,m i.ip«s*z<»mmt:. '^ '%-. /, ' 1 ^ . , BECK A ON THE SS&SSSS&4IS OP THE DEAF AND DUMB. * *' ft \ ( 3, ) Art. XII. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb in the State of New-York, the United States, and in various Countries of Europe, by T. Ro- meyn Beck, M. D. [FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW-YORK STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY.] I have supposed that there might be some utility in col- lecting and arranging the Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb in a compact and accessible form. The subject is of inter- est, particularly as it regards their education. Besides this, it is also curious to note the difference in the number of ca- ses that occur in various countries. Any inference as to the causes of this infirmity, and its greater or less prevalence, must of course be based on the facts which have been elicit- ed by accurate enumerations. Two periods have now elapsed (1825 and 1835,) during which enumerations have been taken in the State of New- York. Intermediate between these, there has been one made in 1830, under the direction of the United States Govern- ment. The details of each are to be found only in the ofii*« cial publications that have been issued by the respective au- thorities, and as these are voluminous and not generally ac- cessible, and their results have not been compared with the existing population, probably the information now given may be new to many of the readers of this communication. I have subjoined such statistical details as I have been enabled to collect, concerning different European countries. State of New-York. By the provisions of the law of this State, requiring an enumeration of its inhabitants to be taken every ten years, commencing with 1825, every marshal is directed to report the number of male and female Deaf and Dumb within his town or ward, under ten years of age—between ten and twenty-five years of age, and as to circumstances, whether they are supported by charity or are of sufficient ability to 4 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb* support themselves. Finally, he is to report the total num- ber. 7TAe following is a tabular view of the two enumerations. 1825. 1835. Males. I Females. Total Males. Females. Over 25. \Total, Counties. Albany, .. Allegany, Broome,.. Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chatauque, Chenango, < Clinton,.. Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, .... Essex,.... Franklin, Genessee, Greene, .. Herkimer, Jefferson, Kings, .. Lewis, .. Livingaton, Madison, Monroe,. Montgomery, New-York,. Niagara,, Oneida, . Onondaga, Ontario,.. Orange, .. Orleans,.. Oswego,.. Otsego, .. Putnam... Queens, • • Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Seneca, • • St. LawTence, Steuben,. Suffolk, . Sullivan, Tioga, . 1% 14 1 4 2 I 6 '*2 1 5 2 24 31 2 5 4 4 12 a, cn VO 5 2 4 3 5 20 2-1 31 e| 4i e c . ■go ?.<# s 00 B~ 25 S 6 12 12 4 U 6 9 4 r 1? lv is1 19: 11 15 17 & II 2C 14 i: 4 10 14 / 1 2i 61 2 5 61 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 9 1 1 3 "6 12 86 ii 5 2 3 1 4 4 "2 4 6 6 7 12 2 3 3 9 4 20 a 2 11 5 8 11 4 6 9 "4 5 7 4 2 3 5 8 2 1.. *29 *22 11 19 20 15 16 17 17 12 19 16 11 7 8 22 10 14 33 8 5 9 15 24 *47 177 7 33 21 8 26 9 20 30 6 15 *22 "5 12 17 11 5 *17 20 18 o 8 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. Tompkins,..... Ulster, ....... Warren,..... Washington, Wayne,........ Westchester, Yates,.......<. 7 ?l 7 17| 11 5 3 3 4 5 4 1 9 IS l1 7| 2 6 9 1 1 2 .... A\ l! 1 1 3 1 3 10 1 9 25 ll 4! .. 7 8 2 2 1 5 23 2l 7' 4 7 21 .. 3 • • .... 4 2| 3 9 1 .... 1 .... 2 11 2 2 3 1 68 2201 67 213 644 108 222 83 277 343 16 25 7 20 41 7 9 1033 Remarks. Census of 1825—Erie County.—In the official account of this census (Recapitulation Table) the numbers between 10 and 25 in Erie county is stated to be two, but by refer- ring to the county return, it will be found to be one. Hence the result of this column requires alteration from 221 to 220. Ontario County.—In the recapitulation table, the total in this county is put 16. It should be 15. In consequence of these alterations, the grand total is 644, and not 645, as stated in the printed census and copied in an article published in the New-York Medical and Physi- cal Journal, vol. 5, p. 206. Census o/1835.