WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL M A N IKA L TREATIES GOVERNING LAND WARFARE IV A R DE PART MENT 7 JANUARY 1944 WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL TM 27-251 TREATIES GOVERNING LAND WARFARE WAR DEPARTMENT 7 JANUARY 1944 UNITED STATES GOVERN M EN T PRINTING OFFICE . WASHINGTON 1944 WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington 25, D. C., 7 January 1944. TM 27-251, Treaties Governing Land Warfare, is published for tht information and guidance of all concerned. [A. O. 300.7 (11 Oct 43).] By order of the Secretary of War: G. C. MARSHALL, Chief of Staff. Official; J. A. ULIO, Major General, The Adjutant General. II FOREWORD This manual is intended to serve as a supplement to FM 27-10, Rules of .and Warfare. The treaties and international conventions referred to herein are here given in full in the original French text together with an inglish translation, except the Hague Declaration No. XIV of 18 October 907 prohibiting the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons. The United States has stated it will not observe this Declaration, none of he other belligerents being bound thereby.) It will be noted that the French text is the only official text so far as the international relations of states are concerned; and accordingly, in case of dispute as to the meaning )f any provision, it is the French text which must be accepted as controlling. Though the English translation is, in general, believed to be correct, no translation can always give the meaning of the original with entire accuracy. Each of the conventions signed at The Hague in 1907 and set forth in this manual, save that relative to the opening of hostilities, contains a pro- vision that it shall be binding upon any of the belligerents in a war only if all the belligerents in that war are parties to it. As neither I taly nor Bulgaria has ratified the 1907 conventions given herein, the United States might have declined to be bound by them. However, as those conventions in general express the practice of civilized nations at war, the United States has adopted the policy of observing and enforcing their provisions. In this connection the provisions of Section I, Circular No. 136, War Department, 7 May 1942, will be carefully observed. The pertinent part of this circular reads as follows: “/•—Obedience to treaties and conventions.—Attention is directed to FM 27-10, October 1, 1940, and especially to paragraph 5, with reference to the obligation to obey international treaties and conventions. Although all of the conventions set out on page VI of that manual are not binding on all of the countries with which the United States is at war, as indicated in the last sentence below, they will be observed and enforced by the Army of the United States as provided in FM 27-10. Any failure of an enemy belligerent to accord similar rights and treatment to United States forces will be promptly reported to the War Department. The Flague Declaration Number XIV, October 18, 1907, prohibiting the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons (H. D. XIV), is not binding and will not be observed.” The Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929 (Articles 89 to 97, inch) and the Geneva Red Cross Convention of 1929 (Articles 31 to 39, inch) contain no provision requiring that all the belligerents be parties to ;ni the conventions in order to make them binding; hence, every nation whicL ratified them is now bound to observe their provisions with respect to ever other nation which has ratified or adhered to them. A list of the nation which have ratified these conventions or have subsequently adhered to their as of 7 December 1941, is given at the end of the text of each convention Although Japan has not ratified or formally adhered to the Prisoners of Wa> Convention, it has, through the Swiss Government, agreed to apply th provisions thereof to prisoners of war under its control, and also, so far a practicable, to interned civilians. The United States has ratified both o the above conventions, and its armies will therefore comply with them. IV CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Opening of Hostilities 3 Hague Convention No. Ill of 18 October 1907 2. Laws and Customs of War on Land 9 Hague Convention No. IV of 18 October 1907, and Annex thereto, embodying Regulations 3. Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons. 37 Hague Convention No. V of 18 October 1907 4. Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines.. 49 Hague Convention No. VIII of 18 October 1907 5. Bombardment by Naval Forces 57 Hague Convention No. IX of 18 October 1907 6. Prisoners of War 65 Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention of 27 July 1929 7. Wounded and Sick 129 Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 27 July 1929 Appendix A. Conditions of an Armistice With Germany, Signed 11 November 1918 152 B. Form of Armistice Between Two Opposing Forces. 163 C. Form of Armistice Between Besieging Force and Garrison 165 D. Capitulation of Santiago, 1898 167 E. Capitulation of Manila, 1898 169 F. Forms of Passport, Safe Conduct, and Safeguard. 171 Index 173 1 Chapitre I L’OUVERTURE DES HOSTILITÉS Convention de La Haye Ko. III, 18 Octobre 1907 [Original] CONVENTION RELATIVE À L’OUVERTURE DES HOSTILITÉS [Here follows the list of Sovereigns and Heads of States who sent Plenipotentiaries to the Conference.] Considérant que, pour la sécurité des relations pacifiques, il importe que les hostilités ne commencent pas sans un avertissement préalable; • Qu'il importe, de même, que Pétât de guerre soit notifié sans retard aux Puissances neutres; Désirant conclure une Convention à cet effet, ont nommé pour Leurs Plénipotentiaires, savoir: [Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries.] Lesquels, après avoir déposé leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des dispositions suivantes: Article Premier. Les Puissances contractantes reconnaissent que les hostilités entre elles ne doivent pas commencer sans un avértissement préalable et non équivoque, qui aura, soit la forme d’une déclaration de guerre motivée, soit celle d’un ultimatum avec déclaration de guerre conditionelle. Article 2. L’état de guerre devra être notifié sans retard aux Puissances neutres et ne produira effet à leur égard qu’après réception d’une notification qui pourra être faite même par voie télégraphique. Toutefois les Puissances neutres ne pourraient invoquer l’absence de notification, s’il était établi d’une manière non douteuse qu’en fait elles connais- saient l’état de guerre. 2 Chapter i OPENING OF HOSTILITIES Hague Convention No. HI of 18 October 1907 (36 Stat. 2259; Treaty Series No. 538; Malloy Treaties, Vol. II, p. 2259) [Translation] CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE OPENING OF HOSTILITIES [Here follows the list of Sovereigns and Heads of States who sent Plenipotentiaries to the Conference.] Considering that it is important, in order to ensure the maintenance of pacific relations, that hostilities should not commence without previous warning; That it is equally important that the existence of a state of war should be notified without delay to neutral Powers; Being desirous of concluding a Convention to this effect, have appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries: [Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries.] Who, after depositing their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provisions: Article 1. The Contracting Powers recognize that hostilities between themselves must not commence without previous and explicit warning, in the form either of a reasoned declaration of war or of an ultimatum with conditional declaration of war. Article 2. The existence of a state of war must be notified to the neutral Powers without delay, and shall not take effect in regard to them until after the receipt of a notification, which may, however, be given by telegraph. Neutral Powers, nevertheless, cannot rely on the absence of notification if it is clearly established that they were in fact aware of the existence of a state of war. 3 Article 3. L’article / de la présente Convention produira effet en cas de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs des Puissances contractantes. L’article 2 est obligatoire dans les rapports entre un belligérant contractant et les Puissances neutres également contractantes. Article 4. La présente Convention sera ratifiée aussitôt que possible. Les ratifications seront déposées à La Haye. Le premier dépôt de ratifications sera constaté par un procès-verbal signé par les représentants des Puissances qui y prennent part et par le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères des Pays-Bas. Les dépôts ultérieurs de ratifications se feront au moyen dune notification écrite adressée au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et accompagnée de l’instrument de ratification. Copie certifiée conforme du procès-verbal relatif au prmier dépôt de ratifications, des notifications mentionnées à l'alinéa précédent ainsi que des instruments de ratification, sera immédiatement remise par les soins du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et par la voie diplomatique aux Puissances conviées à la Deuxième Conférence de la Paix, ainsi qu’aux autres Puissances qui auront adhéré à la Convention. Dans les cas visés par F alinéa précédent, ledit Gouvernement leur fera connaître en même temps la date à laquelle il a reçu la notification. Article 5. Les Puissances non signataires sont admises à adhérer à la présente Convention. La Puissance qui désire adhérer notifie par écrit son intention au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas en luii transmettant Pacte d’adhésion qui sera dépose dans les archives dudit Gouvernement. - Ce Gouvernement transmettra immédiatement à toutes les autres Puissances copie certifiée conforme de la notification ainsi que de Pacte dadhésion, en indiquant la date à laquelle il a reçu la notification. Article 6. La présente Convention produira effet, pour les Puissances qui auront participé au premier dépôt de ratifications, soixante jours après la date du procès-verbal de ce dépôt, et, pour les Puissances qui ratifieront ultérieurement ou qui adhéreront, soixante jours après que la notification de leur ratification ou de leur adhésion aura été reçue par le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas. 4 Article 3. Article I of the present Convention shall take effect in case of war between two or more of the Contracting Powers. Article II is binding as between a belligerent Power which is a party to the Convention and neutral Powers which are also parties to the Convention. Article 4. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible. The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague. The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a procès-verbal signed by the Representatives of the Powers which take part therein and by the Netherland Minister for Foreign Affairs. The subsequent deposits of ratifications shall be made by means of a written notification addressed to the Netherland Government and accom- panied by the instrument of ratification. A duly certified copy of the procès-verbal relative to the first deposit of ratifications, of the notifications mentioned in the preceding paragraph, as well as of the instruments of ratification, shall be at once sent by the Neth- erland Government through the diplomatic channel to the Powers invited to the Second Peace Conference, as well as to the other Powers which have adhered to the Convention. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the said Government shall at the same time inform them of the date on which it received the notification. Article 5. Non-Signatory Powers may adhere to the present Convention. The Power which wishes to adhere notifies in writing its intention to the Netherland Government, forwarding to it the act of adhesion, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government. The said Government shall at once forward to all the other Powers a duly certified copy of the notification as well as of the act of adhesion, stating the date on which it received the notification. Article 6. The present Convention shall come into force, in the case of the Powers which were a party to the first deposit of ratifications, sixty days after the date of the procès-verbal of that deposit, and, in the case of the Powers which ratify subsequently or which adhere, sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their adhesion has been received by the Netherland Gov- ernment. 5 Article 7. S’il arrivait qu’une des Hautes Parties contractantes voulût dénoncer la présente Convention, la dénonciation sera notifiée par écrit au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas qui communiquera immédiatement copie certifiée conforme de la notification à toutes les autres Puissances en leur faisant savoir la date à laquelle il l’a reçue. La dénonciation ne produira ses effets qu’à l’égard de la Puissance qui l’aura notifiée et un an après que la notification en sera parvenue au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas. Article 8. Un registre tenu par le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères des Pays-Bas indiquera la date du dépôt de ratifications effectué en vertu de Particle 4 alinéas 3 et 4, ainsi que la date à laquelle auront été reçues les notifications ainsi que les casques métalliques et les masques contre les gaz. Les sommes dont sont porteurs les prisonniers ne pourront leur être enlevées que sur l’ordre d’un officier et après que leur montant aura été constaté. Un reçu en sera délivre. Les sommes ainsi enlevées devront être portées au compte de chaque prisonnier. Les pièces d’identité, les insignes de grade, les décorations et les objets de valeur ne pourront être enlevés aux prisonniers. 68 Article 4. The Power detaining prisoners of war is bound to provide for their maintenance. Difference in treatment among prisoners is lawful only when it is based on the military rank, state of physical or mental health, pro- fessional qualifications or sex of those who profit thereby. TITLE II. CAPTURE. Article 5. Every prisoner of war is bound to give, if he is questioned on the subject, his true name and rank, or else his regimental number. If he infringes this rule, he is liable to have the advantages given to prisoners of his class curtailed. No coercion may be used on prisoners to secure information relative to the condition of their army or country. Prisoners who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind whatever. If, because of his physical or mental condition, a prisoner is unable to identify himself, he shall be turned over to the medical corps. Article 6. All effects and objects of personal use—except arms, horses, military equipment and military papers—shall remain jn the possession of prisoners of war, as well as metal helmets and gas masks. Money in the possession of prisoners may not be taken away from them except by order of an officer and after the amount is determined. A receipt shall be given. Money thus taken away shall be entered to the account of each prisoner. Identification documents, insignia of rank, decorations and objects of value may not be taken from prisoners. 69 TITRE III. DE LA CAPTIVITÉ. Section I. De l’Évacuation des Prisonniers de Guerre. Article 7. Dans le plus bref délai possible après leur capture, les prisonniers de guerre seront évacués sur des dépôts situés dans une région assez éloignée de la zone de combat pour qu’ils se trouvent hors de danger. Ne pourront être maintenus, temporairement, dans une zone dangereuse que les prisonniers qui, en raison de leurs blessures ou de leurs maladies, courraient de plus grands risques à être évacués qu’à rester sur place. Les prisonniers ne seront pas inutilement exposés au danger; en attendant leur évacuation d’une zone de combat. L’évacuation à pied des prisonniers ne pourra se faire normalement que par étapes de 20 kilomètres par jour, à moins que la nécessité d’atteindre les dépôts d’eau et de nourriture n’exige de plus longues étapes. Article 8. Les belligérants sont tenus de se notifier réciproquement toute cap- ture de prisonniers dans le plus bref délai possible, par l’intermédiaire des bureaux de renseignements, tels qu’ils sont organisés à l’article 77. Ils sont également tenus de s’indiquer mutuellement les adresses officielles auxquelles les correspondances des familles peuvent être adressées aux prisonniers de guerre. Aussitôt que faire se pourra, tout prisonnier devra être mis en mesure de correspondre lui-même avec sa famille, dans les conditions prévues aux articles 36 et suivants. En ce qui concerne les prisonniers capturés sur mer, les dispositions du présent article seront observées aussitôt que possible après l’arrivée .au port. Section IL Des Camps de Prisonniers de Guerre. Article 9. Les prisonniers de guerre pourront être internés dans une ville, forteresse ou localité quelconque, avec Vobligation de ne pas s’en éloigner au delà de certaines limites déterminées. Ils pourront également être internés dans des camps clôturés; ils ne pourront être enfermés ou consignes que par mesure indispensable de sûreté ou d’hygiène, et seulement pendant la durée des circonstances qui nécessitent cette mesure. ' Les prisonniers capturés dans des régions malsaines ou dont le climat est pernicieux pour les personnes venant des régions tempérées seront transportés, aussitôt que possible, sous un climat plus favorable. 70 TITLE III. CAPTIVITY. Section I.—Evacuation of Prisoners of War. Article 7. Prisoners of war shall be evacuated within the shortest possible period after their capture, to depots located in a region far enough from the zone of combat for them to be out of danger. Only prisoners who, because of wounds or sickness, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by remaining where they are may be temporarily kept in a dangerous zone. Prisoners shall not be needlessly exposed to danger while awaiting their evacuation from the combat zone. Evacuation of prisoners on foot may normally be effected only by stages of 20 kilometers a day, unless the necessity of reaching water and food depots requires longer stages. Article 8, Belligerents are bound mutually to notify each other of their capture of prisoners within the shortest period possible, through the intermediary of the information bureaus, such as are organized according to Article 77. They are likewise bound to inform each other of the official addresses to which the correspondence of their families may be sent to prisoners of war. As soon as possible, every prisoner must be enabled to correspond with his family himself, under the conditions provided in Articles 36 et seq. As regards prisoners captured at sea, the provisions of the present article shall be observed as soon as possible after arrival at port. Section II.—Prisoners-of-War Camps. Article 9. Prisoners of war may be interned in a town, fortress, or other place, and bound not to go beyond certain fixed limits. They may also be interned in enclosed camps; they may not be confined or imprisoned except as an indispensable measure of safety or sanitation, and only while the circumstances which necessitate the measure continue to exist. Prisoners captured in unhealthful regions or where the climate is injurious for persons coming from temperate regions, shall be transported, as soon as possible, to a more favorable climate. Les belligérants éviteront, autant que possible, de réunir dans un même camp des prisonniers de races ou de nationalités différentes. Aucun prisonnier ne pourra, à quelque moment que ce soit, être renvoyé dans une région où il serait exposé au feu de la zone de combat, ni être utilisé pour mettre par sa présence certains points ou certaines régions à l’abri du bombardement. Chapitre Premier.—De l’Installation des Camps. Article 10. Les prisonniers de guerre seront logés dans des bâtiments ou dans des baraquements présentant toutes garanties possibles d’hygiène et de salubrité. Les locaux devront être entièrement à l’abri de l’humidité, suffisamment chauffés et éclairés. Toutes les précautions devront être prises contre les dangers d’incendie. Quant aux dortoirs: surface totale, cube d’air minimum, aménagement et matériel de couchage, les conditions seront les mêmes que pour les troupes de dépôt de la Pruissance détentrice. Chapitre 2.-—De la Nourriture et de l’Habillement des Prisonniers de Guerre. Article 11. La ration alimentaire des prisonniers de guerre sera équivalente en quan- tité et qualité à celle des troupes de dépôt. Les prisonniers recevront, en outre, les moyens de préparer euxmêmes les suppléments dont ils disposeraient. De l’eau potable en suffisance leur sera fournie. L’usage du tabac sera autorisé. Les prisonniers pourront être employés aux cuisines. Toutes mesures disciplinaires collectives portant sur la nourriture sont interdites. Article 12. L’habillement, le linge et les chaussures seront fournis aux prisonniers de guerre par la Puissance détentrice. Le remplacement et les réparations de ces effets devront être assurés régulièrement. En outre, les travailleurs devront recevoir une tenue de travail partout où la nature de travail l’exigera. Dans tous les camps seront installées des cantines où les prisonniers pourront se procurer, aux prix du commerce local, des denrées alimentaires et des objets usuels. 72 Belligerents shall, so far as possible, avoid assembling in a single camp prisoners of different races or nationalities. No prisoner may, at any tipne, be sent into a region where he might be exposed to the fire of the combat zone, nor used to give protection from bombardment to certain points or certain regions by his presence. Chapter 1.—Installation of Camps. Article 10. Prisoners of war shall be lodged in buildings or in barracks affording all possible guarantees of hygiene and healthfulness. The quarters must be fully protected from dampness, sufficiently heated and lighted. All precautions must be taken against danger of fire. With regard to dormitories—the total surface, minimum cubic amount of air, arrangement and material of bedding—the conditions shall be the same as for the troops at base camps of the detaining Power. Chapter 2.—Food and Clothing of Prisoners of War. Article 11. The food ration of prisoners of war shall be equal in quantity and quality to that of troops at base camps. Furthermore, prisoners shall receive facilities for preparing themselves, additional food which they might have. A sufficiency of potable water shall be furnished them. The use of tobacco shall be permitted. Prisoners may be employed in the kitchens. All collective disciplinary measures affecting the food are prohibited. Article 12. Clothing, linen and footwear shall be furnished prisoners of war by the detaining Power. Replacement and repairing of these effects must be assured regularly. In addition, laborers must receive work clothes wherever the nature of the work requires it. Canteens shall be installed in all camps where prisoners may obtain, at the local market price, food products and ordinary objects. 73 Les bénéfices procurés par les cantines aux administrations des camps seront utilisés au profit des prisonniers. Chapitre 3.—De l’Hygiène dans les Camps. Article 13. Les belligérants seront tenus de prendre toutes les mesures d’hygiène nécessaires pour assurer la propreté et la salubrité des camps et pour prévenir les épidémies. Les prisonniers de guerre disposeront, jour et nuit, d’installations con- formes aux règles de l’hygiène et maintenues en état constant de propreté. En outre, et sans préjudice des bains et douches dont les camps seront pourvus dans la mesure du possible, il sera fourni aux prisonniers pour leurs soins de propreté corporelle une quantité d’eau suffisante. Ils devront avoir la possibilité de se livrer à des exercises physiques et de bénéficier du plein air. Article 14. Chaque camp possédera une infirmerie, où les prisonniers de guerre recevront les soins de toute nature dont ils pourront avoir besoin. Le cas échéant, des locaux d’isolement seront réservés aux malades atteints d’affections contagieuses. Les frais de traitement, y compris ceux des appareils provisoires de prothèse, seront à la charge de la Puissance détentrice. Les belligérants seront tenus de remettre, sur demande, à tout prisonnier traité une déclaration officielle indiquant la nature et la durée de sa maladie, ainsi que les soins reçus. Il sera loisible aux billigérants de s’autoriser mutuellement, par voie d’arrangements particuliers, à retenir dans les camps des médecins et infirmiers chargés de soigner leurs compatriotes prisonniers. Les prisonniers atteints d’une maladie grave ou dont l’état nécessite une intervention chirurgicale importante, devront être admis, aux frais de la Puissance détentrice, dans toute formation militaire ou civile qualifiée pour les traiter. Article 15. Des inspections médicales des prisonniers de guerre seront organisées au moins une fois par mois. Elles auront pour object le contrôle de l’état général de santé et de l’état de propreté, ainsi que le dépistage des maladies contagieuses, notamment de la tuberculose et des affections vénériennes. 74 Profits made by the canteens for camp administrations shall be used for the benefit of prisoners. « Chapter 3.—Sanitary Service in Gamps. Article 13. Belligerents shall be bound to take all sanitary measures necessary to assure the cleanliness and healthfulness of camps and to prevent epidemics. Prisoners of war shall have at their disposal, day and night, installations conforming to sanitary rules and constantly maintained in a state of cleanliness. Furthermore, and without prejudice to baths and showers with which the camp shall be as well provided as possible, prisoners shall be furnished a sufficient quantity of water for the care of their own bodily cleanliness. It shall be possible for them to take physical exercise and enjoy the open air. Article 14. Every camp shall have an infirmary, where prisoners of war shall receive every kind of attention they need. If necessary, isolated quarters shall be reserved for the sick affected with contagious diseases. Expenses of treatment, including therein those of temporary prosthetic equipment, shall be borne by the detaining Power. Upon request, belligerents shall be bound to deliver to every prisoner treated an official statement showing the nature and duration of his illness as well as the attention received. It shall be lawful for belligerents reciprocally to authorize, by means of private arrangements, the retention in the camps of physicians and attendants to care for prisoners of their own country. Prisoners affected with a serious illness or whose condition necessitates an important surgical operation, must be admitted, at the expense of the detaining Power, to any military or civil medical unit qualified to treat them. Article 15. Medical inspections of prisoners of war shall be arranged at least once a month. Their purpose shall be the supervision of the general state of health and cleanliness, and the detection of contagious diseases, particu- larly tuberculosis and venereal diseases. 75 Chapitre 4.—Des Besoins Intellectuels et Moraux des Prissoniers de Guerre. Article 16. Toute latitude sera laissée aux prisonniers de guerre pour l'exercice de leur religion, y compris l'assistance aux offices de leur culte, à la seule condition de se conformer aux mesures d'ordre et de police prescrites par l'autorité militaire. Les ministres d'un culte, prisonniers de guerre, quelle que soit la dénomination de ce culte, seront autorisés à exercer pleinement leur ministère parmi leurs coreligionnaires. Article 17. Les belligérants encourageront le plus possible les distractions intellectu- elles et sportives organisées par les prisonniers de guerre. Chapitre 5.—De la Discipline Intérieure des Camps. Article 18. Chaque camp de prisonniers de guerre sera placé sous l'autorité d'un officier responsable. Outre les marques extérieures de respect prévues par les règlements en vigueur dans leurs armées à l'égard de leurs nationaux, les prisonniers de guerre devront le salut à tous les officiers de la Puissance détentrice. Les officiers prisonniers de guerre ne seront tenus de saluer que les officiers de grade supérieur ou égal de cette Puissance. Article 19. Le port des insignes de grade et des décorations sera autorisé. Article 20. Les règlements, ordres, avertissements et publications de toute nature devront être communiqués aux prisonniers de guerra dans une langue qu'ils comprennent. Le même principe sera appliqué aux interrogatoires. Chapitre 6.—Dispositions Spéciales Concernant les Officiers et Assimilés. Article 21. Dès le début des hostilités, les belligérants seront tenus de se rom- muniquer réciproquement les titres et les grades en usage dans leurs armées respectives, en vue d’assurer l’égalité de traitement entre les officiers et assimilés de grades équivalents. 76 Chapter 4.—Intellectual and Moral Needs of Prisoners of War. Article 16. Prisoners of war shall enjoy complete liberty in the exercise of their religion, including attendance at the services of their faith, on the sole condition that they comply with the measures of order and police issued by the military authorities. Ministers of a religion, prisoners of war, whatever their religious denomi- nation, shall be allowed to minister fully to members of the religion. Article 17. So far as possible, belligerents shall encourage intellectual diversions and sports organized by prisoners of war. Chapter 5.—Internal Discipline of Camps. Article 18. Every camp of prisoners of war shall bp placed under the command of a responsible officer. Besides the external marks of respect provided by the regulations in force in their armies with regard to their nationals, prisoners of war must salute all officers of the detaining Power. Officers who are prisoners of war are bound to salute only officers of a higher or equal rank of that Power. Article 19 The wearing of insignia of rank and of decorations shall be permitted. Article 20. Regulations, orders, notices and proclamations of every kind must be communicated to prisoners of war in a language which they understand. The same principle shall be applied in examinations. Chapter 6.—Special Provisions Regarding Officers and Persons of Equivalent Status. Article 21. Upon the beginning of hostilities, belligerents shall be bound to com- municate to one another the titles and ranks in use in their respective armies, with a view to assuring equality of treatment between correspond- ing ranks of officers and persons of equivalent status. 558485°—44 6 77 Les officiers et assimilés prisonniers de guerre seront traités avec les égards dus à leur grade et à leur âge. m Article 22 En vue d’assurer le service des camps d’officiers, des soldats prisonniers de guerre de la même armée, et autant que possible parlant la même langue, y seront détachés, en nombre suffisant, en tenant compte du grade des officiers et assimilés. Ceux-ci së procureront leur nourriture et leurs vêtements sur la solde qui leur sera versée par la Puissance détentrice. La gestion de l’ordinaire par les officiers eux-mêmes devra être favorisée de toute manière. Chapitre 7.