessary for cells to live; In 
what way are the tissues supplied with food; What 
carries the blood; What forces the blood to the tis- 
sues ; What is most essential to life; What provision 
is made to supply it; What change must solid food 
undergo; What has been provided; After food is 
digested what becomes of it; What vessels carry on 
absorption; What becomes of food that is not di- 
gested ; How are effete material removed from blood; 
How many elementary tissues; Name them. 
EPITHELIUM.—Of what are these tissues made ; 
How are cells of the body named ; Give different shap- 
ed cells; From situation ; Contents; Function; Origin; 
Give first method of cell connection ; Kind structure 
this intercellular structure; What does it contain; 
Function; What is membrana propria; Give second 
process of cell connection; Give derived tissue ele- 
ments; From what is intercellular substance derived; 
What makes up a fibre; From where do the fibres in 
connective tissue come; Of what do blood vessels orig- 
inally consist; Two ways of cell death; Give example 
of abrasion ; Chemical transformation ; Pigmentary de- 
generation ; To what is epithelium applied; Where 
found ; What do epithelium cells possess; What holds 
cells together when epithelia form tissue ; What causes 
cells to change shape; Is epithelial tissue vascular; 
How nourished; Have they nerve supply; How is ep- 
ithelial tissue classified ; What do you mean by simple; 
Name the varieties; Transitional; Stratified; Where 
find squamous epithelium ; Name of the pigment in 
retina; In what animal is it absent; What is meant 
by endothelium ; How demonstrated; Action of sil- 
ver ; Shape of cells lining blood and lymph vessels; 
How make the nuclei prominent; Where find endo- 
thelium ciliated; Where find germinating variety; 4 
Where are stomata in peritoneum found; What are 
they ; What passes through them ; Where find pseudo 
stomata; Peculiarity of cells near stomata; What 
form secreting agent in gland; Where find columnar 
variety; Of what does it consist; Peculiarity of size 
and shape; Intra-cellular network; Spongioplasm; 
Cause of striated basilar border; Cause of their change 
to goblet-cells; What forms mucus; Describe ciliated 
epithelium ; Where found ; In what animals are cilia 
largest; Number in one cell; Size; Describe cilia; 
Motion ; Direction; What will stop it; Is it volun- 
tary ; How long continued after death ; Cause of the 
motion; Name cell with single cilium; What mean by 
transitional epithelium; Kind find in upper layer; 
Where find transitional; What mean by stratified; 
Kind cells find superficial layer; Middle; Where find 
stratified; As cells come to surface change in shape; 
Describe prickle cells; What fills interstices; Describe 
cells of the deepest layer; Where find protective epi- 
thelium ; Protective and moving; Secreting; Protec- 
tive and secreting; Sensorial; Appendages formed by 
epithelium; Function of cilia. 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.—What form the skel- 
eton of the various tissues; Function; If all other 
tissue was removed what would we have; What 
are the elements that make up connective tissue; 
How many kinds cells; Describe the fixed cells; Where 
best observed; Tendon corpuscles belong to what 
cells; Where find branched pigment cells; Where 
found in the frog; Where absorb light; Amoeboid 
resemble what corpuscles; Of what do they con- 
sist ; Why called migratory ; How distinguished from 
branched connective tissue cells; Where found; What 
mean by plasma cells; Where found; Two varieties 
of intercellular substance ; Describe white fibres; How 
isolate the fibres; By prolonged boiling what is pro- 
duced ; Size yellow elastic fibre; How tell from white ; 
What is produced by boiling; Name varieties con- 
nective tissue; Chief form ; Where found ; Appear- 5 
ance when fresh; Why; Appearance under the micro- 
scope; Describe the cells; What separate the rows of 
cells; How demonstrate cell space; Why cells appear 
striped; Where find yellow elastic tissue; Describe 
fibres; Where find fine elastic fibres; Thick fibres; 
Elastic membrane with perforation; Homogenous 
membrane; Where find areolar tissue ; Appearance to 
eye when stretched; Under the microscope; Action 
acetic acid ; What contains the cells; How cells con- 
nected; Where find gelatinous tissue; Where best 
seen; Give structure; Where fibrillated; Other name 
adenoid tissue; Where found; Give structure; In 
what are the fibrils soluble; In the embryo what oc- 
cupies the place of fibrous tissue; Origin ; What form; 
In what imbedded ; How are fibres developed ; Forms 
what kind tissue; What do fusiform cells develop; 
What becomes of fusiform cells; Other theory of the 
development of fibrous tissue; Function of areolar 
and fibrous tissue; Function of elastic tissue; Where 
adipose tissue absent; In what tissue is adipose seated ; 
Give structure of adipose tissue; Size of vesicles; 
How demonstrate the membrane and nucleus; What 
causes cells to appear black; How are cells held to- 
gether; Of what is oily matter composed; From what 
is adipose tissue developed; Give the process; If the 
process is reversed what is produced; Describe blood 
vessels in adipose tissue; Nerves; Give functions of 
adipose tissue. 
CARTILAGE.—Give structure of all kinds car- 
tilage; To what is the apparent difference due; What 
mean by perichondrium; Where absent; Do nerves sup- 
ply cartilage; Name three kinds cartilage; Where find 
hyaline; Give structure; Describe matrix of hyaline 
cartilage; Action of acids on it; Where find canals; 
In what cartilage are fibres developed in matrix; De- 
scribe cells in articular; How are bones first formed; 
What is the cartilage called; What does it resemble; 
Where find hyaline cartilage without matrix; What 
called; Kind tissue hyaline cartilage; How nourished; 6 
When contain blood vessels; Where find yellow elas- 
tic cartilage; Give structure; Where find the cellular 
variety; Kind cartilage never ossifies; Where find 
white fibro - cartilage; Give structure; What is pro- 
duced by boiling cartilage; Function of cartilage; Out 
of what is cartilage developed; From what is matrix 
cartilage derived. 
BONE.— Of what is bone composed; What is 
the animal matter called; By boiling what is pro- 
duced; How can the earthy matter be separated 
from animal in bone; If animal is burnt out, shape of 
bone; When is the animal most abundant; Earthy; 
To the eye how many parts is bone made up; Name 
them; Describe the make-up of articular end of long 
bone Shaft; Why called medullary canal; Describe 
the make-up of flat bones; Irregular bones; Kinds of 
marrow; Where find red marrow; Give structure of 
red marrow; From what are the giant cells derived; 
Where find yellow marrow; Give structure; What 
corpuscles are produced by red marrow; What does 
periostium mean; Function; In what other way is 
bone supplied with nutriment; What are lacuna;; 
Canaliculi; In what bones are these the only canals 
contained; Describe Haversian canals; Why so named; 
Average diameter; From where do the lacuna; and 
canaliculi receive their nutriment; How blood vessels 
enter the Haversian canal; Relation of the artery and 
vein; Which the larger; What occupy lacunae; Of 
what is bone really made; To what do bone cor- 
puscles correspond; Describe the general lamellae of 
long bone; Haversian lamellae; Interstitial lamellae; 
Give the ultimate structure of lamellae; Give perfor- 
ating fibres of Sharp; Origin; Name bones ossified in 
membrane or fibrous tissue; Hyaline cartilage; What 
does membrane first form; Divides into what layers; 
Describe the external layer; Describe the internal 
layer; Which part of periosteum is concerned in for- 
mation of bone; Describe the osteo-genetic fibres; 
What is osteogen; Where are the lime salts deposited ; 7 
How are the osteoblasts arranged; What do they 
form; What find in center; What becomes of the 
deeper layer of periosteum not converted into bone; 
What surrounds cartilage; How many layers; What 
find in deeper; Outer layer; Difference between foetal 
perichondrium and periosteum ; Name chief interme- 
diate stages between hyaline cartilage and adult bone ; 
What becomes of the material which forms cartilage ; 
How do blood vessels grow in cartilage; Where be- 
gin ; What is found in cartilage containing no blood 
vessels; What do these channels contain; What is 
next deposited ; Give substitution of embryonic spongy 
bone for cartilage; Periosteal bone for the primary 
embryonic spongy bone; What bounds medullary 
cavity; How enlarged ; How is compact bone formed; 
Why think bone grows interstitially; Does process of 
ossification differ; From what is all true bony tissue 
formed; Where are the lime salts first deposited; 
What becomes of this calcified cartilage; What pre- 
cedes the formation of real bone; Give difference be- 
tween calcification and ossification ; What are centers 
of ossification; Long bones have how many ; Where 
found ; How do bones increase in length; Part of 
bone that grows; Proof; If intermediate cartilage is 
removed how is growth affected; How is increase in 
thickness of shaft brought about; Where place metal 
plate to become covered with bone; What other tis- 
sues may become ossified; Function of boms; What 
often saves them from fracture. 
TEETH.—How many sets of teeth have man; 
Names; How many milk teeth ; How many incisors: 
Canine; Molars; Number of permanent teeth in each 
jaw; Name permanent teeth ; To what are the bicuspid 
in adult successors in the child ; In what do the tem- 
porary incisors and canine differ from permanent; 
First milk tooth ; Time; Second ; Time; When canine 
appear; Deciduous molar; First permanent tooth; 
'lime; W'hen incisors appear ; Bicuspid; Canine; Sec- 
ond molar; Third molar; Other name; Variation of 8 
cutting teeth in children ; What incisors make appear- 
ance first; What disease would retard eruption of 
teeth; How do milk teeth usually come; Time milk 
teeth should be in use; Where do permanent teeth 
appear ; Relation of the wisdom tooth to civilization ; 
Relation of upper to lower teeth ; Cause of their over- 
lapping ; Function of incisors; Canine; Reason for 
no two teeth opposing each other; If a tooth is lost, 
what becomes of the opponent; What is the crown of 
a tooth; Neck; Root; What find in center of tooth ; 
Shape; What surrounds it; Give the anatomy of the 
pulp cavity; What is membrana eboris; Where blood 
vessels enter tooth ; In what way are nerves connected 
with dental tubes; Do lymphatics exist in the pulp ; 
What covers part of dentine above gum ; Beneath the 
gum; What is Nasmyths membrane; Difference in 
composition of dentine and bone; Into what can the 
animal matter be converted ; Of what is the earthy 
matter chiefly made up ; With what do dental tubules 
communicate internally; Externally; In what do these 
tubes lie; How give off branches; Average diameter 
of tubes; What do they contain; What are their pro- 
longation from the pulp; What mean by granular 
layer of dentine; How characterized; Hardest part 
of tooth; Chemical composition; Amount animal 
matter; Give structure of enamel; Where find lacunae; 
Other name; Part of tooth is true bone; With what 
do lacunae sometimes communicate ; How does ce- 
ment differ from ordinary bone ; First step in the de- 
velopment of teeth ; What does this form ; Next step; 
Third step ; What is the dental papilla ; What forms 
dental sac; What forms partition between teeth ; 
Give compostion of the papilla ; What forms dentine ; 
Tooth pulp: Give method of formation of dentine 
from odontoblasts; What shape does papilla take ; Re- 
lation of dentine to papilla; Where vessels and nerve 
enter; What determines the number of roots; When 
are roots formed; How many layers has enamel cap; 
Name of internal; Middle; External; What forms 9 
enamel; Where does calcification first take place; 
Function middle cells; What become of external; 
What forms cement; What forms dental periosteum ; 
What causes tooth to cut through gum ; How are per- 
manent teeth produced; Name; When do temporary 
teeth begin to develop ; Permanent. 
MUSCULAR TISSUE.—Kinds muscular tissue ; 
What mean by striated; Non-striated ; Where is un- 
striped found ; Where find it in skin; Cause cutis 
anserina; Give structure of unstriped ; Appearance, if 
broken; Describe sheath surrounding fibre; What 
mean by endomysium; Perimysium; Where find 
striated muscles; How divided; What mean by 
skeletal muscle; Epimysium; Where are the blood- 
vessels and nerves; Direction of each fasciculus; Does 
it extend the whole length of the muscle; What 
is the sarcolemma; Describe it; Length of muscular 
fibre; Color; How marked; Appearance of striated 
muscular fiber under the microscope ; Explain Dobie’s 
line; Henson’s disc ; What mean by sarcostyles; Sar- 
cous elements of Bowman ; Cohnheim’s fields; Sarco- 
plasm; Where find muscle corpuscles; Describe a 
muscle casket; Where find muscle rods; Why do 
these rods separate during muscular contraction ; Give 
the reticulum theory; Give Rollett’s view; Give 
Schafer’s view; appearance under polorized light; 
What does anisotropous mean; Isotropous; Describe 
muscular fibers of heart ; Other places fiind branch- 
ing fibres; Kinds skeletal muscular fibre ; In which 
longitudinal striae most marked; Describe blood sup- 
ply in voluntary muscles; Do vessels penetrate sarco- 
lemma; What nerves supply striated muscles; Un- 
striped; How nerves terminate in unstriped muscles; 
Name of the plexus; How made; How intermediary 
plexus formed; Describe distribution of the fibrils; 
How nerves end striped muscles; With what is sheath 
of nerve continuous; From what are cells of un- 
striped fibre derived ; How is striped fibres formed ; 
How do muscles grow; Describe the fibre in preg- 
nant uterus; Change they undergo in involution. 10 
NERVE FIBRE.— Name kinds nerve fibres; 
Name parts of a medullated fibre; When can they be 
demonstrated; When appear homogeneous; Color axis 
cylinder becomes; Substance of Schwann—Sheath; 
Other name; Describe it; Where find nerve corpuscles ; 
Describe white substance of Schwann; Describe tbe 
small rods; Of what is the axis cylinder composed; 
Is it always present; Why think it is essential part of 
a fibre; Function of the other parts; What are the 
nodes of Ranvier; Where does sheath come in con- 
tact with axis cylinder; What mean by internode ; 
What unites the internodes; Action of nitrate silver 
on it; Where find largest nerve fibre; Smallest; 
Where find non-medullated nerves; Size ; Color; Part 
absent; Where are the fibres always non-medullated ; 
What is meant by perineurium ; Epineurium ; Endo- 
neurium ; Describe the course bf fibre from its origin ; 
How nerve fibre anastomose; When do fibres divide; 
Where do nerves form plexuses; Object; How do 
medullary nerves terminate; Other name for nerve 
cells; Where found; Describe the structure of nerve 
cell; Where find single cells; What mean by unipolar; 
Bipolar; Multipolar; Give structure of the poles; 
Give distribution of poles; When continuous with 
nerve, what is it called ; What encloses ganglion cells ; 
Where are nerve fibres and cells continous; Where 
find Pacinian corpuscles ; Other name ; Give structure; 
Describe the termination of the nerve in the corpus- 
cle ; Where find corpuscles of Herbst; Describe 
them; Where find end bulbs; Size; Shape; Struc- 
ture; How nerve fibre terminate; Where find tactile 
corpuscles; Shape; Size; Give structure; In what 
papillae are they found; Describe the termination of 
the nerve; Name of the learned touch; Where find 
corpuscles of Grandy; Give structure; How nerves 
terminate; Other termination of sensory nerve; 
Where in plexuses. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE 
BODY.—How many elements combine to form the 11 
chemical basis of the body ; Name elements that con- 
tribute the largest share; Oxygen and carbon make 
up what percent, of the whole; Name most abundant 
of the metallic elements; In what form are the ele- 
ments found in the body; Name elements found free; 
Where find each ; To what is organic applied ; State 
cause of the instability of nitrogenous compounds; Give 
classification of substances found in body; Where 
find nitrogenous organic bodies; Composition; Name 
the chief of the nitrogenous; Where found; Do we 
know the composition ; Can they be formed in labra- 
tory; What does proteid mean; Give properties; 
Give the reactions; Give the other tests; On what 
basis are proteids divided; Give properties of native 
albumins; Derived albumins; Globulins; Proteoses; 
Peptones; Fibrin; Coagulated proteids; Lardacein; 
Three varieties native albumin ; Where find egg al- 
bumin; Give properties; Whese find serum albumin ; 
Properties; Varieties derived albumin; How acid al- 
bumin made; Properties; How alkali albumin ob- 
tained ; Properties; Difference between acid and 
alkali albumin ; What is caseinogen; How obtained ; 
Properties; Properties of globulins; What is crystal- 
lin; How differ from other globulins; What is rugo- 
sin; How obtained; Properties; Where find para- 
globulin; Properties; How obtain fibrinogen; Prop- 
erties; How obtain vitellin; Properties; What is 
globin; What are proteoses; Peptones; How fibrin 
obtained; Coagulated proteids; Lardacein; How ob- 
tain gelatin; Properties; Give the reactions; What is 
mucin; How obtained; What is elastin; Properties; 
What ischondrin; Properties; How obtain keratin; 
Nuclein; Properties; To what class do oils and fats 
belong*; Composition; Properties; What are corbohy- 
drates; Name the amyloses; Sacharoses; Glucoses; 
Most important one ; Where .found; Give properties 
of starch; Tests; What will convert it into grape 
sugar; What is glycogen; Properties; What is dex- 
trin ; Properties; Where find cane sugar; Properties ; 12 
What is lactose; Properties; What is maltose; Prop- 
erties; Where find glucose; What is it; Properties; 
What is dextrose ; Properties; Laevulose; Properties; 
Galactose; Properties; Inosite; Properties; Name 
fatty acids found in body; Aromatic series; What is 
phenol; Origin of the inorganic principles; Which 
are decomposed; Which are formed in organism; 
Name the gaseous matters found in body; Which are 
found especially in intestines; Where find carbonic 
acid; How excreted; Most abundant of the proxi- 
mate principles; Where find it; Amount in blood ; 
How know when need water; Is it essential; How 
long live without it; Function of water; Amount 
water introduced; Produced in body; How; Con- 
dition favoring it; Per cent, eliminated by alimentary 
canal; Lungs; Skin; Kidneys; Where find sodium 
and potassium chlorides; Which most abundant; 
Where chloride potassium most abundant; Are the 
chlorides essential; Where find fluoride calcium; 
Where find phosphates; Which are found in teeth and 
bone; Condition of bones in early life; Old age; 
Cause; Deficiency of phosphate lime causes what 
trouble; Why called rickets; How remove earthy 
salts from bone; Cause alkalinity of blood; Where 
find calcium carbonate; Only salt found in crystalline 
form; Where find sulphates; Silicon; Iron; Name 
other inorganic principles occasionally found in body. 