—There are several important errors in the official tables. Albany County.—In the recapitulation table, the total of this county is carried out as 27, but it should be 29, as four are enumerated in the second ward of the city of Albany, and but two carried out in the total column. Allegany County has in the same table 21 credited to it. It should be 22, since there is one in the town of Ossian, whose age is not given, but who is enumerated in the non- charity list. Rensselaer County is put down in the same table total 19. It should be 22, as three in the first ward of Troy are not counted here. The county return is accufate. St. Lawrence County, in the table, is put total 16, but one enumerated in the town of Brasher in the columns of charity, but not in those of age, should be added. 6 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. The census of the Central Asylum at Canajoharie, ap- pended to that of Montgomery county, is not included in the general recapitulation table. It is as follows: Males, under 10, I Females, under 10, 1 between 10 h 25, 11 between 10 & 25,16 — over 25 years, 1 12 — 18 There is a further misprint in the grand total in the offi- cial recapitulation table. It is 933 and should be 1033. If, then, we add to this last, the seven above noticed, where ages are not stated, Albany 2, Allegany 1, Rensselaer 3 and St. Lawrence 1 ; and also the census of the Central Asylum at Canajoharie, the total will be 1070. . After these corrections, and which it may be proper to state I have taken great pains to verify, the results of these tables will stand as follows: 1825. 1835.* Males, under 10 years, 68 109 between 10 and 25, 220 233 Females, under 10 years, 67 84 between 10 and 25, 213 293 Number above 25, 76 344 Age not stated, 00 7 644 1070 Year. No. of Deaf & Dumb. Population. Proportion 1825. 644 1,616,458 1 in 2510 1830.t 885 1,918,608 1 in 2167 1835. 1070 2,174,517 1 in 2032 I may add that the State Asylums for the deaf and dumb are respectively at New-York and Canajoharie. * The census of the Canajoharie Asylum is added under each appropriate head, t United States census. See the next table. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. 7 * The following additional results are obtained from the official tables: 1825. 1835. Supported by charity, 141 278 Of sufficient ability to sup- port themselves, 387 541 528 819 United States. The marshals of the respective districts were required by the Department of State to make the following inquiries: 1. What number of white persons were there who were deaf and dumb under fourteen years of age—deaf and dumb of fourteen and under twenty-five, and deaf and dumb of twenty-five and upwards ? 2. The same inquiries as to slaves and colored persons. The results of this census are given in the following ta- ble. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. Deaf and Dumb in the United Sft*#es, according to the Census of 1830. States and Territories. Maine,............ New Hampshire, Massachusetts,....., Rhode Island,...... *Connecticut,...... Vermont,.......... New-York, ........ New Jersey, ........ Pennsylvania, ...... Delaware,.......... Maryland,....... Virginia,............ North Carolina, .... South Carolina, .... Georgia,.......... Alabama,.......... Mississippi, ......•' Louisiana,.......... Tennessee, ...... Kentucky,.......... Ohio,..........--- Indiana,............ Illinois, ............ Missouri, .......... Michigan,.......... Arkansas,........... Florida, ............ District of Columbia,. Whites.- 13-* 64 32 56 6 43 39 277 64 224 6 50 132 70 60 50 45 12 15 59 100 60 55 62 22 152 59 310 71 279 15 31 118 81 52 51 25 10 15 59 113 8& 148 160 49 59 23 27 12 5 56 48 138 28 99 55 255 72 255 14 54 169 79 62 44 19 7 19 54 90 118 33 16 10 4 2 3 3 180 135 256 56 294 153 842 207 758 35 135 419 230 174 145 89 29 49 172 303 426 141 66 27 15 10 5 12 Slaves and col- ored persons. "-18f.|EH 4 5 2 2 4 3 17 5 12 40 51 31 9 26 9 2 7 13 16 5 1 S3 14 2 12J 15 21 12 7 •8 5 9 25 5 43 15 39 9 96 130 83 69 59 23 12 21 28 46 9 3 5 8 185 144 265 60 300 158 885 222 797 44 231 549 313 243 204 112 41 70 200 349 435 144 66 35 15 14 11 14 11652ll905 1806 5363U273|246 2241743 6106 The population of the United, States, as ascertained by the census amounts to........................................... 12,860,702 Add census of the navy of U. S.,................. 