—Des Ressources Pécuniaires des Prisonniers de Guerre Article 23. Sous réserve d’arrangements particuliers entre les Puissances belli- gérantes, et notamment de ceux prévus à l’article 24, les officiers et assimilés prisonniers de guerre recevront de la Puissance détentrice la même solde que les officiers de grade correspondant dans les armées de cette Puissance, sous condition, toutefois, que cette solde ne dépasse pas celle à laquelle ils ont droit dans les armées du pays qu’ils ont servi. Cette solde leur sera versée intégralement, une fois par mois si possible, et sans qu’il puisse être fait aucune déduction pour des dépenses incombant à la Puissance détentrice, alors même qu’elles seraient en leur faveur. Un accord entre les belligérants fixera le taux du change applicable à ce paiement; à défaut de pareil accord, le taux adopté sera celui en vigueur au moment de l’ouverture des hostilités. Tous les versements effectués aux prisonniers de guerre à titre de solde devront être remboursés, à la fin des hostilités, par la Puissance qu’ils ont servie. Article 24. Dès le début des hostilités, les belligérants fixeront d’un commun accord le montant maximum d’argent comptant que les prisonniers de guerre des divers grades et catégories seront autorisés à conserver par devers eux. Tout excédent retiré ou retenu à un prisonnier sera, de même que tout dépôt d’argent effectué par lui, porté à son compte, et ne pourra être converti en une autre monnaie sans son assentiment. Les soldes créditeurs de leurs comptes seront versés aux prisonniers de guerre à la fin de leur captivité. 78 Officers and persons of equivalent status who are prisoners of war shall be treated with the regard due their rank and age. Article 22. In order to assure service in officers’ camps, soldiers of the same army who are prisoners of war and, wherever possible, who speak the same language, shall be assigned thereto, in sufficient numbers, considering the rank of the officers and persons of equivalent status. The latter shall secure their food and clothing from the pay which shall be granted them by the detaining Power. Administration of the mess- fund by the officers themselves must be facilitated in every way. Chapter 7.—Financial Resources of Prisoners of War. Article 23. Subject to private arrangements between belligerent Powers, and par- ticularly those provided in Article 24, officers and persons of equivalent status who are prisoners of war shall receive from the detaining Power the same pay as officers of corresponding rank in the armies of that Power, on the condition, however, that this pay does not exceed that to which they are entitled in the armies of the country which they have served. This pay shall be granted them in full, once a month if possible, and with- out being liable to any deduction for expenses incumbent on the detaining Power, even when they are in favor of the prisoners. An agreement between the belligerents shall fix the rate of exchange applicable to this payment; in the absence of such an agreement, the rate adopted shall be that in force at the opening of hostilities. All payments made to prisoners of war as pay must be reimbursed, at the end of hostilities, by the Power which they have served. Article 24. Upon the outbreak of hostilities, the belligerents shall, by common agreement, fix the maximum amount of ready money which prisoners of war of various ranks and classes shall be allowed to keep in their possession. Any surplus taken or withheld from a prisoner shall be entered to his account, the same as any deposit of money effected by him, and may not be converted into another currency without his consent. Pay to the credit of their accounts shall be given to prisoners of war at the end of their captivity. 79 Pendant le durée de celle-ci, des facilités leur seront accordées pour le transfert de ces sommes, en tout ou partie, à des banques ou à des particuliers dans leur pays d’origine. Chapitre 8.—Du Transfert des Prisonniers de Guerre. Article 25. A moins que la marche des opérations militaires ne l’exige, les pri- sonniers de guerre malades et blessés ne seront pas transférés tant que leur guérison pourrait être compromise par le voyage. Article 26. En cas de transfert, les prisonniers de guerre seront avisés au préala- ble officiellement de leur nouvelle destination; ils seront autorisé à emporter leurs effets personnels, leur correspondance et les colis arrivés à leur adresse. Toutes dispositions utiles seront prises pour que la correspondance et les colis adressés à leur ancien camp leur soient transmis sans délai. Les sommes déposées au compte des prisonniers transférés seront trans- mises à l’autorité compétente du lieu de leur nouvelle résidence. Le£ frais causés par les transferts seront à la charge de la Puissance détentrice. Section III.—Du Travail des Prisonniers de Guerre. Chapitre Premier.—Généralités. Article 27. Les belligérants pourront employer comme travailleurs les prisonniers de guerre valides, selon leur grade et leurs aptitudes, à l’exception des officiers et assimilés. Toutefois, si des officiers ou assimilés demandent un travail qui leur convienne, celui-ci leur sera procuré dans la mesure du possible. Les sous-officiers prisonniers de guerre ne pourront être astreints qu’à des travaux de surveillance, à moins qu’ils ne fassent la demande expresse d’une occupation rémunératrice. Les belligérants seront tenus de mettre, pendant toute la durée de la captivité, les prisonniers de guerre victimes d’accidents du travail au bénéfice des dispositions applicables aux travailleurs de même catégorie selon la législation de la Puissance détentrice. En ce qui concerne les prisonniers de guerre auxquels ces dispositions légales ne pourraient être 80 During their imprisonment, facilities shall be granted them for the transfer of these amounts, in whole or in part, to banks or private persons in their country of origin. Chapter 8.—Transfer of Prisoners of War. Article 25. Unless the conduct of military operations so requires, sick and wounded prisoners of war shall not be transferred as long as their recovery might be endangered by the trip. Article 26. In case of transfer, prisoners of war shall be officially notified of their new destination in advance; they shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, their correspondence and packages which have arrived for them. All due measures shall be taken that correspondence and packages addressed to their former camp may be forwarded to them without delay. Money deposited to the account of transferred prisoners shall be transmitted to the competent authority of their new place of residence. The expenses occasioned by the transfer shall be charged to the detaining Power. Section III.—Labor of Prisoners of War. Chapter 1.—Generalities. Article 27. Belligerents may utilize the labor of able prisoners of war, according to their rank and aptitude, officers and persons of equivalent status excepted. However, if officers or persons of equivalent status request suitable work, it shall be secured for them so far as is possible. Noncommissioned officers who are prisoners of war shall only be required to do supervisory work, unless they expressly request a remunerative occupation. Belligerents shall be bound, during the whole period of captivity, to allow to prisoners of war who are victims of accidents in connection with their work the enjoyment of the benefit of the provisions appli- cable to laborers of. the same class according to the legislation of the detaining Power. With regard to prisoners of war to whom these legal 81 appliquées en raison de la législation de cette Puissance, celle-ci s’engage à recommander à son corps législatif toutes mesures propres à indemniser équitablement les victimes. Chapitre 2.—De l’Organisation du Travail. La Puissance détentrice assumera l’entière responsabilité de l’entretien, des soins, du traitement et du paiement des salaires des prisonniers de guerre travaillant pour le compte de particuliers. Article 28. Article 29. Aucun prisonnier de guerre ne pourra être employé à des travaux aux- quels il est physiquement inapte. Article 30. La durée du travail journalier des prisonniers de guerre, y compris celle du trajet d’aller et de retour, ne sera pas excessive et ne devra, en aucun cas, dépasser celle admise pour les ouvriers civils de la région employés au même travail. Il sera accordé à chaque prisonnier un repos de vingt-quatre heures consécutives chaque semaine, de préférence le dimanche. Chapitre 3.—Du Travail Prohibé. Article 31. Les travaux fournis par les prisonniers de guerre n’auront aucun rapport direct avec les opérations de la guerre. En particulier, il est interdit d’employer des prisonniers à la fabrication et au transport d’armes ou de munitions de toute nature, ainsi qu’au transport de matériel destiné à des unités combattantes. En cas de violation des dispositions de l’alinéa précédent, les prisonniers ont la latitude, après exécution ou commencement d’exécution de l’ordre, de faire présenter leurs réclamations par l’intermédiaire des hommes de confiance dont les fonctions sont prévues aux articles 43 et 44, ou, à défaut d’homme de confiance, par l’intermédiaire des représentants de la Puissance protectrice. Article 32. Il est interdit d’employer des prisonniers de guerre à des travaux in- salubres ou dangereux. Toute aggravation des conditions du travail par mesure disciplinaire est interdite. 82 provisions might not be applied by reason of the legislation of that Power, the latter undertakes to recommend to its legislative body all proper measures equitably to idemnify the victims. Chapter 2.—Organization of the Labor. Article 28. The detaining Power shall assume entire responsibility for the main- tenance, care, treatment and payment of wages of prisoners of war working for the account of private persons. Article 29. No prisoner of war may be employed at labors for which he is physically unfit. Article 30. The length of the day’s work of prisoners of war, including therein the trip going and returning, shall not be excessive and must not, in any case, exceed that allowed for the civil workers in the region employed at the same work. Every prisoner shall be allowed a rest of twenty-four con- secutive hours every week, preferably on Sunday. » Chapter 3.—Prohibited Labor. Article 31. Labor furnished by prisoners of war shall have no direct relation with war operations. It is especially prohibited to use prisoners for manufac- turing and transportating arms or munitions of any kind, or for transporting material intended for combatant units. In case of violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, pris- oners, after executing or beginning to execute the order, shall be free to have their protests presented through the mediation of the agents whose functions are set forth in Articles 43 and 44, or, in the absence of an agent, through the mediation of representatives of the protecting Power. Article 32. It is forbidden to use prisoners of war at unhealthful or dangerous work. Any aggravation of the conditions of labor by disciplinary measures is forbidden. 83 Chapitre 4.—Des Détachements de Travail. Article 33. Le régime des détachements de travail devra être semblable à celui des camps de prisonniers de guerre, en particulier en ce qui concerne les conditions hygiéniques, la nourriture, les soins en cas d’accident ou de maladie, la correspondance et la réception des colis. Tout détachement de travail relèvera d’un camp de prisonniers. Le commandant de ce camp sera responsable de l’observation, dans le détache- ment de travail, des dispositions de la présente Convention. Chapitre 5.—Du Salaire Article 34. Les prisonniers de guerre ne recevront pas de salaire pour les travaux concernant Vadministration, Vaménagement et Ventretien des camps. Les prisonniers employés à d’autres travaux auront droit à un salaire à fixer par des accords entre les belligérants. Ces accords spécifieront également la part que l’administration du camp pourra retenir, la somme qui appartiendra au prisonnier de guerre et la manière dont cette somme sera mise à sa disposition pendant la durée de sa captivité. En attendant la conclusion des dits accords, la rétribution du travail des prisonniers sera fixée selon les normes ci-dessous: a) Les travaux faits pour l’Etat seront payés d’après les tarifs en vigueur pour les militaires de l’armée nationale exécutant les mêmes tra- vaux, ou, s’il n’en existe pas, d’après un tarif en rapport avec les travaux exécutés. b) Lorsque les travaux ont lieu pour le compte d’autres administrations publiques ou pour des particuliers, les conditions en seront réglées d’accord avec l’autorité militaire. Le solde restant au crédit du prisonnier lui sera remis à la fin de sa captivité. En cas de décès, il sera transmis par la voie diplomatique au héritiers du défunt. Section IV. Des Relations des Prisonniers de Guerre avec l’Extérieur. Article 35. Dès le début des hostilités, les belligérants publieront les mesures prévues pour l’exécutiom des dispositions de la présente section. 84 Chapter 4.—Labor Detachments. Article 33. The system of labor detachments "must be similar to that of prisoners- of-war camps, particularly with regard to sanitary conditions, food, atten- tion in case of accident or sickness, correspondence and the receipt of packages. Every labor detachment shall be dependent on a prisoners’ camp. The commander of this camp shall be responsible for the observation, in the labor detachment, of the provisions of the present Convention. Chapter 5.—Wages. Article 34. Prisoners of war shall not receive wages for work connected with the administration, management and maintenance of the camps. Prisoners utilized for other work shall be entitled to wages to be fixed by agreements between the belligerents. These agreements shall also specify the part which the camp administra- tion may retain, the amount which shall belong to the prisoner of war and the manner in which that amount shall be put at his disposal during the period of his captivity. While awaiting the conclusion of the said agreements, payment for labor of prisoners shall be settled according ter the rules given below : a) Work done for the State shall be paid for in accordance with the rates in force for soldiers of the national army doing the same work, or, if none exists, according to a rate in harmony with the work performed. h) When the work is done for the account of other public adminis- trations or for private persons, conditions shall be regulated by agreement with the military authority. The pay remaining to the credit of the prisoner shall be delivered to him at the end of his captivity. In case of death, it shall be forwarded through the diplomatic channel to the heirs of the deceased. Section IV.—External Relations of Prisoners of War. Article 35. Upon the outbreak of hostilities, belligerents shall publish the measures provided for the execution of the provisions of this section. 85 Article 36. Chacun des belligérants fixera périodiquement le nombre des lettres et des cartes postales que les prisonniers de guerre des diverses catégories seront autorisés à expédier par mois, et notifiera ce nombre à l’autre belligérant. Ces lettres et cartes seront transmises par la poste suivant la voie la plus courte. Elles ne pourront être retardées ni retenues pour motifs de discipline. Dans le délai maximum d’une semaine après son arrivée au camp et de même en cas de maladie, chaque prisonnier sera mis en mesure d’adresser à sa famille une carte postale l’informant de sa capture et de l’état de sa santé. Les dites cartes postales seront transmises avec toute la rapidité possible et ne pourront être retardées d’aucune manière. En règle générale, la correspondence des prisonniers sera rédigée dans la langue maternelle de ceux-ci. Les belligérants pourront autoriser la correspondance en d’autres langues. Article 37. Les prisonniers de guerre seront autorisés à recevoir individuellement des colis postaux contenant des denrées alimentaires et d’aurtes articles destinés à leur ravitaillement ou à leur habillement. Les colis seront remis aux destinataires contre quittance. Article 38. Les lettres et envois d’argent ou de valeurs, ainsi que les colis postaux destinés aux prisonniers de guerre ou expédiés par eux, soit directement, soit par l’intermédiaire des bureaux de renseignements prévus à l’article 77, seront affranchis de toutes taxes postales, aussi bien dans les pays d’origine et de destination que dans les pays intermédiaires. Les dons et secours en nature destinés aux prisonniers seront pareillement affranchis de tous droits d’entrée et autres, ainsi que des taxes de transport sur les chemins de fer exploités par l’Etat. Les prisonniers pourront, en cas d’urgence reconnue, être autorisés à expédier des télégrammes, contre paiement des taxes usuelles. Article 39. Les prisonniers de guerre seront autorisés à recevoir individuellement des envois de livres, qui pourront être soumis à la censure. Les représentants des Puissances protectrices et des sociétés de secours dûment reconnues et autorisées pourront envoyer des ouvrages et des col- lections de livres aux bibliothèques des camps de prisonniers. La trans- mission de ces envois aux bibliothèques ne pourra être retardée sous prétexte de difficultés de censure. 86 Article 36. Each of the belligerents shall periodically determine the number of letters and postal cards per month which prisoners of war of the various classes shall be allowed to send, and shall inform the other belligerent of this number. These letters and cards shall be transmitted by post by the shortest route. They may not be delayed or retained for disciplinary reasons. Within a period of not more than one week after his arrival at the camp, and likewise in case of sickness, every prisoner shall be enabled to write his family a postal card informing it of his capture and of the state of his health. The said postal cards shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible and may not be delayed in any manner. As a general rule, correspondence of prisoners shall be written in their native language. Belligerents may allow correspondence in other languages. Article 37. Prisoners of war shall be allowed individually to receive parcels by mail, containing foods and other articles intended to supply them with food or clothing. Packages shall be delivered to the addresses and a receipt given. Article 38. Letters and consignments of money or valuables, as well as parcels by post intended for prisoners of war or dispatched by them, either directly, or by the mediation of the information bureaus provided for in Article 77, shall be exempt from all postal duties in the countries of origin and des- tination, as well as in the countries they pass through. Presents arid relief in kind for prisoners shall be likewise exempt from all import and other duties, as well as of payments for carriage by the State railways. Prisoners may, in cases of acknowledged urgency, be allowed to send telegrams, paying the usual charges. Article 39. Prisoners of war shall be allowed to receive shipments of books indi- vidually, which may be subject to censorship. Representatives of the protecting Powers and duly recognized and authorized aid societies may send books and collections of books to the libraries of prisoners’ camps. The transmission of these shipments to libraries may not be delayed under the pretext of censorship difficulties. 87 Article 40. La censure des correspondances devra être faite dans le plus bref délai possible. Le contrôle des envois postaux devra, en outre, s’effectuer dans des conditions propres à assurer la conservation des denrées qu’ils pourront contenir et, si possible, en présence du destinataire ou d’un homme de confiance dûment reconnu par lui. Les interdictions de correspondance édictées par les belligérants, pour des raisons militaires ou politiques, ne pourront avoir qu’un caractère mo- mentané et devront être aussi brèves que possible. Article 41. Les belligérants assureront toutes facilités pour la transmission des actes, pièces ou documents destinés aux prisonniers de guerre ou signés par eux, en particulier des procurations et des testaments. Ils prendront les mesures nécessaires pour assurer, en cas de besoin, la légalisation des signatures données par les prisonniers. Section V. Des Rapports des Prisonniers de Guerre avec les Autorités. Chapitre Premier.—Des Plaintes des Prisonniers de Guerre à Raison du Régime de la Captivité. Article 42. Les prisonniers de guerre auront le droit de faire connaître aux autorités militaires sous le pouvoir desquelles ils se trouvent leurs requêtes concernant le régime de capitivité auquel ils sont soumis. Ils auront également le droit de s’adresser aux représentants des Puis- sances protectrices pour leur signaler les points sur lesquels ils auraient des plaintes à formuler à Végard du régime de la captivité. Ces requêtes et réclamations devront être transmises d’urgence. Même si elles sont reconnues non fondées, elles ne pourront donner lieu à aucune punition. Chapitre 2.—Des Représentants des Prisonniers de Guerre. Article 43. Dans toute localité où se trouveront des prisonniers de guerre, ceux-ci seront autorisés à désigner des hommes de confiance chargés de les représenter vis-à-vis des autorités militaires et des Puissances protectrices. 88 Article 40. Censorship of correspondence must be effected within the shortest pos- sible time. Furthermore, inspection of parcels post must be effected under proper conditions to guarantee the preservation of the products which they may contain and, if possible, in the presence of the addressee or an agent duly recognized by him. Prohibitions of correspondence promulgated by the belligerents for military or political reasons, must be transient in character and as short as possible. Article 41. Belligerents shall assure all facilities for the transmission of instruments, papers or documents intended for prisoners of war or signed by them, particularly of powers of attorney and wills. They shall take the necessary measures to assure, in case of necessity, the authentication of signatures made by prisoners. Section V.—Prisoners’ Relations With the Authorities. • v ' ■ TV. , Chapter 1.—Complaints of Prisoners of War Because of the Conditions of Captivity. Article 42. Prisoners of war shall have the right to inform the military authorities in whose power they are of their requests with regard to the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected. They shall also have the right to address themselves to representatives of the protecting Powers to indicate to them the points on which they have complaints to formulate with regard to the conditions of^captivity. These requests and complaints must be transmitted immediately. Even if they are recognized to be unfounded, they may not occasion any punishment. Chapter 2.—Representatives of Prisoners of War. Article 43. In every place where there are prisoners of war, they shall be allowed to appoint agents entrusted with representing them directly with military authorities and protecting Powers. 89 Cette désignation sera soumise à l’approbation de l’autorité militaire. Les hommes de confiance seront chargés de la réception et de la réparti- tion des envois collectifs. De même, au cas où les prisonniers décideraient d’organiser entre eux un système d’assistance mutuelle, cette organization serait de la compétence des hommes de confiance. D’autre part, ceux-ci pourront prêter leurs offices aux prisonniers pour faciliter leurs relations avec les sociétés de secours mentionnées à l’article 78. Dans les camps d’officiers et assimilés, l’officier prisonnier de guerre le plus ancien dans le grade le plus élevé sera reconnu comme intermédiaire entre les autorités du camp et les officiers et assimilés prisonniers. A cet effet, il aura la faculté de désigner un officier prisonnier pour l’assister en qualité d’interprète au cours des conférences avec les autorités du camp. Article 44. Lorsque les hommes de confiance seront employés comme travailleurs, leur activité comme représentants des prisonniers de guerre devra être comptée dans la durée obligatoire du travail. Toutes facilités seront accordées aux hommes de confiance pour leur correspondance avec les autorités militaires et avec la Puissance protectrice. Cette correspondance ne sera pas limitée. Aucun représentant des prisonniers ne pourra être transféré sans que le temps nécessaire lui ait été laissé pour mettre ses successeurs au courant des affaires en cours. Chapitre 3.—Des Sanctions Pénales à VÊgard des Prisonniers de Guerre. 1. Dispositions Générales. Article 45. Les prisonniers de guerre seront soumis aux lois, règlements et ordres en vigueur dans les armées de la Puissance détentrice. Tout acte d’insubordination autorisera à leur égard les mesures prévues par ces lois, règlements et ordres. Demeurent réservées, toutefois, les dispositions du présent chapitre. 90 This appointment shall be subject to the approval of the military authority. The agents shall be entrusted with the • reception and distribution of collective shipments. Likewise, in case the prisoners should decide to organize a mutual assistance system among themselves, this organization would be in the sphere of the agents. Further, they may lend their offices to prisoners to facilitate their relations with the aid societies mentioned in Article 78. In camps of officers and persons of equivalent status, the senior officer prisoner of the highest rank shall be recognized as intermediary between the camp authorities and the officers and persons of equivalent status who are prisoners. For this purpose, he shall have the power to appoint a prisoner officer to assist him as an interpreter during the conferences with the camp authorities. Article 44. When the agents are employed as laborers, their activity as representa- tives of prisoners of war must be counted in the compulsory period of labor. All facilities shall be accorded the agents for their intercourse with the military authorities and with the protecting Power. This inter- course shall not be limited. No representative of the prisoners may be transferred without the necessary time being allowed him to inform his successors about affairs under consideration. Chapter 3.—Penalties Applicable to Prisoners of War. 1. General Provisions. Article 45. Prisoners of war shall be subject to the laws, regulations, and orders in force in the armies of the detaining Power. An act of insubordination shall justify the adoption towards them of the measures provided by such laws, regulations and orders. The provisions of the present chapter, however, are reserved. 91 Article 46. Les prisonniers de guerre ne pourront être frappés par les autorités militaires et les tribunaux de la Puissance détentrice d’autres peines que celles qui sont prévues pour les mêmes faits à l’égard des militaires des armées nationales. A identité de grade, les officiers, sous-officiers ou soldats prisonniers de guerre subissant une peine disciplinaire ne seront pas soumis à un traitement moins favorable que celui prévu, en ce qui concerne la même peine, dans les armées de la Puissance détentrice. Sont interdites toute peine corporelle, toute incarcération dans des locaux non éclairés par la lumière du jour et, d’une manière générale, toute forme quelconque de cruauté. Sont également interdites les peines collectives pour des actes individuels. Article 47. Les faits constituant une faute contre la discipline, et notamment la tentative d’évasion, seront constatés d’urgence ; pour tous les prisonniers de guerre, gradés ou non, les arrêts préventifs seront réduits au strict minimum. Les instructions judiciaires contre les prisonniers de guerre seront con- duites aussi rapidement que le permettront les circonstances; la détention préventive sera restreinte le plus possible. Dans tous les cas, la durée de la détention préventive sera déduite de la peine infligée disciplinairement ou judiciairement, pour autant que cette déduction est admise pour les militaires nationaux. Article 48. Les prisonniers de guerre ne pourront, après avoir subi les peines judiciaires ou disciplinaires qui leur auront été infligées, être traités différemment des autres prisonniers. Toutefois, les prisonniers punis à la suite d’une tentative d’évasion pour- ront être soumis à un régime de surveillance spécial, mais qui ne pourra comporter la suppression d’aucune des garanties accordées aux prisonniers par la présente Convention. Article 49. Aucun prisonnier de guerre ne peut être privé de son grade par la Puissance détentrice. 92 Article 46. Punishments other than those provided for the same acts for soldiers of the national armies may not be imposed upon prisoners of war by the military authorities and courts of the detaining Power. Rank being identical, officers, non-commissioned officers or soldiers who are prisoners of war undergoing a disciplinary punishment, shall not be subject to less favorable treatment than that provided in the armies of the detaining Power with regard to the same punishment. Any corporal punishment, any imprisonment in quarters without day- light and, in general, any form of cruelty, is forbidden. •Collective punishment for individual acts is also forbidden. Article 47. Acts constituting an offense against discipline, and particularly attempted escape, shall be verified immediately ; for all prisoners of war, commissioned or not, preventive arrest shall be reduced to the absolute minimum. Judicial proceedings against prisoners of war shall be conducted as rapidly as the circumstances permit; preventive imprisonment shall be limited as much as possible. In all cases, the duration of preventive imprisonment shall be deducted from the disciplinary or judicial punishment inflicted, provided that this deduction is allowed for national soldiers. Article 48. Prisoners of war may not be treated differently from other prisoners after having suffered the judicial or disciplinary punishment which has been imposed on them. However, prisoners punished as a result of attempted escape may be subjected to special surveillance, which, however, may not entail the suppression of the guarantees granted prisoners by the present Convention. Article 49. No prisoner of war may be deprived of his rank by the detaining Power. 