BLOOD.—Function of blood in a general way; 
Color arterial blood; Venous; How many parts make 
up blood; Name; What is plasma; Other name for 
the protoplasms; To what is color due; Why is blood 
opaque; Action of chloroform on blood; Specific 
gravity of blood ; How estimate it; Reaction of blood; 
Taste; Temperature; Where warmest; Coolest; Odor 
of blood; How developed; Amount of blood; How 
determined; Time day it is greatest; What would 
diminish the amount of blood; If blood is drawn and 
allowed to stand, change it undergoes; Name; Time 
of coagulation; Why not escape if vessel is inverted ; 13 
Name of solid mass; Change in clot if watched for a 
few minutes; Time serum begins to exude; Complete; 
Cause of blood clotting; Why water separate from 
clot; Of what is solid part composed; On what does 
color of clot depend; Color if coagulate rapidly; 
Color on top if coagulate slowly; What is crusta phlo- 
gistica; Shape of upper surface of clot; How prove 
that clotting of blood is due to formation of fibrin; 
From what is fibrin derived; What is stroma fibrin; 
Normally, from what is fibrin derived; What is plas- 
ma ; How obtained; What causes the viscidity that 
precedes coagulation; How prevent blood from coag- 
ulating ; What is plasmine; How obtained from plas- 
ma; How differ from fibrin; What is composition of 
plasmine; How obtain fibrinogen from it; Paraglobu- 
lin; From what does the ferment come; Proof; The 
presence of what salts are necessary for coagulation; 
Other changes besides solidification when blood clots; 
Why think fibrin ferment a globulin; Name the con- 
ditions that will hasten the coagulation of blood; Name 
those retarding it; Why does blood not coagulate in 
living vessels. 
BLOOD CORPUSCLES.—How many kinds cor- 
puscles; Red corpuscles form what per cent, of the 
mass of the blood; Proportion of white to red; Shape 
red corpuscle; Size; Color; Structure; Describe stro- 
ma ; Is corpuscle solid; Where is coloring matter; 
Where corpuscle hardest; Have red corpuscles nuclei; 
Why appear dark; Specific gravity; What mammals 
corpuscles differ in shape; Are all red corpuscles same 
size and shape; What are microcytes; What are blood 
plates; How form masses; What mean by rouleaux; 
Cause; Action of pressure on red corpuscle; Action 
of water; Saline solution; Acetic acid; Alkalies; 
Chloroform; Tannin; Magenta; Boric acid; Am- 
monia; Carbonic acid; Oxygen; Heat; Electricity; 
Other names for white corpuscle; Shape; Why gran- 
ules more marked in some than others; What always 
exists in corpuscle; Size corpuscle; Proportion to red; 14 
On what does the variation depend; How influenced 
by eating; Period of life found in greatest quantity; 
Least; Name two chief varieties of white corpuscle; 
Origin of the small; Describe the third variety; 
Name movement of white corpuscle; Movement great- 
est in which corpuscle; Explain division of corpus- 
cles; Action of reagents; What is phagocytosis; How 
are corpuscles counted; Number per cubic millimetre; 
What is plasma; How obtained; What does it con- 
tain; How differ from serum; How freed from white 
corpuscles; Amount of water in plasma; Fibrin; 
Other proteids; Fat; Inorganic salts; Name salts; 
Which most abundant; Amount; What is serum; 
Give characters; Specific gravity; Proportion of clot 
serum; How obtain serum from blood corpuscles; 
Amount water in serum; Name proteids; Amount; 
On what does amount of water in serum depend; 
Chief proteids in serum; What is serine; What will 
cause it to coagulate; How differ from egg albumin ; 
What will cause it to precipitate; Action after being 
dried; What will precipitate serum albumin from 
serum; How obtain serum globulin from serum ; Heat 
necessary to coagulate it; Why more in serum than 
plasma; Describe the fats of serum ; Where find grape 
sugar ; Name the extractives; What is the yellow pig- 
ment ; Amount water in red corpuscles ; Solids; Most 
important solid; Amount; Name the other proteids; 
Fatty matters; Name the inorganic salts; Salt most 
abundant; What does white corpuscle contain; Give 
structure of the stroma; Of what do the proteids con- 
sist; Chief salts of the corpuscle; Give properties of 
fibrin; Per cent, in blood; Action of gastric juice on 
it; Explain its action with hydric peroxide. 
GASES OF THE BLOOD. —Name gases of 
the blood; Amount; Difference in amount of oxygen 
in arterial and venous blood; Carbonic acid; Nitro- 
gen ; In both kinds blood most oxygen or carbonic 
acid; How extract gases from blood; Condition of 
oxygen in blood ; Explain condition of equal tensions; 15 
Does oxygen of blood obey this law; With what is 
oxygen of blood combined; Amount haemoglobin in 
corpuscle ; How obtained ; Most interesting properties 
of haemoglobin; Name animals it crystallizes most 
readily; Effect of light; Haemoglobin that crystallizes 
with difficulty; In what are the crystals soluble; Ex- 
plain the appearance of oxyhaemoglobin with spec- 
troscope; Action with mercurial air pump; When 
does venous blood fail to show the oxyhsemoglobin 
band; Action of carbonic oxide on haemoglobin; 
Amount carbonic oxide taken up; Will oxygen dis- 
place it; Why is breathing carbonic oxide so danger- 
ous ; Action of nitric oxide; Nitrous oxide; Sulphur- 
etted hydrogen; What is methsemoglobin ; How pro- 
duced; How estimate amount of haemoglobin; Where 
find haemoglobin; In what unstriped muscle is it 
found; What is haematin; Haemochromogen; Haem- 
atoporphyrin; Give action of acid solution with hae- 
matin; Alkaline solution ; What is haematoidin ; Ilae- 
min; Condition carbonic acid is found in blood; 
Amount in plasma; What does combined form; In 
what condition is the nitrogen in <he blood; Amount 
of water in blood; Corpuscles; Proteids; Fibrin; 
Fatty matter; Salts; Gases and extractive; Variation 
of blood as regards sex; Pregnancy; Age; Tempera- 
ment; Diet; Effect of bleeding; Why cause thirst; 
Variations in different parts of the body; Arterial and 
venous; Peculiarity of blood in portal vein; Gastric 
vein; Splenic vein; Hepatic vein; What mean by 
area vasculosa; Where first corpuscles developed; 
Describe the development of first corpuscles; From 
what do cells come; Describe the development of 
vessels; Size corpuscles at first; Describe corpuscle; 
They have what movement; How multiply; What 
organs first produce them; How do these multiply; 
When disappear in the blood; Origin of mature col- 
ored corpuscles; Explain intracellular; Where red 
destroyed; Origin white corpuscles; How increase; 
Function of blood. 16 
HEART.—Cause of blood circulating; IIow many 
circuits ; What mean by circuit; Describe the lesser; 
Other names; Describe the greater; Other names; 
Describe portal circulation ; Renal; Where find heart; 
In what mediastinum ; What does mediastinum mean ; 
How many; In which is heart; What surrounds 
heart; What does pericardium mean; What is per- 
icarditis; What is dropsy of heart; Kind membrane 
is pericardium; Which fibrous; Serous; Shape per- 
icardium; Direction apex; Base; To what is base 
attached; Apex; What mean by parietal layer of 
pericardium; Visceral; Name of the fluid ; Function; 
Relation of heart to sternum ; Give anatomy of heart; 
Capacity of ventricles during life; Auricles after death ; 
Why called ventricles; Auricles; Length of heart; 
Width; Thickness; Average weight in adult; Change 
in old age; What is the structure of heart; What 
forms boundary of auriculo-ventricular opening ; What 
find at origin of arteries; Do fibres of auricles and 
ventricles communicate; Describe muscular fibres of 
heart; What does endocardium mean; Kind tissue; 
What is inflammation of it called; What valves in 
right auricle; Do they assist adult circulation; Part 
of heart find valves that assist circulation; What 
valves in right ventricle; Left; Name of the valves 
guarding right auriculo-ventricular opening; What 
does tricuspid mean; Name of each; Which largest; 
Why; Right attached to what border; Shape of each 
cusp; To what is base attached; What is attached to 
ventricular surface and borders; Function of chordae 
tendinae; To what are they attached; What does col- 
umnae carneae mean; Varieties; Describe musculi pap- 
illares; Where find mitral valves; Other name; Why; 
IIow differ from tricuspid; Where find semilunar 
valves; Which perfect; Why; To what is convex 
margin attached; What is corpus arantii; Where find 
sinuses Valsalva; Function; Give structure of valves; 
Movements of heart; Why rise up; Go forward; 
From left to right; What mean by systole; Diastole; 17 
Why begin at auricles in studying the circulation ; 
Through what vessels does blood get into right auri- 
cle; While auricles are filling condition of the auric- 
ulo-ventricular opening; Describe the contraction of 
auricle; When does contraction begin ; Last part to 
contract; What resists regurgitation of blood into the 
veins; To what point does the regurgitation extend ; 
What completes the dilatation of ventricles; Describe 
ventricular contraction; After contraction in what 
cavities does blood remain ; Which ventricle short- 
ens during contraction; Change left undergoes; Effect 
of systole on length of heart; Function of auriculo- 
ventricular valves; What brings them in place; When 
closed; Open; Effect of systole of the breadth of the 
base; Function of this diminution; Why muscular 
fibres of heart run in different directions; What helps 
to expand ventricles; Explain safety valve action; 
What opens semilunar valves; Closes them; Explain 
the cords of the valves; Where absent; Part of sec- 
ond each heart beat occupies; Time of auricular sys- 
tole; Diastole; Ventricular systole; Diastole; Rapid 
action is at the expense of which; Cause of blood 
going from right auricle to ventricle; Function of 
auriculo-ventricular valves; When closed; Opened; 
When closed what is blood doing; What valves are 
open; Function semi-lunar valves; When closed; 
Open; When semi-lunar valves closed what is heart 
doing; Open; State appreciable phenomena of heart; 
Cause; Studying rhythm of heart, where begin; Why; 
Rhythm of sounds,where begin; Why; Name sounds; 
Why call long one first sound ; Which sound simple; 
Cause second sound; How prove; Elements that 
make first sound ; Cause booming element; Prolong- 
ed ; Valvular; How make first like second sound; 
Give causes first sound ; Where heard loudest; Why ; 
Condition heart; Course blood when hear first sound ; 
W?hat keeps blood from going back in auricles ; Valves 
which side heart may be diseased ; Abnormal sounds 
caused by disease of mitral valves are heard where; 18 
When; Condition of ventricles just before hear first 
sound; Blood flowing from auricles into what; Does 
blood usually cause sound in passing to ventricles; 
Why not; What would obstruct flow blood from au- 
ricle to ventricle; If valves are tied and can’t open 
would blood passing through cause sound; Why; 
Where hear this sound; When; What is heart doing; 
Cause of this sound; What is it called; Why; Con- 
dition of valves is called what; Why; Condition of 
heart during first sound ; Course of blood; If mitral 
valves do not close auriculo-ventriculo opening, direc- 
tion of the blood ; Effect of this backward flow of 
blood on first sound; This condition of the valves is 
called what; Sound; Where heard; When; Direc- 
tion of blood when hear it; If heart is beating rap- 
idly, how tell first from second sound; If hear abnor- 
mal sound just before feel pulse, what is it called ; 
Cause; When you feel pulse; Name; Cause; Where 
hear second sound loudest; Why; Cause second 
sound; What valves are closed when hear it; Open ; 
Does blood cause sound normally while passing from 
ventricle to aorta; When would it; Why; Where 
hear it; When; What is it called ; Condition heart 
when you hear it; Function of semi-lunar valves; If 
don’t close opening where will blood go; Effect of 
this backward flow on second sound; Instead of sec- 
ond what would have; Cause this abnormal sound; 
Where hear it; When; What is it called; Why; 
Condition heart when hear it; What mean by im- 
pulse; Greatest in what people; Felt most what act 
of respiration ; Cause of impulse ; How registered ; 
How often does heart contract in healthy adult man; 
Woman; Pulsation before birth; At birth; First 
year; Second; Third; Seventh; Fourteenth; Adult; 
Old age; How influenced by temperament and sex; 
Food and exercise ; Diurnal variations ; Posture; At- 
mospheric pressure; Temperature; Relation of pul- 
sation to respiration; The force of which ventricle is 
greatest; Why; How does left ventricle assist right; 19 
How estimate work done by left ventricle; Right; 
What property does the heart muscle possess which is 
found in no other muscle; How is this property 
shown; Kind of action is this rhythmical contrac- 
tion; Name ganglia in heart with location; Kind 
cells make up these ganglia; Action of frog’s hearj. 
when removed from body; If heart is cut to pieces; 
Parts where movement is greatest; How prove heart 
can contract without influence of ganglia; Cause of 
the rhythmical contraction ; Give difference of action 
in heart and ordinary muscle when subjected to stim- 
ulus ; If stimuli are repeated rapidly, which will be- 
come tetanic; To increase contraction in frog’s heart, 
when must the stimulus be applied; How make skel- 
etal muscles tetanic; Give Stannius’experiment; Ex- 
plain blocking; Part of heart most irritable to stim- 
uli; Usual direction of wave of contraction; Can it 
be reversed ; How is wave of contraction affected by 
partial division of muscle; Velocity of wave of con- 
traction in frog’s heart; Give similarities of contrac- 
tion in skeletal and heart muscle; Cause of the auto- 
matic rhythmic movement; What will influence it; 
Name the inhibitory nerve of heart; Accelerating; 
How is heart influenced by cutting vagi; Stimulat- 
ing; Stimulating distal extremity; Action of digi- 
talis on heart; Why; How heart influenced by cut- 
ting sympathetic; Stimulating it; How action of 
sympathetic differ from vagi; Give origin of cardiac 
nerve fibres in a frog; In the dog; Where would 
stimulation of vagus not be inhibitory; Where is the 
cardio inhibitory center; How could the restraining 
influence of this center be reflexly increased ; Give an 
example ; Explain how heart is stopped ; Could in- 
hibitory be reflexly lessened; In man, inhibitory ac- 
tion of pneumogastric comes from what; Give distri- 
bution of vagus in heart; Course of augmentor fibres 
in cord ; Action of venous blood on inhibitory centre; 
Oxygenated on augmentor centre; Action of cold on 
heart; Heat; Atropin; Muscarin; Digitalin; Verat- 20 
rin; Aconitin ; Nicotine; Give electrical phenomena 
of the heart beat; What is necessary for a continu- 
ance of the rhythmic contraction of heart; What 
fluid will cause it to beat for awhile; When does ana- 
bolism take place in the heart; Catabolism; What is 
increased by stimulating pneumogastric; Sympath- 
etic ; Relation amount of blood to contraction ; Re- 
sistance would have what action; What mean by 
asystolism ; Influence by pressure on heart. 