5,318 Total population, ................................ 12,866,020 Proportion, ..................................... 1 in 2,107 *126 in West Hartford. Statistics of the Proportion of Deaf and States. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New-York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, - Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, - Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Arkansas, Florida, District of Columbia, Deaf and Dumb. 9 Dumb in the several States. Population. 1 AJ<- 2,040,4 S3 1115 1 in 1830 1493,791 439 1 in 3402 1554 1. in 2274 olina, Georgia. j South-western States. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, ^ Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, > 1,562,674 684 1 in 2284 674,607 148 in 4,558 832 I in 2689 - Arkansas, Florida. } North-western Stales. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 1,454,135 648 5363 1 in 2244 15,883 12 743 1 in 1323 660 t in 2227 Total, 10,532,000 1 in 1964 2328,642 1 in 3134 6106 1 in 2106 ©5 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. 13 There is one comment made by the editor of the work from which I have taken this abstract, to which I cannot too point- edly call the attention of my readers. It is the fact of the far greater prevalence of this infirmity among the free blacks than among the slave population. Thus in the ten northern States, as enumerated, the proportion is 1 in 1002, although there is scarcely a sfSve in these States. So also in the north- western district, the proportion is ! in 1323. While in the southern States, where all are slaves, the proportion is I in 3402, and in the south-western I in 4558. If physical causes have the slightest effect in producing this malady, does not the above statement prove that the condition of our free blacks is infinitely worse than that of their brethren at the south ? I now proceed to state such European results as I have been enabled to procure. Kingdom of Prussia. The nnmber of deaf and dumb, according to a census taken in 1825, was 6786; in 1827, 6764; in 1828, 8223, in a population of 12,726,823, making a proportion of one mute to every 1548 inhabitants. A diversity similar to that which I have already stated, exists ;as to the numbers in the respec- tive provinces of this kingdom. Thus, East Prussia has one deaf and dumb to every 1078'inhabitants, while Cleves-Berg has only one to every 2844. The writer who notices these facts, observes that the only circumstances which seem to have any influence in producing this diversity, are that those pro- vinces in which knowledge is most extensively diffused and which enjoy most completely the conveniences of life, have a smaller number of deaf and dumb.* The following table exhibits the age of the above individu- als. * Troisieme Circulaire de L'Institut Royal des Sourd—Muets de Paris a toutes les Institutions de Sourd—Muets de L'Europe, del'Amerique et De l'Asie, 8 vo. Paris, 1832. I am indebted for this and the other circulars, published respectively in 1827, 1829,1832 and 1836, to the kindness of Joha A. Dix. Esq. Secretary of State. 14 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. From i 1 to 5 years, 275 5 to 10 CC 1118 10 to 15 u 1400 15 to 20 c( 1220 20 to 25 cc 1063 25 to 30 cc 891 30 to 35 u 5o"3 35 to 40 CC 466 40 to 45 it 317 45 to 50 cc 331 50 to 55 cc 208 55 to 60 cc 166 60 to 65 cc 128 65 to 70 u 38 70 to 75 cc 26 75 to 80 a 7 80 to 85 cc 5 85 to 90 cc 1 8223 Sea;.—Of 2819 whose sexes were ascertained by the cen- sus of 1825, 1591 were males and 1228 females, being in the portion of 4 to 3.* Switzerland. From an examination made in several cantoris, the follow- ing returns were obtained, probably in 1826, but I have not been able to ascertain the precise year. Population. Deaf and Dumb. Proportion. 1 in 1000 1 in 1000 1 in 500 1 in 400 1 in 350 Zurich, 220,000 225 Vaud, 155,000 152 Basle, 50,00 100 Argovia, 120,000 300 Berne, 350,000 1000 895,000 1777 l in 503 • Troisieme Circulaire, p. 127. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb- 15 The details of the £ays De Vaud are as follows. Out of 152, there are 66, 30 males and 36 females, capable of re- ceiving instruction, while 70, 40 males and 30 females, are either from age or disease, or mental imbecility approaching cretenism, incapable of it. Lastly, 16, 7 males and 9 fe- males, form an intermediate class between the two, and the prospect of instructing them is faint. The majority belong to poor families, and of 82 capable of instruction, only 26 can contribute towards its expense.* Denmark. In[the Danish Dominions, from returns made by the clergy in 1807, the number of deaf and dumb was 515 in a popula- tion of 820,621, being one in every 1593.f According to the table in the third circular of the Paris Deaf and Dumb In- stitution, the number was 1260 with a population of 1,800,- 000—being in the proportion of I to 1428 and not 1714, as stated in the table and copied from thence into the last, (se- venth) edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica.J Hence there would be an increase instead of a diminution of the number, but I apprehend that this statement is merely conjectural, as I can find no authority for the number stated of the deaf and dumb. In 1834, however, a census was taken by order of the Government, of which the following are abstracts. Males. Females. Total. Zealand, including the city of Copenhagen, 144 114 258 Diocese of Laaland and Fals- ter, 13 12 25 Diocese of Funen, 51 46 97 Jutland, including four Dio- ceses, 129 121 250 337 293 630 * Troisieme Circulaire, p. 121. Bulletin des Sciences Medicales, toI. 1J, p. 53, t Dr. Reeve in Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. 7, p. 60. % Vol. 7, Art. Deaf and Dumb. 16 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. Age. Males. Females. Total. From 1 to S years, 24 27 51 8 to 14 • " 64 39 103 14 to 20 " 62 45 107 20 to 30 •' ,77 68 145 30 to 40 " *40 49 89 40 to 50 " 29 24 53 50 to 60 " 26 25 51 60 to 70 " 14 10 24 Above 70 " 1 6 7 337 293 630 The directors of the Royal Institution of Copenhagen sug- gest, that the number in the first line, between i and 8 years, is hardly complete, since very frequently the fact is not suffi- ciently ascertained during that period, of the infirmity of the child, or at all events, that there will be an indisposition to register it. They conceive that the number should be doubled, and the total will hence be 680. The proportion in various parts of the population is thus stated. Number. Population. Proportion. The Capital, Copenha- gen, 62+ 5— 67 119,292 1 in 1780 The cities, 65+ 5= 70 132,220 1 in 1889 The country, 503+40=543 972,295 1 in 1791 630+50=680 1,223,807 1 in 1800 If to these we add Iceland and the F&roe Islands, popula- tion 57,000 and 6,000—and the Dutchies of Schleswig, Hol- stein and Lauenberg, population 800,000, and allow to them deaf and Dumb in the proportion as above, of 1 to everv 1800, the total for the whole Danish Dominions will be as follows. Danish Provinces, properly so called, 680 Iceland and the Faroe Islands, 35 Dutchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenberg, 450 1165* " Quatrieme Circulaire, p. 209 to 218. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. 17 Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1829, previous to the separation of Holland and Belgi- um there were in that kingdom 2166 mutes in a population of 6,166,854, being a proportion of 1 in 2847. Belgium. In 1835, a census of the deaf and dumb was taken in this kingdom, which I present in a tabular form, adding the sexes of those aged from 6 to 18 years. ■ '■' ■ 'j- 1 Deaf& Males from ! Females fra. PROVINCES. Population. dumb. Pi oportion: 6 to 18. 6 to 18. Total. Antwerp, 358,107 102 I to 3511 17 17 34 Brabant, - 565,353 240 1 to 2355 43 28 71 West Flanders, 609,045 281 1 to 2167 58 36 94 East Flanders, 743,232 312 1 to 2382 61 57 118 Hainault, - - 617,683 331 1 to 1866 40 47 87 Liege, - - 377,909 194 1 to 1948 27 16 43 Limburg, - - 341,880 173 1 to 1976 26 18 44 Luxemburg, - 311,113 127 1 to 2450 20 19 39 Namur, - - 217,935 140 1 to 1557 19 * 15 34 Total, 4,142,257 1900 1 to 2180 I 311 253 564 The proportion of the sexes in the whole number is eight females to ten males.