;*•' -x^5 ?-'£ ,« *. «*^%s: rV-u-V %1< '■ > ' /■>. ^-s ' NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland FLORA CESTRICA: AN ATTEMPT TO ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE FLOWERING AND FILICOID PLANTS OF CHESTERCOUNTY, IN THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THEIR PROPERTIES, AND USES, IN" MEDICINE, DOMESTIC AND RURAL ECONOMY, AND THE ARTS. BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. D. PRESIDENT OF THE CHESTER COUNTY CABINET OP NATURAL SCIENCE, I MEMBER OP THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, CORRESPONDENT OP THE ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES, AT PHILADA. AND OP THE LYCEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY, AT NEW YORK, &C. &C Ore trahit guodcunque potest, atque addit acervo. Hor. WEST-CHESTER, Penn. PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOH, BY S. SIEGFRIED, AND FOR SALE BY KIMBER AND SHARPLESS, PHILADELPHIA. 1837. 1*31 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1837, by William Darlington, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. TO THE CULTIVATORS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE in THE COUNTY OF CHESTER, THIS ATTEMPT TO ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE FLOWERING AND FILICOID PLANTS OF THE COUNTY IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. The indulgent reception given to my Catalogue of the Phsnoga- mous plants growing in the vicinity of the Borough of West-Ches- ter, very naturally encouraged me to attempt a more complete Flora of the whole County. The industry and kindness of botanical friends, in exploring different sections of the County, and furnishing me with their collections, aided me greatly in the attempt; and I now submit to the lovers of botanical pursuits the result, such as it is, of my investigations. There are many and obvious reasons why a work like this—prose- cuted in the ssclusion of a village residence—should be imperfect, and behind the improvements of the age: yet I feel that I have abundant cause to be grateful for the liberal and friendly assistance afforded me, whenever practicable, by a number of distinguished Botanists. It may be in some measure perceived, by the annunciations in the course of the work, how numerous are my obligations, for specimens, and a knowledge of localities, to my friends in the County; and I gladly embrace this occasion to reiterate my acknowledgments for their kind attentions, and for the interest they have been pleased to manifest in the undertak:ng. To Dr. Charles Pickering, of Philadelphia, I am most especially and deeply indebted, for the obliging promptitude and patience with which ho aided me in my references to the valuable Herbariums under his charge, in that city ; and my thanks are also due to the venerable Librarian of the Philosophical Society, for the facilities afforded in consulting the Jluhleuberg'an Herbarium, in possession of that Insti- tution. Since the return of Mr. Ncttaii, from his Western expedition, I have had the benefit of his opinions, and suggestions, in relation to a number of our more difficult plants. With Prof. Toriiey, of New York, I have enjoyed the privilege of a botanical correspondence for some twelve years past; and those who are acquainted with the eminent attainments of that gentleman will not need to be told, that it must be my own fault if I have not profited largely by the intercourse. His judicious remarks, and his frank and liberal communications, have ever been to me a source of agreeable in- terest and instruction. To the kindness of Dr. A. Gray, of the same city, I am also indebt- yed for the use of several important works which at the time were not elsewhere to be obtained, in the U. States. From my estimable Correspondents, Prof. C. W. Short, of Ken- tucky, and the Rjv. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina, I have received numerous specimens of Western and Southern plants, which have been exceedingly useful, on comparison, in enabling me to determine some of our doubtful species. B VI PREFACE My obligations, for assistance, extend even beyond the Atlantic- To Dr. F. Boott, of London, I owe many acknowledgments for botanical favors,—and especially for his kindness in verifying a num- ber of our most obscure and diiiicult plants, by a comparison with those in the Linnscan, Baiiksian, and other authentic Herbariums, in that city. I have been also favored with boo1;s, and many authenticated speci- mens illustrative of North American Botany, by Sir W. J. Hooker, the accomplished Professor of our Science in the University of Glas- gow, Scotland,—a gentleman whose attention has been particularly directed to the plants of this hemisphere,—and whose liberality and urbanity have won the hearts of all American Botanists who have had the pleasure of his correspondence. An apology will doubtless be expected from me, for still adhering to the Linux .n arrangement, when the modem botanical world have so generally abandoned it for the Natural method. I am fully conscious of the old-fashioned garb in which this work is arrayed, and have a thorough conviction of the value and importance of studying plants according to their natural affinities : But, observing that the Natural method is yet kept, as it were, in a continual state of fermentation, by the labors and researches of the great Masters in the Science,—and feeling my inability to co-operate, or aid in adjusting its details,—I thought it most advisable, in the present attempt, to adhere mainly to the Linnsean classification. Whilst I freely admit that the true science of vegetables can enly be attained by a well-disciplined and philosophical investigation of their structure, functions, and r.utural affinities, I cannot help thinking that even the superficial knowledge of genera and species, which is so readily acquired by the Linna?an sys- tem, may be advantageous to the cause, by exciting an early intenst in learners, and facilitating the first steps of the uninitiated. When the young recruits are once securely enlisted, we may venture to ex- act a more rigid discipline. In the meantime, a good foundation may be laid for a scientific knowledge of plants, by the study of such ad- mirable elementary works as those of De Cajidoli.e, or Richard.— and that recently published in our own language, by Dr. A. Gray, of New York. Notwithstanding the arrangement according to the Sexual System is confessedly artificial, the reader cannot fail to remark how many of those great families of plants which are obviously natural, are yet preserved under it, nearly or, quite entire. By doing a slight violence tj the Linnaan method (as I'have ventured to do, in this work, at the siggestion of my friend, Dr. Pickering), it will be seen that the gen- e a belonging to the following eminently Natural Orders, may be all kept together—viz : Cyperacese, Graminese, Borag'mex, Umbelliferz, Rosacea, Pomacex, Amygdulese, Labiatoe, Cruciferoe, Leguminosie, Composi'x, Orchidese, Filices, and Lycopodiacex. These orders comprise nearly half the genera, and more than half the species, enu- merated in the present work. In addition to the foregoing, it will be found that the genera (84 in number) belonging to 30 additional Nat- ural Orders, and comprising about 180 species, aTe all grouped together under the Linnaian arrangement; and a large proportion of PREFACE vii the genera belonging to several other natural orders, will also be found in company. In short, upwards of 800 plants out of 1073, enumerated in this Flora, will be found congregated together, by a slight modifica- tion of the Sexual System, almost as completely as under the Natural method. Having them thus grouped, their affinities and true charac- ter may be studied as thoroughly, and nearly with the same conveni- ence, as under any natural arrangement. It will be observed, that I have throughout referred to, or used as a text-book, Dr. Beck's excellent work on the Botany of the Northern and Middle States,—citing it for all the species which are here given by the same names: But, in citing Dr. B. (or any other Author) for a species, it must not be supposed that I have quoted him verbatim. I have used, without hesitation, the language and descriptive phrases of others, where they appeared most appropriate; but have taken the lib- erty to modify, or add to, such descriptions, whenever