FCETAL CIRCULATION.—Tracing fcetal cir- 
culation where begin ; Blood goes from placenta to 
child through what vessel; Kind blood; Where does 
vein enter abdomen;-Goes to what organ; Meets 
what vein ; Greater part of blood distributed to what 
organ ; Does all of it pass through liver; Gets into 
what large vein; How; Where does ’ inferior vena 
cava empty ; Part of right auricle; Current is directed 
to what opening; What prevents this blood from go- 
ing into right ventricle; Give attachment of eusta- 
chian valve ; When largest; How does blood get from 
right to left auricle; Where does it go from left auri- 
cle; Left ventricle; From aorta; Does it all pass to 
upper extremities ; How returned from upper extrem- 
ities; How empty in right auricle; Direction of cur- 
rent; Where does it go from right auricle; Right 
ventricle; From pulmonary artery ; How much passes 
through lungs; Where find ductus arteriosus; How 
does blood get back to placenta; Peculiarity of inter- 
nal iliac arteries in foetus ; How many cavities in foe- 
tal heart; How auricles connected; Ventricles; Pe- 
culiarities of Petal heart; Arteries; Veins; Changes 
that take place in each after-birth ; Why liver so large 
at birth; Head; Lower extremities so small; From 
which side does membrane grow that closes foramen 
ovale; When closed. 
ARTERIES.— How many; Name them; What 
does aorta mean; Pulmonary ; Why called arteries; 
Why thought to contain air; Why open ; Course of 
arteries; Why; How protected; Where inosculate 21 
freely; Why; What arteries diminish in size; Bran- 
ches given off what angle; Where subject to press- 
ure; Name coats of arteries; Give anatomy of ex- 
ternal coat; What forms middle coat of large arte- 
ries; Small arteries; Change in middle coat as you 
go from heart; Give anatomy of internal coat; Name 
parts of internal coat; What does vasa vasorum 
mean; What supply; Origin; Nerves supply what 
part of artery; Name of the nerves; What does it 
mean; Where is the vaso-motor center; From the 
centre where do the fibres go; Where do secondary 
centres exist; What may alter or modify chief centre ; 
How do stimuli act; The afferent influence is brought 
about by what nerve; Where arise; Where does it 
go ; If the nerve is cut and stimulus is applied to 
central extremity, how is arterial pressure influenced; 
Through what nerve does it act; What does splanch- 
nic mean; Function of the depressor nerve; Effect of 
stimulating an afferent nerve; Give an example of 
vaso-motor centre affected by cerebrum ; Symptom if 
sympathetic in the neck is cut; How long remain 
dilated; Cause constriction; Give first division of 
vaso-motor nerves; Second; Third; Fourth; Give 
example of fourth class; What mean by vaso-motor 
dilator; Vaso-motor constrictor; Name the anabolic 
nerve to the artery; Catabolic; How produce an in- 
crease in blood pressure through the nervous system ; 
A decrease of the blood pressure ; How blood press- 
ure influenced by loss of blood ; Influence of injec- 
tion of blood; How influenced by quality of blood; 
What mean by arterioles; Cause of peripheral resist- 
ance ; Where friction greatest; What is arterial press- 
ure ; How would you note arterial pressure; Where 
greatest; What does the pulse represent; Blood press- 
ure in aorta is equal to how many pounds; Pulmon- 
ary artery; Where is it greatest; How is its veins; 
Give causes of variation of pressure; During systole 
what protects the arteries from suddenly exerted 
pressure; After systole what do arteries do; If arte- 22 
ries were rigid tubes, how would blood flow into 
capillaries; How would heart have to pulsate during 
functional activity of glands ; What arteries are most 
elastic; Least; Function of elasticity; How does 
blood flow from heart; In large arteries ; Small; Cap- 
illaries; Cause; What arteries are most contractile; 
Least; Function of contractility; What mean by 
tone; Cause of arterial circulation ; Conditions for 
elasticity to assist circulation; What is the pulse; 
Cause; Distention causes what change in artery; By 
finger can we tell dilatation from elongation ; Is pulse 
perceptible at the same moment in all arteries; Differ- 
ence in time of any two arteries; Difference in the 
rapidity of wave and current; Briefly describe sphyg- 
mograph; Is the tracing the same in all arteries; 
What does up stroke represent; Decline is usually 
marked by what; What mean by dicrotic wave; Pre- 
dicrotic wave; Post dicrotic; Where is the- wave of 
blood greatest in arteries ; Least; Explain tidal wave; 
Percussion wave; What is catacrotic wave; Ana- 
crotic; What is dicrotic pulse ; Cause; What is hyper- 
dicrotic ; What mean by waves of oscillation ; Cause 
of anacrotic notch ; What does dicrotic notch indi- 
cate ; Cause of percussion wave; What will increase 
it; Tidal wave; Dicrotic wave; Relation of the ca- 
pacity of the arteries to that of the capillaries; Rap- 
idity of flow of blood in large arteries during systole; 
Diastole. 
CAPILLARIES.—Gi ve anatomical definition of 
capillaries; Physiological; How many kinds capil- 
laries; What mean by pulmonary ; Systemic; Where 
find them; Absent; Name characters of capillaries; 
Give the structure ; Relation of nerves to capillaries; 
Common size; Where find smallest; Largest; Upon 
what does size of capillary depend; Two chief kinds 
of mesh ; Which most common ; Where found ; Where 
observe the elongated; What determines the vascu- 
larity of a part; Where is it closest; Where are the 
interspaces smaller than the vessels; Peculiarity (f 23 
those in kidney; Brain; Mucous membrane; Where 
the meshes largest; Relation of activity to vascular- 
ity; How tell inactive tissue; Name some; Length 
of capillary; Rapidity of circulation; Time blood is 
going through capillaries; Where is the chief resist- 
ance to the circulation ; Describe circulation of red 
corpuscles in capillaries ; Occupy what part of stream ; 
What mean by still layer; Cause; Part of stream find 
white corpuscles; Why adhere ; Phenomena of white 
when motion of blood is weak ; Why is flow of blood 
continuous; When will capillaries pulsate; Color of 
blood in veins when capillaries pulsate ; Cause of ca- 
pillary circulation ; Capacity of capillaries compared 
witk arteries; When will red corpuscles pass through 
the walls of the vessels; White; Cause; Name; 
What are stomata; Relation of capillary circulation 
to respiration; Cold; Heat; Irritant; Cause capil- 
lary dilitation ; Are they contractile. 
VEINS.—Why called veins ; Where begin ; End; 
Only function; What are superficial veins; Deep; 
What artery has no vein ; Why do veins anastomose; 
Capacity of veins compared with arteries; What 
artery larger than the vein ; Why veins collapse when 
cut; What vein will not; Why not; Reason for 
hepatic vein remaining open ; Which stronger, artery 
or vein; Why should veins be strongest; Strongest 
which extremity; Name coats of veins; Give struc- 
ture of external coat; Middle coat; Where contain 
striped muscular fibres ; Give structure of internal 
coat; Describe lymphatics of arteries and veins; 
Where are valves found in veins; Absent; Describe 
the structure of the valve ; How many valves; Where 
are they placed in a vein ; Valves most numerous 
which extremity; Why; Where is a vein strongest; 
Weakest; Any valve in spermatic vein; Into what 
vein does left spermatic empty; Left renal; Angle; 
What is varicocele; On which side does it. occur ; 
Why; What are piles; Causes that predispose to 
them; What other outlet have hemorrhoidal veins 24 
beside liver; Are the valves in external jugular per- 
fect; What does pulsation in it indicate; Internal 
jugular unites with what vein; What do they form ; 
Why should there be a perfect valve in the internal; 
Why not in the external; Internal returns blood from 
what kind of tissue; External ; How is flow of blood 
in arteries; Capillaries; Veins; Course of blood in 
veins; How are they arranged so the onward course 
should not be impeded ; Under what circumstance 
would the blood be intermittent in veins'; Venous 
pressure compared to arterial; Rapidity; Main cause 
venous circulation; Causes that assist; When will 
muscular contraction; Act of respiration; How; 
Distance this force extends; Why extend below to 
liver; What will vein do if suction-force is applied to 
it outside of body; Why not the same way in body; 
Give illustration of gravity assisting venous circula- 
tion; Which coat is contractile; Function of valves; 
Conditions that impede venous circulation ; Act of 
expiration is thoracic cavity smallest; Kind muscular 
contraction; When is blood not flowing into heart; 
Course of blood during systole ; Rapidity of flow of 
blood in veins; Time blood makes both circuits; On 
what is the experiment based; Another mode of esti- 
mating. 
LOCAL PECULIARITIES OF THE CIR- 
CULATION.— Name arteries that supply brain; 
Why anastomose so freely; In what way are the small 
arteries protected ; Give peculiarity of veins in brain ; 
Kind box is cranial cavity ; Subject to atmospheric 
pressure; Does quantity fluid in cranial cavity vary; 
Blood; Fluid that equalizes pressure; Where find it; 
Does central canal communicate with brain; Where; 
When does this fluid rise up in brain; Recede; Act 
of respiration fontanels bulge; Why; Recede; Why; 
Peculiarity of the vessels of the brain ; Give chemi- 
cal composition of cerebro-spinal fluid; Name some 
erectile tissue; Give anatomy of corpus cavernosum ; 
Describe the veins; What limits the distension ; De- 25 
scribe the fibrous tissue in corpus spongiosum; What 
returns the venous blood; What muscles interfere 
with the return circulation; What causes the erec- 
tion; Exciting cause; Origin; Through what nerve 
is this influence carried ; What does pudic mean ; 
Part muscles play in erection. 
RESPIRATION.—What is respiration; What 
organs bring blood and air in close proximity; Name 
the lungs of the fish ; In what animals is the skin 
important as an organ of respiration; Does skin play 
an important part in man; If respiration is disturbed 
where referred; Where take place; Part lungs play; 
Conditions in lungs necessary for respiration; Where 
lungs situated; How communicate with the outside; 
Name the respiratory passages; What does larynx 
mean ; Where located; Shape; Name cartilages form- 
ing it; What does it contain ; What are the vocal 
cords ; Which are true ; What is space between them 
called ; Shape epiglottis; Where situated; What lines 
larynx ; Where thin ; Kind cartilage in larynx ; Epi- 
glottis ; What surrounds it; What are the surfaces of 
the epiglottis; Describe the anterior; Posterior; 
Kind fibrous tissue in epiglottis; Peculiarity of the 
glands; Where find taste goblets; What does trachea 
mean ; Where begin ; End; Into what does it divide; 
Length; Diameter; Number of rings ; Rings occupy 
what part of the circumference; What fills up space 
not occupied by rings; Rings belong to what variety 
of cartilage; Where find uns'.riped muscular fibres; 
Direction; Function; Where find longitudinal fibres; 
Function; Kind tissue is mucous membrane; Where 
find basement membrane ; What does it contain ; De- 
scribe the epithelium ; Where are the glands; Num- 
ber bronchi; Which largest; Longest; What do 
bronchi resemble; How differ; Where cartilage sur- 
round tube ; Where bronchi end ; Give structure of 
bronchi; Kind epithelium covers mucous membrane; 
Where do the rings step; What connect bronchi 
with air cells; Describe epithelium in small tubes; 26 
Muscular fibres; Part of thorax occupied by lungs; 
Briefly describe their make-up ; What surrounds lung; 
Kind membrane; Name; Why; Name the layers; 
Kind sac; Name of the space; Name layer that 
covers lung; Inner surface of chest; What does par- 
ietal mean ; Position of layers in health ; Name of fluid 
in cavity; Function; Why is there no space in nor- 
mal condition ; Why don’t lungs collapse ; Why col- 
lapse when hole is made in chest wall; What is 
pleuritis; Hydrothorax; Pneumothorax; Empyema; 
Number layers of pulmonary pleura; Give structure 
of outer; Inner layer; Describe the lymphatics; 
Where muscular fibres; Function; Number of lobes 
in right lung ; Left; Into what do these lobes divide; 
Give the make-up of each pulmonary lobule; De- 
scribe the termination of the bronchi; What mean by 
infundibulum; Inter-cellular passage; Size air cell; 
Kind wall; What lines air cells ; Where find elastic 
fibres; Describe the capillaries; Where are air cells 
smallest ; Why; From what sources do lungs receive 
blood; Why is venous blood sent to lungs; What 
blood furnishes nutrition to the lungs; Describe ar- 
rangement of lymphatics; Give nerve supply ; Name 
the acts of respiration ; Which active ; Passive; How 
is inspiration brought about; Expiration ; Chest en- 
larges in what direction in inspiration ; Muscles en- 
gaged in ordinary inspiration ; What enlarges chest 
in vertical diameter; What does diaphragm mean; 
Part that is muscular; Tendinous; Part that goes 
down; What prevents it from pulling in sides of 
chest; Cause of the increase in the lateral and antero- 
posterior diameter; Where does elevation of ribs 
take place; What ribs move most in front; Why; 
Give axes of rotation; Name muscles that raise ribs 
in ordinary inspiration ; Expansive movements in 
tranquil breathing is greatest in what part of chest; 
Forced inspiration ; Name extraordinary inspiratory 
muscles; Name types of respiration; What is the 
abdominal; When seen; What is inferior costal type; 27 
By whom used; Type used by women; Why; What 
is expiration ; Kind act; Two forces that produce it; 
What constitutes the elasticity of lungs; How prove 
lungs are elastic; Why do lungs go down in inspira- 
tion ; Why is it that lungs do not fully collapse after 
death; When are walls of thorax most elastic; Why; 
Reason for fractures being so frequent in old age; 
Kind of fractures in young people; Why; Give mus- 
cles of ordinary expiration ; Describe them; Why 
can’t lungs contract to their utmost; Which longest 
expansion or contraction of chest; In whom is inspir- 
ing shorter than expiring; What would represent in- 
spiration; Expiration; Describe respiratory murmur; 
Cause; Period of life heard loudest; Name; What 
does puerile mean; Where heard in adult male; 
Wrhy ; Female; Why; Describe bronchial breathing; 
Relation of respiration to heart’s action ; Does this 
hold good in disease; Exception; Which act of res- 
piration longest; Sound; Peculiarity of every fourth 
respiration; What opens rima glottidis; What is 
tidal air; Amount; What is complemental air; Am- 
ount; Reserve air; Amount; Residual air; Amount; 
What mean by vital capacity; Includes what airs; 
Amount air changed in twenty-four hours; How de- 
termine respiratory capacity; To what are variations 
due; Average vital capacity of an ordinary man; 
Standard height; For every inch above the standard 
how much is the capacity increased; Diminish for 
every inch below; Under what weight is the capacity 
not affected; If above this point how does it diminish; 
Capacity is increased between what ages, what rate; 
Diminishes what rate between thirty-five and sixty; 
Difference in capacity of men forty and sixty years 
old, same height and weight; Number respirations in 
adult; When greatest; Relation to heart’s action; 
Diseases respiratory acts increase in quicker propor- 
tions; Inspiratory muscles act greatest in individuals 
of what height; Changes above this height; Which 
force strongest, inspiratory or expiratory; Cause; 28 
What is force of inspiration employed to overcome; 
Function of muscular fibres of bronchial tubes; Com- 
position of air; Amount carbonic acid in air; Watery 
vapor; Changes in air after respiration; Source of 
heat in expired air; Blood warmest which side heart; 
Why; Amount carbonic acid in inspired air; Expired; 
Oxygen in expired air; Amount carbon expired in a 
day; Carbonic acid; Name conditions that would in- 
crease it; How influenced by age; Sex; Respiratory 
movements; Season; Air; State of air; Period of 
day; Food and drink; Exercise; In what does air 
lose in passing through lungs; Amount of oxygen is 
not accounted for in the carbonic acid; What be- 
comes of it; Would increase of oxygen in air increase 
the consumption ; Changes of nitrogen by respiration; 
Amount water exhaled in a day; What would increase 
it; How prove; Ammonia in expired air; Organic 
matter; Amount tidal air; Relation of this amount 
to the capacity of bronchial tubes; What causes it to 
come in contact with air cells; Law of diffusibility of 
gases; Explain why the oxygen of the air is taken up 
by blood; Carbonic acid of blood goes to the air; 
Describe the circulation of blood in lungs; Give the 
changes the blood undergoes in passing through lungs; 
Give respiratory changes in the tissues; What mean 
by a sphincter; Give mechanism of sighing; Hic- 
cough; Coughing; Sneezing; Speaking; Singing; 
Sniffing; Sobbing; Laughing; Yawning; Sucking; 
Is respiration voluntary; Can we influence it; Give 
location of respiratory center; Action of medullary 
center during inspiration ; Result if one of these sets 
of nerves be divided; What kind of a center is the 
respiratory; How is respiration affected if divide both 
vagi; One; If stimulate central end; To what are 
afferent impulses due; Give the action of the supe- 
rior laryeal nerves; Glosso-pharyngeal nerves; Other 
sensory nerves; Action of afferent stimuli on respira- 
tory center; Can the centers send out efferent impul- 
ses without them; Effect of removing brain above 29 
the bulb; Cut cord below bulb; Why think respira- 
tory centers automatic; In what does automatic action 
of the centers consist; Difference between vagi and cer- 
ebral tracts; Cause of periodic respiration; What is 
dyspnoea; What will stimulate respiratory center; 
Action of metabolism of center on respiration; Mus- 
cular metabolism; Deficiency of oxygen in blood; 
Why think inspiratory and expiratory centers bilat- 
eral; What is apnoea; Old idea of the cause; Give 
present idea; Can apnoea be produced if vagi are 
cut; Sensation experienced on entering closed room 
filled with people; Cause; Change after remaining in 
room; Why; To the expense of what is the adapta- 
tion; How did Bernard illustrate it; Conditions that 
resist vitiated air longest; Amount cubic space per head 
for each person; Why is the atmospheric pressure in- 
side the thorax during inspiration not as great as that 
on outside; When is the pressure least on heart and 
lungs; Why thoracic arteries and veins dilate during 
inspiration; Effect of inspiration on arterial pressure; 
Why; Venous; Why; As regards inspiration, when 
arterial tension greatest; Effect of expiration on arte- 
"rial pressure; Venous; Why does arterial pressure 
fall at the beginning of inspiration; Rise at the first 
part of expiration; Explain how the cardio inhibitory 
center produces rhythmical undulations of blood 
pressure; Vaso-motor centre; Describe Cheyne-Stokes 
breathing; Cause; Connected especially with what 
disease; Relation of venous blood to active respira- 
tory centre; What is hyperpnoea; Dyspnoea; As- 
phyxia; How can asphyxia be produced; Give symp- 
toms of asphyxia in the first stage; Second stage; 
Third stage; How long convulsive stage last; Third 
stage; Give conditions of vascular system in asphyx- 
ia; Cause of right side heart, pulmonary artery and 
systemic veins being gorged with blood after death; 
Cause of death; In what way will carbonic acid kill; 
Carbonic oxide; Hydrogen; Sulphuretted hydrogen; 
Nitrous oxide; Carbonic acid and other gases in more 30 
than a certain proportion; Give normal condition for 
breathing; If the pressure is diminished one half 
could life be maintained; Give symptoms if pressure 
is reduced beyond this; Effect if increase the oxygen; 
Symptoms if cut off blood supply from respiratory 
centre; Warming blood in carotids; Cause in each 
case. 