* Kingdom of Saxony. Population. Deaf and Dumb. Proportion. July 3, 1832,-' 1,558,153 1168 1 in 1334 It is here also suggested that many between the ages of one and five have not been counted, and it is proposed to add one- eighth for this omission, which will be 146, and thus raise the number to 1314, and make the proportion 1 to every 1186 inhabitants. Of the number obtained by the census, 643 are males and 525 females. The male population of Saxony is 756,554 and the female 801,599. The proportion then, of male mutes to the whole male population, is one in every 1W7, and of the female, 1 in 1527. The true mode, however, of comparing the sexes in this respect, is to apply the male proportion to * Quatrieme Ciiculaire, ft 2^. 3 18 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. the female population. This will give 681 as the number of male mutes to a male population equal to the females, and the ratio therefore will be 681 to 525, or nearly 4 males to 3 females.* According to Mr. Preston, another census of this kingdom was declared December 1, 1834, with the following results. Population. Deaf and Dumb. Proportion. 1,595,668 1010 1 in 1579f Dutchy of Brunswick. The following medico-statistical table of the deaf and dumb in this Dutchy, in 1836, by Dr. Mansfeld, I take from a re- cent number of the British and Foreign Medical Review. 1. The whole population of the Dutchy is 253,232 ; the total number of deaf and dumb 125, consequently the propor- tion's 1 in 2026. 2. Of the 125, 60 are males and 65 fe- males. *3. Nearly the fourth part of the whole number had one or two brothers or sisters similarly affected. 4. For the most part, these persons belong to the middle and lower classes, their parents being generally poor. 5. The health of these persons is in general good, those residing in the vici- nity of the Harz are said to be scrofulous, and five of the whole number are idiotic. In two cases only could the deaf and dumbness be traced to distinct causes, viz. one as the con- sequence of fright, the other of miliary fever. 6. Almost all the deaf and dumb in the Dutchy have the benefit of educa- tion, a circumstance very creditable to the country, and which the author, with a just pride, contrasts with the great neglect of the same class of persons in Austria, in which vast empire it appears that out of 20,639 individuals laboring under this infirmity, only 400 are placed in houses of instruction, 10 in number, all the rest being left without assistance. When it is considered that of this number the fifth part at least are sus- ceptible of instruction, there is evidently here a great neglect of the duties of humanity. . 7. With the exception of those who are yet loo young to work or who are mentally incapable * QuatriemeCirculaire,p. 206. t Lond. Athena5um,No. 443, April23,1836. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb. 19 of gaining their livelihood, or are supported by relatives, (57 in all) or who are in the course of instruction (num- ber not mentioned,) all the others are gaining their own livelihood, as artizans and laborers. Doctor Mansfeld calls the particular attention of teachers to the fact that in many cases the inability to acquire the sound of particular letters or words depends on physical defects of the organs of speech, and not mental incapacity. In proof of this, he instances nine cases among the children at this time in the Brunswick Insti- tution, who labor under some defect of this kind. The de- fects mentioned are the following: Imperfect uvula; thick tongue, without fraenum; large tongue, long and irregular uvu- la; tongue deficient in muscularity; tubular palate, imperfect uvula, enlarged tonsils; flat and irregular palate, general defec- tive size of mouth, large tonsils; imperfectly developed larynx.* England.' " It has been ascertained that the number of deaf and dumb in England and Wales is not less than 8000. One in every 1750, the population being 14 millions."! Ireland. " M. Mucke, Director of the Institution at Prague informs us that a census of the deaf and dumb has been taken in Ire- land, and that 3500 were found in a population of 6 millions, being 1 in every 1714. "J Italy. According to a government census in the Dutchy of Mode- na, the Commune of Modena contained 25 deaf and dumb in 50,000 ; Province of Reggio 72 in 142,000. No further details have been obtained, but it is stated on the authority of M. Fabriani, that the proportion ascertained is 1 in 2000. Now as the populatiou of the whole Dutchy is 376,000, the number of deaf and dumb is probably 188. The city of Rome, with a population of 150,000, contains 70 deaf and dumb, 30 females and 40 males.