my own obser- vations seemed to warrant it. The only innovation in which I have indulged, in the use of descriptive terms, is in the employment of the words ovate, and ovoid, to convey distinct ideas,—as explained in the Glossary:—a distinction which appears to ms to be both convenient and practically useful. Instead of placing the Cultivated Plants in an Appendix, as was done in my Catalogue, I have thought it best to insert them in their proper places throughout the work; but, in order to enable the reader to distinguish them at a glance, I have had the descriptions printed in italic,—and have thus rendered the cultivated species, in some sort, as distinct from the others, in the book, as they are in our fields and gar- dens. I was unfortunate in not receiving some works, which I wished to consult, until it was too late to profit by their contents. This was par- ticularly the case with Kuxtk's Agrostograthia, and the 5th Part of De Ca\-dollf;s Prodhomus. The want of the latter I especially regret,—as I think the distinguished Professor of Geneva has materially improved upon the labors of Lessixg, among the Syngcnesious plants. Prefixed to this volume is a small xat> of the County, intended as a guide to some of the most interesting localities,—as well as to in- dicate their relative positions; and, with the further object of promot- ing the study of the Vegetation in connection with the character of the Rocks beneath, I have had the map colored geologically, in conformity with the views of Prof. Henry D. Rogers, the Geologist now in the service of this State,—who politely designated the geological features, and the order of coloring, here exhibited. It is proper to observe, however, that the range of hills, on the South side of the great Lime- stone Valley, usually called Mica-slate in the text, is designated as Talc-slate, by the coloring on the map. West-Chester, Pa. April, 18J7. X^" The readsr will plsase to correct a palpable typographical error, in ilie second line of the paragraph at the foot of pa^e 611— where instead of" 230 Natu- ral Orders," it should read 263 Natural Orders. LIST OF AUTHORS CONSULTED; AND OF WHOM THE SYNONYMS ARE CITED, IN THIS WORK. Ait. Ketv.—Houtis Kewensis; or a Catalogue of the Plants culti- vated in the Royal Eotanic Garden at Kew. By Wm. Town- skxd Aitox. Ed. 2. 5. vols. 8t>o. London. 1810—13. Bart. Am.—A Flora of North America. Illustrated by coloured Figures, drawn from Nature. By W. P. C. Bartox, ?»1 D. &c. 3. vols. ito. Philad. 1821—3. Bart, Phil.—Compexdtum Florje Philarei,:piiic;e : containing a Description of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants found within a circuit of ten miles around Philadelphia. By W. P. C. Barton, M. D. &c. 2 vols. \2mo. Philad. 1818. Beauv.— Essai d'une nouvelle Aoeostographte ; ou Nouveaux Gen- res des Graminees. Par A. M. F. J. Palisot de Beauvois. 1 vol. 8vo. -with quarto Plates. Paris. 1812. Beck, Bot.—Botaxt of the Northerx and Mi utile States ; or a Description of the Plants fouud in the U. States, North of Virginia. By L. C. Beck, M. D. &c. 1 vol. 12mo. Albany. 1833. Bigel. Bost.—Florula Bostomensis : A collection of Plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific charac- ters, &c. By Jacob Bigelow, M. D. &c. Ed. 2. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston. 1824. Benth. Lab.—Labiatarum Genera et Species : or a desciiption of the Genera and Species of Plants of the Order Labiatse; wth their general history, characters, affinities, and geograph- ical distribution. By George Bentham, Esq. F. L. S. \ vol. 8vo. London. 1832-6. JDC. Prodr.—Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegeta- bilis, sive Enumeratio contracta Ordinum Generum Specie- rumque Plantarum hue usque cognitarum, juxta methodi natu- ralis normas digesta; Auctore Aug. Pyramo Df. Caxbolle. 4. vol. 8vo. Paris. 1824—30. DC. Syst.—Regxt Vegetabilis SystemaNaturale, sive Ordines Genera et Species Plantarum secundum methodi naturalis nor- mas digestarum et descriptarum; Auctore Aug. Pyramo ds Candolle. 2 vol. 8vo. Paris. 1818-21. Dew. Caric.—Cartography. By Prof. C.Dewey. Sill. Am. Journ. Science, vols. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 14. 