FOOD AND DIGESTION.—Object of diges- 
tion; How is food divided; How is the organic di- 
vided; Name the nitrogenized; Non-nitrogenized; 
How is the inorganic divided; Classes of food essen- 
tial to life; Name flesh richest in nitrogenous matter; 
Per cent.; Per cent, in mutton; Veal; Pork; Most 
digestible, beef or mutton; Easiest digested, flesh of 
young or adult animals; Why; Why pork hard to 
digest; What does flesh contain; Name carbohyd- 
rates; Most important part; Give percentage com- 
position of lean beef; Eat beef; Lean mutton; Fat 
mutton; Veal; Pork; Poultry; White fish; Salmon; 
Eels; Oysters; Young animals subsist upon what 
food; Composition; What is cheese; Varieties; What 
is cream; Butter; Buttermilk; Whey; Give per cent- 
age composition of milk; Buttermilk; Cream; Skim 
cheese; Cheddor cheese; Give composition of eggs; 
Percentage composition of the white; Yolk; Name 
the leguminous fruits; Amount nitrogenous matter; 
Name the organic non-nitrogenous foods; What does 
bread contain; Percentage composition of bread; 
Flour; Source of sugar; How take oils and fats; 
Composition; What minerals are essential to good 
health; How obtain chloride sodium; Potassium; 
Salts; Calcium; Iron; How is water consumed ; What 
is the action of tea; Cause of the aroma; Composi- 
tion of tea; Coffee; Cocoa; What is beer; Percent, 
alcohol; What is cider and perry; Percent, alcohol 
in wines; In spirits; Effect of cooking on food; In 
what does cooking consist; Effect of heat on meat; 
Beating or bruising has what effect; Action of hot 
water on meat; How extract the constituents of the 31 
meat; How extract the myosin; Effect of boiling an 
egg; Effect of heat on milk; Action of heat on veg- 
etables; How make dough ; What is yeast; Action of 
yeast on dough; Cause; Action of heat during baking 
the dough; Mastication; What is the beginning of the 
alimentary canal; Give boundaries of the mouth; Into 
what does it behind; What are the fauces; Kind 
epithelium lines mouth; Shape superficial layer; Des- 
cribe the mucous membrane; Adenoid tissue; What is 
mastication; What performs it; How know when it 
is complete; Name muscles of mastication; Name 
muscles that elevate jaw; What does temporal mean ; 
Masseter; Pterygoid; What muscles pull jaw down; 
Carry it from side to side; Bring it forward; Carry it 
backward; Function of the temporo-maxillary fibro 
cartilage; Is mastication voluntary; Name the affer- 
ent nerves concerned in mastication; Efferent; Where 
centre located through which the reflex actions occur. 
SALIVARY GLANDS.—What is insalivation; 
Name the salivary glands; What does parotid mean; 
Kind glands are the salivary; Of what are they made' 
up; Of what does each lobule consist; What are the 
alveoli; Give structure; Describe the epithelium; 
Why appear granular; Describe the fibrous connec- 
tive tissue; Name and describe the ducts beginning 
at the alveoli; Describe the epithelium; Name the 
true salivary gland; Give the structure; Name true 
mucus-secreting gland; Give structure; What is mu- 
eigen; Mucin; Effect of a stimulant on cell; What 
cells are found between basement membrane and cen- 
tral cells; Describe cells lining tubes; Name mixed 
glands; Give structure; Where are nerves found in 
the glands; How nerves end; Describe the blood 
vessels. 
SALIVA.—What is saliva; Is it a secretion; What 
is a secretion; Why is saliva frothy; Give properties 
of saliva; Specific gravity; Composition; Active prin- 
ciple; What nitrogenous body found largest quantity; 
How precipitate; Action of mineral acid on mucin ; 32 
Proof that saliva contains sulpho-cyanate of potas- 
sium ; When is saliva secreted; Discharged: Quan/- 
tity; How many functions has saliva; Give mechan- 
ical; Function of parotid ; Function of submaxillary; 
Chemical action of saliva; What surrounds starch 
granule; Reaction with iodine; What is granulose; 
Reaction with iodine; Third body said to be con- 
tained in granule ; Reaction; First change starch un- 
dergoes; Reaction; Name the other dextrine pro- 
duced ; Reaction ; Saliva converts starch into what 
kind sugar ; Test for sugar; Name those things that 
will facilitate the action of saliva on starch ; Retard 
it; When do the salivary glands of children become 
active; Secretion of saliva is what kind of action ; 
Excited by stimulation of end of what two nerves; 
Kind of nerves; Where impression carried; Where 
is centre located ; Action of centre; Name of impul- 
ses sent back ; What other stimuli may produce sal- 
iva ; Give nerve supply to submaxillary gland ; Kind 
fibres in chorda tympani; Where medulla lost; How 
is function of the gland influenced by cutting nerve; 
Stimulating peripheral extremity; Stimulating sym- 
pathetic; By cutting both chorda tympani and sym- 
pathetic ; Name of the secretion; Name the vaso- 
motor dilator nerve to the submaxillary gland ; How 
many sets of fibres does it contain; Function those 
distributed to cells; Name vaso-motor constrictor 
nerve to the submaxillary gland; Name nerves that 
influence secretion in parotid gland ; Give distribu- 
tion of lesser petrosal; Afferent impulses that cause 
secretion in submaxillary gland are conveyed through 
what nerves; When enters stomach what nerve con- 
veys the impulse; Describe cells in true glands dur- 
ing rest; During secretion ; When is ptyaline pro- 
duced ; By what; Out of what; When discharged; 
Effect of stimulating the sympathetic; Chorda tym- 
pani ; When is mucigen produced; Where; Into 
what is it converted ; Part of gland produces secre- 
tion ; If cells are discharged are they renewed : Source 
of material from which secretion is made. 33 
TONGUE.—Kind organ; How are the muscles 
making up the tongue divided ; Other name for the in- 
trinsic ; Larger movements produced by which set; 
Describe mucous membrane; Part of mucous mem- 
brane peculiar; Where are the larger papillae; In 
what animals are they horny spines; Function of 
such papillae; Why more prominent than those of 
skin; Name varieties of papillae; In a general way 
how are they formed; How many circumvallate; 
Where situated ; Shape; Size; What surrounds them ; 
Where find fungiform ; Why so named ; Of what else 
do they consist; Where find the filiform ; Shape; 
Function as indicated by shape; Kind of epithelium 
on tongue; Where thinnest; Describe epithelium 
covering filiform papillae; Have papillae blood and 
nerve supply; Where nerves form a plexus; Where 
find gustatory buds; Shape; Describe gustatory cells ; 
Incasing cells; Part of epiglottis find taste goblets. 
PHARYNX.—What does pharynx mean ; Where 
found ; Give general make up; Name of the muscles; 
What lines muscles; Kind epithelium; Where find 
tonsils; What muscles form anterior pillar ; Posterior; 
Describe tonsil; Kind epithelium covers surface; 
What bounds tonsil; Function of the viscid :ecretion. 
OESOPHAGUS. — Other name; What does it 
mean; Narrowest part alimentary canal; Where 
begin ; End ; Length ; How many coats; What covers 
muscular coat; Direction of fibres of the muscular coat ; 
Which externa); How arranged; Kind fibres above; 
Lower part; How muscular connected with mucous; 
Where find mucous glands ; What mean by muscu- 
laris mucosae ; Describe the mucous coat; Peculiarity 
in the child ; Where find nerve ganglia of Auerbach. 
DEGLUTITION. — What is it; Divided into 
how many acts; What are they; What is the first; Sec- 
ond; Third; What act is voluntary; Do we usually 
take cognizance of it; What brings tongue out; Carries 
it back; Makes it concave; Convex; What closes 
mouth; Pushes bolus on tongue; Where is bolus at 34 
end first act; Part second that is voluntary; What is 
the first part; By what; What pushes bolus through 
pharynx; What protects glottis; If epiglottis is ab- 
sent; What is glottis; What protects posterior nares; 
Part of deglution wholly involuntary; What is third 
act; Does it take place immediately; How third act 
influenced by cutttng pneumogastric nerve; Pe- 
culiarity of lower part oesophagus after third act; 
Name the reflex nerves of deglutition ; Motor; Where 
are the nerve centers situated that harmonize the mus- 
cles; What controls the movements of oesophagus; 
Kind act is deglution. 
STOMACH.—Give anatomical definition; Physio- 
logical; Where located; Give the anatomy; Name 
coats of stomach ; What does peritoneum mean ; De- 
scribe the external coat; Name layers of muscular 
coat; Which external; Part of stomach they are 
found; They come from what organ ; What fibres en- 
circle stomach; Where most abundant; What do they 
form; Kind figure they form; Where find oblique; 
What do they form around cardiac orifice; What does 
sphincter mean; Kind muscular fibres in alimentary 
canal; What separates muscular from mucous coat; 
Describe it; Appearance of mucous membrane; Di- 
rection of rugae; Describe the mucous membrane; 
What separates glands from mucous membrane; What 
mean by muscularis mucosae; Appearance of free sur- 
face of stomach examined by lens; Size of the pits; 
How separated; What find in the pits; Name glands 
found in stomach; Where find peptic glands; How 
arranged; How many tubes open in one duct; What 
lines ducts; Which in the neck; Body; What lines 
neck; Where find peptic cells; Other name; Do they 
form a continuous layer; How does body end; Where; 
Describe the cells; Change in glands as the pylorus is 
approached; What glands have longest ducts; Num- 
ber tubes opening in each duct; What lines ducts; 
Neck and body; Change in cells during secretion; 
Change in glands as approach duodenum ; With what 35 
are they continuous; Changes in the cells during secre- 
tion ; What are the granules thought to be; From 
what is pepsin formed; Where stored; Describe the 
lymphatics; Name arteries that go to stomach; De- 
scribe the deep capillary net-work; Superficial; From 
which do veins arise; Course; Terminate; What nerves 
supply stomach; Ganglia. 
GASTRIC JUICE.— Functions of stomach; Ap- 
pearance of mucous membrane when inactive; What 
covers surface; Reaction; Change when food is intro- 
duced; What will cause gastric juice to be discharged; 
Purest and greatest flow; How should food be intro- 
duced; How does saliva influence it; Foods that will 
cause greatest flow; Give properties of gastric juice; 
Composition; Amount secreted in a day; Cause of 
acidity; What other acids does it contain; Amount 
hydrochloric acid; Give tests for hydrochloric acid ; 
What cells produce pepsin; Acid ; Name of the cells; 
Why ; How obtain pepsin from a mucous membrane; 
On what does action of gastric juice depend; General 
effect of stomach digestion; Describe chyme; Chief 
function of gastric juice; Give example; What are 
proteoses; Chief forms; Give characteristics of pep- 
tones; How differ from egg albumin; Into what are 
peptones changed in blood; Why; By what; Chief 
product of gastric digestion; Action of hydrochloric 
acid on native albumin; Parts juice necessary for 
digestion; Kinds peptones; Action pancreatic juice 
on them ; Kind ferment is pepsin; First product of 
digestion; Give properties of proto-albumose; How 
does hetero-albumose differ; Give properties of deu- 
tero albumose; What is the ultimate result of gastric 
•digestion; Give circumstances favoring gastric diges- 
tion; Explain the digestion of fibrin; What are the 
products of the digestion globulins called; Vitellin ; 
Casein; Myosin; How differ from albumoses; In- 
cluded under what term; What are proteids; Action 
gastric juice on them; On milk; Cause of curding; 
What is rennet; Action on milk; Name of the fer- 36 
ment; Action gastric juice on gelatin; Kind food 
digested in stomach; Action on starch and fats; Is 
starch digested in stomach; By what; Action gastric 
juice on cane sugar; Putrefaction ; Time of gastric 
digestion; What would modify it; Contraction of the 
gizzard of what bird is necessary to digestion; Name 
three functions of the muscular fibres of stomach; 
Condition of orifices of stomach during digestion; 
When is cardiac open; Condition of pyloric during 
first part digestion; What does pylorus mean; When 
does it open ; Where contraction most vigorous; Per- 
istaltic; Function of this action of the stomach; Cause 
of the hourglass appearance; Kinds current in stom- 
ach ; What are they; What sets up the movements in 
stomach during digestion ; Name nerves going to stom- 
ach ; Effect of cutting vagi nerves; Stimulating them ; 
Cutting splanchnic; Stimulating them; Name vaso- 
motor dilator nerve to stomach; Vaso-motor constric- 
tor ; Conditions that will cause stomach to be digested ; 
Why is stomach during life not digested; In what an- 
imals is regurgitation common; Is it physiological in 
man; Give mechanism; What is emesis; How are 
emetics divided; What is a local emetic; Centric; 
First thing in emesis; Next; Why take deep inspira- 
tion; How diaphragm fixed; Part stomach relaxes; 
Contracts; Last act in emesis; Where is nerve center 
located that controls nerve action in vomiting; Name 
sensory nerves involved; Does cerebrum have any- 
thing to do with it. 
INTESTINES.— How intestines divided; How 
communicate; Action of the valve; Length of small 
intestines; How divided; Name of first part; Why; 
Give the anatomy; becond part; Why called jeju- 
num; Give the anatomy; Name of third part; What 
does it mean; Relation of small to large intestines; 
Coats of small intestines; What is external; What 
layer of peritoneum; That part of peritoneum sur- 
rounding small intestines takes what name; What 
does mesentery mean; Describe muscular fibres in 37 
middle coat; Kind muscular fibres; Whose plexus of 
nerves between muscular coats; Where find submu- 
cous coat; Describe it; What plexus of nerves find in 
it; Mucous coat resembles what; Name structures 
found in it; What are muscularis mucosae; Where 
valvulae coniventes begin ; End; Largest; How form- 
ed; Shape; Extent; Function; Name other glands 
found in intestines; Where find glands of Lieber- 
kuhn; Where largest; Where visible to naked eye; 
Length; Give structure of tubule; Where Bruner’s 
glands found; Where most abundant; Situation; Give 
structure; Where find glands of Peyer; Greatest abund- 
ance; Two conditions meet them; Other name for 
Peyer’s patches; Number; Length of patch; Width; 
As regards mesentery, where find them; How differ in 
structure and function from solitary glands; What are 
they; Describe them; Length; Situated; Which fol- 
licles reach free surface; What covers them; What 
surrounds gland; What connects glands in Peyer’s 
patches; What surrounds patches; Give blood supply; 
Period of life patches largest; Where find villi; What 
are they; Length; Appearance they give surface; 
Where most numerous; Number; Of what does each 
villus consist; What covers surface; On what does it 
rest; Contents of inside; How cells arranged ; Cause 
of striated basilar border; Describe the arterial sup- 
ply; Veins; Muscular fibres; Name of lymphatic in 
villus; Why; What is the fluid; How does the lacteal 
begin. 