658485°—44 7 93 Les prisonniers punis disciplinairement ne pourront être privés des prérogatives attachées à leur grade. En particulier, les officiers et assimilés qui subiront des peines entraînant privation de liberté ne seront pas placés dans les mêmes locaux que les sous-officiers ou hommes de troupe punis. Article 50. Les prisonniers de guerre évadés qui seraient repris avant d’avoir pu rejoindre leur armée ou quitter le territoire occupé par l’armée qui les a capturés ne seront passibles que de peines disciplinaires. Les prisonniers qui, après avoir réussi à rejoindre leur armée ou à quitter le territoire occupé par l’armée qui les a capturés, seraient de nouveau faits prisonniers ne seront passibles d’aucune peine pour leur fuite antérieure. Article 51. La tentative d’évasion, même s’il y a récidive, ne sera pas consi- dérée comme une circonstance aggravante dans le cas ou le prisonnier de guerre serait déféré aux tribunaux pour des crimes ou délits contre les personnes ou contre la propriété commis au cours de cette tentative. Après une évasion tentée ou consommée, les camarades de l’évadé qui auront coopéré à l’évasion ne pourront encourir de ce chef qu’une punition disciplinaire. Article 52. Les belligérants veilleront a ce que les autorités compétentes usent de la plus grande indulgence dans l’appréciation de la question de savoir si une infraction commise par un prisonnier de guerre doit être punie disciplinairement ou judiciairement. Il en sera notamment ainsi lorsqu’il s’agira d’apprécier des faits con- nexes à l’évasion ou à la tentative d’évasionv Un prisonnier ne pourra, à raison du même fait ou du même chef d’accusation, être puni qu’une seule fois. Article 53. Aucun prisonnier de guerre frappé d’une peine disciplinaire, qui se trouverait dans les conditions prévues pour le rapatriement, ne pourra être retenu pour la raison qu’il n’a pas subi sa peine. Les prisonniers à rapatrier qui seraient sous le coup d’une poursuite pénale pourront être exclus du rapatriement jusqu’à la fin de la procédure, 94 Prisoners given disciplinary punishment may not be deprived of the prerogatives attached to their rank. In particular, officers and persons of equivalent status who suffer punishment involving deprivation of liberty shall not be placed in the same quarters as noncommissioned officers or privates being punished. Article 50. Escaped prisoners of war who are retaken before being able to rejoin their own army or to leave the territory occupied by the army which captured them shall be liable only to disciplinary punishment. Prisoners who, after having succeeded in rejoining their army or in leaving the territory occupied by the army which captured them, may again be taken prisoners, shall not be liable to any punishment on account of their previous flight. Article 51. Attempted escape, even if it is a repetition of the offense, shall not be considered as an aggravating circumstance in case the prisoner of war should be given over to the courts on account of crimes or offenses against persons or property committed in the course of that attempt. After an attempted or accomplished escape, the comrades of the person escaping who assisted in the escape may incur only disciplinary punishment on this account. Article 52. Belligerents shall see that the competent authorities exercise the greatest leniency in deciding the question of whether an infraction committed by a prisoner of war should be punished by disciplinary or judicial measures. This shall be the case especially when it is a question of deciding on acts in connection with escape or attempted escape. A prisoner may not be punished more than once because of the same act or the same count. Article 53. No prisoner of war on whom a disciplinary punishment has been imposed, who might be eligible for repatriation, may be kept back because he has not undergone the punishment. Prisoners to be repatriated who might be threatened with a penal prosecution may be excluded from repatriation until the end of the. 95 et, le cas échéant, jusqu’à l’exécution de la peine; ceux qui seraient déjà détenus en vertu d’un jugement pourront être retenus jusqu’à la fin de leur détention. Les belligérants se communiqueront les listes de ceux qui ne pourront être rapatriés pour les motifs indiqués à l’alinéa précédent. 2. Peines Disciplinaires. Article 54. Les arrêts sont la peine disciplinaire la plus sévère qui puisse être in- fligée à un prisonnier de guerre. La durée d’une même punition ne peut dépasser trente jours. Ce maximum de trente jours ne pourra pas davantage être dépassé dans le cas de plusieurs faits dont un prisonnier aurait à répondre dis- ciplinairement au moment ou il est statué à son égard, que ces faits soient connexes ou non. Lorsqu’au cours ou après la fin d’une période d’arrêts, un prisonnier sera frappé d’une nouvelle peine disciplinaire, un délai de trois jours au moins séparera chacune des périodes d’arrêts, dès que l’une d’elle est de dix jours ou plus. Article 55. Sous réserve de la disposition faisant l’objet du dernier alinéa de l’article 11, sont applicables, à titre d’aggravation de peine, aux prisonniers de guerre punis disciplinairement les restrictions de nourriture admises dans les armées de la Puissance détentrice. Toutefois, ces restrictions ne pourront être ordonnées que si l’état de santé des prisonniers punis le permet. Article 56. En aucun cas, les prisonniers de guerre ne pourront être transférés dans les établissements pénitentiaires (prisons, pénitenciers, bagnes, etc.) pour y subir des peines disciplinaires. Les locaux dans lesquels seront subies les peines disciplinaires seront con- formes aux exigences de l’hygiène. Les prisonniers punis seront mis à même de se tenir en état de propreté. Chaque jour, ces prisonniers auront la faculté de prendre de l’exercice ou de séjourner en plein air pendant au moins deux heures. 96 proceedings and, if necessary, until the completion of the punishment; those who might already be imprisoned by reason of a sentence may be detained until the end of their imprisonment. Belligerents shall communicate to each other the lists of those who may not be repatriated for the reasons given in the preceding paragraph. 2. Disciplinary Punishments Article 54. Arrest is the most severe disciplinary punishment which may be imposed on a prisoner of war. The duration of a single punishment may not exceed thirty days. This maximum of thirty days may not, further, be exceeded in the case of several acts for which the prisoner has to undergo discipline at the time when it is ordered for him, whether or not these acts are connected. When, during or after the end of a period of arrest, a prisoner shall have a new disciplinary punishment imposed upon him, a space of at least three days shall separate each of the periods of arrest, if one of them is ten days or more. Article 55. Subject to the provisions given in the last paragraph of Article 11, food restrictions allowed in the armies of the detaining Power are appli- cable, as an increase in punishment, to prisoners of war given disciplinary punishment. However, these restrictions may be ordered only if the state of health of the prisoners punished permits it. Article 56. In no case may prisoners of war be transferred to penitentiary estab- lishments (prison, penitentiaries, convict prisons, etc.) there to undergo disciplinary punishment. The quarters in which they undergo disciplinary punishment shall conform to sanitary requirements. Prisoners punished shall be enabled to keep themselves in a state of cleanliness. These prisoners shall every day be allowed to exercise or to stay in the open air at least two hours. 97 Article 57. Les prisonniers de guerre punis disciplinairement seront autorisés à lire et à écrire, ainsi qu’à expédier et à recevoir des lettres. En revanche, les colis et les envois d’argent pourront n’être délivrés aux destinataires qu’à l’expiration de la peine. Si les colis non distribués contiennent des denrées périssables, celles-ci seront versées à l’infrmerie ou à la cuisine du camp. Article 58. Les prisonniers de guerre punis• disciplinairement seront autorisés, sur leur demande, à se présenter à la visite médicale quotidienne. Ils recevront les soins jugés nécessaires par les médecins et, le cas échéant, seront évacués sur l’infirmerie du camp ou sur les hôpitaux. Artilce 59. Réserve faite de la compétence des tribunaux et des autorités militaires supérieures, les peines disciplinaires ne pourront être prononcées que par un officier muni de pouvoirs disciplinaires en sa qualité de commandant de camp ou de détachement, ou par l’officier responsable qui le remplace. 3. Poursuites Judiciaires. Article 60. Lors de l’ouverture d’une procédure judiciaire dirigée contre un prison- nier de guerre, la Puissance détentrice en avertira aussitôt quelle pourra le faire, et toujours avant la date fixée pour l’ouverture des débats, le représentant de la Puissance protectrice. Cet avis contiendra les indications suivantes: a) état civil et grade du prisonnier; b) lieu de séjour ou de détention; c) spécification du ou des chefs d’accusation, avec mention des disposi- tions légales applicables. S’il n’est pas possible de donner dans cet avis l’indication du tribunal qui jugera l’affaire, celle de la date d’ouverture des débats et celle du local où ils auront lieu, ces indications seront fournies ultérieurement au représentant de la Puissance protectrice, le plus tôt possible, et en tout cas trois semaines au moins avant l’ouverture des débats. 98 Article 57. Prisoners of war given disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to read and write, as well as to send and receive letters. On the other hand, packages and money sent may not be delivered to the addressees until the expiration of the punishment. If the packages not distributed contain perishable products, these shall be turned over to the camp infirmary or kitchen. Article 58. Prisoners of war given disciplinary punishment shall be allowed, on their request, to be present at the daily medical inspection. They shall receive the care considered necessary by the doctors and, if necessary, shall be removed to the camp infirmary or to hospitals. Article 59. Excepting the competence of courts and higher military authorities, disciplinary punishment may be ordered only by an officer provided with disciplinary powers in his capacity as commander of a camp or detach- ment, or by the responsible officer replacing him. 3. Judicial Suits. Article 60. At the opening of a judicial proceeding directed against a prisoner of war, the detaining Power shall advise the representative of the protecting Power thereof as soon as possible, and always before the date set for the opening of the trial. This advice shall contain the following information : a) Civil state and rank of prisoner; h) Place of sojourn or imprisonment; c) Specification of the [count] or counts of the indictment, giving the legal provisions applicable. If it is not possible to mention in that advice the court which will pass upon the matter, the date of opening the trial and the place where it will take' place, this information must be furnished to the representative of the protecting Power later, as soon as possible, and at all events, at least three weeks before the opening of the trial. 99 Article 61. Aucun prisonnier de guerre ne pourra être condamné sans avoir eu l’occasion de se défendre. Aucun prisonnier ne pourra être contraint de se reconnaître coupable du fait dont il est accusé. Article 62. Le prisonnier de guerre sera en droit d’être assisté par un défenseur qualifié de son choix et de recourir, si c’est nécessaire, aux offices d’un interprète compétent. Il sera avisé de son droit, en temps utile avant les débats, par la Puissance détentrice. A défaut d’un choix par le prisonnier, la Puissance protectrice pourra lui procurer un défenseur. La Puissance détentrice remettra à la Puissance protectrice, sur la demande de celle-ci, une liste de personnes qualifiées pour présenter la défense. Les représentants de la Puissance protectrice auront le droit d’assister aux débats de la cause. La seule exception à cette règle est celle où les débats de la cause doivent rester secrets dans l’intérêt de la sûreté de l’Etat. La Puissance détentrice en préviendrait la Puissance protectrice. Article 63. Un jugement ne pourra être prononcé à la charge d’un prisonnier de guerre que par les mêmes tribunaux et suivant la même procédure qu’à l’égard des personnes appartenant aux forces armées de la Puissance détentrice. Article 64. Tout prisonnier de guerre aura le droit de recourir contre tout juge- ment rendu à son égard, de la même manière que les individus appartenant aux forces armées de la Puissance détentrice. Article 65. Les jugements prononcés contre les prisonniers de guerre seront im- médiatement communiqués à la Puissance protectrice. Article 66. Si la peine de mort est prononcée contre un prisonnier de guerre, une communication exposant en détail la nature et les circonstances de l’infrac- 100 Article 61. No prisoner of war may be sentenced without having had an opportunity to defend himself. No prisoner may be obliged to admit himself guilty of the act of which he is accused. Article 62. The prisoner of war shall be entitled to assistance by a qualified counsel of his choice, and, if necessary, to have recourse to the services of a com- petent interpreter. He shall be advised of his right by the detaining Power, in due time before the trial. In default of a choice by the prisoner, the protecting Power may obtain a counsel for him. The detaining Power shall deliver to the protecting Power, on its request, a list of persons qualified to present the defense. Representatives of the protecting Power shall be entitled to attend the trial of the case. The only exception to this rule is the case where the trial of the case must be secret in the interest of the safety of the State. The detaining Power should so advise the protecting Power. Article 63. Sentence may be pronounced against a prisoner of war only by the same courts and according to the same procedure as in the case of persons belonging to the armed forces of the detaining Power. Article 64. Every prisoner of war shall have the right of appeal against any sentence rendered with regard to him, in the same way as individuals to the protecting Power immediately. Article 65. Sentences pronounced against prisoners of war shall be communicated to the protecting Power immediately. Article 66. If the death penalty is pronounced against a prisoner of war, a communication setting forth in detail the nature and circumstances of the 101 tion sera adressée, au plus tôt, au représentant de la Puissance protectrice, pour être transmise à la Puissance dans les armées de laquelle le prisonnier a servi. Le jugement ne sera pas exécuté avant l’expiration d’un délai d’au moins trois mois à partir de cette communication. Article 67. Aucun prisonnier de guerre ne pourra être privé du bénéfice des disposi- tions de l’article 42 de la présente Convention à la suite d’un jugement ou autrement. TITRE IV. DE LA FIN DE LA CAPTIVITÉ. Section I.—Du Rapatriement Direct et de l’Hospitalisation en Pays Neutre. Article 68. Les belligérants seront tenus de renvoyer dans leur pays, sans égard au grade ni au nombre, après les avoir mis en état d’être transportés, les prisonniers de guerre grands malades et grands blessés. Des accords entre les belligérants fixeront en conséquence, assistât que possible, les cas d’invalidité ou de maladie entraînant le rapatriement direct, ainsi que les cas entraînant éventuellement l’hospitalisation en pays neutre. En attendant que ces accords soient conclus, les belligérants pour- ront se référer à Vaccord-type annexé, à titre documentaire, à la présente Convention. Article 69. Dès l’ouverture des hostilités, les belligérants s’entendront pour nommer des commissions médicales mixtes. Ces commissions seront composées de trois membres, dont deux appartenant à un pays neutre et un désigné par la Puissance détentrice ; l’un des médecins du pays neutre présidera. Ces commissions médicales mixtes procéderont à l’examen des prisonniers malades ou blessés et prendront toutes décisions utiles à leur égard. Les décisions de ces commissions seront prises à la majorité et exécutées dans le plus bref délai. Article 70. Outre ceux qui auront été désignés par le médecin du camp, les prisonniers de guerre suivants seront soumis à la visite de la commis- 102 offense shall be sent as soon as possible to the representative of the protecting Power, for transmission to the Power in whose armies the prisoner served. The sentence shall not be executed before the expiration of a period of at least three months after this communication. Article 67. No prisoner of war may be deprived of the benefit of the provisions of Article 42 of the present Convention as a result of a sentence or otherwise. TITLE IV. TERMINATION OF CAPTIVITY. Section I.—Direct Repatriation and Hospitalization in a Neutral Country. Article 68. Belligerents are bound to send back to their own country, regardless of rank or number, seriously sick and seriously injured prisoners of war, after having brought them to a condition where they can be transported. Agreements between belligerents shall accordingly settle as soon as possible the cases of invalidity or of sickness, entailing direct repatriation, as well as the cases entailing possible hospitalization in a neutral country. While awaiting the conclusion of these agreements, belligerents may have reference to the model agreement annexed, for documentary purposes, to the present Convention. Article 69. Upon the outbreak of hostilities, belligerents shall come to an agree- ment to name mixed medical commissions. These commissions shall be composed of three members, two of them belonging to a neutral country and one appointed by the detaining Power; one of the physicians of the neutral country shall preside. These mixed medical commissions shall proceed to the examination of sick or wounded prisoners and shall make all due decisions regarding them. Decisions of these commissions shall be by majority and carried out with the least possible delay. Article 70. Besides those who are designated by the camp physician, the following prisoners of war shall be inspected by the mixed medical commission men- 103 sion médicale mixte mentionnée à l’article 69, en vue de leur rapatriement direct ou de leur hospitalisation en pays neutre: a) les prisonniers qui en feront la demande directement au médecin du camp; b) les prisonniers qui seront présentés par les hommes de confiance prévus à l’article 43, ceux-ci agissant de leur propre initiative ou à la demande des prisonniers eux-mêmes; ' c) les prisonniers qui auront été proposés par la Puissance dans les armées de laquelle ils ont servi ou par une association de secours dament reconnue et autorisée par cetter Puissance. Article 71. Les prisonniers de guerre victimes d’accidents du travail, exception faite des blessés volontaires, seront mis, en ce qui concerne le rapatrie- ment ou éventuellement l’hospitalisation en pays neutre, au bénéfice des mêmes dispositions. Article 72. Pendant la durée des hostilités et pour des raisons d’humanité, les belligérants pourront conclure des accords en vue du rapatriement direct ou de l’hospitalisation en pays neutre des prisonniers de guerre valides ayant subi une longue captivité. Article 73. Les frais de rapatriement ou de transport dans un pays neutre des prisonniers de guerre seront supportés, à partir de la frontière de la Puis- sance détentrice, par la Puissance dans les armées de laquelle ces prison- niers ont servi. Article 74. Aucun rapatrié ne pourra être employé à un service militaire actif. 0 Section II. De la Libération et du Rapatriement à fin des Hostilités. Article 75. Lorsque les belligérants concluront une convention d’armistice, ils devront, en principe, y faire figurer des stipulations concernant le rapa- triement des prisonniers de guerre. Si des stipulations à cet égard n’ont pas pu être insérées dans cette convention, les belligérants se mettront 104 tioned in Article 69, with a view to their direct repatriation or their hos- pitalization in a neutral country: a) Prisoners who make such a request directly of the camp physician; h) Prisoners who are presented by the agents provided for in Article 43, acting on their own initiative or at the request of the prisoners them- selves ; c) Prisoners who have been proposed by the Power in whose armies they have served or by an aid society duly recognized and authorized by that Power. Article 71. Prisoners of war who are victims of accidents in connection with work, except those voluntarily injured, shall enjoy the benefit of the same pro- visions, as far as repatriation or possible hospitalization in a neutral country are concerned. Article 72. Throughout the duration of hostilities and for humane considerations, belligerents may conclude agreements with a view to the direct repatriation or hospitalization in a neutral country of able-bodied prisoners of war who have undergone a long period of captivity. Article 73. The expenses of repatriation or of transportation to a neutral country of prisoners of war shall be borne, from the frontiers of the detaining Power, by the Power in whose armies the prisoners have served. Article 74. No repatriated person may be utilized in active military service, Section II.—Release and Repatriation Upon Cessation of Hostilities. Article 75. When belligerents conclude a convention of armistice, they must, in principle, have appear therein stipulations regarding the repatriation of prisoners of war. If it has not been possible to insert stipulations in this regard in such convention, belligerents shall nevertheless come to an 105 néanmoins, le plus tôt possible, en rapport à cet effet. Dans tous les cas, le rapatriement des prisonniers s'effectuera dans le plus bref délai après la conclusion de la paix. Les prisonniers de guerre qui seraient sous le coup d'une poursuite pénale pour un crime ou un délit de droit commun pourront toutefois être retenus jusqu’à la fin de la procédure et, le cas échéant, jusqu’à l'expiration de la peine. Il en sera de même de ceux condamnés pour un crime ou délit de droit commun. D’entente entre les belligérants, des Commissions pourront être instituées dans le but de rechercher les prisonniers dispersés et d'assurer leur rapatriement. TITRE V. DU DÉCÈS DES PRISONNIERS DE GUERRE. Article 76. Les testaments des prisonniers de guerre seront reçus et dressés dans les mêmes conditions que pour les militaires de l’armée nationale. On suivra également les mêmes règles en ce qui concerne les pièces relatives à la constatation des décès. Les belligérants veilleront à ce que les prisonniers de guerre décédés en captivité soient enterrés honorablement et à ce que les tombes portent toutes indications utiles, soient respectées et convenablement entretenues. TITRE VI. DES BUREAUX DE SECOURS ET DE RENSEIGNE- MENTS CONCERNANT LES PRISONNIERS DE GUERRE. Article 77. Dès le début des hostilités, chacune des Puissances belligérantes, ainsi que les Puissances neutres qui auront recueilli des belligérants, constitueront un bureau officiel de renseignements sur les prisonniers de guerre se trouvant sur leur territoire. Dans le plus bref délai possible, chacune des Puissances belligérantes informera son bureau de renseignements de toute capture de prisonniers effectuée par ses armées, en lui donnant tous renseignements d'identité dont elle dispose permettant d'aviser rapidement les familles intéressées, et en lui faisant connaître les adresses officielles auxquelles les familles pourront écrire aux prisonniers. Le bureau, de renseignements fera parvenir d'urgence toutes ces indica- tions aux Puissances intéressées, par l'entremise, d'une part, des Puissances protectrices et, d'autre part, de l'agence centrale prévue à l’article 79. 106 agreement in this regard as soon as possible. In any case, repatriation of prisoners shall be effected with the least possible delay after the conclusion of peace. Prisoners of war against whom a penal prosecution might be pending for a crime or an offense of municipal law may, however, be detained until the end of the proceedings and, if necessary, until the expiration of the punishment. The same shall be true of those sentenced for a crime or offense of municipal law. On agreement between the belligerents, commissions may be estab- lished for the purpose of searching for dispersed prisoners and assuring their repatriation. TITLE V. DEATH OF PRISONERS OF WAR Article 76. Wills of prisoners of war shall be received and drawn up in the same way as for soldiers of the national army. Belligerents shall see that prisoners of war dying in captivity are honorably buried and that the graves bear all due information, are respected and properly maintained. The same rules shall be observed regarding death certificates. TITLE VI. BUREAUS OF RELIEF AND INFORMATION CONERNING PRISONERS OF WAR. Article 77 Upon the outbreak of hostilities, each of the belligerent Powers, as well as the neutral Powers which have received belligerents, shall institute an official information bureau for prisoners of war who are within their territory. Within tfye shortest possible period, each of the belligerent Powers shall inform its information bureau of every capture of prisoners effected by its armies, giving it all the information regarding identity which it has, allowing it quickly to advise the families concerned, and informing it of the official addresses to which families may write to prisoners. The information bureau shall immediately forward all this information to the interested Powers, through the intervention, on one hand, of the protecting Powers and, on the other, of the central agency provided for in Article 79. 107 Le bureau de renseignements, chargé de répondre à toutes les demandes qui concernent les prisonniers de guerre, recevra des divers services com- pétents toutes les indications relatives aux internements et aux mutations, aux mises en liberté sur parole, aux rapatriements, aux évasions, aux séjours dans les hôpitaux, aux décès, ainsi que les autres renseignements nécessaires pour établir et tenir à jour une fiche individuelle pour chaque prisonnier de guerre. Le bureau portera sur cette fiche, dans la mesure du possible et sous réserve des dispositions de Varticle 5: le numéro matricule, les nom et prénoms, la date et le lieu de naissance, le grade et le corps de troupe de l’intéressé, le prénom du père et le nom de la mère, l’adresse de la personne à aviser en cas d’accident, les blessures, la date et le lieu de la capture, de l’internement, des blessures, de la mort, ainsi que tous les autres renseigne- ments importants. Des listes hebdomadaires contenant tous les nouveaux renseignements susceptibles de faciliter l’identification de chaque prisonnier seront trans- mises aux Puissances intéressées. La fiche individuelle du prisonnier de guerre sera remise après la con- clusion de la paix à la Puissance qu’il aura'servi. Le bureau de renseignements sera en outre tenu de recueillir tous les objets d’usage personnel, valeurs, correspondances, carnets de solde, signes d’identité, etc., qui auront été délaissés par les prisonniers de guerre rapatriés, libérés sur parole, évadés ou décédés, et de les transmettre aux pays intéressés. Article 78. Les sociétés de secours pour les prisonniers de guerre, régulièrement constituées selon la loi de leur pays, et ayant pour objet d’être les inter- médiaires de l’action charitable, recevront de la part des belligérants, pour elles et pour leurs agents dûment accrédités, toute facilité, dans les limites tracées par les nécessités militaires, pour accomplir efficacement leur tâche d’humanité. Les délégués de ces sociétés pourront être admis à distribuer des secours dans les camps, ainsi qu’aux lieux d’étape des prisonniers rapatriés, moyennant une permission personnelle délivrée par l’autorité militaire et en prenant l’engagement, par écrit, de se soumettre à toutes les mesures d’ordre et de police que celle-ci prescrirait. Article 79. Une agence centrale de renseignements sur les prisonniers de guerre sera créée en pays neutre. Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge 108 The information bureau, being charged with replying to all inquiries about prisoners of war, shall receive from the various services concerned full information respecting internments and transfers, releases on parole, repatriations, escapes, stays in hospitals, deaths, as well as other informa- tion necessary to enable it to make out and keep up to date an individual return for each prisoner of war. The bureau shall state in this return, in so far as is possible and subject to the provisions of Article 5: the regimental number, given names and surname, date and place of birth, rank and unit of the interested party, the given name of the father and the name of the mother, the address of the person to be advised in case of accident, wounds, date and place of capture, internment, wounding and death, as well as any other important information. Weekly lists containing all new information likely to facilitate the iden- tification of each prisoner shall be transmitted to the interested Powers. At the conclusion of peace the individual return of the prisoner of war shall be delivered to the Power which he served. The information bureau shall further be bound to receive all objects of personal use, valuables, letters, pay vouchers, identification marks, etc., which are left by prisoners of war who have been repatriated, released on parole, escaped or died, and to transmit them to the countries interested. Article 78. Relief societies for prisoners of war, which are properly constituted in accordance with the laws of their country and with the object of serving as the channel for charitable effort, shall receive from the belligerents, for themselves and their duly accredited agents, every facility for the efficient performance of their humane task within the bounds imposed by military necessities. Agents of these societies may be admitted to the camps for the purpose of distributing relief, as also to the halting places of repatriated prisoners, if furnished with a personal permit by the military authorities, and on giving an undertaking in writing to comply with all measures of order and police which the latter may issue. Article 79. A central information agency for prisoners of war shall be created in a neutral country. The International Committee of the Red Cross shall 109 558485°—44 8 proposera aux Puissances intéressées, s'il le juge nécessaire, l'organisation d'une telle agence. Cette agence sera chargée de concentrer tous les renseignements, in- téressant les prisonniers, qu'elle pourra obtenir par les voies officielles ou privées; elle les transmettra le plus rapidement possible au pays d'origine des prisonniers ou à la Puissance qu'ils auront servie. Ces dispositions ne devront pas être interprétées comme restreignant l'activité humanitaire du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge. Article 80. Les bureaux de renseignements jouiront de la franchise de port en matière postale, ainsi que de toutes exemptions prévues à l’article 38. TITRE VII. DE L’APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION A CERTAINES CATÉGORIES DE CIVILS. Article 81. Les individus qui suivent les forces armées sans en faire directement partie, tels que les correspondants, les reporters de journaux, les vivandiers, les fournisseurs, qui tomberont au pouvoir de l’ennemi et que celui-ci jugera utile de détenir, auront droit au traitement des prisonniers de guerre, à condition qu’ils soient munis d’une légitimation de l’autorité militaire des forces armées qu’ils accompagnaient. TITRE VIII. DE L’EXÉCUTION DE LA CONVENTION. Section I.—Dispositions Générales. Article 82. Les dispositions de la présente Convention devront être respectées par les Hautes Parties Contractantes en toutes circonstances. Au cas ou, en temps de guerre, un des belligérants ne serait pas partie à la Convention, ses dispositions demeureront néanmoins obligatoires entre les belligérants qui y participent. Article 83. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes se réservent le droit de conclure des conventions spéciales sur toutes questions relatives aux prisonniers de guerre qu'il leur paraîtrait opportun de régler particulièrement. Les prisonniers de guerre resteront au bénéfice de ces accords jusqu'à Vachèvement du rapatriement, sauf stipulations expresses contraires con- 110 propose the organization of such an agency to the interested Powers, if it considers it necessary. The function of that agency shall be to centralize all information respect- ing prisoners, which it may obtain through official or private channels; it shall transmit it as quickly as possible to the country of origin of the pris- oners or to the Power which they have served. These provisions must not be interpreted as restricting the humanitarian activity of the International Committee of the Red Gross. Article 80. Information bureaus shall enjoy the privilege of free postage on postal matter, as well as all exemptions provided in Article 38. TITLE VII. APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION TO CERTAIN CLASSES OF CIVILIANS. Article 81. Individuals who follow armed forces without directly belonging thereto, such as newspaper correspondents and reporters, sutlers, contractors, who fall into the enemy’s hands and whom the latter thinks expedient to detain, shall be entitled to be treated as prisoners of war, provided they are in possession of a certificate from the military authorities of the armed forces which they were accompanying. TITLE VIII. EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTION. Section L-—General Provisions. Article 82 The provisions of the present Convention must be respected by the High Contracting Parties under all circumstances. In case, in time of war, one of the belligerents is not a party to the Convention, its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as between the belligerents who are parties thereto. Article 83 The High Contracting Parties reserve the right to conclude special conventions on all questions relative to prisoners of war, on which it seems to them expedient to have particular regulations. Prisoners of war shall receive the benefit of these agreements until the completion of repatriation, except in the case of express stipula- 111 tenues dans les susdits accords ou dans des accords ultérieurs, ou également sauf mesures plus favorables prises par l’une ou l’autre des Puissances belligérantes à l’égard des prisonniers qu elles détiennent. En vue* d’assurer l’application, de part et d’autre, des stipulations de la présente Convention, et de faciliter la conclusion des conventions spéciales prévues ci-dessus, les belligérants pourront autoriser, dès le début des hostilités, des réunions de représentants des autorités respectives chargées de l’administration des prisonniers de guerre. Article 84. Le texte de la présente Convention et des conventions spéciales prévues à l’article précédent sera affiché, autant que possible dans la langue jnaternelle des prisonniers de guerre, à des emplacements où il pourra être consulté par tous les prisonniers. Le texte de ces conventions sera communiqué, sur leur demande, aux prisonniers qui se trouveraient dans l’impossibilité de prendre connaissance du texte affiché. Article 85. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes se communiqueront par l’intermédiaire du Conseil fédéral suisse les traductions officielles de la présente Conven- tion, ainsi que les lois et règlements qu’elles pourront être amenées à adopter pour assurer l’application de la présente Convention. Section IL—De l’Organisation du Contrôle. Article 86. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes reconnaissent que Vapplication régulière de la présente Convention trouvera une garantie dans la pos- sibilité de collaboration des Puissances protectrices chargées de sauve- garder les intérêts des belligérants; à cet égard, les Puissances protectrices pourront, e?i dehors de leur personnel diplomatique, désigner des délégués parmi leurs propres ressortissants ou parmi les ressortissants d’autres Puissances neutres. Ces délégués devront être soumis à l’agrément du belligérant auprès duquel ils exerceront leur mission. Les représentants de la Puissance protectrice ou ses délégués agréés seront autorisés à se rendre dans toutes les localités, sans aucune exception, où sont internés des prisonniers de guerre. Ils auront accès dans tous les locaux occupés par des prisonniers et pourront s’entretenir avec ceux-ci, en règle générale sans témoin, personnellement ou par l’intermédiaire d’interprètes. 112 tions to the contrary contained in the above-mentioned agreements or in later agreements, or also except in the case of more favorable measures taken by one or the other of the belligerent Powers respecting the prisoners which they hold. In order to assure the reciprocal application of the stipulations of the present Convention, and to facilitate the conclusion of the special con- ventions provided for above, belligerents may, upon the commencement of hostilities, authorize meetings of representatives of the respective authorities charged with the administration of prisoners of war. Article 84. The text of the present Convention and of the special conventions provided for in the foregoing article, shall be posted, wherever possible in the native language of the prisoners of war, in places where it may be consulted by all the prisoners. The text of these conventions shall be communicated to prisoners who find it impossible to get the information from the posted text, upon their request, Article 85. The High -Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council, the official translations of the present convention, as well as of the laws and regulations which they may come to adopt to assure the application of the present Convention. Section II.—Organization of Control. Article 86. The High Contracting Parties recognize that the regular application of the present Convention will find a guaranty in the possibility of collab- oration of the protecting Powers charged with safeguarding the interests of belligerents; in this respect, the protecting Powers may, besides their diplo- matic personnel, appoint delegates from among their own nationals or from among the nationals of other neutral Powers. These delegates must be subject to the approval of the belligerent near which they exercise their mission. Representatives of the protecting Power or its accepted delegates shall be permitted to go to any place, without exception, where prisoners of war are interned. They shall have access to all places occupied by prisoners and may interview them, as a general rule without witnesses, personally or through interpreters. 113 Les belligérants faciliteront dans la plus large mesure possible la tâche des représentants ou des délégués agréés de la Puissance protectrice. Les autorités militaires seront informées de leur visite. Les belligérants pourront s’entendre pour admettre que des personnes de la propre nationalité des prisonniers soient admises à participer aux voyages d’inspection. Article 87. En cas de désaccord entre les belligérants sur Vapplication des disposi- tions de la présente Convention, les Puissances protectrices devront, dans la mesure du possible, prêter leurs bons offices aux fins de règlement du différend. A cet effet, chacune des Puissances protectrices pourra, notamment, proposer aux belligérants intéressés une réunion de représentants de ceux-ci, éventuellement sur un territoire neutre convenablement choisi. Les belligérants seront tenus de donner suite aux propositions qui leur seront faites dans ce sens. La Puissance protectrice pourra, le cas échéant, soumettre à l’agrément des Puissances en cause une personnalité appar- tenant à une Puissance neutre ou une personnalité déléguée par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, qui sera appelée à participer à cette réunion. Article 88. Les dispositions qui précèdent ne font pas obstacle à l’activité humani- taire que le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge pourra déployer pour la protection des prisonniers de guerre, moyennant l’agrément des bel- ligérants intéressés. Section III. Dispositions Finales. Article 89. Dans les rapports entre par la Convention de La Haye concernant les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur terre, qu’il s’agisse de celle du 29 juillet 1899 ou de celle du 18 octobre 1907, et qui participent à la présente Convention, celle-ci complétera le chapitre 11 du Règlement annexé aux susdites Conventions de La Haye. Article 90. La présente Convention, qui portera la date de ce jour, pourra, jusqu’au premier février 1930, 'être signée au nom de tous les pays représentés à la Conférence qui s’est ouverte à Genève le 1er juillet 1929. 114 Belligerents shall so far as possible facilitate the task of representatives or accepted delegates of the protecting Power. The military authorities shall be informed of their visit. Belligerents may come to an agreement to allow persons of the same nationality as the prisoners to be permitted to take part in inspection trips. Article 87. In case of disagreement between the belligerents as to the application of provisions of the present Convention, the protecting Powers must, in so far as possible, lend their good offices for the purpose of settling the difference. For this purpose, each of the protecting Powers may, in particular, suggest to the interested belligerents a meeting of representatives thereof, possibly upon a neutral territory suitably chosen. Belligerents shall be bound to accede to proposals in this sense which are made to them. The protecting Power may, if occasion arises, submit for the approval of the Powers concerned a person belonging to a neutral Power or a person delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be summoned to take part in this meeting. Article 88. The foregoing provisions are not an obstacle to the humanitarian activity which the International Committee of the Red Cross may use for the protection of prisoners of war, with the consent of the interested belligerents. Section III.—Final Provisions. Article 89. In the relations between Powers bound by the Hague Convention re- specting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether it is a question of that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907, and who participate in the present Convention, this latter shall complete Chapter II of the Regulations annexed to the said Hague Conventions. Article 90. The present Convention, which will bear this day’s date, may be signed up to February 1, 1930, on behalf of all the countries represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva July 1, 1929. 115 Article 91. La présente Convention sera ratifiée aussitôt que possible. Les ratifications seront déposés à Berne. Il sera dressé du dépôt de chaque instrument de ratification un procès- verbal dont une copie, certifiée conforme, sera remise par le Conseil fédéral suisse aux Gouvernements de tous les pays au nom de qui la Convention aura été signée-ou l’adhésion notifiée. Article 92. La présente Convention entrera en vigueur six mois après que deux instruments de ratification au moins auront été déposés. Ultérieurement, elle entrera en vigueur pour chaque Haute Partie Contractante six mois après le dépôt de son instrument de ratification. Article 93. A partir de la date de sa mise en vigueur, la présente Convention sera ouverte aux adhésions données au nom de tout pays au nom duquel cette Convention n’aura pas été signée. Article 94. Les adhésions seront notifiées par écrit au Conseil fédéral suisse et produiront leurs effets six mois après la date à laquelle elles lui seront parvenues. Le Conseil fédéral suisse communiquera les adhésions aux Gouverne- ments de tous les pays au nom de qui la Convention aura été signée ou l’adhésion notifiée. Article 95 L’état de guerre donnera effet immédiat aux ratifications déposées et aux adhésions notifiées par les Puissances belligérantes avant ou après le début des hostilités. La communication des ratifications ou adhésions reçues des Puissances en état de guerre sera faite par le Conseil fédéral suisse par la voie la plus rapide. Article 96. Chacune des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura la faculté de dénon- cer la présente Convention. La dénonciation ne produira ses effets qu’un an après que la notification en aura été faite par écrit au Conseil 116 Article 91. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible. The ratifications shall be deposited at Berne. A record of the deposit of each instrument of ratification shall be prepared, a duly certified copy of which shall be forwarded by the Swiss Federal Council to the Governments of all the countries on whose behalf the Convention has been signed or notification of adherence made. Article 92 The present Convention shall become effective six months after the deposit of at least two instruments of ratification. Subsequently, it shall become effective for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of its instrument of ratification. Article 93. From the date on which it becomes effective, the present Convention shall be open for adhérences given on behalf of any country in whose name this Convention was not signed. Article 94. Adherence shall be given by written notification addressed to the Swiss Federal Council and shall take effect six months after the date of their receipt. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate adhérences to the Gov- ernments of all the countries on whose behalf the Convention was signed or notification of adherence made. Article 95. A state of war shall give immediate effect to ratifications deposited and to adhérences notified by belligerent Powers prior to or after the outbreak of hostilities. The communication of ratifications or adhérences received from Powers at war shall be made by the Swiss Federal Council by the most rapid method. Article 96 Each of the High Contracting Parties shall have the right to denounce the present Convention. The denunciation shall not take effect until one year after notification has been made in writing to the Swiss 117 fédéral suisse. Celui-ci communiquera cette notification aux Gouverne- ments de toutes les Hautes Parties Contractantes. La dénonciation ne vaudra qu’à l’égard de la Haute Partie Contractante qui l’aura notifiée. En outre, cette dénonciation ne produira pas ses effets au cours d’une guerre dans laquelle serait impliquée la Puissance dénonçante. En ce cas, la présente Convention continuera à produire ses effets, au delà du délai d’un an, jusqu’à la conclusion de la paix et, en tout cas, jusqu’à ce que les opérations du rapatriement soient terminées. Article 97. Une copie certifiée conforme de la présente Convention sera déposée aux archives de la Société des Nations par les soins du Conseil fédéral suisse. De même, les ratifications, adhésions et dénociations qui seront notifiées au Conseil fédéral suisse seront communiquées par lui à la Société des Nations. En foi de quoi les Plénipotentiaries susnommés ont signé la présente Convention. Fait à Genève, le vingt-sept juillet mil neuf cent vingt-neuf, en un seul exemplaire, qui restera déposé dans les archives de la Confédération Suisse et dont des copies, certifiées conformes, seront remises aux Gouverne- ments de tous les pays invités à la Conférence. [Here follow signatures.] [Original] ANNEXE A LA CONVENTION RELATIVE AU TRAITEMENT DES PRISONNIERS DE GUERRE DU 27 JUILLET 1929. Accord-Type Concernant le Rapatriement Direct et l’Hospitalisation en Pays Neutre des Prisonniers de Guerre pour Raisons de Santé. I. Principes Directeurs pour le Repatriement Direct el l’Hospitalisation en Pays Neutre. A.—Rapatriement Direct. Seront rapatriés directement: 1° les malades et blessés dont, d’après les prévisions médicales, La curabilité en une année n’est pas présumable, leur état exigeant un traite- ment, et leur aptitude intellectuelle ou corporelle paraissant avoir subi une diminution considérable ; 2° les malades et blessés incurables dont l’aptitude intellectuelle ou corporelle paraît avoir subi une diminution considérable; 3° les malades et blessés guéris dont l’aptitude intellectuelle ou corporelle paraît avoir subi une diminution considérable. 118 Federal Council. The latter shall communicate such notification to the Govçrnments of all the High Contracting Parties. The denunciation shall have effect only with respect to the High Contracting Party which gave notification thereof. Moreover, such denunciation shall not take effect during a war in which the denouncing Power is involved. In this case, the present Convention shall continue in effect, beyond the period of one year, until the conclusion of peace, and, in any event, until the processes of repatria- tion are completed. Article 97. A duly certified copy of the present Convention shall be deposited in the archives of the League of Nations by the Swiss Federal Council. Likewise, ratifications, adhérences, and denunciations of which the Swiss Federal Council shall be notified, shall be communicated by it to the League of Nations. In faith whereof, the Plenipotentiaries named above have signed the present Convention. Done at Geneva, the twenty-seventh of July, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine, in a single copy, which shall remain in the archives of the Swiss Confederation and duly certified copies of which shall be forwarded to the Governments of all the countries invited to the Conference. [Here follow signatures.] [Translation] ANNEX TO THE CONVENTION OF JULY 27, 1929, RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR Model Agreement Concerning Direct Repatriation and Hospitaliza- tion in a Neutral Country of Prisoners of War for Reasons of Health. I. Governing Principles for Direct Repatriation and Hospitalization in a Neutral Country. A. Direct Repatriation. There shall be repatriated directly : 1. Sick and wounded who, according to medical opinion, are not likely to recover in one year, their condition requiring treatment and their mental or physical fitness appearing to have suffered considerable diminution ; 2. Incurable sick and wounded whose mental or physical fitness appears to have suffered considerable diminution; 3. Cured sick and wounded whose mental or physical fitness appears to have suffered considerable diminution. 119 B.—Hospitalisation en Pays Neutre. Seront hospitalisés: 1° les malades et blessés dont la guérison est présumable dans le délai d’un an, cette guérison apparaissant comme plus sure et plus rapide si les malades et blessés sont mis au bénéfice des ressources qu’offre le pays neutre que si leur captivité proprement dite est prolongée ; 2° les prisonniers de guerre dont la santé intellectuelle ou physique paraît, d’après les prévisions médicales, menacées sérieusement par le maintien en captivité, tandis que l’hospitalisation en pays neutre pourrait probablement les soustraire à ce risque. C.—Rapatriment des Hospitalisés en Pays Neutre. Seront rapatriés les prisonniers de guerre hospitalisés en pays ‘neutre qui appartiennent aux catégories suivantes: 1° ceux dont l’état de santé se présente comme étant ou devenant tel qu’ils rentrent dans les catégories des rapatriables pour raisons de santé; 2° les guéris dont l’aptitude intellectuelle ou physique paraît avoir subi une diminution considérable. 11. Principes Spéciaux pour le Rapatriement Direct ou l’Hospitalisation en Pays Neutre. A.—Rapatriement. Seront rapatriés: 1° tous les prisonniers de guerre atteints, à la suite de lésions organiques, des altérations suivantes, effectives ou fonctionnelles: perte de membre, paralysie, altérations articulaires ou autres, pour autant que le défect est d’au moins un pied ou une main, ou qu’il équivaut à la perte d’un pied ou d’une main; 2° tous les prisonniers de guerre blessés ou lésés dont l’état est tel qu’il fait d’eux des infirmes dont on ne peut pas, médicalement, prévoir la guérison dans le délai d’un an; 3° tous les malades dont l’état est tel qu’il fait d’eux des infirmes dorit on ne peut pas, médicalement, prévoir la guérison dans le délai d’un an; à cette catégorie appartiennent en particulier: a) les tuberculoses progressives d’organes quelconques qui, d’après les prévisions médicales, ne peuvent plus être guéries ou au moins con- sidérablement améliorées par une cure en pays neutre; b) les affections non tuberculeuses des organes respiratoires présumées incurables (ainsi, avant tout, l’emphysème pulmonaire fortement déve- loppé avec ou sans bronchite, les dilatations bronchiques, l’asthme grave, les intoxications par les gaz, etc.) ; 120 B. Hospitalization in a Neutral Country. There shall be placed in hospitals ; 1. Sick and wounded whose cure within a period of one year is to be expected, such cure appearing more certain and more rapid if the sick and wounded are given the benefit of the resources offered by the neutral country than if their captivity properly so-called is prolonged; 2. Prisoners of war whose mental or physical health appears, according to medical opinion, to be seriously menaced by continuance in captivity, while hospitalization in a neutral country would probably remove this danger. C. Repatriation of Those Hospitalized in a Neutral Country. There shall be repatriated the prisoners of war hospitalized in a neutral country who belong to the following categories : 1. Those whose state of health appears to be or to be becoming such that they fall within the categories of persons eligible to repatriation for reasons of health; 2. The recovered whose mental or physical fitness seems to have suffered a considerable diminution. II. Special Principles for Direct Repatriation or Hospitalization in a Neutral Country. A. Repatriation. There shall be repatriated: 1. All prisoners of war who, as the result of organic injuries, have the following impairments, actual or functional; loss of a member, paralysis, articular or other defects, provided that the loss' is at least a foot or a hand, or is equivalent to the loss of a foot or a hand ; 2. All wounded or injured prisoners of war whose condition is such that it renders them invalids whose cure, within a period of one year, can not be anticipated from a medical standpoint; 3. All the sick whose condition is such that it renders them invalids whose cure, within a period of one year, can not be anticipated from a medical standpoint; The following, in particular, belong to this category: a) Progressive tuberculosis of any organs which, according to medical opinion, can no longer be cured or at least considerably improved by a course of treatment in a neutral country. b) Nontubercular affections of the respiratory organs presumed in- curable (such as, above all, strongly developed pulmonary emphysema, with or without bronchitis, bronchiectasis, serious asthma, gas poison, etc. ) ; 121 c) les affections chroniques graves des organes de la circulation (par exemple: les affections valvulaires avec tendences aux troubles de compen- sation, les affections relativement graves du myocarde, du péricarde et des vaisseaux, en particulier les anévrismes inopérables des gros vaisseaux, etc.); d) les affections chroniques graves des organes digestifs; e) les affections chroniques graves des organes urinaires et sexuels (avant tout, par exemple: tous les cas de néphrites chroniques confirmées avec seméiologie complète, et tout particulièrement lorsqu’il existe déjà des altérations cardiaques et vasculaires, de même les pyélites et cystites chroniques, etc.) ; f) les maladies chroniques graves du système nerveux central et péri- phérique (ainsi, avant tout, la neurasthénie et l’hystérie graves, tous les cas incontestables d’épilepsie, le Basedow grave, etc.); g) la cécité des deux yeux, ou celle d’un œil lorsque la vision de l’autre reste inférieure à 1 malgré l’emploi de verres correcteurs; la diminution de l’acuité visuelle au cas où il est impossible de la ramener par la correction à l’acuité de /% pour un œil du moins; les autres affections oculaires rentrant dans la présente catégorie (glaucome, iritis, choroidite, etc.); h) la surdité totale bilatérale, ainsi que la surdité totale unilatérale au cas où l’oreille incomplètement sourde ne perçoit plus la voix parlée ordinaire à un mètre de distance; i) tous les cas incontestables d’affections mentais; k) les cas graves d’intoxication chronique par les métaux ou par d’autres causes (saturnisme, hydrargyrisme, morphinisme, cocaïnisme, alcoolisme, intoxication par les gaz, etc.) ; l) les affections chroniques des organes locomoteurs (arthrite défor- mante, goutte, rhumatismes avec altérations décelables cliniquement), à la condition qu’elles soient graves; m) tous les néoplasmes malins, s’ils ne sont pas justiciables d’interventions opératoires relativement bénignes sans danger pour la vie de l’opéré; n) Vous les cas de malaria avec altérations organiques appréciables (augmentation chronique importante du volume du foie, de la rate, cachexie, etc.); o) les affections cutanées chroniques graves, pour autant que leur nature ne constitue pas une indication médicale d’hospitalisation en pays neutre; p) les avitaminoses graves (béri-béri, pellagra, scorbut chronique). B.—Hospitalisation. Les prisonniers de guerre doivent être hospitalisés s’ils sont atteints des affections suivantes: 1° toutes les formes de tuberculose d’organes quelconques, si, d’après les connaissances médicales actuelles, elles peuvent être guéries, ou du moins 122 c) Serious chronic affections of the organs of circulation (for example: valvular affections with tendencies to disorders of compensation, relatively serious affections of the myocardium, pericardium of the vessels, especially inoperable aneurisms of the large vessels, etc.) ; d) Serious chronic affections of the digestive organs; e) Serious chronic affections of the urinary and sexual organs (par- ticularly, for example : all cases of confirmed chronic nephritis with complete semeiology, and most especially when cardiac and vascular impairments already exist; likewise, pyelites and chronic cystitis, etc.) ; /) Serious chronic diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system (such as, particularly, serious neurasthenia and hysteria, all unquestionable cases of epilepsy, serious cases of Basedow’s disease, etc.) ; g) Blindnes in both eyes, or in one eye when the vision of the other remains below 1 in spite of the use of corrective glasses; reduction in acuteness of vision in case it is impossible to restore it by correction to the acuteness of /% for one eye at least; other ocular affections coming in the present class (glaucoma, iritis, choroiditis, etc.) ; h) Total deafness in both ears, as well as total deafness in one ear in case the partially deaf ear does not discern the ordinary spoken voice at a distance of one meter; i) All unquestionable cases of mental affections; k) All serious cases of chronic poisoning by metals or other causes (lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, morphinism, cocainism, alcoholism, gas poisoning, etc.) ; /) Chronic affections of the organs of locomotion (arthritis deformans, gout, rheumatism with impairments clinically discoverable), provided they are serious; m) All malignant growths, if they are not amenable to relatively minor operations without endangering the life of the patient; n) All cases of malaria with noticeable organic changes (important chronic increase in size of the liver, of the spleen, cachexia, etc.) ; o) Serious chronic cutaneous affections, in so far as their nature does not constitute a medical indication for hospitalization in a neutral country; p) Serious avitaminoses (beri-beri, pellagra, chronic scurvy). B. Hospitalization. Prisoners of war must be hospitalized if they have the following affections; 1. All forms of tuberculosis of any organs whatever if, according to present medical knowledge, they may be cured, or at least considerably 123 considérablement améliorées par les méthodes applicables en pays neutre (altitude, traitement dans les sanatoria, etc.); 2° toutes les formes—nécessitant un traitement—d’affections des organes respiratoires, circulatoires, digestifs, génito-urinaires, nerveux, des organes des sens, des appareils locomoteur et cutané, à condition, toutefois, que ces formes d’affections n’appartiennent pas aux catégories prescrivant le rapatriement direct, ou qu’elles ne soient pas des maladies aiguës propre- ment dites ayant une tendance à la guérison franche. Les affections en- visagées dans ce paragraphe sont celles qui offrent par l’application des moyens de cure disponibles en pays neutre des chances de guérison réelle- ment meilleures pour le patient que si celui-ci était traité en captivité. Il y a lieu de considérer tout spécialement les troubles nerveux dont les causes efficientes ou déterminantes sont les événements de la guerre ou de la captivité même, comme la psychasthénie des prisonniers de guerre et autres cas analogues. Tous les cas de ce genre dûment constatés doivent être hospitalisé, pour autant que leur gravité ou leurs caractères constitutionnels n’en font pas des cas de rapatriement direct. Les cas de physchasthénie des prisonniers de guerre qui ne sont pas guéris après trois mois d’hospitalisation en pays neutre ou qui, après ce délai, ne sont pas manifestement en voie de guérison définitive, devront être rapatriés. 3° tous les cas de blessures, de lésions et leurs conséquences qui offrent des chances de guérison meilleures en pays neutre qu’en captivité, à condi- tion que ces cas ne soient pas, ou bien justiciables du rapatriement direct, ou bien insignifiants; 4° tous les cas de malaria dûment constatés et ne présentant pas d’altéra- tions organiques décelables cliniquement (augmentation de volume chro- nique du foie, de la rate, cachexie, etc.), si le séjour en pays neutre offre des perspectives particulièrement favorables de guérison définitive; 5° tous les cas d’intoxication (en particulier par les gaz, les métaux, les alcaloïdes) pour lesquels les perspectives de guérison en pays neutre sont spécialement favorables. Seront exclus de l’hospitalisation: 1° tous les cas d’affections mentales dûment constatées; 2° toutes les affections nerveuses organiques ou fonctionnelles réputées incurables; (Ces deux catégories appartiennent à celles donnant droit au rapatriement direct.). 3° l’alcoolisme chronique grave; 4° toutes les affections,contagieuses dans la période où elles sont trans- missibles (maladies infectieuses aiguës, syphilis, primaire et secondaire, trachome, lèpre, etc.). 124 improved by methods applicable in a neutral country (altitude, treatment in sanatoria, etc.) ; 2. All forms—necessitating treatment—of affections of the respira- tory, circulatory, digestive, genito-urinary, and nervous organs, of organs of the senses, of the locomotor and cutaneous apparatus, provided, how- ever, that the forms of these affections do not belong to the categories requiring direct repatriation, or are not acute diseases properly so-called susceptible to a complete cure. The affections contemplated in this paragraph are those which offer really better chances of cure for the patient by the application of means of treatment available in a neutral country than if he were treated in captivity. Nervous troubles, the efficient or determinant causes of which are the events of the war or even of the captivity itself, such as the psychasthenia of prisoners of war and other analogous cases, should be given special consideration. All duly verified cases of this kind should be hospitalized, provided that the seriousness or constitutional character thereof does not make them cases for direct repatriation. Cases of psychasthenia of prisoners of war which are not cured after three months of hospitalization in a neutral country or which, after this period has expired, are not obviously on the road to final recovery, should be repatriated. 3. All cases of wounds or lesions and their consequences which offer better chances of cure in a neutral country than in captivity, provided that these cases are not either eligible for direct repatriation or else are insignificant; 4. All cases of malaria, duly verified and not presenting organic changes clinically discoverable (chronic enlargement of the liver, of the spleen, cachexia, etc.), if the stay in a neutral country offers particularly favorable prospects of final cure; 5. All cases of poisoning (particuarly by gases, metals, alkaloids) for which the prospects of cure in a neutral country are especially favorable. There shall be excluded from hospitalization: 1. All duly verified cases of mental affections; 2. All organic or functional nervous affections reputed to be incurable; (These two categories belong to those giving a right to direct repatriation.) 