§ * British and Foreign Medical Review, vol, 3, p. 255, from the Hanno- versche Annalen, October, 1836. t London Journal of Education, vol. 7, p. 193. t Troisieme Circulaire, p. 125. § Quatrieme Circulate, p. 205. 20 Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb, The above are all the authentic reports (with the exception of those given in the succeeding table,) that I have been enabled to obtain. It does not appear that a census has yet been taken in France or in the Austrian empire. To supply these deficiencies, and at the same time to form some estimate as to the probable number of the deaf and dumb, the editors of the " Troisieme Circulaire" constructed a table of such as were then (1832,) ascertained and took the average and ap- plied it to the population of various countries, and finally to the whole world. This table is as follows. Countries. Population, i s%,ooo Deaf &ilumb.| Proportion. Switzerland, 1,777 1 ni 503 Grand Dutchy of Baden, 1,108,060 1,983 1 in 559 Wurtemberg, 1,550,215 1,25011 in 1240 Bavaria, 4,037,000 2,90811 in 1338 Prussia, 12,726,823 8,223 1 in 1548 Electorate of Hesse, 550,000 400 1 in 1375 Dutchy of Nassau, 300,000 210 1 in 1428 Dutchy of Brunswick, 206,000 176 1 in 1170 Netherlands, 6,166,854 2,166 1 in 2S47 Denmark, 1,800,000 l,260|l in 1428 Ireland, 6,000,000 3,500il in 1714 United States, 12,000,000 6,000 l in 2000 47,339,952 29,853l 1 in 158 The average number (1585) is now taken and applied to those countries in which no census of the deaf and dumb had been taken, and a second table being thus formed, and the whole again compared, it appeared that Europe, with a po- pulation of 214 millions probably contained 139,212 deaf and dumb.f It is not necessary to copy this table after the foregoing explanation. It may be found in full in the Ency- clopedia Brittanica, as already quoted. I will now subjoin a table of those countries which I have mentioned in the former part of this paper, for the purpose of establishing a comparison between it and the one just o-'iven. The object of course, is to ascertain if possible, whether the "Corrected as stated in a previous page. tTroisieme Circulaire, p. 126. 182. Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb, 21 proportion of deaf and dumb has on the whole during the last few years, increased, diminished, or remained stationary. Countries. New-York, 1835, Denmark, 1834, Belgium, 1835, Saxony, 1834, Brunswick, 1836,) Population. Deaf ^-dumb. Proportion. 2,174,517 1,223,807 4,142,257 1,595,668 253,232 n 2032 n 1800 n 2180 n 1579 n 2026 9,389,481 4785 1 in 1962 At first sight, the result may seem to shew a diminution in the number, in proportion to the population ; but it must be recollected that the countries examined, contain in all less than ten millions—that they are generally healthy countries, and that some states, as Switzerland, where the number of deaf and dumb is unusually great, do not enter into the ele- ments of calculation. If these points be considered, we shall I think, be willing to allow that the former average (1 in 1500) is probably the nearest to exactness. As to the question of increase, in particular countries, it would certainly seem from most of the data now given, to be decided in the affirmative. Sex* We have but few facts on this point. The follow- ing is given in the French treatise already referred to. Deaf & Dumb. Males. Females. Proportion. Canton of Zurich, 206 111 95 7 to 6 Prussia, - - 2819 1591 1228 4 to 3 Denmark, - - - 607 325 282 8 to 7 State of N.Y. (1825) 569 289 280' 32 to 31 4201 We may add to this, State of New-York, 1835, Dutchy of Brunswick, 1836, Denmark, 1834, • - - - Belgium, 1835, - - - - Saxony, 1832, - - - - 2316 1885 6 to 5 719 342 377 19 to 21 125 60 65 12 to 13 630 337 293 7 to 6 564 311 253 6 to 5* 1168 643 525 6 to 5* "Nearly. 3206 1693 1513 6 to 5 ( 346 ) Art. XIII. Statistics of the Blind in the Uni- ted States, as ascertained by the Census of 1830, by T. Romeyn Beck, M. D. (Communicated by the Author.) Stale;, &c. Whites. ISJavesand color e