LARGE I N T E S T I N E S.—Shape; Length; 
Where begin; Name; Mean; Size; What is attached 
to caecum; What is inflammation of it called; Give 
anatomy of the large intestines; Name coats; De- 
scribe the external; Name of‘processes containing 
fat; Arrangement of fibres of muscular layer; Which 
external; Peculiarity; Why gut puckered; Arrange- 
ment of longitudinal fibres in rectum ; Describe cir- 
cular fibres; Form what sphincter; What does sphinc- 
ter mean; Describe mucous membrane; Bounded be- 38 
low by what; Name glands; Describe the tubular; 
Lymphoid; Where find ileo-caecal valve; Function; 
How formed; Give arrangement of muscular fibres; 
How make valve disappear; Which surface covered 
with villi; Distension of caecum has what effect on 
valve. 
PANCREAS.— Give meaning: Other names; 
Where situated; Give anatomy; Resembles what 
gland in structure; How differ; Give arrangement of 
ducts; Describe the epithelium; Alveoli; Describe 
zones; Change during digestion; From what are 
granules formed; By what; When; What are these 
granules; Describe the other variety of cells; How do 
nerves terminate in pancreas; How obtain pancreatic 
juice; How make it from gland; Exposure of gland 
to air increases what ferment; When is zymogen con- 
verted into a ferment; Action of dilute acids; Give 
properties of pancreatic juice ; Variations in specific 
gravity; Solids; Composition of fluid; Is it a secre- 
tion or excretion ; When produced ; By what; Out of 
what; When discharged; Function of tripsen ; Acts 
like what gastric ferment; How differ; What Fecal 
substances are sometimes produced in pancreatic diges- 
tion ; How are these products produced ; Action pan- 
creatic juice on gelatine; Tripsen acts in what kind of 
medium; Which most powerful, tripsen or pepsin; 
Function of amylopsin; Acts like what other fer- 
ment; What is rennet; How obtained; How differ 
from tripsen; Function of steapsin; What mean by 
emulsion; Chemical or mechanical; Color; Absorbed 
by what vessels; Composition of oil; Action of heat 
and alkali; Can pancreatic juice produce same action ; 
Does it usually take place in organism ; In pancreatic 
troubles kind diarrhoea might have; Why; Conditions 
favorable to the action of pancreatic juice; Give 
nerve mechanism; Amount secreted in a day. 
LIVER.—Largest gland in body ; Situation; Give 
the anatomy ; Blood supply; Blood is returned by what 
vein ; What becomes of bile after production ; What 39 
vessels in liver run by themselves; What surrounds 
liver; Where peritoneum absent; Where capsule thick- 
est; Size lobule liver; Structure; What fills inter- 
stices of these vessels; Function of cells; Size; Struc- 
ture of cell; Kind movement have cells; How cells 
held together ; Name branches of portal vein in livei; 
Why called portal; Origin; Bile secreted from what 
blood; Proof; Give branches of hepatic vein; Into 
what does it empty; Name of artery going to liver; 
Branches in liver; Arrangement of hepatic ducts; 
What lines them; Where bile capillaries begin; 
What bounds them ; Situation of gall bladder; Shape ; 
F'unction ; When distended with bile; What is duct 
from it called; With what unite; What form; Into 
what does it empty; Where; Give coats of gallblad- 
der; Where serous absent; Give structure of middle 
coat; Internal; Peculiarity of mucous membrane in 
cystic duct; Where find mucous glands; Name func- 
tion of liver; Is bile secretion or excretion; Name 
excretory part; Give properties of bile; Chemical 
composition; Per cent, of water in bile; Bile salts; 
Other name; Give properties; Name bile acids; Salts; 
How formed; How prepared; Upon what do the 
recrementitious functions of bile depend ; Give Pet- 
tenkofer’s test; Name of coloring matter of bile; 
When have biliprasin; Test for bilirubin; Oiigin col- 
oring matter; Other pigments about same as bile; 
Amount bile secreted in a day; What becomes of it; 
What becomes of the part not used in digestion ; 
What is cho’aemia; Where does the blood get it; 
Intestines; Ducts; Cells; Out of what; When; 
Why is bile discharged continuously; What will re- 
tard it; Increase it; How does bile get into gall blad- 
der; What does the blood do with the bile absorbed 
from intestines; If the blood doesn’t destroy it what 
is produced; What is jaundice; How many kinds; 
Cause of laematogenous jaundice; Treatment; Cause 
of hepatogenous jaundice; Treatment; Name fatty 
substances; Function; Origin mucus; Action of mu- 40 
cus; Name inorganic constituents; Gas; Name func- 
tions of bile; Is bile essential to life; Without it die 
with what symptoms; What is composition of mecon- 
ium ; Function of bile in foetus; Amount of bile dis- 
charged by faeces; Urobolin ; What becomes of the 
carbon and hydrogen of bilin; Change the acids may 
undergo in intestines; Part of bile is an excretion; 
What is cholesterine; Carried to liver by what blood ; 
How held in solution in blood; Bile; What is choles- 
tenemia; What is stercorin; When discharged as 
such ; 'Amount; Name other excretory function of 
liver. 
GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION OF LIVER.— 
Proof that sugar is found in liver; What is glycogen; 
Source; IIow would fisting influence the glycogen in 
the liver; Diet of animal food; Vegetable; Starch and 
grape sugar; Cane sugar; Diet most favorable; Give 
two theories of destination of glycogen; Function of 
glycogen found in muscles, etc.; Give relation of gly- 
cogen to cell metabolism ; What is glycosuria ; Injury 
of what nerve center would produce ii; What animals 
liable to have sugar in urine; Source of it; II »w know 
nervous influence is not carried by vagi or sp'.anchnics ; 
Vaso-dilator effect; Drugs that might cause it; To 
what is the glycosuria due; What is diabetes; Dia- 
betes mellitus. 
FORMATION OF UREA.—What is leucin and 
tyrosin ; How formed; Reason for thinking they are 
converted into urea by liver; How; Why think liver 
can form urea from ammonia; Second source of urea 
in urine; What is creatin; Does it appear in urine; 
Amount produced; Do muscles produce urea; Active 
principle of urine; How convert creatin in urea: 
Organ that probably converts creatin into urea; Why 
diet of proteids increase amount of urea; Is urea 
formed from uric acid; See page 467. 
SUCCUS ENTERICUS. — What produces it; 
Properties; Composition; Functions; What is invertin. 
SUMMARY.—What is digestion; Where begin; 41 
Chemical change in mouth; Mechanical; Class of 
food digested in stomach ; Is starch digested in stom- 
ach; By what; Function of stomach; Condition of 
food when discharged in duodenum; Name; Reac- 
tion; Mixes with what juices; After mixture reac- 
tion; To what point remain alkaline; Action of bile 
on chyme; Pancreatic juice; Why albuminous matter 
absorbed largely by lymphatics; How many fluids di- 
gest starch; Cane sugar; Proteids; Action of succus 
entericus; Color chyme lower part small intestines; 
Odor; Cause; Nature of chyme after going through 
ileo-caecal valve; Name of the changes in chyme in 
large intestines; Why think fats absorbed in small 
guts; Reaction before getting in big gut; After; 
Why think chemical changes take place; Does diges- 
tion take place in large gut; Proof; Changes of chyme 
in large gut; Chief function of large gut; Largest 
what animals. 
ACTION OF MICRO-ORGANISM IN IN- 
TESTINES.—To what are changes in intestines in- 
dependent of ferments due; What mean by organized 
ferment; Name typical one; Give action of yeast 
plant; Speaking generally, give action of cell; De- 
scribe the bacteria in the mucous membrane; How 
multiply; Size; Classification morphologically; In 
what other places are bacteria found in alimentary 
canal; In what part are the changes, due to bacteria, 
greatest; What is formed from peptone; What becomes 
of them; Name other products; Origin of acids. 
MOVEMENTS OF INTESTINES.—What is 
peristalsis; Antiperistalsis; Explain contraction and 
function of longitudinal muscular fibres; Circular; 
Kind movement; When perceptible; What prevents 
passage of large guts into small; What prevents dila- 
tation of orifice; Change in muscular fibres of large 
gut as go down; Where strongest; Why; Number 
sphincters; Name; What forms internal; External; 
Which striated; Action of brain on movement of 
bowels; Cord; Pneumogastric; Action of chyme on 42 
movement; If empty will intestines move; Nerves 
distributed to guts; Neive mechanism same as what 
other organ ; Time food is in passing through small 
guts; Large; Freces; On what does consistence of 
feces depend; Amount fecal matter in day ; Compo- 
sition ; Per cent, of water; Source of water in stomach 
and bowels; Name gases found in intestines; Source 
carbonic acid; Hydrogen; Carburetted hydrogen; 
Nitrogen. 
DEFECATION. — What is it; Cause; Give 
mechani m of the voluntary part; Condition of exter- 
nal sphincter; Situation of nervous center controlling 
this action ; Procf; Cause of desire for evacuation; 
Sensory impression act through what part; State 
double action of center; Smallest part large intestines ; 
Name ; Why think fecal matter does not accumulate 
in rectum ; Function of sigmoid flexure. 
ABSORPTION. — What is it; Where begin; 
End; Carried on by what vessels; Consists of how 
many processes; What are they; Conditions for ab- 
sorption from alimentary canal; Give two old ideas; 
Present; Reason; What is an endosmometer; De- 
scribe it; What is osmosis; How many currents; 
Names ; Give example of membrane influencing os- 
mosis; State conditions for osmosis; Are these present 
in absorption from alimentary canal ; Explain ; Give 
rationale of action of sulphate magnesia; Absorption 
of chyme; How is osmosis affected by hydro-chloric 
acid; Character of crystalloids; Colloids; State other 
differences between them; Example of each; What 
does filtration mean; What will effect it; Example; 
Give example of osmosis and filtration; Getting 
rid of effusion by absorption is based on what prin- 
ciple; Character of medicine given; What mean 
by hydragogue cathartics; Diaphoretics; Diuretics; 
Give rationale of action ; Give rapidity of absorption ; 
Example of absorption being more rapid from rectum 
than mouth; Variations of absorption; Conditions influ- 
encing absorption ; Fluid easiest absorbed; Why would 43 
bleeding increase it; Rapid circulation; Give vital 
cause ; Proof. 
LYMPHATICS. — Function of lymphatics; Re- 
semble what vessels ; With what are lymphatics pro- 
vided ; How do lymphatics begin; End; Into what 
do these two ducts empty; Course of fluid in lymph 
vessels; Where thoracic duct begin; What is begin- 
ning called ; Where end; Describe ductus lymphati- 
cus dexter; Receive what vessels; Into what does it 
empty; Where find lacteals; Why called lacteals ;. 
What do they contain during digestion; Through 
what do lymph vessels pass ; Where have lymphatics 
not been demonstrated; Give origin of lymph capil- 
laries; Origin of lacteals; Give structure of lymphatic 
capillaries; How differ from blood capillaries; Com- 
munications of lymphatics; Name some large lymph 
spaces; How connected with lymph capillaries; What 
mean by pseudostomata ; How demonstrate lymphatics 
in diaphragm ; What lymphatics open in anterior me- 
diastinum; Posterior; Action of diaphragm on the 
circulation ; Describe the coats of lymphatics; Valves ; 
Why lymphatics appear beaded ; Cause of lymph flow ; 
Where find lymph heart; Through what do most 
lymph vessels pass; How many glands in the body; 
How divided ; How superficial arranged ; Name pe- 
culiar glands; Why; Shape of gland ; What surrounds 
them; Where send in trabeculae; Parts make up 
glands; Color of each; Where find alveoli; Where is 
the proper gland structure; How arranged in cortex ; 
Describe endothelium in central mass; Describe frame 
work of the adenoid tissue; Structure of lymphatic 
gland resembles what other gland ; Name of lymph 
vessels going to gland; Describe the termination; 
Where efferent vessels begin ; Where leave gland ; How 
many; Where blood vessels enter and leave gland. 
LYMPH. — What is lymph; Give properties; 
Kind corpuscles; Why does lymph vary; Effect if ex- 
posed to air; Peculiarity of lymph in thoracic duct; 
What is chyle; To what is the whiteness and opacity 44 
due; Composition of a molecule; Proof; Kind fluid 
molecules float; Change chyle undergoes in passing 
through mesenteric glands; What are chyle-corpus- 
cles; Where will chyle coagulate spontaneously; 
How clot differ from blood-clot; Relation of clotting 
to corpuscles; Composition of lymph resembles what 
other fluid; Difference between lymph and chyle; 
Give chemical composition of lymph ; Amount of 
lymph; Where is absorption most active ; Why; Fats 
absorbed chiefly by what ; Function of lymph cor- 
puscles in absorption of fats; Explain how absorp- 
tion is assisted by pressure; What secretions will 
assist absorption fats; What is lymph; Source ; Char- 
acters of lymph; Resemble what; What is absorbed 
by blood-vessels; Where is absorption most active ; 
Can absorption take place by skin ; Proof; Can water 
be absorbed by skin ; In dysphagia how can thirst be 
satiated; Why sailors immerse themselves in salt 
water ; Can absorption take place in lungs. 
KIDNEYS.—What is an excretion; If not elimi- 
nated what trouble; Principle organ of excretion; 
IIow many kidneys; Where found; Size; Covering of 
kidney; With what is it continuous at hilum ; Two parts 
that make up kidney; Other name for medullary; 
What is pelvis; What are calyces; What does each 
of these cups receive; Give anatomy of kidneys; 
Origin of nerves of kidney; Size ureter; Length; 
What does it form above ; Into whit does it empty; 
Name the coats; Describe external; Middle arranged 
in how many layers; Which circular; What is internal 
layer; With what continuous; Kind epithelium lines 
it; Describe it; Where find bladder; Shape; Size; 
Function; Where is fundus; With what is cervix con- 
tinuous; How many coats; What is external; Where 
incomplete; What is middle coat; Which layer is cir- 
cular ; What form; Describe submucous; Mucous 
coat; Where peculiar; Kind epithelium lines it; 
Where glands most numerous; How is blood supply ; 
Describe the nerves. 45 
URINE.—Give properties; Amount; Composition; 
Amount water; Reaction of urine; Is there free acid 
in urine when discharged; After standing cause of the 
acid; Change urine if allowed to stand; Cause; 
Change urea undergoes in the conversion to ammonia ; 
What will be deposited ; Upon what does the amount 
of water depend; What is diabetes; How amount 
urine influenced by fever; How estimate solids of 
urine; Give variations in specific gravity; What is 
urina sanguinis; Urina potus; Urina cibi; Urine to 
be selected for analysis; Name some of the abnormal 
constituents; Principle solid constituent or active 
principle of urine ; Properties; With what is urea iso- 
meric; What is isomeric; How can urea be produced 
artificially; Amount urea excreted in a day; On what 
does amount depend; Give methods of estimating 
quantity; Is uric acid ever absent from urine of man ; 
Properties; Amount; Variations in quantity; Kind 
food would increase it; When and where deposited; 
In what condition does it exist in urine; How render 
urine acid; Where urates formed ; Give properties of 
uric acid ; Tests; Where find hippuric acid ; Diet that 
would increase it; Properties; Name pigments of 
urine ; Cause yellow color of urine ; What is urobi- 
lin ; Where abundant; Origin; What is uro-erythrin ; 
Uromelanin; Indican; Source of mucus; Where abun- 
dant; Why make urine alkaline; Name the extrac- 
tives; Condition of the sulphuric acid in urine; Ori- 
gin; Origin of the sulphur; Condition of phosphoric 
acid in urine; Kind phosphates in blood; thine; 
Why acid in urine; Origin phosphates; Function 
phosphate lime; What furnishes phosphorus for urine ; 
When earthy phosphates most abundant in urine; 
Exercise’increases which phosphates; When are phos- 
phates deposited in uiine; Name; Origin of the am- 
monia; How does chlorine exist in urine; Name oc- 
casional constituents; Gases; Is urine secretion or ex- 
cretion ; How urine produced; Parts of urine sep- 
arated from blood by malpighian corpuscles; Rela- 46 
tion of blood pressure to it; Name those things that 
will increase urine by increasing blood pressure; In- 
crease the urine without increasing blood pressure; 
Name things would diminish urine; Relation of kid- 
neys to skin; Function of epithelium in malpighian 
corpuscles; Kind epithelium in convoluted tubes; 
Other parts; Where urea separated from blood; In- 
fluence of blood pressure on it; If the epithelium is 
destroyed is it reproduced; It is exfoliated in what 
trouble; Cause of urine passing into pelvis of kidney; 
Describe the way in which urine enters bladder; 
What causes it to pass through ureters; Position of body 
most favorable; What prevents regurgitation from 
bladder to ureters ; What is micturition ; Give mech- 
anism of the voluntary part of micturition; Involun- 
tary; Cause of the sensation; Situation of centre con- 
trolling bladder; Give example of micturition caused 
by reflex action; Give nerve mechanism of micturi- 
tion. 