3. Serious chronic alcoholism; 4. All contagious affections during the period in which they are transmissible (acute infectious diseases, primary and secondary syphilis, trachoma, leprosy, etc. ), 558485°—44 9 125 III. Observations Générales. Les conditions fixées ci-dessus doivent, d’une façon générale, être inter- prétées et appliquées dans un esprit aussi large que possible. Cette largeur d’interprétation doit être appliquée particulièrement aux états névropathiques ou psychopathiques causés ou déterminés par les événements de la guerre ou de la captivité même (psychasthénie des prisonniers de guerre), ainsi qu’aux cas de tuberculose à tous les degrés. Il va de soi que les médecins de camp et les commissions médicales mixtes peuvent se trouver en présence d’une foule de cas non mentionnés parmi les exemples donnés sous chiffre II, ou de cas ne s’adaptant pas à ces exemples. Les exemples mentionnés ci-dessus ne sont donnés que comme exemples typiques; une liste analogue d’exemples d’altérations chirurgicales n’a pas été établie parce que, abstraction faite des cas incon- testables par leur nature même (amputations), il est difficile de dresser une liste de types particuliers ; V expérience a démontré qu’un exposé de ces cas particuliers n’était pas sans inconvénients dans la pratique. On résoudra tous les cas ne s’adaptant pas exactement aux exemples cités en s’inspirant de l’esprit des principes directeurs ci-dessus. 126 III. General Observations. The conditions given above should, generally speaking, be interpreted and applied in as broad a spirit as possible. This breadth of interpretation should be especially applied to neuropathic or psychopathic conditions caused or brought to a head by the events of the war or even of the captivity itself ( psychasthenia of prisoners of war), and also to cases of tuberculosis in all degrees. It is needless to state that camp physicians and the mixed medical commissions may find themselves confronted with a great number of cases not mentioned among the examples given under Section II, or cases not fitting in with these examples. The examples mentioned above are given only as typical examples; an analogous list of exam- ples of surgical alterations has not been drawn up because, with the exception of cases incontestable by their very nature (amputations), it is difficult to make a list of particular types; experience has shown that a recital of these particular cases was not without disadvantages in practice. All cases not fitting exactly into the examples cited shall be decided by invoking the spirit of the above governing principles. Note.—The following countries have ratified or adhered to the above Convention and are bound by its terms : United States Italy Belgium Japan * Bolivia Latvia Brazil Mexico Bulgaria Netherlands Canada New Zealand Chile Norway Colombia Poland Czechoslovakia Portugal Denmark Rumania Egypt Spain Estonia Sweden France Switzerland Germany Thailand Great Britain Turkey Greece Union of South Africa Hungary Yugoslavia India *See comment in Foreward concerning adherence by Japan. 127 Chapitre 6 DES BLESSÉS ET DES MALADES Convention de Genève (Croix Rouge), 27 Juillet 1929 [Original] CONVENTION POUR UAMÉLIORATION DU SORT DES BLESSÉS ET DES MALADES DANS LES ARMÉES EN CAMPAGNE [Here follows the list of Sovereigns and Heads of States who sent Plenipotentiaries to the Conference.] également animés du désir de diminuer, autant qu’il dépend d’eux, les maux inséparables de la guerre et voulant, dans ce but, perfectionner et compléter les dispositions convenues à Genève, le 22 août 1864 et le 6 juillet 1906, pour Vamélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les armées en campagne, ont résolu de conclure une nouvelle Convention à cet effet, et ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentionaires, savoir: [Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries.] Lesquels, après s’être communiqué leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouvés en bonne et due forme, sont convenus de ce qui suit: Chapitre Premier.—Des Blessés et des Malades. Article Premier Les militaires et les autres personnes officiellement attachées aux armées qui seront blessés ou malades devront être respectés et protégés en toutes circonstances ; ils seront traités avec humanité et soignés, sans distinction de nationalité, par le belligérant qui les aura en son pouvoir. Toutefois, le belligérant, obligé d’abandonner des blessés ou des malades à son adversaire, laissera avec eux, autant que les exigences militaires le permettront, une partie de son personnel et de son matériel sanitaires pour contribuer à. les soigner. 128 Chapter 7 WOUNDED AND SICK Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 27 July 1929 (47 Stat. 2074; Treaty Series No. 847; Malloy, Treaties, Vol. IV, p. 5209) [Translation] CONVENTION FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SICK OF ARMIES IN THE FIELD [Here follows the list of Sovereigns and Heads of States who sent Plenipotentiaries to the Conference.] equally desirous of diminishing, so far as lies within their power, the evils inseparable from war, and wishing to perfect and complete, for this purpose, the provision agreed upon at Geneva, August 22, 1864, and July 6, 1906, to ameliorate the condition of the wounded and sick of armies in the field. have decided to conclude a new Convention for this purpose, and have appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries, namely : [Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries.] Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows : Chapter I.—The Wounded and Sick. Article 1. Officers, soldiers, and other persons officially attached to the armies who are wounded or sick shall be respected and protected in all circum- stances; they shall be humanely treated and cared for without distinction of nationality by the belligerent in whose power they are. A belligerent, however, when compelled to leave his wounded or sick in the hands of his adversary, shall leave with them, so far as military exigencies permit, a portion of the personnel and the materiel of his sanitary service to assist in caring for them. 129 Article 2. Sous réserve des soins à leur fournir en vertu de l’article précédent, les blessés et les malades d’une armée tombés au pouvoir de l’autre belligérant seront prisonniers de guerre et les règles générales du droit des gens con- cernant les prisonniers leur seront applicables. Cependant, les belligérants resteront libres de stipuler, en faveur des prisonniers blessés ou malades et au delà des obligations existantes, telles clauses qu’ils jugeront utiles. Article 3. Après chaque combat, l’occupant du champ de bataille prendra des mesures pour rechercher les blessés et les morts et pour les protéger contre le pillage et les mauvais traitements. Toutes les fois que les circonstances le permettront, un armistice local ou une interruption de feu seront convenus pour permettre l’enlèvement des blessés restés entre les lignes. Article 4. Les belligérants se feront connaître réciproquement, dans le plus bref délai possible, les noms des blessés, des malades et des morts recueillis ou découverts, ainsi que tous les éléments propres à les identifier. Ils établiront et se transmettront les actes de décès. Ils recueilleront et s’enverront également tous les objets d’un usage personnel trouvés sur les champs de bataille ou sur les morts, notamment la moitié de leur plaque d’identité, l’autre moitié devant rester attachée au cadavre. Ils veilleront à ce que l’inhumation ou l’incinération des morts soit précédée d’un examen attentif et, si possible, médical des corps, en vue de constater la mort, d’établir l’identité et de pouvoir en rendre compte. Ils veilleront, en outre, à ce qu’ils soient enterrés honorablement, que leurs tombes soient respectées et puissent toujours être retrouvées. A cet effet et au début des hostilités, ils organiseront officiellement un service des tombes en vue de rendre possible des exhumations éventuelles et d’assurer l’identification des cadavres, quel que soit l’emplacement suc- cessif des tombes. Dès la fin des hostilités, ils échangeront la liste des tombes et celle des morts ensevelis dans leurs cimetières et ailleurs. 130 Article 2. Subject to the care that must be taken of them under the preceding article, the wounded and sick of an army who fall into the power of the other belligerent shall become prisoners of war, and the general rules of international law in respect to prisoners of war shall become applicable to them. The belligerents shall remain free, however, to agree upon such clauses to the benefit of the wounded and sick prisoners as they may deem of value over and above already existing obligations. Article 3. After every engagement, the belligerent who remains in possession of the field of battle shall take measures to search for the wounded and the dead and to protect them from robbery and ill treatment. A local armistice or cessation of fire to enable the removal of wounded left between the lines shall be arranged whenever circumstances permit. Article 4, Belligerents shall mutually forward to each other as soon as possible the names of the wounded, sick and dead taken in charge or discovered by them, as well as all indications which may serve for their identification. They shall draw up and forward to each other death certificates. They shall collect and likewise forward to each other all objects of personal use found on the field of battle or on the dead, especially one-half of their identity plaque, the other half remaining attached to the body. They shall see that a careful examination, if possible, medical, is made of the bodies of the dead prior to their interment or cremation, with a view to verifying their death, establishing their identity, and in order to be able to furnish a report thereon. They shall further see that they are honorably buried and that the graves are treated with respect and may always be found again. For this purpose, and at the outbreak of hostilities, they shall officially organize a service of graves in order to render any later exhumation possible and to make certain of the identity of bodies even though they may have* been moved from grave to grave. Upon the termination of hostilities, they shall exchange lists of graves and of dead buried in their cemeteries and elsewhere. 131 Article 5. L’autorité militaire pourra faire appel au zèle charitable des habitants pour recueillir et soigner, sous son contrôle, des blessés ou des malades des armées, en accordant aux personnes ayant répondu à cet appel une protec- tion spéciale et certaines facilités. Chapitre II. Des Formations et des Êstablissements Sanitaires. Article 6. Les formations sanitaires mobiles, c’est-à-dire celles qui sont destinées à accompagner les armées en campagne, et les établissements fixes du service de santé seront respectés et protégés par les belligérants. Article 7. La protection due aux formations et établissements sanitaires cessera si l’on en use pour commettre des actes nuisibles à l’ennemi. Article 8. Ne seront pas considérés comme étant de nature à priver une formation ou un établissement sanitaire de la protection assurée par Particle 6: 1 ) le fait que le personnel de la formation ou de létablissemcnt est armé et qu’il use de ses armes pour sa propre défense ou celle de ses blessés et de ses malades; 2) le fait qu’à défaut d’infirmiers armés, la formation ou l’établisse- ment est gardé par un piquet ou des sentinelles ; 3) le fait qu’il est trouvé dans la formation ou l’établissement des armes portatives et des munitions retirées aux blessés et aux malades et n’ayant pas encore été versées au service compétent ; 4) le fait que du personnel et du matériel du service vétérinaire se trouvent dans la formation ou l’établissement, sans en faire partie intégrante. Chapitre III.—Du Personnel. Article 9. Le personnel exclusivement affecté à l’enlèvement, au transport et au traitement des blessés et des malades, ainsi qu’à l’administration des formations et des établissements sanitaires, les aumôniers attachés aux armées, seront respectés et protégés en-toutes circonstances. S’ils tombent 132 Article 5. The military authority may make an appeal to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to receive and, under its supervision, to care for, the wounded or sick of the armies, granting to persons responding to such appeals special protection and certain facilities. Chapter II.—Sanitary Formations and Establishments. Article 6. Mobile sanitary formations, i. e., those which are intended to accompany armies in the field, and the fixed establishments belonging to the sanitary service shall be protected and respected by the belligerents. Article 7. The protection due to sanitary formations and establishments shall cease if they are used to commit acts injurious to the enemy. Article 8. A sanitary formation or establishment shall not be deprived of the protection accorded by Article 6 by the fact : 1) that the personnel of the formation or establishment is armed and uses its arms in self-defense or in defense of its wounded and sick; 2) that in the absence of armed hospital attendants the formation is guarded by an armed detachment or by sentinels; 3) that hand firearms or ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet turned over to the proper authorities are found in the formation or establishment; 4) that there is found in the formation or establishment personnel or matériel of the veterinary service which does not integrally belong to it. Chapter III.—Personnel. Article 9. The personnel charged exclusively with the removal, transportation, and treatment of the wounded and sick, as well as with the adminis- tration of sanitary formations and establishments, and the chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and protected under all circurn- 133 entre les mains de l’ennemi, ils ne seront pas traités comme prisonniers de guerre. Les militaires spécialement instruits pour être, le cas échéant, em- ployés comme infirmiers ou brancardiers auxiliaires à l’enlèvement, au transport et au traitement des blessés et des malades, et munis d’une pièce d’identité, seront au bénéfice du même régime que le personnel sanitaire permanent, s’ils sont capturés pendant qu’ils remplissent ces fonctions. Article 10. Est assimilé au personnel visé à l’alinéa 1er de l’article 9 le personnel des sociétés de secours volontaires, dûment reconnues et autorisées par leur Gouvernement qui sera employé aux mêmes fonctions que celles du personnel visé au dit alinéa, sous la réserve que le personnel de ces sociétés sera soumis aux lois et règlements militaires. Chaque Haute Partie Contractante notifiera à l’autre, soit dès le temps de paix, soit à l’ouverture ou au cours des hostilités, en tout cas avant tout emploi effectif, les noms des sociétés qu’elle aura autorisées à prêter leur concours, sous sa responsabilité, au service sanitaire officiel des ses armées. Article 11. Une société reconnue d’un pays neutre ne pourra prêter le concours de son personnel et de ses formations sanitaires à un belligérant qu avec l’assentiment préalable de son propre Gouvernement et l’autorisation du belligérant lui-même. Le belligérant qui aura accepté le secours sera tenu, avant tout emploi, d’en faire la notification à l’ennemi. Article 12. Les personnes désignées dans les articles 9, 10 et 11 ne pourront être retenues après qu’elles seront tombées au pouvoir de la partie adverse. Sauf accord contraire, elles seront renvoyées au belligérant dont elles relèvent dès qu’une voie sera ouverte pour leur retour et que les exigences militaires le permettront. , En attendant leur renvoi, elles continueront à remplir leurs fonctions sous la direction de la partie adverse; elles seront de préférence affectées aux soins des blessés et des malades du belligérant dont elles relèvent. A leur départ, elles emporteront les effets, les instruments, les armes et les moyens de transport qui leur appartiennent. 134 stances. If they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be treated as prisoners of war. Military personnel which has received special instructions to be used when necessary as auxiliary attendants or litter bearers in the removal, transportation and treatment of the wounded and sick, and bearing an identification document, shall benefit by the same conditions as the permanent sanitary personnel if they are captured at the moment when they are fulfilling these functions. Article 10. The personnel of volunteer aid societies, duly recognized and authorized by their Government, who are employed in the same functions as the personnel contemplated in Article 9, paragraph 1, are assimilated to that personnel upon condition that the said societies shall be subject to military laws and regulations. Each High Contracting Party shall make known to the other, either in time of peace or at the opening or during the progress of hostilities, and in any case before actual employment, the names of the societies which it has authorized to render assistance, under its responsibility, in the official sanitary service of its armies. Article 11 A recognized society of a neutral country may only lend the services of its sanitary personnel and formations to a belligerent with the prior consent of its own Government and the authority of such belligerent. The belligerent who has accepted such assistance shall be required to notify the enemy before making any use thereof. Article 12. The persons described in Articles 9, 10 and 11 may not be detained after they have fallen into the power of the adversary. Unless there is an agreement to the contrary, they shall be sent back to the belligerent to whose service they are attached as soon as a way is open for their return and military exigencies permit. While waiting to be returned, they shall continue in the exercise of their functions under the direction of the adversary; they shall be assigned preferably to the care of the wounded and sick of the belligerent to whose service they are attached. At the time of their departure they may carry with them such effects, instruments, arms and means of transport as belong to them. 135 Article 13. Les belligérants assureront au personnel visé par les articles 9, 10 et 11, pendant qu’il sera en leur pouvoir, le même entretien, le même logement, les mêmes allocations et la même solde qu’au personnel correspondant de leur armée. I Dès le début des hostilités, ils s’entendront au sujet de la correspondance des grades de leur personnel sanitaire. Chapitre IV. Des Bâtiments et du Matériel. Article 14. Les formations sanitaires mobiles, quelles qu’elles soient, conserveront, si elles tombent au pouvoir de la partie adverse, leur matériel, leurs moyens de transport et leur personnel conducteur. Toutefois, l’autorité militaire compétente aura la faculté de s’en servir pour les soins des blessés et des malades; la restitution aura lieu dans les conditions prévues pour le personnel sanitaire et, autant que possible, en même temps. Article 15. Les bâtiments et le matériel des établissements sanitaires fixes de l’armée demeureront soumis aux lois de la guerre, mais ne pourront être détournés de leur emploi tant qu’ils seront nécessaires aux blessés et aux malades. Toutefois, les commandants des troupes d’opérations pourront en dis- poser, en cas de nécessités militaires urgentes, en assurant au préalable le sort des blessés et des malades qui y sont traités. Article 16. Les bâtiments des sociétés de secours admises au bénéfice de la Conven- tion seront considérés comme propriété privée. Le matériel de ces sociétés, quelque soit le lieu où il pourra se trouver, sera également considéré comme propriété privée. Le droit de réquisition reconnu aux belligérants par les lois et usages de la guerre ne s’exercera qu’en cas de nécessité urgente et une fois le sort des blessés et des malades assuré. Chapitre V. Des Transports Sanitaires. Article 17. Les véhicules aménagés pour les évacuations sanitaires circulant isolé- ment ou en convoi seront traités comme les formation sanitaires mobiles, sauf les dispositions spéciales suivantes: 136 Article 13. While they remain in their power, belligerents shall secure to the personnel mentioned in Articles 9, 10 and 11, the same maintenance and quarters, pay and allowances, as" to persons of corresponding rank in their own armies. At the outbreak of hostilities the belligerents shall reach an under- standing on the corresponding ranks of their sanitary personnel. Chapter IV.—Buildings and Matériel. Article 14. If mobile sanitary formations, whatever may be their nature, fall into the power of the adversary, they shall retain their matériel, their means of transportation, and their conducting personnel. The competent military authority, however, shall have the right to employ them in caring for the wounded and sick; restitution shall take place in accordance with the conditions prescribed for the sanitary personnel and as far as possible at the same time. Article 15. Buildings and matériel of the fixed sanitary establishments of the army shall remain subject to the laws of war, but may not be diverted from their use so long as they are necessary for the wounded and sick. However, commanders of troops engaged in operations may use them in case of urgent military necessity if, before such use, the wounded and sick treated there have been provided for. Article 16. The buildings of aid societies admitted to the benefits of the Convention shall be regarded as private property. The matériel of these societies, irrespective of its location, shall likewise be regarded as private property. The right of requisition recognized to belligerents by the laws and cus- toms of war shall be exercised only in case of urgent necessity and after the wounded and sick have been provided for. Chapter V.—Sanitary Transports. Article 17 Vehicles equipped for sanitary evacuation traveling singly or in convoy shall be treated as mobile sanitary formations subject to the following special provisions: 137 Le belligérant interceptant des véhicules de transport sanitaire, isolés ou en convoi, pourra, si les nécessités militaires l’exigent, les arrêter, dis- loquer le convoi, en se chargeant, dans tous le scas, des blessés et des malades qu’il contient. Il ne pourra les utiliser que dans le secteur ou ils auront été interceptés et exclusivement pour des besoins sanitaires. Ces véhicules, une fois leur mission locale terminée, devron être rendus dans les conditions prévues à l’article 14. Le personnel militaire préposé au transport èt muni à cet effet d’un mandat régulier sera r-envoyé dans les conditions prévues à l’article 12 pour le personnel sanitaire, et sous réserve du dernier alinéa de Varide 18. Tous les moyens de transport spécialement organisés pour les évacua- tions et le matériel d’aménagement de ces moyens de transport relevant du service de santé seront restitué conformément aux dispositions du chapitre IV. Les moyens de transport militaires, autres que ceux du service de santé, pourront être capturés, avec leurs attelages. Le personnel civil et tous les moyens de transport provenant de la réquisi- tion seront soumis aux règles générales du droit des gens. Article 18. Les appareils aériens utilisés comme moyens de transport sanitaire jouiront de la protection de la Convention pendant le temps où ils seront exclusivement réservés à Vévacuation des blessés et des malades, au trans- port du personnel et du matériel sanitaires. Ils seront peints en blanc et porteront ostensiblement le signe distinctif prévu à l’article 19, à côté des couleurs nationales, sur leurs faces inférieure et supérieure. Sauf licence spéciale et expresse, le survol de la ligne de feu et de la zone située en avant des grands postes médicaux de triage, ainsi que, d’une manière générale, de tout territoire ennemi ou occupé par l’ennemi sera interdit. Les appareils sanitaires aériens devront obéir à toute sommation d’atterrir. En cas d’atterrissage ainsi imposé ou fortuit sur territoire ennemi ou occupé par l’ennemi, les blessés et les malades, de même que le personnel et le matériel sanitaires, y compris l’appareil aérien, demeureront au bénéfice des dispositions de la présente Convention. Le polite, les manœuvres et les opérateurs de télégraphie sans fil (T. S. F.) capturés seront rendus, à la condition qu’ils ne soient plus utilisés, jusqu’à la fin des hostilités, que dans le service sanitaire. 138 A belligerent intercepting sanitary transportation vehicles, traveling either singly or in convoy, may, if required by military necessity, stop them and break up the convoy, charging himself in all cases with the care of the wounded and sick whom it contains. He may only utilize such vehicles in the sector wherein they were intercepted and exclusively for sanitary needs. When their local Qiission is at an end, these vehicles must be returned under the conditions stipulated in Article 14. Military personnel assigned by competent orders for sanitary transporta- tion purposes shall be returned under the conditions stipulated in Article 12 for sanitary personnel, and subject to the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 18. All means of transportation especially organized for evacuation purposes, as well as their appurtenances attached to the sanitary service, shall be returned in conformity with the provisions of Chapter IV. Military means of transportation and their teams, other than those belonging to the sanitary service, may be captured. The civil personnel and all means of transportation obtained by requisition shall be subject to the general rules of international law. Article 18. Aircraft used as a means of sanitary transportation shall enjoy the protection of the Convention during such time as they are exclusively reserved for the evacuation of wounded and sick and for the transportation of sanitary personnel and matériel. They shall be painted in white and shall bear clearly visible the dis- tinctive sign mentioned in Article 19 alongside of the national colors on their upper and lower surfaces. Excepting with special and express permission, a flight over the firing line, as well as over the zone situated in front of the major medical dressing stations, and in general over any territory under the control of or occupied by the enemy shall be forbidden. Sanitary aircraft must comply with all summons to land. In the case of a landing thus required or made accidentally upon territory occupied by the enemy, the wounded and sick, as well as the sanitary personnel and matériel, including the aircraft, shall benefit by the provisions of the present Convention. The pilot, mechanics, and wireless operators who have been captured shall be returned on condition of only being utilized in the sanitary service until the termination of hostilities. 139 Chapitre VI.—Du signe distinctif. Article 19 Par hommage pour la Suisse, le signe héraldique de la croix rouge sur fond blanc, formé par interversion des couleurs fédérales, est maintenu comme emblème et signe distinctif du service sanitaire des armées. Toutefois, pour les pays qui emploient déjà, à la place de la croix rouge, le croissant rouge ou le lion et le soleil rouges sur fond blanc comme signe distinctif, ces emblèmes sont également admis dans le sens de la présente Convention. Article 20. L’emblème figurera sur les drapeaux, les brassards, ainsi que sur tout le matériel se rattachant au service sanitaire, avec la permission de l’autorité militaire compétente. Article 21. Le personnel protégé en vertu des articles 9, alinéa premier, 10 et 11 portera, fixé au bras gauche, un brassard muni du signe distinctif, délivré et timbré par une autorité militaire. Le personnel visé à l’article 9, alinéas 1 et 2, sera pourvu d’une pièce d’identité consistant, soit en une inscription dans le livret militaire, soit en un document spécial. Les personnes visées aux articles 10 et 11 qui n’ont pas d’uniforme mili- taire seront munies par l’autorité militaire compétente d’un certificat d’identité avec photographie, attestant leur qualité de sanitaire. Les pièces d’identité devront être uniformes et du même modèle dans chaque armée. En aucun cas, le personnel sanitaire ne pourra être privé de ses insignes, ni des pièces d’identité qui lui sont propres. En cas de perte, il aura le droit d’en obtenir des duplicata. Article 22. Le drapeau distinctif de la Convention ne pourra être arboré que sur les formations et les établissements sanitaires quelle ordonne de respecter et avec le consentement de l’autorité militaire. Dans les établissements fixes, il devra 'et, dans les formations mobiles, il pourra être accompagné du drapeau national du belligérant dont relève la formation ou l’établissement. 140 Chapter VI.—The Distinctive Sign. Article 19. Out of respect to Switzerland the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground, formed by the reversal of the Federal colors, is continued as the emblem and distinctive sign of the sanitary service of armies. However, for countries which already use, as a distinctive sign, in place of the red cross, the red crescent or the red lion and sun on a white field, these emblems shall likewise be recognized within the meaning of the present Convention. . Article 20. The emblem shall appear on flags and brassards, as well as upon all matériel appertaining to the sanitary service, with the permission of the competent military authority. Article 21. The personnel protected in virtue of the first paragraph of Article 9 and Articles 10 and 11 shall wear attached to the left arm a brassard bearing the distinctive sign, issued and stamped by a competent military authority. The personnel mentioned in Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, shall be furnished with an identification document consisting either of an in- scription in their military booklet or a special document. Persons mentioned in Articles 10 and 11 who do not wear military uniform shall be furnished by competent military authority with a certificate of identity containing their photograph and attesting to their sanitary status. Identification documents must be uniform and of the same type in each army. The sanitary personnel may in no case be deprived of their insignia nor of their own identification papers. In case of loss they shall have the right to obtain duplicates. Article 22. The distinctive flag of the Convention may only be displayed over the sanitary formations and establishments which the Convention provides shall be respected, and with the consent of the military authorities. In fixed establishments it shall, and in mobile formations it may, be accom- panied by the national flag of the belligerent to whose service the formation or establishments is attached. 