25. 26. and 27. (1824- 26. and Appendix to 1834.) LIST OF AUTHORS IX Eat. A fan.—Manuel of Botany, for North America: containing Geneiic and Specific Descriptions of the Indigenous Plants and common cultivated Exotics, growing North of the Gulf of Mex- ico. By Prof. Amos Eaton. Ed. 6. 1 vol. 12mo. Albany. 1833. Ell. Sk.—A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina ami Georgia. By Stephen Elliott, L L. D. 2 vol.8vo. Charlcs- ton. S. C. 182 1-4. Florul. Cestr.—Florula Cestrica : An Essay towards a Catalogue of the Phamogamous Plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the Borough of West-Chester, in Chester County, Penn. By Wm, Darlington, M. D. 1 vol. 8vo. IVest-Chester. 1826. 4^cn. PI.—Caroli a Linne Geneva Plantahcm corumque Charac- teres naturales secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm et Pro- portionem omnium Fructificationis Partium. Curante J. C. D. Schreber. Eilitio octava. 2 vol. 8vo. Francofurti ad Manum. 1789-91. Gray, Gram.—North Amf.-ucan G:umisee and Cypep.ace.e. By Asa Gray, M. D. 2 vols. Folio. A'ew York. 1834-5. Hook. Am.—Flora Boreat-i-Americana ; or the Botany of the Northern parts of British America. By William Jackson Hooker, L L. D. &c. 6 Pai-ts.ito. London. 1829-33. Just. Gen.__Antonii Laurentii de Jussieu Genera Plantarum se- cundum Ordines Naturales disposita. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris. 1789. Le Conte. Jtol.—Observations on the North American Species of the Genus Viola. By Capt. John Le Conte, U. S. A. Ann, Lyc.X. Y. Vol. 2. p. 135-153. (1826.) Less. Syn.—Stxopsis Geneium Compo^itarum earumque dis- positions nova Tentamen Monographiis multarum Capensium interjectis. Auctore Ch:?. Fr. Lessing. 1 vol. 8vo. Bero- lini. 1832. Lindl. Ency.—An Encyclopaedia of Plants; comprising the Des- cription, Specific character, Culture, History, application in the Arts, and every other desirable Particular respecting all the Plants indigenous, cultivated in, or introduced to Britain. By John Lindley, F. R. S. &c. Published by J. C. Loudon. London. 1829. J\larsh. Arbust.—Arbcstcm Amertcanum : The American Grove, or an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, native of the American United States. By Humphrey Mar- shall. 1 vol. 127MO. Philad. 1785. Jtfx. Am.—Flora Boreali-Americana, sistens caracteres Planta- rum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit Andreai Michaux. 2 vol. 8vo. Paris. 1803. JMx. f. Sylva.—The North American Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. By F. Andrew Michaux. 3 vol. 8vo. Philad. 1817-19. B* X LIST OF AUTHORS Muhl. Catal__Catalogus Plantarum America Septf.ntrion- alt's, hue usque cognitarum indigenarum et cicurum : or a Catalogue of the hitherto known native and naturalized Plants of North America. By Henry Muhlenberg, D. D. 1 vol. 8vo. Lancaster. 1813. Muhl. Gram.—Descriptio uberior Graminum et Plantarum Cal- amariarum America Septentrionalis indigenarum et cicurum. Auctore D. Henrico Muhlenberg. 1 vol. 12mo. Philada. 1817. J\"ee*, Ast.—Genera et srr.ciES Asterearum. Recensuit, des- criptionibus et animadversionibus illustravit, synonyma em- endavit Christianus Godofredus Nees ab Esenbeck. Med. et Phil. Doct. Acad. Caes. Leop.—Carol. Prases Professor vratislaviensis. 1 vo. Svo. JYorimbergse. 1833. tVutt. Gen.— The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the year 1817. By Thomas Nuttall, F. L. S. 2 vol. 12 mo. Philad.1818. Pers. Sy?i.—Synopsis Plantarum, seu Enchiridium Botanicum, complectens Enumerationem systematicam Specierum huc- usque cognitarum. Curante Dr. C. H. Persoon. 2 vol. 2ito. Paris. 1805-7. Pursh, Am.—Flora Amertcje Septentrtonalis ; or a System- atic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North Amer- ica. By Frederick Pursh. 2 vol. Svo. London 1814. Schiv. Viol.—Attempt of a Monogr a phy of the Linnaean Genus Viola comprising all the Species hitherto observed in North America By L. D. De Schweinitz. Sill. Am. Journ. Sc:ence -vol 5 p. 48-81, (1822.) * ' Schw. & Torr. Monogr.—Monograph of the North American Spe- cies of the Genus Carex. By the Rev. L. D. De Scnwr.iN. itz. Edited by John Torrey. 1 vol. 8vo. JYetv York. 1825. Torr. Comp.