SKIN.—Give functions of skin; How many layers 
has skin; Names; Name organs found in and beneath 
the skin; Appendages; How many layers of cells in epi- 
dermis; Describe the stratum corneum; Stratum lucid- 
urn ; Stratum granulosum; Rete mucosum ; Columnar 
epithelium of the deepest layer of malpighian; What 
becomes of the old cells; Cause of epidermis getting 
thick; Function; What is cutis vera; On what does 
it rest; Give structure; Where papillae most promi- 
ment; Arrangement; Average length ; Describe the 
blood supply; What nerves terminate in papillae; 
Name glands of skin; Which most abundant; Num- 
ber in skin ; Describe the general appearance of sweat 
gland; Part skin duct is spiral; Straight; What lines 
duct; Describe epithelium in coil; Where glands most 
numerous and largest; Where find odorous glands; 
Describe them; What is cerumen; Name of glands 
that produce it; Describe them; Where find sebace- 
ous glands; Most abundant; Absent; Kind glands; 
Give structure; How many glands to the hair. 47 
HAIR.—IIow are hairs divided; Where find long; 
Short; Downy; From what is hair produced; De- 
scribe the cuticle of the hair ; Layer beneath cuticle ; 
Medulla; What forms hair follicle; Describe it; On 
what does hair rest; Wlfat is root-sheath; Function 
of hair. 
NAILS.— From what formed; Has how many 
layers; Describe the under one; What is matrix; 
What is root; What receives it; What is bed of nail; 
Appearance; How do nails grow; In what direction ; 
Where nail thickest; Why; Function of nails. 
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN.—What is perspiration; 
When produced; What mean by insensible perspira- 
tion; Sensible; When given off in the form of vapor; 
Describe sebaceous matter; To what is peculiar odor 
due; What is vernix caseosa; Function; Give chemi- 
cal composition of sweat; Properties; Amount of 
water excreted in a day; Amount per minute during 
rest; Name conditions that will affect it; Afnount 
carbonic acid exhaled by skin; Relation of sweat to 
blood supply; Where are sweat centres located ; Give 
example of increasing sweat without change of blood 
supply; Increase blood supply and no sweat; Cause 
of sweating in consumption; How does pilocarpin 
act; Strychnia; Picrotoxin ; Nicotin; Give other func- 
tions of skin. 
MUSCULAR METABOLISM.—Weight of 
muscles; Principal substance can be extracted from 
muscle; Cause of coagulation of muscle after death; 
What is muscle-plasma; Describe coagulation; Into 
what separate; What is the muscle clot; How differ 
from fibrin; What is it; How prevent muscle coagu- 
lation; To what is muscle clot due; What is my- 
osinogen; Composition; How obtain myosin from 
dead muscle; Peculiarity of it; Give properties 
of muscle serum ; Name three proteid bodies it 
contains ; Give properties of each ; What obtain from 
red muscle; Name ferments; Acids; Carbohydrates; 
Nitrogenous crystalline bodies; Salts; When mus- 48 
cles contain elasticity; Changes in muscles during 
rest; If muscle is separated from body in what gas 
will it longest retain its contractility; Reaction of 
living muscles in a resting condition; How long can 
electric currents be demonstrated passing through 
muscles after separation from body; Cause of the cur- 
rents; What would diminish them; Increase; What 
is necessary for the current; Function of muscle; 
Proper stimulus ; Reasons for thinking contractility is 
inherent in muscles; What will cause a muscle to lose 
its irritability; Proof that arterial blood affects it; 
Cause of cessation of heart in asphyxia; Stimuli may 
be applied to muscles in what ways; Number; Ex- 
plain mechanical stimuli; Thermal; Chemical; Elec- 
trical ; Kind current usually chosen. 
SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS.— 
What mean by muscle curve; Latent period; Stage 
of contraction ; Stage of elongation ; Stage of elastic 
after vibration ; What is tetanus; How must stimuli 
be applied; Pathological cause; How estimate mus- 
cular work ; What mean by loaded ; How estimate 
power of a muscle ; How determine in man ; What 
mean by fatigued muscle; Effect of stimulus applied 
to exhausted muscle ; Name accompaniments of mus- 
cular contraction; Cause of heat; IIow demonstrate 
sound; Give changes in shape; Chemical changes; 
Electrical changes; Describe contraction in striated 
muscle when stimulus is applied to the motor nerve; 
Non-striated; How illustrate the difference; Why 
think contraction of unstriped muscles depend upon 
their connection with nerves and ganglia ; Name places 
where coutractions are slow and feeble; Quick; How 
long do muscles retain power of contraction. 
RIGOR MORTIS.—What is it; When occur; 
Position fix limbs; Reaction of muscles; Cause; 
Other changes; What will hasten rigor mortis; Cause 
of rigor mortis; Name stages; Is restoration possible 
after first and second stages; Third; Cause of relaxa- 
tion after rigor mortis; Part first affected in r’gor 49 
mortis; Last; When does rigidity ensue; What will 
:ause it to speedily occur and depart; How influenced 
by paralysis; Does it affect both kinds muscles. 
ACTION OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES.— 
Function; How many kinds levers in human body; 
Explain and illustrate first kind; Second; Third; 
Muscles required in walking; Explain mechanism; 
Running; Give arrangement of involuntary muscular 
fibres; What does contraction cause; Exception. 
ELECTRICAL CURRENTS IN NERVES.— 
What are natural nerve currents; With what do they 
correspond; What mean by equator; Currents of ac- 
tion; Explain rheoscopic frog; What is necessary for 
nerves to act; Nature of the stimuli; What has dist- 
ance to do with the strength; Effect of constant cur- 
rent on muscle; If ascending where should anode be; 
Descending; What is electrotonus; Catelectrotonus; 
Anelectrotonus. 
MUSCULAR CHANGE.—If muscle is at rest 
does it respire; What does it give off; How would 
activity affect carbonic acid exhaled; Rigor mortis; 
Other things produced by muscle during rest; Ac- 
tivity. 
GLANDULAR METABOLISM.—Function of 
gland cells; Those serving some purpose in the econ- 
omy take what name; Those discharged; Do secre- 
tions pre-exist; Produced by what; Out of what; 
When; Source of excretions; Picked up by what 
fluids; Where carried ; If not eliminated what trouble; 
What mean by vicarious elimination; When do we 
have it; What does every secreting apparatus possess; 
How secreting organs divided; Name them. 
SEROUS AND SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES. 
—How many kinds serous membranes; Name; Kind 
sac serous membranes form; Exception; Relation to 
the viscera; How many layers; What have between 
them ; Exception; Kind epithelium covering serous 
membrane; Give structure; Function connective tis- 
sue; Where absent; What is always present in mem- 50 
brane; Function of serous and synovial membranes; 
Amount fluid secreted by serous membranes; Rela- 
tion of opposed surfaces; Why large quantity of fluid 
in serous sac after death; Composition of serous fluid; 
Give properties; How produced; How cephalora- 
chidian fluid differ; How differ from other fluids; 
Describe synovial fluid. 
MUCOUS MEMBRANES.—Where find mu- 
cous membranes; Describe the appearance ; To what 
is external surface attached; Principal tracts lined by 
it; Where digestive tract begin; End; What does 
respiratory include; Genito-urinary; Parts that are 
common to most mucous membranes; Describe pri- 
mary or basement membrane; Describe cells; Whit 
is mucus; Properties; Composition; What produces 
it; Function. 
SECRETING GLANDS.—Give general plan 
structure; Name tubular; How formed; Describe 
compound tubular; How formed; Name some; De- 
scribe aggregate or racemose; What mean by tubuls; 
Acinous; Tubulo racemose; How differ; How acini 
formed; Arrangement of acini; All have what com- 
mon arrangement; Name the essential points that are 
alike in all secreting glands; Give physical processes 
of secretion; Chemical; Give two reasons; How are 
cells nourished; After they are perfected what be- 
comes of them; When secretions discharged; Name 
glands that discharge secretion when produced; After 
discharged into ducts what will affect the further 
course of the secretion ; Name circumstances influ- 
encing secretion; Relation of blood supply to secre- 
tion ; One way nervous system will affect it; What 
mean by trophic influence; Reflex action ; Conditions 
of brain that would affect it; Explain relations be- 
tween secretions. 
MAMMARY GLANDS.—Why so called; Where 
found; Give anatomy; Of what are the glands com- 
posed ; Into what are lobes divided; How held to- 
gether; How many ducts; Name; Where dilated; 51 
Name; Function; Give structure of ducts; What 
lines them; Describe the alveoli; Give anatomy of 
nipple; Other name for it; How is blood supply; 
What find on surface; What is areola; Color; IIow 
is blood, nerve and lymphatic supply; Describe cells 
lining alveoli during secreting periods; Next stage; 
What are colostrum corpuscles ; Change mammae un- 
dergo at end lactation ; Condition when it is com- 
pletely inactive; Describe change during pregnancy. 
MILK.— G ive properties ; What are milk globules; 
Size; What is colostrum ; Function ; How differ from 
milk; Composition of milk; Amount of water; Spe- 
cific gravity of milk; Amount milk secreted by a 
woman; Cow; Name proteids of milk; How ob- 
tained; Action of caseniogen with ferments; If milk 
is boiled what coagulates; What is nuclein; Describe 
the fats; Change it undergoes; What is butter; What 
is lactose ; Peculiarity; Chief salt of milk; Function; 
Other salts; Name gases. 
METABOLISM OF VASCULAR GLANDS. 
— Name these glands; Name largest one; Other 
name; Give the anatomy; What surrounds spleen; 
Give structure of the capsule; What mean by trabe- 
culte; Stroma; Where find spleen pulp; Describe 
spleen pulp; Describe arteries; Into what do the 
arteries empty; Describe the veins; Describe mal- 
pighian corpuscle; What does cytogenous mean ; De- 
scribe blood supply in corpuscle ; Function of spleen; 
Is spleen necessary for life ; Cause of enlargement of 
spleen during digestion; Effect of cutting splenic 
nerves; How can contraction be brought about; What 
drugs; Cause of the rhythmical contraction. 
THYMUS.—What does it mean; Where found; 
Kind organ ; Describe it; Give structure; Function; 
Function in hybernating animals. 
THYROID.—Why so called; Where situated; 
Give the anatomy; What surrounds gland; What 
passes in from capsule; What surround; Describe a 
vesicle; Changes they undergo by age; Describe the 52 
blood supply ; Give contents of vesicles; Function of 
thyroid gland ; Trouble if removed; What is enlarge- 
ment of it called ; Cause of bulging of the eyes. 
SUPRA-RENAL CAPSULES.— Where found ; 
Give anatomy; Give structure; What is zona glom- 
erulosa ; Zona fasjriculata ; Zona reticularis; Describe 
the medullary substance ; Describe the nerves; Com- 
position of the gland ; Function. 
PITUITARY BODY. —What does it mean; 
Where found ; Give anatomy. 
PINEAL GLAND.—Where found; Give struc- 
ture; Function; Give structure of cctcygeal and caro- 
tid glands. 
ANIMAL HEAT.— Most important results of 
metabolism; Average temperature of man ; Birds; 
Relation of temperature to blood supply ; What or- 
gans temperature highest; Why; Where temperature 
lowest; Period of life temperature highest; Sex; 
Period of day; Exercise; Climate and season; How 
influenced by food; Disease; Relation of tempera- 
ture to surrounding medium; What mean by cold- 
blooded animal; Source of the heat in body; What 
is produced; Relation of heat to changes; What is 
necessary for the protoplasm to perform function ; 
What two changes are constantly going on in organ- 
ism ; Explain how heat is produced by these; How 
prove that the heat of the body is produced by chem- 
ical change; Name the chemical axiom; Does this 
hold good with proteids; Why not; How estimate 
the amount of heat produced; What mean by caloric. 
HEAT-PRODUCING TISSUES.—Name chief 
heat-producing tissues; What always accompanies 
muscular contraction; When is carbonic acid pro- 
duced by muscles; Relation of the amount of heat 
produced by muscular activity to that of the body ; 
Why think heat produced in glands; Most in what 
gland; Why think heat produced in brain; What tis- 
sues produce heat; Is heat produced in blood; Part 
that friction plays. 53 
VARIATION IN HEAT LOSS.—Relation be- 
tween heat loss and heat production; How does the 
body lose heat; Amount lost by warming food and 
drink; Heating inspired air; In evaporation; Radiation 
und conduction; How does it regulate temperature; 
What controls the blood to the skin ; Action of hot 
atmosphere ; Cold ; Kind weather heat evaporation is 
great; Small; Radiation; Explain how a high tem- 
perature can be endured for a short time ; Organ sec- 
ond in importance to the skin in lowering the temper- 
ature; Temperature of air expelled from the lungs; 
When is heat loss greatest as regards air; Kind cloth- 
ing worn in summer; Winter. 
VARIATION IN HEAT PRODUCTION.— 
On what does the amount of heat produced depend; 
If katabolism is great how is heat production ; Tissue 
change is greatest in what animals; Effect of diges- 
tion on temperature; Food that would most increase 
it; Climate;' Effect of exercise; Why think heat 
production is influenced by nervous system; If the 
nerve to a limb is cut how is temperature iufluenced; 
How does nervous system influence temperature; Re- 
lation of cold to metabolism in warm blooded ani- 
mals; Cold blooded; Where are the heat centres sup- 
posed to be situated ; What organ communicates with 
it; Relation of fevers to metabolism; Temperature; 
Changes in temperature produced by external cold or 
heat compatible with life. 
NUTRITION AND DIET.—What is necessary 
for the natural functions should continue; What is 
this call on part of system; How do lower animals 
take food; Man ; Object of the food introduced.; 
How calculate the amount necessary to be introduced; 
Composition of the excreta; How balance this waste; 
Name excreta with amount eliminated by lungs; Skin ; 
Urine; Freces; Amount of carbon lost from whole 
organism; Nitrogen; Proportion of carbon to nitro- 
gen in proteids ; Why should the diet be mixed ; How 
long will an animal live, deprived of food ; Most nota- 54 
lde effect of starvation ; When greatest; The loss of 
what per cent, will cause death; Effect of starvation 
on temperature; Reduction of how many degrees of 
the temperature will cause death; What is death by 
starvation; Effect of heat applied to animals dying 
from starvation; Symptoms produced by starvation; 
How long will man live without food; Effect of star- 
vation on excreta; Urea represents what loss; Appear- 
ance after death; The only income in starvation; 
Effect of proteids given during the period of starva- 
tion ; What is nitrogenous equilibrium; What be- 
comes of the carbon in the meat; Would body in- 
crease or diminish in weight; Flesh; What mean by 
morphatic or tissue proteids; Circulating or floating; 
II ow latter changed into urea; What is luxus consump- 
tion; How long can this continue; Trouble if liver 
strikes work ; Trouble in lithiasis; When nitrogen re- 
tained in body; Relation of the increase in weight to 
nitrogen retained; Carbon. 
NON-NITROGENOUS. - Effect of feeding on 
one or two kinds of food; Sugar and water; How 
long live; Effect of gum ; Symptoms when'fed on oil 
and water; Is gelatin nutritious article of diet; It 
will take the place of what proteid; When are fats or 
carbohydrates retained as fat; If proteids are in- 
creased what takes place; Might body lose in weight; 
Effect of excess of carbohydrates; Excess of fat; 
Action of peptones; How prove salts necessary; 
Conditions that will cause loss of flesh; Remain sta- 
tionary; (lain; Increase with gout; Function of fat 
and carbohydrates; Gelatin; Most important salts; 
How long live without water. 
NORMAL DIET.—What makes a normal diet; 
Conditions to be considered in making normal diet; 
Amount of lean raw meat necessary for average meal; 
Bread; Food for infant; Amount; Kind food for 
warm climates; Hard labor; Fattening diet; To re- 
duce obesity; Increase muscle; For training; Brain 
work. 55 
INCOME AND OUTPUT OF ENERGY.— 
Objects of food; What is a caloric; Foot-pound; 
Mode of motion ; How much heat must be produced ; 
What would the energy daily manifested include; 
Amount heat produced in a day ; What must be added 
to the foregoing; Explain influence of heat and light 
of sun; Describe how protoplasm convert food into 
energy; Food necessary for it; Are the salts essen- 
tial ; What is sarco-lactic acid; What becomes of it. 