558485°—44 10 141 Toutefois, les formations sanitaires tombées au pouvoir de l’ennemi n’arboreront que le drapeau de la Convention, aussi longtemps qu’elles se trouveront dans cette situation. Les belligérants prendront, en tant que les exigences militaires le permet- tront, les mesures nécessaires pour rendre nettement visibles aux forces ennemies terrestres, aériennes et maritimes les emblèmes distinctifs signalant les formations et les établissements sanitaires, en vue d’écarter la possibilité de toute action agressive. Article 23. Les formations sanitaires des pays neutres qui, dans les conditions prévues par l’article 11, auraient été autorisées à fournir leurs services devront arborer, avec le drapeau de la Convention, le drapeau national du bel- ligérant dont elles relèvent. Elles auront le droit, tant qu’elles prêteront leurs services à un bélligérant, d’arborer également leur drapeau national. Les dispositions du deuxième alinéa de l’article précédent leur seront applicables. Article 24. Uemblème de la croix rouge sur fond blanc et les mots croix rouge ou croix de Genève ne pourront être employés, soit en temps de paix soit en temps de guerre, que pour protéger ou désigner les formations et les éstablissements sanitaires, le personnel et le matériel protégés par la Convention. Il en sera de même, en ce qui concerne les emblèmes visés à Particle 19, alinéa 2, pour les pays qui les emploient. D’autre part, les sociétés de secours volontaires visées à l’article 10 pour- ront faire usage, conformément à la législation nationale, de l’emblème distinctif pour leur activité humanitaire en temps de paix. A titre exceptionnel et avec Vautorisation expresse de l’une des sociétés nationales de la Croix-Rouge (Croissant-Rouge, Lion et Soleil-Rouges), il pourra être fait usage de l’emblème de la Convention, en temps de paix, pour marquer l’emplacement de postes de secours exclusivement réservés à donner des soins gratuits à des blessés ou à des malades. Sanitary formations which have fallen into the power of the enemy, however, shall fly no other flag than that of the Convention as long as they continue in that situation. The belligerents, in so far as military exigencies allow, shall take such measures as may be necessary to render the distinctive emblems marking sanitary formations and establishments plainly visible to the land, air and sea forces of the enemy, with a view to preventing the possibility of any aggressive action. Article 23. The sanitary formations of neutral countries which, under the conditions set forth in Article 11, have been authorized to render their services, shall fly, with the flag of the Convention, the national flag of the belligerent to which they are attached. They shall have the right during such time as they are rendering service to a belligerent to fly their own national flag also. The provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding article are applicable to them. Article 24. The emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words Red Cross or Geneva Cross may be used, whether in time of peace or war, only to protect or designate sanitary formations and establishments, the personnel and matériel protected by the Convention. The same shall apply with respect to the emblems mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 19 for such countries as use them. Moreover, the volunteer aid societies provided for under Article 10 may, in conformity with their national legislation, employ the distinctive emblem for their humanitarian activities in time of peace. As an exceptional measure and with the specific authorization of one of the national Red Cross Societies (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun), the use of the emblem of the Convention may be allowed in peacetime to designate the location of relief stations reserved exclusively to giving free assistance to wounded or sick. 143 Chapitre VIL—De l’Application et de l’Exécution de la Convention. Article 25. Les dispositions de la présente Convention seront respectées par les Hautes Parties Contractantes en toutes circonstances. Au cas où, en temps de guerre, un belligérant ne serait pas partie à la Convention, ses dispositions demeureront néanmoins obligatoires entre tous les belligérants qui y participent. Article 26. Les commandants en chef des armées belligérantes auront à pourvoir aux détails d’exécution des articles précédents, ainsi qu’aux cas non prévus, d’après les instructions de leurs Gouvernements respectifs et con- formément aux principes généraux de la présente Convention. Article 27. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes prendront les mesures nécessaires pour instruire leurs troupes, et spécialement le personnel protégé, des dispositions de la présente Convention et pour les porter à la connaissance des populations. Chapitre VIII.-—De la Répression des Abus et des Infractions. Article 28. Les Gouvernements des Hautes Parties Contractantes, dont la législation ne serait pas dès à présent suffisante, prendront ou proposeront à leurs législatures les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher en tout temps: a) l’emploi, par des particuliers ou par des sociétés autres que celle y ayant droit en vertu de la présente Convention, de l’emblème ou de la dénomination de croix rouge ou de croix de Genève, de même que de tout signe et de toute dénomination constituant une imitation, que cet emploi ait lieu dans un but commercial ou dans tout autre but; b) en raison de l’hommage rendu à la Suisse par l’adoption des couleurs fédérales interverties, l’emploi par des particuliers ou par des sociétés des armoiries de la Confédération Suisse ou de signes constituant une imita- tion, soit comme marques de fabrique ou de commerce ou comme éléments de ces marques, soit dans un but contraire à la loyauté commerciale, soit dans des conditions susceptibles de blesser le sentiment national suisse. 144 Chapter VIL—The Application and Execution of the Convention. Article 25. The provisions of the present Convention shall be respected by the High Contracting Parties under all circumstances. If, in time of war, a belligerent is not a party to the Convention, its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as betweén all the belligerents who are parties to the Convention. Article 26. It shall be the duty of the commanders-in-chief of the belligerent armies to provide for the details of execution of the foregoing articles, as well as for unforeseen cases, in accordance with the instructions of their respective Governments, and conformably to the general principles of this Convention. Article 27. The High Contracting Parties shall take the necessary steps to acquaint their troops, and particularly the protected personnel, with the provisions of this Convention, and to make them known to the people at large. « Chapter VIII.—The Repression of Abuses and Infractions. Article 28. The Governments of the High Contracting Parties whose legislation may' not now be adequate shall take or shall recommend to their legisla- tures such measures as may be necessary at all times: a) to prevent the use by private persons or by societies other than those upon which this Convention confers the right thereto, of the emblem or of the name of the Red Cross or Geneva Cross, as well as any other sign or designation constituting an imitation thereof, whether for commercial or other purposes; h) by reason of the homage rendered to Switzerland as a result of the adoption of the inverted Federal colors, to prevent the use, by private persons or by organizations, of the arms of the Swiss Confederation or of signs constituting an imitation thereof, whether as trade-marks, commer- cial labels, or portions thereof, or in any way contrary to commercial ethics, or under conditions wounding Swiss national pride. 145 L’interdiction prévue sous lettre a) de l’emploi des signes ou dénomina- tions constituant une imitation de Vemblème ou de la dénomination de croix rouge ou de croix de Genève, ainsi que Vinterdiction prévue sous let- tre b) de l’emploi des armoiries de la Confédération Suisse ou de signes constituant une imitation produira son effet à partir de l’époque déter- minée par chaque législation et, au plus tard, cinq ans après la mise en vigueur de la présente Convention. Dès cette mis en vigueur, il ne sera plus licite de prendre une marque de fabrique ou de commerce contraire à ces interdictions. Article 29. Les Gouvernements des Hautes Parties Contractantes prendront ou proposeront également à leurs législatures, en cas d’insuffisance de. leurs lois pénales, les mesures nécessaires pour réprimer, en temps de guerre, tout acte contraire aux dispositions de la présente Convention. Ils se communiqueront, par l’intermédiaire du Conseil fédéral suisse, les dispositions relatives à cette répression, au plus tard dans les cinq ans à dater de la ratification de la présente Convention. Article 30. A la demande d’un belligérant, une enquête devra être ouverte, selon le mode à fixer entre les parties intéressées, au sujet de toute violation alléguée de la Convention; une fois la violation constatée, les belli- gérants y mettront fin et la réprimeront le plus promptement possible. DISPOSITIONS FINALES. Article 31. La présente Convention, qui portera la date de ce jour, pourra, jusqu’au premier février 1930, être signée au nom de tous les pays représentés à la Conférence qui s’est ouverte à Genève le 1er juillet 1929, ainsi que des pays non représentés à cette Conférence qui participent aux Conventions de Genève de 1864 ou de 1906. Article 32. La présente Convention sera ratifiée aussitôt que possible. Les ratifications seront déposées à Berne. Il sera dressé du dépôt de chaque instrument de ratification un procès- verbal dont une copie, certifiée conforme, sera remise par le Conseil fédéral suisse aux Gouvernements de touts les pays au nom de qui la Con- vention aura été signée ou l’adhésion notifiée. 146 The prohibition mentioned in* subparagraph a) of the use of signs or designations constituting an imitation of the emblem or designation of the Red Cross or Geneva Cross, as well as the prohibition mentioned in subparagraph b) of the use of the arms of the Swiss Confederation or signs constituting an imitation thereof, shall take effect from the time set in each act of legislation and at the latest five years after this conven- tion goes into effect. After such going into effect it shall be unlawful to take out a trade-mark or commercial label contrary to such prohibitions. Article 29. The Governments of the High Contracting Parties whose penal laws may not be adequate, shall likewise take or recommend to their legislatures the necessary measures to repress in time of war all acts in contravention of the provisions of the present Convention. They shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council the measures taken with a view to such repression, not later than five years from the date of the ratification of the present Con- vention. Article 30. At the request of a belligerent, an investigation must be held, in such manner as shall be agreed upon by the interested parties, concerning any alleged violation of the Convention; whenever such a violation is proved, the belligerents shall put an end to it and repress it as promptly as possible. FINAL PROVISIONS. Article 31. The present Convention, which will bear the date of this day, may be signed up to February 1, 1930, on behalf of all the countries repre- sented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on July 1, 1929, as well as by the countries not represented at the Conference which are parties to the Geneva Conventions of 1864 or of 1906. Article 32. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible. The ratifications shall be deposited at Berne. A record of the deposit of each instrument of ratification shall be prepared, a duly certified copy of which shall be forwarded by the Swiss Federal Council to the Governments of all the countries on whose behalf the Convention has been signed or notification of adhesion made. 147 Article 33. La présente Convention entrera en vigueur six mois après que deux instruments de ratification au moins auront été déposés. Ultérieurement, elle entrera en vigueur pour chaque Haute Partie Contractante six mois après le dépôt de son instrument de ratification. Article 34 La présente Convention remplacera les Conventions du 22 août 1864 et du 6 juillet 1906 dans les rapports entre les Hautes Parties Contractantes. Article 35. A partir de la date de sa mise en vigueur, la présente Convention sera ouverte aux adhésions données au nom de tout pays au nom duquel cette Convention n aura pas été signée. Article 36. Les adhésions seront notifiées par écrit au Conseil fédéral suisse et produiront leurs effets six mois après la date à laquelle elles lui seront parvenues. Le Conseil fédéral suisse communiquera les adhésions aux Gouverne- ments de tous les pays au nom de qui la Convention aura été signée ou l’adhésion notifiée. Article 37. L’état de guerre donnera effet immédiat aux ratifications déposées et aux adhésions notifiées par les Puissances belligérantes avant ou après le début des hostilités. La communication des ratifications ou adhésions reçues des Puissances en état de guerre sera faite par le Conseil fédéral suisse par la voie la plus rapide. Article 38. Chacune des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura la faculté de dénoncer la présente Convention. La dénonciation ne produira ses effets qu’un an après que la notification en aura été faite par écrit au Conseil fédéral suisse. Celui-ci communiquera cette notification aux Gouvernements de toutes les Hautes Parties Contractantes. La dénonciation ne vaudra qu’à l’égard de la Haute Partie Contractante qui l’aura notifiée. 148 Article 33. The present Convention shall become effective six months after the deposit of at least two instruments of ratification. Subsequently, it shall become effective for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of its instrument of ratification. Article 34. The present Convention shall replace the Conventions of August 22, 1864, and of July 6, 1906, in the relations between the High Contracting Parties. Article 35. From “the date on which it becomes effective, the present Convention shall be open for adhesions given on behalf of any country in whose name this Convention was not signed. , Article 36. Adhesions shall be given by written notification addressed to the Swiss Federal Council and shall take effect six months after the date of their receipt. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate adhesions to the Govern- ments of all the countries on whose behalf the Convention was signed or notification of adhesion made. Article 37. A state of war shall give immediate effect to ratifications deposited or adhesions notified by belligerent Powers prior to or after the outbreak of hostilities. The communication of ratifications or adhesions received from Powers at war shall be made by the Swiss Federal Council by the most rapid method. Article 38. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall have the right to denounce the present Convention. The denunciation shall not take effect until one year after notification has been made in writing to the Swiss Federal Council. The latter shall communicate such notification to the Govern- ments of all the High Contracting Parties. The denunciation shall have effect only with respect to the High Contracting Party which gave notification of it. 149 En outre, cette dénonciation ne produira pas ses effets au cours d’une guerre dans laquelle serait impliquée la Puissance dénonçante. En ce cas, la présente convention continuera à produire ses effets, au-delà du délai d’un an, jusqu’à la conclusion de la paix. Article 39. Une copie certifiée conforme de la présente Convention sera déposée aux archives de la Société des Nations par les soins du Conseil fédéral suisse. De même, les ratifications, adhésions et dénonciations qui seront notifiées au Conseil fédéral suisse seront communiquées par lui à la Société des Nations. En foi de quoi les Plénipotentiaires susnommés ont signés la présente Convention. Fait à Genève, le vingt-sept, juillet mil neuf cent vingt-neuf, en un seul exemplaire, qui restera déposé aux archives de la Confédération Suisse et dojit des copies, certifées conformes, seront remises aux Gouvernements de tous les pays invités à la Conférence. [Here follow signatures.] 150 Moreover, such denunciation shall not take effect during a war in which the denouncing Power is involved. In this case, the present Convention shall continue in effect, beyond the period of one year,-until the conclusion of peace. Article 39. A duly certified copy of the present Convention shall be deposited in the archives of the League of Nations by the Swiss Federal Council. Likewise, ratifications, adhesions, -and denunciations of which the Swiss Federal Council has been notified shall be communicated by it to the League of Nations. In faith whereof, the Plenipotentiaries named above have signed the present Convention. Done at Geneva, the twenty-seventh of July, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine, in a single copy, which shall remain in the archives of the Swiss Confederation and duly certified copies of which shall be forwarded to the Governments of all countries invited to the Conference. [Here follow signatures.] Note.—The following countries have ratified, or have announced their adherence to, the above Convention, and are bound by its terms : United States Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Czechoslovakia Denmark Egypt Estonia Ethiopia* Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary India Iraq* Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania* Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru* Poland Portugal Rumania Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- lics* Yugoslavia *Announced adherence. 151 Appendix A CONDITIONS OF AN ARMISTICE WITH GERMANY SIGNED 11 NOVEMBER 1918 [Translation.] Between Marshal Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies, acting on behalf of the Alliedvand Associated Powers, in conjunction with Admiral Wemyss, First Sea Lord, of the one part; and Secretary of State Erzberger, President of the German Delegation, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Count von Oberndorff, Major-General von Winterfcldt, Captain Vanselow (German Navy), furnished with full powers in due form and acting with the approval of the German Chan- cellor, of the other part; An Armistice has been concluded on the following conditions : CONDITIONS OF THE ARMISTICE CONCLUDED WITH GERMANY (A) On the Western Front. 1. Cessation of hostilities on land and in the air six hours after the signature of the Armistice. 2. Immediate evacuation of the invaded countries: Belgium, France, Luxemburg, as well as Alsace-Lorraine, so ordered as to be completed within fifteen days from the signature of the Armistice. German troops which have not evacuted the above-mentioned territories within the period fixed will be made prisoners of war. Joint occupation by the Allied and United States forces shall keep pace with evacuation in these areas. All movements of evacuation or occupation shall be regulated in accordance with a Note (Annexe No. 1), drawn up at the time of signature of the Armistice. 3. Repatriation, beginning at once, to be completed within fifteen days, of all inhabitants of the countries above enumerated (including hostages, persons under trial, or convicted). 152 4. Surrender in good condition by the German armies of the following war material : 5.000 guns (2,500 heavy, 2,500 field). 25,000 machine-guns. 3.000 trench mortars. 1,700 fighting and bombing aeroplanes—in the first place, all D 7’s and all night-bombing aeroplanes. The above to be delivered in situ to the Allied and United States troops in accordance with the detailed conditions laid down in Annexe 1, drawn up at the time of signature of the Armistice. 5. Evacuation by the German armies of the territories on the left bank of the Rhine. These territories on the left bank of the Rhine shall be administered by the local authorities under the control of the Allied and United States armies of occupation. The occupation of these territories shall be carried out by Allied and United States garrisons holding the principal crossings of the Rhine (Mainz, Coblenz, Cologne), together with bridgeheads, at these points, of a 30 kilometre radius on the right bank, and by garrisons similarly holding the strategic points of each area. A neutral zone shall be reserved on the right bank of the Rhine between the river and a line drawn parallel to the bridgeheads and to the river, and at a distance of 10 kilometres from the Dutch to the Swiss frontier. Evacuation by the enemy of the Rhineland (left and right banks), shall be so ordered as to be completed within a further period of sixteen days— thirty-one days in all after the signature of the Armistice. All movements- of evacuation and occupation shall be regulated according to Annexe 1, drawn up at the time of signature of the Armistice. 6. In all the territories evacuated by the enemy there shall be no evacuation of inhabitants; no damage or detriment shall be done to the persons or property of the inhabitants. No person shall be prosecuted for participation in military measures prior to the signature of the Armistice. No destruction of any kind to be committed. Military establishments of all kinds shall be handed over intact, as well as military stores, food, munitions and equipment not removed during the periods fixed for evacuation. Stores of food of all kinds for the civil population, cattle, &c., shall be left in situ. No measure of a general or official character shall be adopted which may result in a depreciation of industrial estab- lishments or in a reduction of their personnel. 7. Roads and means of communication of every kind, railroads, waterways, main roads, bridges, telegraphs and telephones shall be in no way damaged. All civil and military personnel at present employed on them shall be maintained. 5,000 locomotives and 150,000 wagons in 153 good running order, and provided with all necessary spare parts and fittings, shall be delivered to the Associated Powers within the period fixed by Annex No. 2, which shall not exceed thirty-one days. 5,000 motor lorries in good running order shall also be handed over within thirty-six days. The railways of Alsace-Lorraine shall be handed over within thirty-one days, together with all personnel and material belonging directly to these lines. Further, material necessary for the working of railways in the territories on the left bank of the Rhine shall be left in situ. All stores of coal and material for upkeep of permanent way, signals, and repair-shops, shall be left in situ and maintained by Germany as far as the working of these lines on the left bank of the Rhine is concerned. All barges taken from the Allies shall be restored to them. The note appended as Annexe No. 1 regulates all details under this head. 8. The German Command shall be bound to disclose, within 48 hours after the signature of the Armistice, all mines or delay action apparatus disposed on the territory evacuated by the German troops, and shall assist in their discovery and destruction. The German Command shall also disclose all harmful measures that may have been taken (such as poisoning or pollution of springs, wells, &c.). All the foregoing under penalty of reprisals. 9. The right of requisition shall be exercised by the Allied and United States Armies in all occupied territories, settlement of accounts with the persons concerned being provided for. The maintenance of the troops of occupation in the Rhineland (excluding Alsace-Lorraine) shall be defrayed by the German Government. 10. Immediate repatriation, without reciprocity, of all Allied and United States prisoners of war (including those under trial or convicted), ac- cording to detailed conditions which shall be fixed. The Allied Powers and the United States shall dispose of these prisoners as they think fit. This condition cancels previous agreements on the subject of the exchange of prisoners of war, including the agreement of July, 1918, in course of ratification. The repatriation of German prisoners interned in Holland and in Switzerland shall, however, continue as before. The repatriation of German prisoners shall be settled upon the conclusion of the peace preliminaries. 11. Sick and wounded who cannot be removed from territory evacuated by the German armies shall be cared for by German personnel, to be left on the spot with the material required. 154 (B) Clauses relating to the Eastern Frontiers of Germany. 12. All German troops at present in any territory which before the war belonged to Austria-Hungary, Roumania, or Turkey, must at once withdraw within the frontiers of Germany as these existed on August 1, 1914. All German troops at present in territories which before the war formed part of Russia shall likewise withdraw within the German frontiers as above defined, as soon as the Allies shall consider this desirable, having regard to the interior conditions of those territories. 13. Evacuation by German troops to begin at once, and all German instructors, prisoners, and civilian or military agents now within Russian territory (as defined on August 1, 1914), to be recalled. 14. German troops to cease at once all requisitions, seizures, or coercive measures for obtaining supplies intended for Germany in Roumania and Russia (according to frontiers existing on August 1, 1914). 15. Annulment of the Treaties of Bucharest and Brest-Litovsk and of supplementary treaties. 16. The Allies shall have free access to the territories evacuated by the Germans on their Eastern frontier, either viâ Danzig or by the Vistula, in order to revictual the populations of those territories or to maintain order. (C) In East Africa. 17. Evacuation of all German forces operating in East Africa within a period fixed by the Allies. (D) General Clauses 18. Repatriation within a maximum period of one month, without reciprocity, in accordance with detailed conditions hereafter to be fixed, of all interned civilians, including hostages, and persons under trial or convicted, who may be nationals of the Allied or Associated States other than those mentioned in clause 3. 19. Financial Clauses.—With the reservation that any future claims and demands of the Allies and United States shall remain unaffected, the following financial conditions are required: Reparation for damage done. While the Armistice lasts, no public securities shall be removed by the enemy which can serve as a guarantee to the Allies for the recovery of reparation for war losses. Immediate restitution of cash deposits in the National Bank of Belgium, and, in general, immediate return of all documents, specie, and securities 155 of every kind (together with plan for the issue thereof) affecting public or private interests in the invaded countries. Restitution of the Russian and Roumanian gold removed by the Germans or handed over to them. This gold to be delivered in trust to the Allies until the signature of peace. (E) Naval Conditions. 20. Immediate cessation of all hostilities at sea, and definite information to be given as to the location and movements of all German ships. Notifi- cation to be given to Neutrals that freedom of navigation in all territorial waters is given to the naval and mercantile marines of the Allied and Associated Powers, all questions of neutrality being waived. 21. Release, without reciprocity, of all prisoners of war in German hands belonging to the navies and mercantile marines of the Allied and Associated Powers. 22. Surrender to the Allies and the United States of all existing sub- marines (including all submarine cruisers and mine-layers) with armament and equipment complete, in ports specified by the Allies and the United States. Those which cannot put to sea shall be paid off and disarmed, and shall remain under the supervision of the Allies and of the United States. Submarines which are ready to put to sea shall be prepared to leave German ports as soon as orders are received by wireless for them to proceed to the port of surrender, and the rest shall follow as soon as possible. The conditions of this clause shall be fulfilled within fourteen days after the signature of the Armistice. 23. The following German surface warships, which shall be designated by the Allies and the United States, shall forthwith be disarmed and thereafter interned in neutral ports, or, failing these, in Allied ports designated by the Allies and the United States, and there placed under the supervision of the Allies and the United States, only guards being left on board, namely: 6 battle cruisers. 10 battleships. 8 light cruisers, including two mine-layers. 50 destroyers of the most modern types. All other surface warships (including river craft) shall be concentrated in German naval bases to be designated by the Allies and the United States, completely disarmed, and there placed under the supervision of the Allies and the United States. All vessels of the auxiliary fleet shall be disarmed. All vessels selected for internment shall be ready to leave German ports seven days after the signature of the Armistice. Sailing orders shall be given by wireless. 156 24. The Allies and the United States shall have the right to sweep all mine-fields and destroy all obstructions laid by Germany outside German territorial waters. The position of such mine-fields and obstructions is to be indicated. 25. Freedom of access to and egress from the Baltic to be-given to the naval and mercantile marines of the Allied and Associated Powers; to secure this the Allies and the United States shall be empowered to occupy all German forts, fortifications, batteries, and defense works of all kinds in all the channels from the Cattegat into the Baltic, and to sweep and destroy all mines and obstructions within and without German territorial waters. The plans and exact positions of the above shall be furnished by Germany, who may not raise any question of neutrality. 26. The existing blockade conditions set up by the Allied and Asso- ciated Powers shall remain unchanged, and all German merchant ships met at sea shall remain liable to capture. The Allies and the United States contemplate the provisioning of Germany, during the Armistice, to such extent as shall be found necessary. 27. All aircraft shall be concentrated and immobilized in German bases specified by the Allied Powers and the United States. 28. In evacuating the Belgian coast and ports, Germany shall leave in situ and intact all harbor material and material for inland navigation, all merchant craft, tugs, and barges; all naval aircraft, equipment, and stores, together with all armament, equipment, and stores of every description. 29. All Black Sea ports are to be evacuated by Germany; Russian Warships of all descriptions seized by Germany in the Black Sea are to be handed over to the Allies and the United States; all neutral merchant ships seized are to be released ; war and other material of all kinds seized in those ports are to be returned, and German material as specified in clause 28 is to be abandoned. 30. All merchant ships now in German hands belonging to the Allied and Associated Powers shall be restored, without reciprocity, in ports specified by the Allies and -the United States. 31. No destruction of ships or of material to be permitted before evacuation, surrender, or restoration. 32. The German Government shall formally notify all neutral Govern- ments, and particularly the Governments of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Holland, that all restrictions imposed on the trading of their vessels with the Allied and Associated countries, whether by the German Govern- ment or by private German interests, and whether in return for specific concessions, such as the export of shipbuilding materials or not, are immediately cancelled. 558485°—44 11 157 33. No transfers of German merchant shipping of any description to any neutral flag are to take place after the signature of the Armistice. (F) Duration of the Armistice. 