—A Compendium of the Flora of the Northern and Middle States. By John Torrey, M. D. &c. 1 vol \2mn JVew York. 1826. Torr. Fl.—A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sections of the United States : or a Systematic Arrangement and Description of all the Plants hitherto discovered in the United States North of Virginia. By John Torrey, M D &e 1 vol. 8vo. JYetv York. 1824. WiUd. Sp.-CBToli a Linne Species Plantarum exhibentes Plantas rite cogmtas ad Genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nom- inibus tnviahbus synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum Systema Sexuale digestas. Curante Carolo Ludovico Wiled iHow.5wt8w. Berolini. 1897-1810 DOVICO WlILD- © m © i g OF THE PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK, O* The reader will bear in mind, that where compound descriptive terms are used, the last member of the compound word is intended to give \.hc predominant character; and that the word or syllable prefixed, merely indicates dmodification of that character;—as, for example, "ovate-lanceolate" signifies lanceolate, but inclining somewhat to ovate—whilst "lance-ovate" means ovate with something of the lanceolate form, &c. So of colors: "yellowish-green," bluish-green," &c. signify that green is the prevailing hue,—but that it is tinged with yellow, blue, &c. Abortion, an imperfect developement of any organ. Abortive, not arriving at perfection; pro- ducing no fruit. Abrupt, not gradual; terminatingsuddenly Abruptly acuminate, suddenly narrowed to an acuminatum. Abruptly pinnate, see Even-pinnate. Accessory, additional, or supernumerary. Arxumbent cotyledons, having the radicle applied to the cleft, or recurved alone one of the edges,of the cotyledons; — as in some Tetradynamous or Crucif- erous plants. Acerose, linear, stiff and sharp, like the leaves of Juniper. Acicular, needle-shaped. Arulea'e, prickly. A'-umina'e, ending in a pnduced taper in:; point. Acumination, an extended taperins acute point. Acute, sharp ; endinsr in an angle, o< point; not rounded. Alnzte, adhering laterally, fixed or "row- ing to. Aestivation, the mode in which sepals and petals are arranged in the flower-bud Aggregated, crowded, or standing to gcther on the same receptacle, but not compound. Akene, a 1-seeded fruit with a dry inde- hiscent pericarp,—often bony or nut- Alate, winged ; having a membranous border. Alternate, not opposite; placed alternate ly on the axis, or receptacle. Alveolate, having cells like a honey-comb Ament, a slender spike of naked and usu ally diclinous flowers, with imbrica- ted scales, or bracts, often doing the office of pedicels. Amplexicaul, embracing or clasping the stem. v ° Anastomosing, applied to branchin" ves- sels which inosculate, or unite again, like network. Ancipital, two-edged ; somewhat flailed, with two opposite edges. Androgynous, having staminate and pis- li Hate flowers distinct, but on tha same plant, or spike. Angulate. having angles, or corners, mostly of a determinate number. l/iisate, having the odor or taste of Anise- seed. innotinous, applied to leaves, &c. which are renewed every year. Annual, living or enduring but one year. Annular, having the form of a rin". Annulate, having a rin?. Anomalous, not according to rule orsys- tern ; forming an exception to usual appearances, or structure. Anther, the knob, or capsule, containin" the pollen ; usually supported on a filament. hilhe, ilium, the connate anther like mass, in the flowers of the Aslcnia- dea. or Asclepias Tribe. Antheriferous, bearing A nthers. Apelalous, destitute of petals ; not havin-» a corolla. Ipex, the summit, end, or point, Ap'iyllous, without leaves. Appendiculate, having some appendage. Appressed, pressed to, or lying close against. Approximate, growing or situated near each other. Aquatic, growing naturallv in water, or wet places. Arachnoid, resemblinsr a spider's web. Arborescent, approaching the size of a tree. Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow. Areola, a small cavity ;—as in the base of some akenes. Arid, dry or parched; as if destitute of sap. Arillate, having an arillus. Arillus, an expansion of the funiculus or seed-slalk, forming a loose (and often fleshy) coating of the seed. Aristate, awned ; having awns. Armed, having thorns, or prickles, Xll GLOSSARY. Aromatic, having a spicy flavor, or fra-i those branches bearing opposite leaf- grance. lets. Articulated, jointed ; eonnected by joints.'Bipinnately, in a bipinnate manner. Articulations, joints ; the places at which'Bpinnattjut, the common petiole havin" articulated members are separable. Ascending, rising from the ground ob- liquely. Assurgent, rising in a curve from a de- clined base. Attenuule't, tapering gradually till it be- comes slender. Auri'-ulate, having rounded appendages at base, like ears. Awn, a slender bristle-like process,— common on the chaff of grasses, s mietimcs on anthers, &c. Awned, furnished with awns, or bristle- like points. Aimless, deslitute of awns. Axil, the angle between a branch and stem, or leaf and branch, on the up- per side. Axillary, growing in, or proceeding from the axil. opposite pinnatifid branches, or seg- ments. Bippinatifully, in a bipinnalifid manner. Biroslrate, furnished with two beaks. Bisetose, having two bristles. Bisulcate, having two grooves or furrows. Biternate leaf, twice ternate ; the com- mon petiole 3-parted, and each divi- sion bearing three leaflets. Bivalved, having two valves. Biventricose, having two bellied or dis- tended portions. Bloom, a fine powdery coating on certain fruits, &c, as the plum. Border of a Corolla, the spreading hrim of a corolla of more than one petal. Bowl-shaped, hemispherical and concava or hollow. Brachiate, having the branches spread- ing, opposite and decussate. Axis, a central stem, or peduncle ;—or, a Bract, floral leaf; a leaf among or near real or imaginary central line extend ing from the base to the summit. Baccate, berried; becoming fleshy or succulent, like a berry. Z?aM akenes, naked at summit; destitute of pappus or crown. Banner, the vexillum or upper petal in a papilionaceous flower. Barb, a straight process,armed with one or more teeth pointing backwards. Beak, a terminal process, like a bird's bill. Beaked, having, or terminating in, a beak. Bearded, crested or furnished with par allel hairs,—as in the flowers of Iris Viola, &c. Bsrry, a pulpy valveless fruit, in which the seeds are imbedded. Bibracteate, having two bracts. Bicuspidate, ending in two sharp points. Bideulate. furnished with two teeth. Biennial, living two years,—in the sec- ond of which the flowers and fruit are produced,—and then dying. Bifarious, in two series, or opposite rows ; pointing in two directions. Bifid, two-cleft, or split into two seg- ments. Bifistular, having two parallel tubes. Bifoliate, having or producing two leaves Bifurcate, forked"; ending in two branch es. Bi-gibbous, having two hunches, or gib- bous productions. Biglandular, having or producing two "lands. Bilabiate, having two lips. Bilamellate, having two lamellae, or thin plates. Bilocular, having two cells. Bipartible, separable spontaneously into two parts. Bipartite, two-parted; divided into two segments more than half way to the base. - Bipinnate, twice pinnate; the common petiole having opposite branches, and the flowers, and usually differing in size and appearance, from the other leaves. Bracteate, furnished with bracts. BranMets, small branches, or subdivi- sions of branches. Bristles, stiff hairs, straight, or hooked. Bulb, a kind of bud, formed of numerous fleshy scales or coals, and usually seated on the neck of the root.—some- times in the axils. Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs, Bulbous, formed of, or like a bulb Bullate leaf, having bubble-like convex- ities on the upper surface, with cor- responding cavities beneath. Caducous, falling off earlier than usual for such organs. Calcarate, spurred; having a process like a horn, or spur. Ca'lous, firm and giislle-1 ike. Callus, a compact gristle like tubercle or substance. Calyciform, shaped like a calyx. Calyculate, having an additional outer calyx. Calyptra, the cap or hood (resembling the extinguisher of a candle) on the fruct- ification of the Mosses. Calyx, the flower-cup, or outer (and s< me- times the only) covering of a flower,— usually green, and embracing all the other parts. Campanutate, in the form of a bell. Canaliculate, channelled