LARYNX.—What does it mean; What is voice; 
Speech ; Cause of the sound of the human voice; 
What does glottis mean; Rima glottidis; How voice 
affected by an opening in trachea ; Above vocal cords; 
Give structure of vocal cords; Give anatomy of lar- 
ynx ; How muscles divided ; How intrinsic divided ; 
Name abductors; Adductors; Sphincters; Tensors; 
Give nerve supply ; Function superior laryngeal; In- 
ferior; Shape of glottis in tranquil respiration; Deep 
inspiration ; Condition of cords on emission of a note; 
When most tense; On what does range of voice de- 
pend ; When cords brought into sight; Depressed ; 
How does epiglottis modify sounds ; When are cords 
nearest together; Where true sounds produced ; What 
is the first mode of sequence of laryngeal notes; 
Second; Third; This comprehends how many oc- 
taves ; As regards octaves, difference between male 
and female voice; Principal difference; Name differ- 
ent kinds voice; Explain each ; What mean by tone 
or timbre; What mean by barytone ; Mezzo-soprano ; 
On what does pitch depend ; Tone or timbre; Appear- 
ance of boy’s larynx ; Length cords before puberty; 
Boys have what kind voices; What mean by crack; 
In what individuals does voice undergo no change; 
Peculiarity cf voice of old people; Cause; What 
mean by chest notes; Falsetto notes; On what does 
the strength of voice depend ; On what does the 
loudness of a given note, with maintenance of the 
same pitch, depend; Condition of arches of palate 
and uvula during high note; Function of ventricles 56 
of larynx; What constitutes language; Where are 
vowel sounds produced; Consonants; Explain ven- 
triloquism ; Action of tongue in speech; On what 
does stammering deDend. 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.-Of what does it 
consist; Function of nerve fibre; What will cause 
them to act; Can fibre originate; Upon what does 
the effect depend; If stimulus applied midway be- 
tween ends of nerve, direction of current; Effect of 
stimulating a cerebro-spinal nerve in living body; 
What does change in nerve cells of brain cause; If 
stimulus applied to a nerve and the impulse is carried 
to centre, what does it cause; Periphery; Do nerves 
act both ways; As regards function, how are nerves 
divided;- Sensory act in what way; Other name; 
What will paralyze it; Motor act in what way; 
Other name; What will paralyze it; What does in- 
tercentral mean ; What may occur when impressions 
are made on centripetal nerves; Centrifugal; Does 
impression pass from one fibre to another; Why not: 
Rapidity of impulse in motor nerves; Sensory; Name 
conditions that would modify it; What mean by cere- 
bro-spinal system; Sympathetic; How do cerebro- 
spinal centres differ from nerve trunks. 
FUNCTION OF NERVE CENTRES.—What 
does reflex mean ; Stimulus is carried to center through 
what nerve; Effect; Energy or impulse sent out over 
what; To what are efferent nerves distributed; Name 
change effected by impulse; Depending on what; 
What are reflex movements independent of sensation 
called; What does sensori motor mean; What is nec- 
essary for reflex action to occur; Relation of volition 
to reflex actions; Object of reflex action in health; 
How does contraction produced by reflex action differ 
from those due to direct stimulation; If irritation is 
slight where is the contraction ; Strong; Where con- 
traction greatest; Give law of radiation; In simplest 
form of reflex action what is concerned; On what 
does the reflex effect produced by stimulus applied to 57 
a sensory surface depend; Time of reflex action; 
What is necessary for nerve center to discharge affer- 
ent stimuli; Exception; Name of such a centre; 
What mean by inhibition; Give example of inhibi- 
tion; From where does impulse come; Name of such 
a centre; What mean by augmentation; Give ex- 
ample; Name membranes spinal cord; What dees 
dura mater mean ; Give structure; Meaning of arach- 
noid ; Give arrangement; What does pia mater mean ; 
Describe it; Describe tissue between pia mater and 
arachnoid ; What are pacchionian bodies. 
SPINAL CORD. — Shape; Location; Length; 
Weight; Extent; Enlargements; What is filum ter- 
minale; Cauda equina; Where is cord white; Gray; 
How is gray arranged; How connected; What have 
in center; Into what does it open above; What lines 
canal; Name fissures; Extent anterior; What does it 
receive; Extent posterior; What fills posterior; How 
cord divided; How each half divided; Boundary 
anterior column ; Lateral; Posterior; Shape gray mat- 
ter of cord; Describe anterior cornua; Posterior; 
What connects gray matter; How many gray com- 
missures; What makes up white matter of cord; 
What is neuroglia; Cause of enlargements in cord; 
Where white matter of cord greatest; Why; Why 
think nerve fibres terminate in cord; Of what does 
gray matter of cord consist; Name of fine plexus; 
What is substantia gelatinosa centralis; Lateralis; 
Where find large multipolar cells; Describe them; 
Where most numerous; Motor or sensory; What 
arises from them; Where find small multipolar; De- 
scribe them; Describe the lateral reticular formation ; 
Posterior; Name and describe the other two groups 
of cells; Describe the column of Burdach; Gall; 
Change that occurs in fibre if separated from centre; 
What mean by descending degeneration; Ascending; 
Describe the crossed pyramidal tract; Uncrossed pyra- 
midal tract; Antero-lateral descending tract; Comma 
tract; Postero - median column; Direct cerebellar 
tract; Tract of Gowers and Tooth ; Tract of Lissaner. 58 
SPINAL NERVES.— How many pairs; Name 
roots; Which larger; What find on it; Where; Where 
roots unite; What form; How nerve get out; Into 
what does it divide; Origin anterior root; Posterior; 
Kind fibres in anterior root; Posterior; How anterior 
enter cord; Course of internal; Middle; External; 
How does posterior root enter cord; Describe the 
inner; Lateral; Shape of cord in different regions. 
FUNCTION OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. 
—Function anterior root; Proof; Posterior; Proof; 
What fibres found in anterior besides motor; Cause 
of motion when proximal end of posterior root is 
stimulated ; Cause of pain when distal end of divided 
anterior root is stimulated ; Function of ganglia on 
posterior root; Proof. 
FUNCTIONS OF SPINAL CORD.— N ame 
functions; Only way impression can go from brain 
to extremities; Vice versa; What is paraplegia; 
Cause; Where is their loss of motion and sensation; 
How are sensory impressions conveyed to cord; How 
carried up to bulb; Symptom if posterior external 
column is cut; Where is direct cerebellar tract; Goes 
through what body; How are painful sensations con- 
ducted; Pressure sensations ; Muscular sense impres- 
sions; How motor impressions conveyed from brain; 
Which side ; Where decussate; Where motor fibres of 
leg pass; Where is the aparatus for co-ordinated move- 
ments located; What will set it in motion; Symp- 
toms if anterior pyramids at medulla is cut; Symptom 
if there is division above decussation; If cut below ; 
Kind motion have if cord is cut; Kind reflexes in 
man; What will set up the cutaneous; Where can 
they be demonstrated ; What mean by plantar; Glu- 
teal; Cremaster; Ocular; In what persons easiest 
elicited; What is muscular reflex; Pest known; De- 
scribe it; Cause; Can reflex action be inhibited; Ex- 
ample; Give example of more or less controling re- 
flex action; Relation of reflex action to the stimulus; 
Exception ; Give mechanism of the action of the 59 
centre of defecation; Where centre located; Is it 
voluntary; Where centre of micturition located; Give 
mechanism of action; Where genito - spinal centre 
located; Give mechanism; Where is centre for the 
erection of penis; Mechanism; Where is center of 
parturition located ; Give mechanism ; Give centre for 
the movements of lymphatic hearts of frog; Centre 
for tone of muscles; How is tone of muscles if ani- 
mal is killed by injury of brain ; How tone of muscle 
differ from other tissue; Give other phenomena of re- 
flex action; What controls nutrition of muscle; Dis- 
ease of what cells will cause muscle to atrophy; How 
are bones affected; To what is this influence of cord 
due; What other fibres in cord. 
BRAIN.—G ive the anatomy; Give distribution of 
gray matter. 
MEDULLA OBLONGATA. —Other name; 
Where find it; Give the anatomy; Give the direct 
connections of the bulb with cerebrum and cerebel- 
lum; Indirect; Give distribution of internal arcuate 
fibres; External; Direct lateral fibres; Fibres from 
olivary body; Arciform fibres; Name functions of bulb; 
Function as a conductor; Reflex action ; Automatism; 
Effect of removing brain from above and cord from 
below the medulla on life; Wound in what part of 
medulla will cause immediate death ; Cause of death 
in fracture or displacement of upper cervical vertebrae. 
SPECIAL CENTRES.—What are the majority; 
Name the bilateral reflex centres; Automatic centres; 
Control centres; Tonic centres. 
CRANIAL NERVES. — What mean by cranial 
nerves; Which one arises out of cranium; How many 
pairs of cranial nerves; Name them; Apparent ori- 
gin; Name nerves according to their function ; Other 
name for third; Why; At its origin kind nerve; Dis- 
tribution; What does third supply; How does it sup- 
ply iris and ciliary muscle; Function of third; Symp- 
toms if cut; Stimulated; Other name for fourth ; Or- 
igin; Distribution; Symptoms if cut; Stmulated; 60 
Kind nerve; The other name for fifth; Why called 
trifacial; Resembles what kind nerves; Name the 
roots; Which motor; Sensory; Large; Small; Pecu- 
liarity of posterior root; Name of the ganglion; What 
conclude when see ganglion on nerve; Origin of the 
fifth nerve; With what does motor root unite; Mow 
get out; What does it supply; What is nerve of mas- 
ticatio*; If cut what happens; What are the symp- 
toms if stimulated; Why think the buccinator re- 
ceives a motor filament from fifth; What are the 
branches of the Gasserian ganglion; To what distrib- 
uted; What is the sensory nerve of the face; Proof; 
How does the sensory root influence muscular move- 
ments; With what nerves does it communicate; Why; 
How influence iris; Name the trophic influence of the 
fifth; Why have purulent inflammation; Why taste 
partly destroyed; Name nerve of taste to anterior 
part of tongue; Name nerve of sensation to tongue; 
Other name for the sixth nerve; Kind nerve; Where 
arise; What does it supply; Symptoms if stimulated; 
If cut; Other names for the seventh ; Why called por- 
tio dura; What does portio mollis mean ; Intermedia; 
Kind nerve is the facial; To what distributed; What 
is the motor nerve of the face; What other function 
has it; What does paralysis mean; Symptoms if the 
facial is cut; How is eye affected; Hearing; Why; 
Smell; Why; Where must the injury be if taste is 
affected; Give the appearance of face when facial is 
cut; Why does food lodge between cheek and gums; 
Other name for eighth nerve; Kind nerve; Where 
arise; To what distributed; Function; Other name 
for ninth nerve; What does it mean; Origin; Kind 
nerve; Distribution; To what are the motor fibres 
distributed; Function of sensory fibres; What special 
sense is contained in it; To what part of tongue; 
Other names for tenth nerve; What do they mean ; 
Origin; Peculiarity of the nerve; Kind nerve at ori- 
gin ; Distribution; Name communications ; What does 
it receive from spinal accessory; Function of pharyn- 61 
geal branch; Pharyngeal branch helps to form what 
plexus; Source of motor filaments in plexus; What 
does plexus supply; Function superior laryngeal; 
What does it give off; To what is external laryngeal 
distributed; Function; Other name for inferior laryn- 
geal; Function; Function oesophageal branches; 
Cardiac ; Pulmonary; Gastric ; Hepatic and splenic; 
Vagi supply sensory Aliments to what parts; What 
do they supply to vaso-motor center; To salivary 
glands; In what animals will division of recurrent 
laryngeal cause death; Why; Condition of lungs 
when death is produced by division of vagi; Cause; 
Trouble if vagi are injured near origin; Other name 
of eleventh nerve; How many roots; What are they; 
Origin of each; How get into cranium; Out; Kind 
nerve; How many branches; What does external 
supply; Symptom if cut; Stimulated; With what 
does internal branch unite; Name three symptoms if 
cut the upper root; Internal branch; What is really 
the inhibitory nerve of heart; Nerve of voice; From 
where does it get the fibre necessary for voice ; Proof; 
As regards voice difference in symptoms irv cutting 
upper root of spinal accessory or internal branch; 
Life; Why; Other name for twelfth nerve; What 
does it mean; Kind nerve; Origin; How get out; 
To what distributed; What are its branches; What 
does descendem noni mean ; What supply ; Function 
of hypoglossal; Symptoms if cut. 
PONS VAROLII.—What does it mean; Func- 
tion in a general way; Describe and give function of 
transverse fibre; Longitudinal; Dorsal portion of 
pons; Name gray matter in fore part. 
CRURA CEREBRI.-—What does it mean; De- 
scribe them ; Made up of how many parts; Names; 
What separates them; Where does tegumentum end; 
Describe course of the fibre of pes; What is corona 
radfata; What is the internal capsule; Genu; What 
does it mean; Give distribution of fibres of internal 
capsules; With what does tegumentum on each side 62 
have to do; Name more important of the gray mat- 
ter; Give extent of nucleus ruber; Locus niger; 
Name of third body under optic thalamus; Pos- 
teriorily, of what is the tegument made up; What 
does corpora striata mean ; Situated; Parts into which 
it is divided ; Name and describe the intraventricular 
portion; Extra ventricular; Describe the lenticular 
nucleus; What does optic thalami mean; Describe 
them; Name parts that make them up; What does 
corpora quadrigemina mean; Describe them; What 
does corpora geniculata mean ; Describe them ; What 
does corpora dentata mean ; Describe them. 
CEREBRUM.—What does cerebrum mean; Into 
how many lobes divided : Give boundaries and de- 
scribe frontal; Parietal; Temporal; Occipital; Cen- 
tral ; What mean by gyri; Sulci; Describe gyrus for- 
nicatus; Marginal convolution ; Internal perpendicular 
fissure; Calcarine; Hippocampus minor; Collateral 
fissure; Where is gray matter in cerebrum ; Function 
of convolutions; Average thickness of gray matter; 
Where thickest; Thinnest; Kind cells; Describe the 
large pyramidal; Small; Other cells; How many 
layers in cortex; Describe superficial; Second ; Which 
layer most important; Describe it; Describe fourth 
layer; Last layer ; Peculiarity of cells in motor area; 
Where granular layer most marked; Give compo- 
sition of nerve matter; Name parts of brain in center 
from before backwards; Weight of brain in adult 
man; In what animals is it larger; Relative weight to 
the body; In what is it larger; Weight of brain in 
child at birth; Relation to size of body; Weight of 
brain increases to what age; Decrease; Weight of 
brain in female; Does brain weight correspond with 
degree of intelligence; How influenced by convolu- 
tions; Weight of spinal cord; Relative weight to brain ; 
Give distinctive characters of human brain; Most 
distinctive point in human brain as contrasted 
ape ; Where are motorial areas of human brain loca- 
ted; Give the position of the center; What does de- 63 
struction cause; When; Irritation; With what has 
aphasia been associated; Why will stimulation of 
white matter after gray has been removed cause move- 
ment; With what are motor fibres connected ; From 
motor area where do they go; Give position of fibres 
in capsule; Give arrangements of fibres in monkey’s 
brain from above down; Describe fibres of descend- 
ing degeneration in capsule ; Ascending degeneration ; 
What fibres does optic thalamus receive; Describe the 
fillet; Posterior longitudinal bundles; Superior pe- 
duncle of the cerebellum; Fibres from corpora 
quadrigemina; Commissural fibres. 
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM.—Name them ; 
Effect of removal of cerebrum in lower animals; Ef- 
fect of removing cerebral lobes of a frog; Entire 
brain ; Cerebrum from pigeon ; Where do all volun- 
tary movements originate ; What part of cerebral cor- 
tex is sensitive to electrical stimuli; Where are co- 
ordinate movements represented; Effect of haemor- 
rhages near corpus striatum ; Effect of injury of the 
pyramidal tracts ; Are the impulses that pass down 
from cortex of necessity connected with consciousness; 
What will set cortex in motion; Effect of destruction 
of one cerebral hemisphere. 
SLEEP.—What is it; What condition might pro- 
duce same symptoms; Condition of brain during 
sleep; For what two purposes does blood go to brain; 
During sleep for what purpose ; Give mechanism of 
cerebrum during dreams; Somnambulism; Where are 
co-ordinating centers situated; From where do im- 
pulses that influence co-ordination come. 
SENSORY CENTERS. —How is the termi- 
nation of optic nerves in retina arranged; Give exam- 
ple; Where do optic nerves decussate ; Give arrange- 
ments of fibres; Describe arcuate commissure; Give 
termination of optic tract; Effect on nuclei of remov- 
ing eye; Describe fibres of optic radiation ; Symptoms 
if divide one optic nerve; Optic tract; Names; 
Function of cuneus; In reality what are the olfactory 64 
nerves; From what is it an off-shoot; What fills cavity 
of nerve; On what does nerve rest; Give structure of 
bulb; Nuclear layer; Where are the glomeruli; De- 
scribe olfactory tract; Where have fibres been traced; 
Why think hippocampus is connected with smell; 
Where taste center situated; Location of auditory 
center; Why; Function of corpora striata; Optic 
thalami. 