34. The duration of the Armistice shall be thirty-six days, with option to extend. During such period the Armistice may, owing to non-execution of any of the above clauses, be denounced by one of the contracting parties, who shall give forty-eight hours’ notice of its intention to that effect. It is agreed that the Armistice shall not be denounced owing to non- sufficient execution of the stipulations of clauses 3 and 18 within the time-limits specified, except in the case of intentional negligence in execu- tion. To insure the adequate fulfilment of the present agreement, the principle of a Permanent International Armistice Commission is admitted. This Commission shall work under the high authority of the military and naval Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces. This Armistice was signed on the 11th November, 1918, at 5 A. M. (French time). (Signed) F. Foch. Erzberger. R. F. Wemyss. Oberndorff. WlNTERFELDT. Vanselow. ADDENDUM The Allied Representatives declare that, owing to recent events, it appears necessary to them that the following condition should be added to the clauses of the armistice : “In the event of the German vessels not being handed over within the periods specified, the Allied and United States Governments shall have the right to occupy Heligoland so as to insure the surrender of the vessels.” (Signed) R. E. Wemyss, Admiral. F. Eoch. The German delegates state that they will transmit this declaration to the German Chancellor, with the recommendation that it should be ac- cepted, together with the reasons upon which this demand on the part of the Allies is based. ( Signed ) Erzberger. WlNTERFELDT. Oberndorff. Vanselow. 158 [Translation.] ANNEX NO. 1. I. The Evacuation of the Invaded Territories of Belgium, France, and Luxemburg, as well as of Alsace-Lorraine, Shall be carried out in three successive stages under the following conditions ; 1st Stage.—Evacuation of the territory situated between the present front and line No. 1 as shown on the attached map, to be completed within five days after the signature of the armistice. 2d Stage.—Evacuation of the territory situated between line No. 1 and line No. 2, to be completed within four further days (nine days in all after the signature of the armistice). 3d Stage.—Evacuation of the territory situated between line No. 2 and line No. 3, to be completed within six further days (fifteen days in all after the signature of the armistice). Troops of the Allies and of the United States shall enter these different zones on the expiration of the periods allowed to the German troops for their evacuation. Thus the present German front line will be crossed by the Allied troops as from the sixth day following the signature of the armistice, line No. 1 as from the tenth day, and line No. 2 as from the sixteenth day. II. Evacuation of the Rhine Lands, This evacuation shall also be carried out in several successive stages, viz. : 1st Stage.—Evacuation of the territories situated between line 2, line 3, and line 4 to be completed within four further days (nineteen days in all after the signature of the armistice). 2d Stage.—Evacuation of the territory situated between line 4 and line 5 to be completed within four further days (twenty-three days in all after the signature of the armistice). 3d Stage.—Evacuation of the territory situated between line 5 and line 6 (line of the Rhine) to be completed within four further days (twenty- seven days in all after the signature of the armistice). 4th Stage.—Evacuation of the bridgeheads and of the neutral zone on the right bank of the Rhine to be completed within four further days (thirty-one days in all after the signature of the armistice). The armies of occupation of the Allies and the United States shall enter these different zones on the expiration of the period allowed to the German troops for the evacuation of each zone; thus line No. 3 shall be 159 crossed by them as from the twentieth day following the signature of the Armistice; line No. 4 shall be crossed by them as from the twenty-fourth day following the signature of the Armistice; line No. 5 as from the twenty-eighth day; and line No. 6 (Rhine) as from the thirty-second day, for the occupation of the bridgeheads. III. Surrender by the German Armies of the War Material Fixed by the Armistice Conditions. This war material shall be handed over in the following manner: The first half before the tenth day, the second half before the twentieth day. This material shall be handed over to each Allied and United States Army by each tactical group of the German army in proportions to be laid down by the Permanent Armistice Commission. [Translation.] ANNEX NO. 2. Conditions Relating to the Means of Communication (Railways, Waterways, Roads, River FIarbors, Seaports, Telegraphs and Telephones) . 1. All means of communication up to and including the Rhine, or included on the right bank of that river within the bridgeheads occupied by the Allied armies, shall be placed under the full and complete control of the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies, who shall have the right to take any steps which he may judge necessary in order to insure their occupation and use. All documents relating to the means of com- munication shall be held in readiness to be delivered to him. 2. All the material and all civil and military 'personnel at present employed for the upkeep and use of the means of communication will be maintained in toto on these communications throughout the territory evacuated by the German troops. Any additional material necessary for the maintenance of these lines of communication in the territories on the left bank of the Rhine shall be furnished by the German Government throughout the duration of the armistice. 3. Personnel.—The French and Belgian personnel belonging to the communication services, whether interned or not, shall be returned to the French or Belgian Armies within fifteen days of the signature of the Armistice. The personnel directly employed on the Alsace-Lorraine rail- 160 way system shall be retained or shall return to their posts in order to keep these railways running. The Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies shall have the right to change or replace any of the personnel of the communication services as he may think fit. 4. Material: (a) Rolling-Stock.—The rolling-stock handed over to the Allied Armies in the zone between the front line and line No. 3 (not including Alsace- Lorraine) shall amount to at least 5,000 locomotives and 150,000 wagons. Delivery of this rolling-stock shall be carried out within the periods fixed by clause 7 of the Armistice, and under the detailed conditions to be settled by the Permanent International Armistice Commission. All this rolling-stock shall be in a good state of repair and in running order, and provided with all usual spare parts or accessories. It shall be used (with its own or any other personnel) at any point of the railway system of the Allied Armies, The rolling-stock directly employed on the railways of Alsace-Lorraine shall be retained in situ or returned to the French Army. The material to be left in situ in the territories -on the left bank of the Rhine, as well as within the bridgeheads, must allow of normal traffic being maintained on the lines in these areas. (b) Permanent-way, Signals, and Workshop Plant.—The signaling apparatus, machinery and tools removed from the workshops and depots of the French and Belgian railways shall be replaced in accordance with detailed conditions to be settled by the Permanent International Armistice Commission. The permanent-way material, rails, appurtenances, ap- paratus, bridging material, and timber necessary for repairing the destroyed lines beyond the present front shall be supplied to the Allied Armies. (c) Fuel and Materials for Upkeep.—During the period of the Armi- stice, fuel and materials for upkeep shall be supplied by the German Government to the depots normally serving the traffic in the territories on the left bank of the Rhine. 5. Telegraphic and Telephonic Communications.-—All telegraph and telephone lines and fixed wireless stations shall be surrendered to the Allied Armies with all the civil and military personnel and all equipment, including all stores existing on the left bank of the Rhine. All additional stores necessary for the maintenance of traffic shall be supplied by the German Government during the period of the Armistice, as and when required. The Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies shall assume military control of this system, guarantee its organization, and replace or change any of the personnel as he may think fit. " 161 He shall return to the German Army all the military personnel which he does not consider necessary for the working and maintenance of the system. All plans of the German telegraph and telephone systems shall be handed over to the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies. 162 Appendix B FORM OF ARMISTICE BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING FORCES A B , authorized by C D, commander in chief of the United States forces in , and E F , authorized by F H , commander in chief of the troops in , agree to the following articles : Art. 1. On the publication of this armistice, hostilities shall cease be- tween the United States and forces at all points along the frontier of between and • Art. 2. The armistice shall continue until noon on the day of , and until such further time as is hereinafter mentioned. Art. 3. Either side may at any time on or after the said day of , give days’ notice of its intention to deter- mine the armistice, and the armistice shall be determined at the expiration of such days. Notice shall be given by writing, stating the intention to determine the armistice, and sent from the headquarters of one army to the headquarters of the other army. In reckoning time for the purpose of the said days’ notice, the day on which the notice is given, at whatever hour the same may be given, shall be reckoned as an entire day, and the armistice shall expire at midnight on the day succeeding the day on which the notice is given. Art. 4. The lines of demarcation shown on the attached map shall be strictly adhered to during the armistice. The territory lying between the two lines of demarcation shall be strictly neutral, and any advance into it by any member of either army is prohibited except for the purposes of communication between the two armies. Neither army shall extend its line in a or direction beyond the points shown as the extremities of their respective lines. Art. ,5. Subject to the restrictions mentioned in the fourth article, as respects making an advance into the neutral territory, either army may take measures to strengthen its position, and may receive reinforcements and stores of warlike and other material, and may do any other act not being an act of direct hostility. Art. 6. During the two days following the day on which this armistice is ratified, burial parties from both armies shall be permitted to visit the field of battle of the instant, for the purpose of burying the dead. 163 Art. 7. The main road from A to B via C will be used for communica- tion between the commanders in chief of the two armies. Art. 8. During the continuance of the armistice the peaceful inhab- itants of the country shall be allowed to pursue their occupations, and to buy from or sell to either army provisions or goods, but any measures consistent with the observance of the articles of the armistice in relation to the neutral territory may be taken by either army to prevent inhabitants, after entering the lines of or obtaining information respecting one army from passing or carrying information to the other army Art. 9. This armistice shall come into force immediately on its ratifica- tion by the commanders in chief of the two armies, and officers shall be dispatched with all speed, from the headquarters of each army, to give notice of the armistice at all points along the line. 164 Appendix C FORM OF ARMISTICE BETWEEN BESIEGING FORGE AND GARRISON A B, general, commander in chief of the United States forces now in , and C D, general, commander in chief of the garrison of , agree to the following articles : Article 1. An armistice between the United States troops invest- ing and the troops forming the garrison of shall begin at noon on the instant and shall end at noon on the instant. Art. 2. White flags shall be hoisted simultaneously at the beginning of the afmistice, the one at , within the United States lines, and the other at Fort The flags shall be kept flying during the continuance of the armistice and shall be lowered simultaneously at its conclusion. Art. 3. Provisions to the extent of rations shall be supplied daily for the use of the garrison by the besiegers on payment of such sums as may be agreed upon as the value thereof by commissioners to be appointed by the above-named commanders in chief, respectively. The provisions shall be delivered to persons authorized to demand the same by the general commanding the garrison, at such times, and in such places in front of the United States lines, as may be agreed upon by the above- named commanders in chief, and shall be conveyed to the garrison by the persons authorized as above stated. Art. 4. Save in so far as is provided by article 3, or as may be agreed upon between the above-named commanders in chief, it is agreed that the garrison shall not attempt to obtain succor, and that no communication whatever shall, during the armistice, take place between the garrison, whether friend or enemy, and a space of around the fortifica- tion shall be considered neutral ground, and no person whatever, whether he be a stranger or belonging to the garrison or to the besieging army, shall be allowed to enter on such space without the permission of the above- named commanders in chief. Art. 5. General , commanding the garrison, engages on behalf of the garrison not to repair the fortifications or to undertake any new siege works, or do any act or thing whatsoever calculated to place 165 the garrison in a better position in regard to its defense; and General , on behalf of the United States troops, engages not to under- take any siege works, or to make any hostile move against the garrison, but it is understood that he is at liberty to obtain fresh supplies of provisions or reinforcements of troops. 166 Appendix D CAPITULATION OF SANTIAGO, 1898 Terms of the military convention for the capitulation of the Spanish forces occupying the territory which constitutes the division of Santiago de Cuba, and described as follows: All that portion of the island of Cuba east of a line passing through Aserradero, Dos Palmas, Cauto Abajo, Escondida, Tanamo, and Aguidora, said troops being in command of Gen. José Toral, agreed upon by the undersigned commissioners: Brig. Gen. Don Federico Escario, Lieut. Col. of Staff Don Ventura Fontan, and, as interpreter, Mr. Robert Mason, of the city of Santiago de Cuba, appointed by Gen. Toral, commanding the Spanish forces, on behalf of the Kingdom of Spain, and Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, United States Volunteers; Maj. Gen. H. W. Lawton, United States Volunteers; and First Lieut. J. D. Miley, Second Artillery, aid-de-camp, appointed by Gen. Shafter, commanding the American forces, on behalf of the United States: 1. That all hostilities between American and Spanish forces in this district absolutely and unequivocally cease. 2. That this capitulation includes all the forces and war material in said territory. 3. That the United States agrees with as little delay as possible to transport all the Spanish troops in said district to the Kingdom of Spain, the troops being embarked, as far as possible, at the port nearest the garrisons they now occupy. 4. That the officers of the Spanish Army be permitted to retain their side arms and both officers and private soldiers their personal property. 5. That the Spanish authorities agree to remove, or assist the American Navy in removing, all mines or other obstructions to navigation now in the harbor of Santiago and its mouth. 6. That the commander of the Spanish forces deliver, without delay, a complete inventory of all arms and munitions of war of the Spanish forces in above-described district to the commander of the American forces ; also a roster of said forces now in said district. 7. That the commander of the Spanish forces, in leaving said district, is authorized to carry with him all military archives and records pertaining to the Spanish Army now in said district. 8. That all that portion of the Spanish forces known as volunteers, mobilizados, and guerrillas who wish to remain in the island of Cuba are 167 permitted to do so upon condition of delivering up their arms and taking a parole not to bear arms against the United States during the continuance of the present war between Spain and the United States. 9. That the Spanish forces will march out of Santiago de Cuba with honors of war, depositing their arms thereafter at a point mutually agreed upon, to await their disposition by the United States Government, it being understood that the United States commissioners will recommend that the Spanish soldier return to Spain with the arms he so bravely defended. 10. That the provisions of the foregoing instrument become operative immediately upon its being signed. Entered into this 16th day of July, 1898, by the undersigned commis- sioners, acting under instructions from their respective commanding generals and with the approbation of their respective Governments. 168 Appendix E CAPITULATION OF MANILA Manila, August 14, 1898. The undersigned having been appointed a commission to determine the details of the capitulation of the city and defenses of Manila and its suburbs, and the Spanish forces stationed therein, in accordance with the agreement entered into the previous day by Maj. Gen. Wesley Merritt, United States Army, American commander in chief in the Philippines, and his excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, acting general in chief of the Spanish Army in the Philippines, have agreed upon the following; 1. The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate with the city and its defenses, with all the honors of war, depositing their arms in the places designated by the authorities of the United States, and remaining in the quarters designated and under the orders of their officers and subject to control of the aforesaid United States authorities, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons included in the capitulation remain at liberty, the officers remaining in their respective homes, which shall be respected as long as they observe the regulations prescribed for their Government and the laws in force. 2. Officers shall retain their side arms, horses, and private property. 3. All public horses and public property of all kinds shall be turned over to staff officers designated by the United States. 4. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organizations, and full lists of public property and stores, shall be rendered to the United States within 10 days from this date. 5. All questions relating to the repatriation of officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their families and of the expenses which said repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the Government of the United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at any time convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish forces shall take place when they evacuate the city or when the American Army evacuates. 6. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the United States, according to their rank, with rations and necessary aid as though they were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace between the United States and Spain. 169 All the funds in the Spanish treasury, and all other public funds, shall be turned over to the authorities of the United States. 7. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its educational establishments, and its private property of all descriptions are placed under the. special safeguard of the faith and honor of the American Army. 170 Appendix F FORM OF PASSPORT (Place and date of issue.) Authority is hereby granted to Mr. (or other title) living at (if on a mission, state the same), to pass out of the lines for the purpose of (state object of journey) He will cross the lines by the road from A to B (or at a designated point) during the (forenoon, afternoon, or day) of (date). He is authorized to take with him (persons, articles, carriages, etc.). He will proceed to (name destination) by the route C. D. E. - 3 (Signature of officer.) (Rank, etc.) Note.—This passport is strictly personal and will be void unless used on the date stated. Note.—Blank forms for these should be issued at the commencement of hostilities. A photograph should be attached where the pass is for an extended period. A finger print or signature can be substituted if desired. Photograph or finger print or signature. 558485°—44 12 171 SAFE CONDUCT (Place and date of issue.) residing at (or if on a mission, the mission to be stated) is authorized to proceed to for the purpose of He will follow the route A. B. C. He is authorized to take with him (persons, articles, vehicles). This safe conduct is good until All military authorities are directed to protect the bearer of this safe conduct and in nowise to molest him. 5 (Signature of officer.) (Rank, etc.) Note.—This safe conduct is strictly personal and shall be void unless used within the time fixed. Photograph. FORM OF SAFEGUARD (Date and place of issue.) All officers and enlisted men belonging to the (Name the army are directed to respect the premises or subdivision thereof.) of situated at No requisitions thereon, nor damage thereto, will be permitted, and protection will be afforded by all officers and enlisted men against any person who shall attempt to act in violation of this order. 5 (Signature of officer.) (Rank, etc.) 172 INDEX References marked with an asterisk (*) are to provisions of the Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 regarding prisoners of war; the most recent provisions relating to the treatment of prisoners of war are in the Geneva (Prisoners of War) Contention of 1929. Aid Societies. (See Relief Societies.) Aircraft: Articles Pages Concentration and immobilization of German aircraft 27 157 Naval, relinquishment by Germany in Belgian ports 28 157 Surrender of 1,700 aeroplanes, under Armistice with Germany. ... 4 153 Used as means of sanitary transportation, rules governing 18 139 Armed Forces: See also Land Forces. Applicability of Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention to 1 67 Combatants and noncombatants 3 15 Responsibility of belligerents for acts committed by members of. . . 3 ,11 Soldiers penetrating enemy zone to obtain information, when not spies ! * 29 27 Armistices; Communications between inhabitants during 39 29 Effect in general '. 36 29 Form of armistice between besieging force and garrison App. C 165-166 Form of armistice between two opposing forces App. B 163-164 General and local armistices distinguished 37 29 with Germany, 11 November 1918, text of App. A 152-162 Local, to enable removal of wounded left between the lines 3 131 Notification to competent authorities and troops 38 29 Stipulations as to repatriation of prisoners of war 75 105 Violations of 40, 41 29, 31 Arms: See also Munitions. Bearing by prisoners of war on parole, penalty for 12 *19 Calculated to cause unnecessary suffering, not to be employed. . . . 23(e) 25 Carrying by sanitary personnel 8 133 Carrying openly, by armies, etc 1 15 Enemies having laid down arms not to be killed or wounded 23 (c) 25 How treated, under Capitulation of Manila 1, 2, 5 169 How treated, under Capitulation of Santiago 4, 6, 9 167-168 Manufacturing and transporting, prisoners of war not to be used for. 31 83 Not to remain property of prisoners of war 4 *17 6 69 Retention by agents of relief societies, etc 12 135 Surrender of certain guns, etc., under Armistice with Germany ... 4 153 Taking possession of, by army of occupation 53 33 Taking up spontaneously by inhabitants to resist invading troops . 2 15 Army of Occupation. (See Occupied Territory.) 173 Art, Buildings Devoted to: Articles Pages Sparing during bombardment; marking 27 25 5 59 Automatic Contact Submarine Mines. (See Mines.) Balloons: Discharge of projectiles and explosives from m Use in maintaining communications 29 27 Belligerents: Acceptance of assistance from relief societies of neutral countries . . 11, 12 135 Armed forces, applicability of Geneva (Prisoners of War) Conven- tion to 1 67 Binding character of Geneva conventions of 1929 m-iv Binding character of Hague conventions of 1907 in 3 5 2 11 20 45 7 51 9 61 Communications between, under flag of truce 32—34 27—29 Delivery to prisoners of official statements as to illness 14 75 Duties as to Red Cross emblem, etc 22 141-143 Duties as to sick and wounded, in general 1-4 129-131 Duty to render automatic contact mines harmless; notifications to shipowners and governments 3 51 Facilities to be furnished relief societies 15 *21 78 109 General rule of conduct for Preamble 9 Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, applicability of; control. . 82, 83 111 86 113 88 115 Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929, applicability of 26 145 Hostile or favoring acts of neutral persons toward 17, 18 43 Interception of sanitary transportation vehicles 17 137-139 Means of injuring the enemy, right not unlimited 22 23 Movement of troops or convoys of supplies across neutral territory forbidden 2 37 Not to compel nationals of hostile party to take part in operations of war 23 23 Not to force inhabitants of occupied territory to furnish military information 44 31 Not to require nor accept conduct incompatible with parole given. 10 *19 Notification to each other of capture of prisoners 8 71 Obligations as to sick and wounded governed by Geneva Convention 21 23 Official information bureaus for prisoners of war 77 107 Prisoners of war, duties in general toward 27 81 Protection of mobile sanitary formations . 6 133 Publication of measures concerning external relations of prisoners of war, etc 35, 36 85, 87 Qualifications under Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 1-3 15 Recruiting in neutral territory forbidden 4 39 174 Belligerents—Continued. Articles Pages Repatriation of prisoners of war 68, 69, 72, 75 103, 105 Requisitioning of railway material coming from neutral territory restricted 19 43 Responsibility for violation of laws and customs of war on land.... 3 * 11 Resumption of operations after an armistice 36 29 Segregation of races and nationalities in prison camps 9 73 Termination of violations of Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929 30 147 Treatment of agents of relief societies, etc 13 137 Troops received in neutral territory to be interned; how treated. . . 11-15 41-43 Use of radio apparatus, etc., on neutral territory restricted 3, 8, 9 39 Blank Forms. (See Forms.) Board and Lodging: of Prisoners of war 7 *17 10,11 73 22 79 Bombardments : by Naval forces, Convention regulating 57-63 Prisoners of war not to be used to give protection from 9 73 Restrictions on 25—27 25 Booty; Restrictions on taking by army of occupation 53 33 Brassards. (See Distinctive Emblems!) Buildings; Bombardment restricted 25, 27 25 Public buildings, occupying state as administrator and usufructuary 1-5 57-59 of 55 35 of Sanitary formations and establishments and aid societies 14-16 137 Bureaus of Information 8 71 77-80 107-111 Burial: during an Armistice 6 163 of the Dead found on battlefields 4 131 of Prisoners of war 19 *23 76 107 Cables; between Occupied and neutral territory, seizure or destruction restricted 54 35 Camp Followers; Captured, treatment as prisoners of war 13 *19 81 ' 111 Canteens: at Prison camps 12 73 Capitulations: See also Armistices. of Manila, 1898, text of App. E 169-170 175 Capitulations—Continued. Articles Pago8 Regulations in general as to 35 29 of Santiago, 1898, text of App. D 167—168 Censorship : of Correspondence, etc., of prisoners of war. . . 39, 40 87, 89 Certificates of Identity: of Camp followers 13 *19 81 111 of the Dead found on battlefields, disposal of 4 131 Not to be taken from prisoners of war 6 69 of Sanitary personnel, etc 21 141 Cessation of Hostilities. • (See Armistices.) Chaplains; Identification, means of 21 141 Protection of; not to be treated as prisoners of war 9, 12, 13 133—137 Charity : , Buildings devoted to charitable purposes, sparing in bombardments; marking 27 25 5 59-61 Property of charitable institutions in occupied territory, how treated. 56 35 Churches. {See Buildings; Religion.) Civil Officials: Warning of impending bombardments 26 25 1 57 Civilians; 3 59 See also Camp Followers; Individuals. 7 61 Delivering dispatches, not spies 29 27 Repatriation, under Armistice with Germany 18 155 With Sanitary transports subject to international law 1-7 137-139 Clothing ; of Belligerent troops interned in neutral territory 12 41 of Prisoners of war 7 *17 12 73 22 79 37 87 Collective Punishments: of Inhabitants of occupied territory 50 33 of Prisoners of war for individual acts 11 73 46 93 Combatants: See also Belligerents. Captured, to be treated as prisoners of war 3 15 Commanding Officers: See also Officers. Contributions to be levied on occupied country only on responsibility of a commander-in-chief 51 33 Execution of Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929 27 145 of Naval forces, rights and duties concerning bombardments 2, 3, 6 59, 61 Not obliged to receive flag of truce; prevention of abuse 33 27 176 Commanding Officers—Continued. Articles Pages Ordering of disciplinary punishments on prisoners of war 59 99 Requisitions on municipalities or inhabitants of occupied territory, authority for 52 33 Responsibility for subordinates 1 15 Unforeseen cases not to be left to arbitrary judgment of Preamble 9 Use of buildings and matériel of fixed sanitary establishments in case of urgent military necessity 15 137 Warning authorities befoie commencing bombardment 26 25 Commencement of Hostilities: Agreements as to grades of sanitary personnel 13 137 Agreements as to mixed medical commissions 69 103 Agreements as to money to be retained by prisoners 24 79 Declarations of war 1 3 Establishment of information bureaus 77 107-109 Hague Convention No. HI of 1907, text of 3-7 Notification to neutral powers 2 3 Notifications as to names of authorized aid societies 10 135 Notifications as to titles and ranks in use 21 77 Organization of graves service 4 131 Publication of measures concerning external relations of prisoners of war 35 85 Commercial Shipping: Intercepting, not to be sole object of laying automatic contact mines . 2 51 Commissioned Officers. (See Officers.) Communications ; See also Correspondence. during an Armistice 39 29 between Belligerents, under flag of truce 32—34 27—29 Military communications on neutral territory restricted 3, 5, 8, 9 39 Persons maintaining, not spies 29 27 Restricted, during an armistice between besieging force and garrison. . 4 165 Compensation: See also Pay. for Losses sustained in violation of an armistice 41 31 Payment by belligerents, for violation of laws and customs of war on land '. 3 11 for Private property taken possession of by army of occupation 53 33 for Railway material retained by belligerent or neutral 19 43 for Submarine cables seized or destroyed 54 35 Complaints: by Prisoners of war 42 89 Conduct of Hostilities: See also Means of Injuring the Enemy; Mines. Inhabitants of occupied territory not to be required to participate in. . 