or furrowed. Canescent, hoary ; covered with a whitish pubescence. Capillaceous, and Capillary, long and fine like a hair. Capitate, head-form ; growing in a head. Capsule, a dry holloWseed-vessel, open- ing by valves. Carinale, keeled ; having a ridge on the back resembling the keel of a boat. Carnose, fleshy ; more firm than pulp. Carpel, a little fruit; usually a partial pistil, or simple constituent portion of a compound fruit. GLOSSARY Xlll Cartilaginous, hard yet somewhat flexi- ble, like gristle. Carycn)sis, a fruit where the pericarp is very thin, and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed,—as in Wheat, Barley, Carex, &c. Cauda, a tail. Caudate, having a tail. Caulescent, having an evident or true stem. Cauline, belonging to, or growing on, the main stem. Cellular, made up of little cells or cavi- ties. Cernuous, nodding,orsomewhat drooping. Cespitose, many stems growing from t^e same root, forming a tuft, or tussock. Chaff, a dry thin membrane; the seed covers of the grasses, or the bracts on the receptacle of compound flowers,&c Chaffy, bearing chaff; or resembling chaff. Channels, longitudinal grooves; the inter- stices between the ribs on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. Channelled, having longitudinal grooves. Charta^eous, resembling paper,in"texture. Cicatrice, the scar or mark, at the point of connection, left after the fall of a leaf, &c. Cilia, hairs arranged like eye-lashes, along the margin of a surface. dilate, fringed, or edged with parallel hairs, like eye-lashes. Ciliate-serrate, having serratures resem- bling cilia. Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes. Circinate, wilh the apex rolled back on itself, like the young fronds of a fern. Circumscissed, cut round transversely, or opening horizontally, like a snuff box. Cirrhose, bearing tendrils; or termina ling in a tendril. Class, the highest or primary division of plants or other natural objects, in a System. Clavate, club-shaped ; growing larger towards the summit. Claw, the taper base of a petal, in a poly- petalous corolla. Cleft, split or divided less than half way to the base. Clypeate, of the form of a buckler or shield. Cocetaneous, appearing at the same time with the leaves. Coarctate, contracted, or crowded into a narrow compass. Cochleate, coiled spirally, like a snail shell. Collateral, side by side ; on the same side. Colored, of any other color than green Column, the axis or central pillar of a capsule;—or the combined filaments and style of a Gynandrous flower. Commissure, the line of junction of two bodies,—as the face of the carpels, in umbelliferse. Common (petiole, peduncle, &c.), compri sing or sustaining several similar sub ordinate parts. Comose, having a cottony or silky tuft, or top-knot. Compact, condensed or pressed together. Complete flower, having both c;ilyx and corolla. Compound, made up of similar simple parts. Compound flower, consisting of several Syngenesious florets, seated on a common receptacle, and embraced by an involucre, or many-leaved common calyx. Compound leaf, having each leaflet, or lamina, articulated wilh the petiole. Compound umbel, an umbel in which each primary peduncle, or ray, bears a small umbel at summit. Compressed, flatted, as if squeezed or pressed,—with the edge in front, in akenes of compound tlbwrs. See Ob- compressed. Concave, presenting a hollow or depress- ed surface. Conduplicate, doubled, or folded together, like the leaves of a book. Cone, the woody amenl of the Pines ; also the fruit of the Hop, &c. Conic, Conical, or Conoid, having the figure of a cone. Confluent, blended, or running into each other. Conformable, having the same form. Congener, belonging to the same genus, or family. Conglomerate, clustered or heaped to- gether. Connate, growing together or cohering,— especially at base. Connectivum, the organ which connects the two cells of an anther,—conspic- uous in the Labiates. Connivent, meeting, or bending towards each other. Constant, invariable; never failing, or wanting. Contiguous, so near as to seem to touch. Continuous, without interruption, or ar- ticulation. Contorted, twisted ; or obliquely overlap- ping. Contracted, narrowed, or