CEREBELLUM. — What does it mean; How 
hemispheres connected; How connected with cere- 
brum ; Medulla oblongata; Where is gray matter in 
cerebellum; White; Where find corpus dentatum; 
What find beneath pia mater; Describe cells of Pur- 
kinje; Granular layer; Nerve fibre layer; Function 
of cerebellum ; Function of corpora quadrygemina 
and geniculata. 
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM. — Is the sympa- 
thetic system separate and distinct from cerebro- 
spinal; Of what does it consist; What mean by lateral 
ganglia; Collateral ganglia; Terminal ganglia; Give 
communication of spinal nerve with sympathetic; 
With what do the white rami from second to fifth 
join; Give distribution of gray rami; Which are vis- 
cral branches; Peculiarity in structure of these white 
medullated fibres; Where chiefly found ; What forms 
nervi erigentes; Give distribution of hypogastric 
plexus ; What is pelvic splanchnic ; Cervical splanch- 
nic; What are the splanchnics proper; What forms 
the internal branch of the spinal accessory ; Function 
of the efferent fibres to vascular system; Viscera; 
Muscles; Whence do. vaso-motor nerves for all parts of 
body come; With what pass out; From what part of 
cord; To what pass; Change undergo; Origin of 
augmentor nerve of heart; Give course; Origin of 
vaso-motor of the brachial plexus ; Where do those to 
the foot leave cord; Give course; What do nerves 
lose in ganglia; Origin of vaso-motor nerve to head, 
neck, and abdomen; Name of lateral sympathetic 
chain; What mean by vaso-motor dilator; Origin; 65 
Give origin of viscero-motor fibres; Distribution; Func- 
tion ; Name viscero-inhibitory fibres; Other name; 
Function ; Give arrangement of glandular nerve fibres ; 
Origin of the rami viscerales; What nerve arise from 
anterior cornua; Origin nerves to striated splanchnic 
muscles; What arises from Clark’s colum; Posterior 
cornua; Lateral cornua; Give structure of ganglia; 
Function; What mean by catabolic; Anabolic; Name 
catabolic nerve to submaxillary gland ; Effect if stim- 
ulated ; Name anabolic: Effect if stimulated. 
SENSES.—How do we obtain a knowledge of 
various parts of body and external world; On what is 
this knowledge based; Structure necessary for sensa- 
tion; IIow sensations classified; What mean by com- 
mon sensat’ons; Which come under head of pain; 
What is the connecting link between general and 
special sensation; Function of muscular sensibility; 
Organ in which sense of contact and pressure reside; 
Name special senses; Most important distinction be- 
tween common and special sensations; Illustrate; Can 
we recognize the object which caused it or its nature 
by pain; Where is the seat of sensation; Where do 
we really see and hear; What mean by objective sen- 
sation; Subjective; What mean by auditory spectra; 
Example; Optical illusion; Example; Internal cause 
of illusions; Effect of a narcotic on each sense; Ex- 
ternal cause of illusions; Have nerves of special sense 
common sensibility; What mean by perceptions ; Judg- 
ments. 
TOUCH.—Seat; Where sense of touch most per- 
fect; On what does modification of sense of touch de- 
pend ; Varieties of touch ; Where touch proper loca- 
ted; What dulls it; Where are touch corpuscles; End 
bulbs; Corpuscles of vater; Other terminations of sen- 
sory nerves; When can we not distinguish between 
contact and touch; On what does acuteness of sensa- 
tion largely depend; Other cause; How influenced by 
practice; Illustration; How localize sense of touch; 
Give illusion in sense of touch; Give example illus- 66 
trating difference between sense of touch and sense of 
temperature; Standard for estimating sense of heat or 
cold; Why will metal feel cooler than wood at the 
same temperature; Which feel coolest, air at rest or 
in motion; Sensation experienced by high or low tem- 
perature; How does extent of surface influence it; 
Thickness of skin ; What attends every sensation ; Does 
the mind retain it; On what do subjective sensations 
depend; Give example; Give three views of painful 
sensations; On what is estimation of weight based; 
Do muscles have common sensibility; What do they 
contain; How tell form and size of bodies; Where 
best developed ; Part best adapted. 
TASTE.—Conditions necessary; Mode of action 
of the substance that causes taste; Condition of the 
matter to be tasted ; Conditions for perfect action of 
a sapid; What will excite nerves of taste; Seat of 
sense of taste; Other parts endowed with it; What 
nerve supplies these parts; Where taste most acute ; 
Why is dorsum feebly endowed with it; Other func- 
tions of tongue; May taste be lost and sensibility re- 
tained; Relation of papillae and nerve supply of both ; 
Example; Can we always distinguish between general 
sensibility and sense of taste; To what is the perfec- 
tion of sense of taste due; Give variety of tastes; 
How do away with sweet and bitter; When are sweets 
most appreciated; Bitter; What are taste buds; How 
does taste resemble vision ; What mean by after-taste; 
What taste will improve that of wine; Destroy it; 
Repetition of taste has what effect on it; What is nec- 
essary for sapid substance to cause distinct sensation 
of taste; What mean by subjective sense of taste; 
Cause that produces it. 
SMELL.—Conditions necessary for it; Can liquids 
give rise to sense of smell; What mean by regio vesti- 
bularis; What does it contain; What does regio res- 
piratoria-include; Kind epithelium does it contain; 
What is regio olfactoria; Describe the mucous mem- 
brane; Epithelium; Second kind epithelium ; Glands; 67 
Peculiarity of olfactory nerves; How terminate; From 
what parts is sense of smell derived; Do the acces- 
sory cavities have anything to do with sense of smell; 
Proof; Function of the cavities; Give other functions 
of nasal cavities; What excites sensations in nose that 
resemble sense of touch; Carnivora detect especially 
what odors; Herbivora; How does man compare with 
inferior animals as regards sense of smell; Cause of 
difference; Give illustration of some subjective sensa- 
tions of smell. 
HEARING.—Name three divisions of ear; Which 
are accessory; Give anatomy of external ear ; Middle 
ear; Internal ear; What nerve supplies ear; What 
does portio mollis mean; Where arise; How get into 
ear; How many branches; What does superior sup- 
ply; Inferior; What is maculae acusticse; Crista acus- 
tica ; Give structure of the membranous labyrinth ; 
Describe the epithelium; What mean by scala vesti- 
bula ; Scala tympani; Where find rods of Corti; De- 
scribe them ; Number; What are hair cells; Viewed 
from above, what do organ of Corti resemble; De- 
scribe the distributiod of cochlear nerve; Name three 
ways external auditory passages influence the propaga- 
tion of sound to the tympanum ; Function of cartil- 
age of external ear; How are vibrations conveyed to 
auditory nerve in animals living in the atmosphere; 
How does membrana tympani differ from the mem- 
brane of a drum ; How would hearing be affected by 
making membrana tempani tense; How prove air en- 
ters eustachian tube; Function of the tube; Function 
of tensor tympani muscle ; Stapedius ; Fluid of laby- 
rinth ; Otoliths; What are they ; Function semi-circu- 
lar canal; Cochlea ; Rods of Corti. 
SOUN DS.—What mean by musical sound or tone; 
Name three qualities by which musical sounds can 
be distinguished from each oiher; What mean by 
strength; Pitch; Timbre; Harmonics; How tell "di- 
rection of sound; Distance; Intensity; Binaural sen- 
sations ; Cause of subjective sounds. 68 
SIGHT.—Give anatomy of the eye; Name the 
several parts composing the optical apparatus; In 
what way does eye resemble a camera; Name the re- 
fractive media and surfaces; What rays are not re- 
fracted; What rays meet at chief posterior focus; 
What mean by chief anterior focus; Optic axis; Upon 
what do images formed upon the retina depend ; 
Trouble if the focus occurs in front or behind retina ; 
What mean by focal distance; To what is adaptation 
of the eye to objects at different distances due ; When 
lens most convex ; Which surface most convex during 
accommodation ; Give experiment; Give mechanism 
of accommodation; Distance eye is usually focused; 
What mean by near point; flow determine; Two 
changes that take place in eyes in accommodation ; 
What muscles turn eye in; Out; Upward; Down- 
ward ; Inward and upward ; Inward and downward ; 
Outward and upward ; Outward and downward ; What 
nerve supplies the above muscles; What will cause 
pupil to contract; Dilate ; Where centre situared that 
causes pupil to contract; How is the centre stimula- 
ted; What will produce contraction and dilatation 
locally; Action of fifth nerve on pupil; From what 
does sympathetic influence to the radiating fibres 
come; How is normal eye adjusted ; IIow do we view 
near objects; What is myopia; Ilypermetropia; As- 
tigmatism; Spherical aberration; Chromatic aberra- 
tion; In what is eye superior to camera; What is pres- 
byopia; What layer of retina will react to a stimulus; 
What mean by blind spot; How make both dot and 
cross visible ; Where light produce the greatest effect; 
Most important cones or rods; What is Purkinje’s 
figure; Cause of yellow spot; To what are the vessels 
distributed; Give duration of visual sensation; Give 
intensity of visual sensation; Give Fechner’s law; 
Why can’t we see fundus of eye; How is this difficulty 
surmounted; What is shodopsin; Optogram; How 
caused; What is chromophauss; Cause fuscin gian- 
ules to move; Cones; Relation of the retinal image 69 
to the external object; On what does the field of 
vision depend ; When is it small; Large ; On what is 
our estimation of size based; Direction ; Form ; Clear- 
ness; How estimate movement; Color sensations; 
Name primary colors; What is Daltonism; Cause; 
Necessary condition for the production of contracted 
colors; What mean by binocular vision; How do we 
usually see; What is diplopia; Cause; Effect of press- 
ing on the ball of the eye so as to affect the retina; 
Why do impression on the identical points of the two 
retinae give rise to one sensation. 
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE FEMALE — 
Of what do they consist; Give the anatomy of the 
ovaries; What does ovary mean; Give structure; 
What does tunica albuginea mean ; Graafian follicles; 
Ovisacs; Metrbrana granulosa; Ovum ; Germinal ves- 
icle; Germinal spot; Zona vasculosa; Discus prolig- 
erus; Liquor folliculi; Membrana vasculosa; Size 
ovum; Name external investment; What mean by 
vitellus; Other name; Germinal vesic'es largest in 
what ova ; Where germinal spot situated ; How Graaf- 
ian follicles formed; When smallest formed; What 
make-up; When Graafian vesicles formed; Change 
they undergo at puberty; What mean by oviducts; 
Other name; Give the anatomy; What does uterus 
mean; Give anatomy; Name three layers making it 
up; Describe the external; Middle; When best de- 
veloped; Describe mucous coat; What mean by pal- 
mae plicafae; Name the glands; Describe them ; Thick- 
ness of mucous membrane of the cavity; Kind epi- 
thelium covers it; Shape of cavity; What does vag- 
ina mean; Describe it; What is sphincter vaginae; 
Hymen; Clitoris; Describe the external organs of 
generation; Where find the vulvo-vaginal glands; To 
what do they correspond. 
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MALE.— 
Name them; Describe testes; Vas deferense; Epid- 
idymis; Tubuli seminiferi; Vesiculae seminales; Give 
the anatomy of penis; Urethra; Give structure of 70 
corpora cavernosa; Spongiosum; Give nerve supply; 
What does prostate mean; Give anatomy; Structure. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL OR- 
GANS.— Where is Graafian vesicle when ripe; 
Change in vesicle; What becomes of contents; When 
does this occur; When are ova discharged; How in- 
dicated in lower animals ; Human female ; When does 
this discharge occur in lower mammalia; When dis- 
charged in women ; Give evidence of periodical dis- 
charge of ova at menstrual period; Is menstruation 
dependent on the maturation and discharge of ova; 
As regards menstruation, when do follicles rupture ; 
Name Jewish custom ; Relation of menstruation to ova- 
ries; Describe the menstrual blood; Source of the 
blood; What is decidua menstrualis; What is puber- 
ty; Average time; On what does it depend ; $ame of 
cessation of menstruation ; Time of menstrual period ; 
What mean by corpus luteum ; Changes in follicle 
before bursting; Change after rupture; How does 
human corpus luteum differ from lower animals; 
Cause of this yellow substance of which the corpus 
luteum consists; Change in corpus luteum if ovum is 
impregnated; Give difference between corpus luteum 
of menstruation and pregnancy; In what way can 
ovum be fecundated; How; What mean by seminal 
fluid; Describe semen ; Spermatozoa; Cause of move- 
ment; What will stop ciliated movement; Shape of 
head in man; Give make-up of a spermatozoon; 
What are spermatozoa; When seminal fluid secreted ; 
Where stored up; How discharged; Function vesi- 
culue seminales; Function of secretion of Cowper’s 
glands. 
CHANGES WHICH OCCUR IN THE 
OVUM.—Primary change in ovum before impregna- 
tion; Next change; What forms nuclear spindle; 
Polar cell; Female pro-nucleus; What forms male 
pro-nucleus; What forms blasto - sphere; Changes 
ovum undergoes in Fallopian tube; First visible result 
of fertilization ; When does segmentation begin; What 71 
meau by vitelline spheres; Appearance of ovum time 
it reaches uterus; What are these granules; Time 
ovum is going from ovary to uterus; What is blasto- 
derm; How formed; Divides into what layers; What 
does each form; What is area pellucida; Area opaca; 
Nucleus of Pander; Embryonic shield; Primitive 
streak; Primitive grove; From what is streak formed; 
What is notochord; Medullary plate; Medullary 
folds; Laminas dorsales; Neural canal; Sinus rhom- 
boidalis; Germinal wall; What forms parietes of 
trunk; Muscular walls of alimentary canal; What is 
somatopleure ; Splanchnopleure; Pleuro - peritoneal 
cavity; Protovertebrse; First vertebrae formed; Of 
what does every vertebrate animal consist; What 
mean by visceral plates; What do they form; What 
forms rudiment of alimentary canal; How does it 
communicate with cavity of yolk sac; What is um- 
bilical vesicle; Neurenteric canal; Optic vesicle; 
Where is heart formed; What does it resemble; What 
is mesocardium; What nourishes foetus at first; What 
mean by area vasculosa; What does amnion mean ; 
How formed; What mean by amniotic umbilicus; 
What forms true amnion; False chorion; What is 
amniotic cavity; Amniotic fluid; Describe the fluid; 
Function; From where does allantois sprout; Shape 
at first; Change it undergoes by development; To 
what are the blood vessels distributed that are carried 
out by allantois; How allantois divided at umbilicus; 
What becomes of outer; Inner; What forms urachus; 
What does chorion mean; How many layer has it; 
Name them-; What are chorion villi; What are they 
at first; Afterwards; Where don’t villi disappear; 
Name changes which occur in mucous membrane of 
uterus at conception; Function; What becomes of 
the impregnated ovum as it enters uterus; What does 
decidua mean ; What is decidua vera; Reflexa; Sero- 
tina; What are uterine crypts; What becomes of de- 
cided vera and reflexa; What does placenta mean; 
How uterine sinuses formed; With what do they com- 72 
municate; Function; Do blood vessels of mother and 
foetus communicate; What intervenes; What separates 
them in villi; Function of this; What are the parts 
that make up placenta; What is the after-birth ; What 
is the lochia; What mean by umbilical cord; De- 
scribe it. 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.— 
What does epiblast form; Mesoblast; Hypoblast; 
What forms the vertebrae; What is musculo-cutaneous 
plate; What does it form; Where does ossification of 
vertebrae begin; Peculiarity of lower cervical verte- 
brae in the child ; What is the cranium; How is pitui- 
tary body formed; How is cranium developed; How 
are the extremities developed; Name of first blood 
vessels; Length of foetus; How are red corpuscles 
formed; How blood vessels formed; Where heart 
begins to develop; Condition of heart when first 
formed; When do pulsations begin; How often at 
first; Peculiarity of auricles; Ventricles; How arte- 
ries developed; Capillaries; Explain the development 
of aorta; Pulmonary artery ; Ductus arteriosus; Pecu- 
liarity of umbilical arteries; How are the veins di- 
vided ; What does visceral include; Parietal; Name 
of the earliest veins; How many sets of vessels in 
liver; Names; Name venous blood to liver. 
NERVOUS SYSTEM. —How are cranial and 
spinal nerves developed; Spinal cord; Peculiarity of 
cord at first as regards its length; How is brain de- 
veloped; Explain the development of the eye; Ear; 
Nose; Alimentary canal; Pancreas and sa'ivary glands; 
Liver; Lungs; What form temporary kidneys; When 
does Wolffian duct make its appearance; What is de- 
veloped from- the germ epithelium; Where are per- 
manent kidneys developed; What forms testicle; 
Where; When begin to descend; When get into scro- 
tum; What pulls them down; From what are Fallo- 
pian tubes, uterus and vagina, developed; What form 
external organs of generation in female; Male. 
[Copyrighted 1893.]