52 33 Policy of United States to observe Hague conventions of 1907 m Prisoners of war not to be utilized in connection with 6 *17 31 83 177 Conduct of Hostilities—Continued. Articles Pages Repatriated prisoners not to be utilized in active military service.... 74 105 Resumption, after an armistice 36, 40 29 Confinement: of Belligerent troops interned in neutral territory 11 41 Prisoners of war not to be transferred to penitentiaries, etc 56 97 of Prisoners of war, restriction on 5 *17 9 71 47 93 Confiscation: 56 97 of Private property in occupied territory forbidden A 46 31 Contact Mines. (See Mines.) Contractors: Captured, treatment as prisoners of war 13 *19 81 111 Contributions: Levy and collection in occupied territory 49, 51, 52 33 Money contributions, undefended ports, etc., not to be bombarded for failure to pay 4 59 Convoys: of Evacuation of sick and wounded 17 137-139 of Munitions or supplies across neutral territory 2, 5 37, 39 Corps of Combatants: Not to be formed on neutral territory 4 39 Correspondence. (See Communications.) of Prisoners of war. (See Prisoners of War—Correspondence, etc.) Courts Martial: Ordering of disciplinary punishments on prisoners of war 59 99 Proceedings against prisoners of war 60-67 99-103 Trial of prisoners of war violating parole 12 *19 Cruelty: toward Prisoners on war forbidden 46 93 Customs of War. (See Rules of Land Warfare.) Dead Bodies: See also Burial. Search of battlefields for; examination 3, 4 131 Death; Certificates, drawing up and forwarding to other belligerent 4 131 Death certificates for prisoners of war 19 *23 76 107 of Prisoners of war, disposal of accrued pay 34 85 of Prisoners of war, information as to 14 *21 77 107 Death Sentences: f against Prisoners of war, execution restricted 66 101 Deception. (See Ruses of War.) 178 Articles Pages Declarations of War 1 3 Definitions; General and local armistice 37 29 Neutrals 16 43 Occupied territory 42 31 Parlementaires 32 27 Spies 29 27 Denunciation; of an Armistice 40 29 of Armistice with Germany 34 158 of Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention of 1929 96 117 of Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929 38 149-151 of Hague Convention No. Ill of 1907 (Opening of Hostilities) 7 7 of Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 (Laws and Customs of War on Hand) 8 13 of Hague Convention No. V of 1907 (Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons) 24 47 of Hague Convention No. VIII of 1907 (Laying of Automatic Sub- marine Contact Mines) 11 53 of Hague Convention No. IX of 1907 (Bombardment by Naval Forces) .12 63 Destruction : of Historic Monuments, etc., in occupied territory forbidden 56 35 No destruction to be committed by German evacuating armies, etc. . 6 153 31 157 of Property restricted 23 (g) 25 of Submarine cables restricted 54 35 Detention : of Parlementaires, to prevent abuse of privilege 33 27 Sanitary personnel, etc., not to be detained by adverse belligerent. . . 12 135 Distinctive Emblems: of Armies, etc., must be recognizable at a distance 1 • 15 Improper use forbidden 23(f) 25 Insignia of rank, wearing by prisoners of war 19 77 Not to be taken from prisoners of war 6 69 Red Cross, etc., how used 18-24 139-143 28 145 Enemies; Not to be compelled to take part in hostilities against own country... 23 25 Rights in courts of law 23(h) 25 Enemy Insignia, Improper use of 23(f) 25 Escaped Prisoners. {See Prisoners of War—Escape.) Espionage: Definition and treatment of spies 29-31 27 Executions, Restrictions on 66 101-103 Explosives: Discharge from balloons in 179 Flags; Articles Pages Distinctive Red Cross flag; when national flag flown with 22, 23 141—143 Improper use forbidden 23(f) 25 of Truce, regulations in general as to 32—34 27—29 White flags, flying during an armistice 2 165 Forms: of an Armistice between besieging force and garrison App. C 165-166 of Armistice between two opposing forces App. B 163—164 of Passports, safe conducts, and safeguards App. F 171—172 F ORTIFIC ATIONS t German, occupation by Allied and United States forces 25 157 Geneva Conventions: of 1864 and 1906 replaced by Red Cross Convention of 1929 34 149 of 1929, binding character of iii-iv of 1929 (Prisoners of War), text of 65-127 of 1929 (Red Cross), text of 129-151 Applicable to sick and wounded interned in neutral territory 15 43 Badges, improper use forbidden 23(f) 25 Obligations of belligerents as to sick and wounded governed by 21 23 Graves. (See Burial.) Hague Conventions: of 1899, extent to which superseded by those of 1907 4 11 of 1899 and 1907, effect of Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention of 1929 89 115 in of 1907, extent to which binding on belligerents 3 5 2 11 20 45 7 51 9 61 of 1907, No. Ill (Opening of Hostilities), text of 3-7 of 1907, No. IV (Laws and Customs of War on Land), text of 9—35 of 1907, No. V (Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons), text of 37-47 of 1907, No. VIII (Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines), text of 49-55 of 1907, No. IX (Bombardment by Naval Forces), text of 57-63 Hospitals: See also Buildings. Admissions, information for inquiry office as to 14 *21 Bombardment restricted 27 25 5 59 Hospitalization of prisoners of war 68, 70—72 103—105 Annex 119-127 Infirmaries, etc. for prisoners of war 14 75 58 99 Stays in, information as to 77 109 180 Hostages: Articles Pages Repatriation, under Armistice with Germany 18 155 Hostile Military Occupation. (See Occupied Territory.) Hostilities: See also Conduct of Hostilities; Means of Injuring the Enemy; War. Cessation. (See Armistices.) Opening of. (See Commencement of Hostilities.) Humanity; Laws of, applicability to belligerents Preamble 11 Prisoners of war to be treated with 4 *17 2 67 Identification. (See Certificates of Identity.) Individuals; (See also Civilians.) Neutral persons, rights and restrictions 16—18 43 Neutrals not responsible for crossing of frontier to offer services to a belligerent 6 39 Violating terms of an armistice, effect of 41 31 Information: Information bureaus, functions of 8 71 77-80 107-111 Inhabitants of occupied territory not to be forced to give 44 31 as to Location and movements of German ships 20 156 as to Names, rank, etc., of prisoners of war. . „ 9 *19 5 69 Obtaining, by means of spies, etc 29 27 Obtaining by parlementaire improperly, prevention of 33 27 Obtaining by ruses of war 24 25 Precautions as to obtaining by inhabitants during an armistice 8 164 as to Prisoners of war, functions of inquiry office 14 *21 Inhabitants: Appeals to, for care of sick and wounded 5 * 133 Communications between inhabitants of belligerent states during an armistice 39 29 of Manila, provisions of Capitulation of Manila as to 5, 7 169, 170 Not to be evacuated nor damaged in withdrawal of German armies. . 6 153 Occupations during an armistice 8 164 of Occupied territory. (See Occupied Territory—Inhabitants.) Spontaneous resistance to invading troops 2 15 Inquiry Offices: Lree postage 16 *21 Ponctions in general 14 *21 Insignia. (See Distinctive Emblems.) Institutions: Religious, charitable, etc., property to be treated as private, even when State property 56 35 Intercourse Between Belligerents: Flags of truce 32-34 27-29 181 International Law: Articles Pages Civil personnel and means of transportation obtained by requisition to be subject to 17 137-139 General rules applicable where specific conventions do not apply. . Preamble 11 Rules as to prisoners of war, applicability to sick and wounded 2 131 Internment: of German naval vessels 23 156 Information as to, for information bureau 77 109 Information as to, for inquiry office 14 *21 Places of, admission of agents of relief societies 15 *21 of Prisoners of war 5 *17 9 71 of Troops of belligerents in neutral territory; treatment of persons interned 11—15 41-43 Killing: Restrictions on, in war 23 (b, c) 23-25 Labels. (See Distinctive Emblems, Sign.) Land Forces: ‘ See also Armed Forces. Instructions to, in conformity with Hague Convention No. IV of 1907. 1 11 Land Warfare, Rules of. (See Rules of Land Warfare.) Law of Nations. (See International Law.) Lawful Belligerents. (See Belligerents.) Laws: in Occupied territory, maintenance of 43, 48 31 Laws of War. (See Rules of Land Warfare.) Laying of Submarine Mines. (See Mines.) Levee en Masse 2 15 Lines of Communication. (See Communications.) 0 Mail; Free postagT for inquiry offices 16 *21 Information bureaus to have privilege of free postage 80 111 of Prisoners of war 16 *21 ~ 38 87 I 57 99 Maintenance: of Belligerent troops interned in neutral territory. .■ 12 41 of Prisoners of war 7 *17 4 69 10-12 73 28 83 Manila, Capitulation of App. E 169-170 Means of Injuring the Enemy: Attack on undefended places prohibited 25 23-25 Bombardments. (See Bombardments.) Discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons in 182 Means of Injuring the Enemy—Continued. Article Pages Enumeration of means specially forbidden 23 23 Pillage prohibited 28 25 Restriction in general 22 23 Ruses of war 24 25 Torpedoes, use restricted 1 49 Medical Personnel. {See Sanitary Formations and Personnel.) Military Necessity: Destruction or seizure of property when required by 23 (g) 25 Interception of sanitary transportation vehicles 17 137-139 Requisitioning of buildings and matériel of aid societies 16 137 Submarine cables, seizure or destruction of 54 35 Use of buildings and matériel of fixed sanitary establishments in case of 15 137- Military Occupation. {See Occupied Territory.) Military Passports; Form App. F 171 Militia: Application of laws and customs of war on land 1 15 Mines: See also Means of Injuring the Enemy. Conversion of matériel to conform to convention 6 51 Destruction of mine fields, etc., laid by Germany 24, 25 157 Disclosure by German command 8 154 Laying forbidden under certain circumstances 1,2 49,51 Laying of automatic submarine contact mines, convention as to 49-55 Places not to be bombarded solely because of mines anchored off the harbor 1 57 Precautions for security of peaceful shipping 3,4 51 Removal at close of war 5 51 Removal, under Capitulation of Santiago 5 167 Mixed Medical Commissions 69, 70 103 Model Agreement; For Repatriation and hospitalization of prisoners of war Annex 119-127 Monuments:' Bombardment restricted 27 25 5 59 Historical, in occupied territory, not to be destoyed, etc 56 35 Municipalities in Occupied Territory: Property of 56 35 Requisitions on 52 33 Munitions: See also Arms; Booty; Means of Injuring the Enemy. Convoys of, across neutral territory 2, 5 37-39 Delivery intact in territory evacuated by German armies 6 153 Furnishing to belligerents by neutral persons 18 43 Inventory, under Capitulation of Santiago 6 167 Manufacturing and transporting, prisoners of war not to be used for. 31 83 Neutrals not required to prevent exportation, etc. . 7 39 183 Munitions—Continued. Articles Pages Seizure in occupied territory 53 33 Surrender, under Armistice with Germany ( 4 153 in 160 Names: of Prisoners of war, information as to 14 *21 77 107 of Prisoners of war, information to captors 9 *19 5 69 of Relief societies, notification to other party 10 135 of Wounded, sick, and dead, forwarding to other belligerent 4 131 Naval Forces: Bombardments by, regulation of 57-63 Necessity, Military. (See Military Necessity.) Neutrals: Admission of sick and wounded; treatment 14,15 41,43 Binding character of Hague Convention No. Ill of 1907 (Opening of Hostilities) 3 5 Escaped prisoners of war, how treated 13 41 German restrictions on trade to be canceled 32 157 Hospitalization of prisoners of war in neutral countries. ...;.. 68, 70-72 103-105 Annex 119-127 Impartiality as between belligerents 9 39 Internment of belligerent troops 11,12 41 Laying of automatic contact mines, rules concerning 4 51 Movement of troops or convoys of supplies across neutral territory by belligerents forbidden 2 37 Neutral persons, rights and restrictions 16-18 43 Not required to prevent exportation, etc., of munitions 7 39 Not required to prevent use by belligerents of means of communica- tion v 8 39 Not responsible for persons crossing the frontier to offer services to a belligerent 6 39 Official information bureaus for prisoners of war in neutral territory. 77 107—109 Prevention of violations of neutrality on their own territory 5 39 Prompt notification of existence of state of war Preamble 3 2 3 Radio apparatus, etc., restriction on use by belligerents 3 39 Recruiting, etc., neutral territory forbidden 4 39 Relief societies, assistance to belligerents 11-13 135-137 21 141 Resistance to attempts to violate neutrality not to be regarded as a hostile act 10 41 Retention of railway material coming from belligerent territory to offset that retained there *. 19 43 Rights and duties in general 37-47 Sanitary formations, flags of 23 143 Territory inviolable 1 37 Transfers of German merchant shipping to neutral flags prohibited .". 33 158 184 Newspaper Correspondents and Reporters: Articles Pages Captured, treatment as prisoners of war 13 19 81 111 Noncombatants: Noncombatant members of armed forces, treatment as prisoners of war 3 15 Noncommissioned Officers: % Labor, restriction on requirement of 27 81 Occupied Territory: Collection of taxes, etc 48 31 Contributions, restrictions on collection of; receipts 49, 51, 52 33 Definition 42 31 General penalties restricted 50 33 Inhabitants: See also Enemies. Collective punishments 50 33 Intercourse with and between populations, during an armistice ... 39 29 Not to be forced to give military information 44 31 Not to be forced to swear allegiance to hostile power 45 31 Personal and property rights .7 46 31 Protected by general rules of international law where specific con- ventions inapplicable Preamble 11 Requisitions on; services 52 33 Laws in force, maintenance by occupying authority 43 31 Military authority over, in general 42-56 31—35 Municipalities: Property of 56 35 Requisitions on 52 33 Pillage forbidden 47 31 Property in, restrictions on taking possession by army of occupation. . 53 33 Provisions for, in Armistice with Germany 5-9 153-154 Annex 159—160 Public property, how treated 55,56 * 35 Requisitions , 52 33 Submarine cables connecting with neutral territory, seizure or destruc- tion restricted 54 35 Officers; See also Commanding Officers. of Belligerents interned in neutral territory, liberty on parole 11 41 as Intermediaries between prisoners and camp authorities 43 89-91 as Prisoners of war. (See Prisoners of War—Officers, etc.) Retention of sidearms, under Capitulation of Santiago 4 167 Salutes to, in prison camps 18 77 Special treatment, under Capitulation of Manila; retention of side- arms 1,2 169 Open Cities 25 25 1-4 57-59 Opening of Hostilities. (See Commencement of Hostilities.) 185 Parlementaires; Articles Pages Definition and treatment-. 32-34 27-29 Paroles; Information as to, for inquiry office 14 *21 of Officers interned in neutral territory 11 41 of Prisoners of war 10—12 *19 Releases on, information as to *. 77 109 Passports, Military: Form App. F 171 Pay: of Officers captured 17 *23 23 79 Penalties. (See Punishments.) Personal Property. (See Property.) Pillage: Prohibited 28 25 47 31 7 61 Places Occupied: (See Occupied Territory.) Poison : German command to disclose poisoning of wells, etc 8 154 Not to be employed in war 23(a) 23 Police of Battlefield 3 131 Powers, Neutral. (See Neutral Powers.) Press. (See Newspaper Correspondents and Reporters.) Prisoners of War: Agents; appointment and functions 43, 44 89-91 Books, right to receive 39 87 Camp followers as 13 *19 81 111 Camps: Canteens , t 12 73 Command : 18 77 Hygiene 13 75 Infirmaries 14 75 Installation 10 73 Officers’ camps 22 79 Captured combatant and noncombatant members of armed forces to be treated as 3 15 Civil status 3 67 Clothing 12 73 Coercion to obtain information 5 69 Collective punishments 11 73 46 93 Complaints as to conditions of captivity 42 89 Confinement restricted 5 *17 9 71 47 93 56 97 186 Prisoners of War—Continued. Correspondence, etc.: Articles Pages Correspondence with families to be permitted 8 71 during Disciplinary punishment 57 99 Forwarding in case of transfer 26 81 Labor detachments 33 85 Letters, packages, etc., in general 16 *21 35-40 85-89 Death certificates and burial 19 *23 76 107 Disciplinary punishments. (See below, under Punishments.) Discipline... 8 *19 18-20 77 Discriminations among, on basis of rank, etc 6, 19 *17, *23 4 69 21, 22, 24, 27 77-81 43, 46 91, 93 Dormitories 10 73 Escape; Attempted escape; assisting in escape 51 95 * Attempted escape, prompt verification of charges of 47 93 Escaped prisoners in neutral territory; prisoners brought by troops taking refuge there 13 41 Information to information bureau as to; disposition of property of escaped prisoners 77 109 Leniency in deciding on punishment in relation to 52 95 „ Recapture of escaped prisoners .' 8 *19 50 95 Special surveillance of prisoners after attempts to escape 48 93 Evacuation 7 71 Exposure to fire of combat zone, etc 9 ' 73 External relations 35-41 85-89 Food ration 11 73 Freedom to exercise religion 18 *23 16 77 Funds of 6 69 24 79 Geneva Convention of 1929, application of ni-xv Geneva Convention of 1929, as to, text of 65-127 Gifts for 16 *21 37-39 87 57 ’ 99 Hospitalization: Camp infirmaries, etc 14 75 58 99 in a Neutral country 68, 70—72 103—105 Annex 119—127 Hygiene measures for 13 75 Infirmaries 14 75 Information bureaus 77, 79, 80 107-111 Escape; 187 Prisoners of War—Continued. Articles Pages Information to captors as to name, rank, etc ' 9 *19 5 69 Injuries from accidents while at work 27 81 Inquiry offices: Free postage 16 *21 Functions in general 14 *21 Insignia of rank and decorations 19 Intellectual and moral needs, provisions for 16,17 Internal discipline of camps 18-20 Internment 5 *17 9 71 Judicial proceedings against: Advice to representative of protecting power 60 99 Defense 61,62 101 Sentences; execution, effect.... 63-67 101-103 Kitchens, employment in 11 73 Letters, etc., for 16 *21 8 71 33 85 36, 38 * 87 57 99 Maintenance 7 *17 , 4 69 10-12 73 28 83 Medical treatment and inspection 14,15 75 Model agreement for repatriation and hospitalization of Annex 119-127 Naval and mercantile marine, release by Germany 21 156 Noncommissioned officers, labor of 27 81 Not responsible for previous acts of espionage 31 27 Notifications as to capture 8 71 Officers, etc.: Equal treatment according to rank and age 21 79 Labor not to be required . 6 *17 27 81 Pay 17 *23 23 ' 79 Rank, not to be deprived of, special treatment 49 93 Representation of other prisoners 43 89-91 Service in officers’ camps 22 79 Parole 10-12 *19 Pay 17 *23 23 79 Personal effects and funds 4 *17 14 *21 6 69 24 79 Personnel charged with care, etc., of sick and wounded, and chaplains, not to be treated as 9 133-135 Protecting powers. {See Protecting Powers.) 188 Prisoners of War—Continued. Articles Pages Protection of health 9-15 71-75 32 83 33 85 55, 56, 58 97-99 Punishments: Aggravation of conditions of labor forbidden 32 83 for Attempted escape and assisting escape 51 95 Collective disciplinary measures affecting food prohibited. 11 73 Death penalty, restriction on execution of 66 101—103 Deprivation of rank, etc., not permited 49 93-95 Disciplinary punishments, in general 8 *19 54-59 97_99 of Escaped prisoners 8 *19 50 95 Judicial proceedings 60-67 99-103 Leniency in determining type of punishment; only one punishment for same act or same count 52 95 Preventive arrest, regulations as to 47 93 Regulations in general 45,46 91,93 Status of prisoner after completion of 48 93 for Unfounded complaints not permitted.....' 42 89 When repatriation may be prevented by 53 95—97 Rank. {See Rank.) Rations 11 73 Ready money of 24 79 Recreation and sports 17 77 Relief societies 15 *21 39 87 78 109 Religious freedom 18 *23 16 77 Repatriation. {See Repatriation.) Representation by agents 43, 44 89—91 Reprisals against 2 67 Salutes 18 77 Sanitary personnel, etc., not to be treated as 12 135 Segregation according to race, etc 9 73 Sick and wounded, applicability of general rules to 2 131 Signatures, authentication of 41 89 Special conventions relative to 83 111-113 Subject to captor’s laws, etc 8 *19 45 91 Termination of captivity 68-75 103-105 Text of Geneva Convention to be communicated to 84 113 Tobacco, use of 11 73 Transfer 25,26 81 Treatment in general 3, 4 15, *17 2,3 67 558485°-—44 13 189 Prisoners of War—Continued. Articles Pages Utilization of labor of . 6 *7 27-34 81-85 Water for .. 11,13 73,75 Wills 19 *23 41 89 76 107 Work by: Conditions in general; compensation for injuries 27 81 33 85 in Kitchens . . .. 11 73 Length of day, weekly day of rest 30 83 for Private individuals 6 *17 28 83 Restrictions on kind of work to be required 6 *17 29, 31, 32 83 Wages ; 6 *17 28, 34 83, 85 Private Property. (See Property.) Projectiles. (See Means of Injuring the Enemy.) Property: Buildings and matériel of relief societies to be regarded as private prop- erty 16 137 i Destruction or seizure restricted 23(g) 25 'M- Functions of inquiry office as to 14 *21 Not to be damaged during evacuation of territory by German armies. . 6 153 in Occupied territory, restrictions on seizure of 53 33 Personal, retention under Capitulation of Santiago 4 167 of Prisoners of war, disposal of 77 109 of Prisoners of war, treatment of 4 *17 6 69 24 79 Private, retention under Capitulation of Manila; special safeguard. . 2, 7 169, 170 Public property in occupied territory, how treated 55, 56 35 Public, provisions of Capitulation of Manila as to 3, 4 169 Retention of private property, under Capitulation of Santiago 4 167 Rights to be respected, in occupied territory 46 31 Protected Personnel 9-13 133-137 21 141 Protecting Powers: Agents appointed by prisoners of war may deal directly with 43 89-91 Collaboration; rights of representatives 86,87 113-115 Compaints by prisoners of war to representatives 42 89 Representation injudicial proceedings against prisoners of war. 60, 62, 65, 66 99-101 Representatives may send books to prisoners’ camp libraries 39 87 Representatives, mediation as to prohibited labor of prisoners of war. 31 83 Public Buildings. (See Buildings.) Public Conscience: Dictates of, applicability to belligerents Preamble 11 190 Public Property. {See Property.) Punishments: Articles Pages General penalties on occupied territory restricted 50 33 of Prisoners of war. (See Prisoners of War—Punishments.) of Spies 30, 31 27 for Violation of an armistice by private individuals 41 31 Qualifications: of Belligerents 1-3 15 Quarter: Declarations that no quarter will be given, forbidden 23(d) 25 Radio: on Neutral territory, use by belligerents restricted 3, 8, 9 39 Operators on ah craft used for sanitary transportation, captured, how treated 18 139 Surrender of certain stations, under Armistice with Germany 5 161 Railways; Not to be damaged in territory evacuated by German armies; de- livery of rolling stock; railways of Alsace-Lorraine to be handed over 7 153-154 4 161 Railway material coming from neutral territory, restrictions on utili- zation by belligerents 19 43 State railways, free transportation of presents, etc., for prisoners of war 16 *21 38 87 Rank: of Prisoners of war, differences in treatment based on 6 *17 19 *23 4 69 21 77 22,24 79 27 81 43 91 46 93 of Prisoners of war, information for inquiry office as to 14 *21 Prisoners of war not to be deprived of 49 93 of Prisoners of war, notification to captors 9 *19 5 69 Prisoners of war, wearing of insignia of rank 19 77 Ratifications: of Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention of 1929 91, 95, 97 117, 119 of Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929 32, 37 147, 149 39 151 of Hague Convention No. Ill of 1907 (Opening of Hostilities) 4, 8 5, 7 of Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 (Laws and Customs of War on Land) 5,9 11,13 of Hague Convention No. V of 1907 (Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons) 21, 25 45, 47 191 Ratifications—Continued. Articles Pages of Hague Convention No. VIII of 1907 (Laying of Automatic Sub- marine Contact Mines) 8, 13 53, 55 of Hague Convention No. IX of 1907 (Bombardment by Naval Forces) 9,13 61,63 Recruiting : for Belligerents in neutral territory forbidden 4 39 Red Crescent 19, 24 141, 143 Red Cross: iSee also Relief Societies. Distinctive emblem 23(b) 25 ’19-24 141, 143 28 145 Geneva Convention of 1929, text of. ..... .'. 129-151 International Committee, duties as to prisoners of war 79,87 109-111 88 115 Red Lion and Sun 19,24 141,143 Relief Societies: Assistance to prisoners of war 15 *21 39 87 78 109 Buildings and matériel to be regarded as private property 16 137 Designation of prisoners of war for examination by mixed medical commissions 70(c) 103-105 Distinctive emblems 24 143 Functions in general 15 *21 77 107 of Neutral countries, assistance to belligerents 11-13 135-137 21 141 Red Cross. (See Red Cross.) Volunteer aid societies, how treated 10, 12, 13 135, 137 21 141 Religion: Buildings dedicated to, bombardment restricted 27 25 5 59 Churches and religious worship in Manila placed under special safe- guard 7 170 in Occupied territory to be respected. 46 31 Privileges of prisoners of war as to exercise of 18 *23 16 77 Property of religious organizations in occupied territory, how treated. 56 35 Repatriation : under Capitulation of Manila, determined in Washington 5 169 of Civilians, under Armistice with Germany (1918) 18 155 Expenses, how borne. . 73 105 Information to information bureau as to. . 77 109 of Prisoners of war after conclusion of peace 20 *23 of Prisoners of war after long period of captivity, by agreement 72 105 Prisoners of war not to be kept back from, on account of disciplinary punishment; penal prosecutions 53 95-97 192 Repatriation—Continued. Articles Pages Provisions for, in Armistice with Germany (1918) 3, 10 152, 154 Repatriated persons not to be utilized in active military service 74 105 of Sick, wounded, etc., prisoners 68-71 103-105 Annex 119-127 Reporters. (See Newspaper Correspondents and Reporters.) Reprisals: for Failure of German Command to disclose mines, poisoning of wells, etc 8 154 against Prisoners of war prohibited 2 67 Requisitions: in German territory occupied 9 154 Means of transportation obtained, to be subject to rules of international law 17 137-139 for Naval forces, in proportion to resources of place; bombardment in case of refusal to comply 3 59 in Occupied territory 52 33 of Property of aid societies, restriction on 16 137 Provisions against, in a safeguard App. F 172 of Railway material coming from neutral territory restricted 19 43 Retaliation. {See Reprisals.) Robbery: Protection of wounded and dead on battlefields from 3 131 Rules of Land Warfare; Buildings and matériel of fixed sanitary establishments to remain sub- ject to 15 137 French text the official one in Flague Convention No. IV of 1907 (Laws and Customs of War on Land), text of 9—35 Revision in order to mitigate severity Preamble 9 Ruses of War: Use permissible 24 25 Safe Conducts: Form App. F 172 Safeguards: Form App. F 172 Sanitary Formations and Establishments; See also Sick and Wounded. Buildings and matériel, how treated 14, 15 137 Distinctive emblems 19-24 141-143 Personnel, recognition and privileges in general 9-13 133-137 Protection in general 6-8 133 Sanitary transports 17, 18 137-139 Santiago, Capitulation of App. D 167-168 Science; Buildings devoted to, protection from bombardment; marking 27 25 5 59-61 State property dedicated to, to be treated as private property 56 35 Sentences of Death, Execution Restricted 66 101-103 193 Sick and Wounded: Articles Pages See also Red Cross; Relief Societies; Sanitary Formations and Estab- lishments. Admission into neutral territory; treatment. . 14, 15 41, 43 Buildings and matériel of sanitary formations and establishments . . 14-16 137 Care for, by belligerent intercepting sanitary transportation vehicles. . 17 137-139 Exception from requirement of prompt evacuation 7 71 Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929, text of 129-151 Information as to, for inquiry office 14 *21 Obligations of belligerents governed by Geneva Convention 21 23 Places where collected, bombardment restricted 27 25 5 59 Prisoners of war, return to own country, examination by mixed medical commissions. 68—70 103 Annex 119—127 as Prisoners, transfer restricted 25 81 Provision for, in Armistice with Germany 11 154 Repatriation A nnex 119-127 Sanitary transports 17,18 137-139 Treatment in case aircraft required to land 18 139 Treatment in general 1—5 129—133 Sieges. (See Bombardments.) Signs: on Buildings, etc., to be spared in bombardment 27 25 5 61 Commercial, use of arms of Swiss Confederation to be prevented. ... 28 145-147 Special Conventions 83 111 Spies; See also Ruses of War. Definition and treatment 29-31 27 State of War. (See War.) Stratagems. {See Ruses of War.) Submarine Cables; between Occupied and neutral territory, seizure or destruction restricted 54 35 Submarine Mines. {See Mines.) Surrender. {See Capitulations.) Suspension of Hostilities. {See Armistices.) Sutlers: Captured, treatment as prisoners of war 13 *19 81 111 Taxation: in Occupied territory 48, 49 31-33 Presents, etc., for prisoners of war to be admitted free of import duties, etc 16 *21 38 87 Telegraph and Telephone: Neutrals not required to prevent use by belligerents; impartiality. ... 8, 9 39 Not to be damaged in territory evacuated by German armies 7 153 194 Telegraph and Telephone—Continued. Articles Pages Prisoners of war to be allowed to send telegrams in cases of acknowl- edged urgency 38 87 Surrender of certain lines, under Armistice with Germany 5 161 Use for notification of state of war to neutral powers 2 3 Territory Occupied. (See Occupied Territory.) Tobacco: Use by prisoners of war to be permitted 11 73 Torpedoes; See also Means of Injuring the Enemy. Use restricted 1 49 Towns. (See Municipalities in Occupied Territory.) Trade-marks: Use of arms of Swiss Confederation to be prevented 28 145-147 Transportation : Means of, retention by mobile sanitary formations 14 137 Means of, taking possession by army of occupation 53 33 Military means of, subject to capture; exception 17 137-139 of Prisoners of war from unhealthful regions 9 71 Sanitary transports for sick and wounded 17,18 137-139 of Sick and wounded prisoners of war 68, 73 103,105 Treachery: Killing or wounding treacherously 23(b) 23 by Parlementaires 34 29 Treatment of Prisoners. {See Prisoners of War.) Truces. {See Armistices.) Flag of. {See Flags.) Undefended Places. {See Open Cities.) Uniforms. {See Distinctive Emblems.) Unnecessary Suffering: Causing by use of arms, etc., forbidden 23(e) 25 Usufructuary: Occupying states to be regarded as 55 35 Voluntary Aid Societies. {See Relief Societies.) Volunteers; Application of laws and customs of war on land 1 15 Wages: of Prisoners of war 6 *17 28, 34 83, 85 War: Commencement. {See Commencement of Hostilities.) Conduct. {See Conduct of Hostilities.) Desire of contracting parties to diminish evils of Preamble 9 Effectiveness of Geneva (Red Cross) Convention of 1929. 37 149 State of, prompt notification to neutral powers Preamble 3 2 3 195 Water: Articles Pages Poisoning of wells, etc., German Command to disclose 8 154 for Prisoners of war . 11, 13 73, 75 White Flag. (See Flags; Parlementaires.) Wills; of Prisoners of war 19 *23 41 89 76 107 Wireless Apparatus. (See Radio.) Women: as Prisoners of war, how treated 3, 4 67, 69 Works of Art. (See Buildings; Property.) Wounded. (See Sick and Wounded.) Wounding: of Prisoners of war, information as to 77 109 Restrictions on, in war 23(b, c) 23-25 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. O. - - - Price 30 cents 196