reduced into smaller compass. Contrary dissepiment, not parallel wilh the valves of the pericarp. Convex, presenting an elevated rounded surface. Convolute, rolled into a cylindric form. Coraloid, resembling coral, in appear- ance. Cordate, heart shaped, wilh the sinus at base. Cordate-oblong, oblong, with a cordate base. Cordate-ovate, ovate, wilh the base some- what cordate. Coriaceous, tough and leather-like. Corneous, having the consistence or ap- pearance of horn. Corniculate,having little horns, or spurs. Cornute, having appendages like horns. Corolla, the delicate inner covering of the flower, standing between the calyx and stamens, and mostly col. ored ;—often called the flower, or blossom, by way of eminence. xiv GLOSSARY Cwrujatel, contracted into wrinkles. . Cortical, belonging to the bark. Corymb, a kind of raceme resembling an umbel,—with the pedicels of varf-| ous length, and bearing the flowers all on ilie same level at summit. Cnymbose, in llie manner of a corymb. Corymbulose, having the flowers in lillle corymbs. Costate, ribtied. Cotyledons, seed-lobes ; in vegetation of ten becoming the first, or seminal leaves. Creeping, running along the ground, and putting forth small roots. Crenate, n ached on the edge, with the segments rounded, and not inclining towards either extremity. Crenalate, very finely crenale. Crested, having an appendage somewhat like a cock's comb. Crisp, curled; wavy at the edges. Cristate, crested. Crowded, thick set; standing in close order. Crown, a circle of petaloid appendages at the throat of a corolla,—or of shon chaffy scales al the summit of an akeno. Crowned, furnished wilh appendages re- sembling a crown. Crown-form, resembling the figure of a crown. Cruciate, or Cruciform, having 4 petals arranged like a cross; as in Tetra- dynamous flowers. Cruciferous, bearing cruciate or cruel form flowers. f'rustaceous, having a dry brittle shell. Cryptogamous, belonging to the class Cryptogainia; destitute of visible flowers. Cu:ullate, in the form of a cowl;—the edges r died in s» as to meet at base, and expanding above,—like a hood thrown back. Culm, the slem of the Grasses, and Cy- peracere. Caneate, or Cuneiform, wedge-shaped ; tapering to ihe base like a wedge. Cupule, the cup like involucre of the acorn, &c. Cusp, a siiffish tapering sharp point. Cu-ipilate, tapering gradually to a straight slender sharp point. Cuticle, the outer skin,—usually thin and membranaceous. C'jlinlric, round and not taperin?. Cyme, a kind of panicle depressed near- ly to ihe form of an umbel,—with the principal peduncles rising from the same centre, but the subdivisions ir- regular C:/mose, having the flowers in cymes. Decandrous, having ten stamens. Deciduous, falling off at the usual time ; later than caducous. Declinate, or Declined, bent off horizon- tally ; or curved downwards. Decompound, twice compound ; compos- ed of compound parts. Decumbent, leaning upon the ground, wilh the base only erect. Decurrenre, a running down or back- wards. Decurrenl leaf, when the two edges are continued down the stem, like wings. Decussate, growing in pairs, which al- ternately cross each other. Definite, of a constant or determinate number. Deflected, bent off, or downwards. Dehiscent, gaping, or opening naturally at maturity. Deltoid, triangular in the outline,—like the Greek'letter Delta. D:nse, close, or compact. Dentate, toothed; edged wilh tooth-like projections. Denticulate, having very small teeth. Depauperated, wilh a starved or stunted inflorescence ; few-flowered. Depressed, flatted vertically, or pressed in at top. Depressed-globose, globose, with the base and apex flatted. Diadelphous, having the filaments united in iwo parcels, with a papilionaceous corolla. Diandrous, having two stamens. Diaphanous, transparent; permitting light to pass through. Diaphragmatic, having a transversa membrane, like a Diaphragm. Dichotomal, situated in the fork of a di chotomous stem, or branch. Dichotomous, forked ; regularly divided, and subdivided, in two equal branch- es. Diclinous, having the stamens and pis- tils in distinct flowers, whether on the same r different plants. Didymous, twin ; growing in pairs and partially united. Didynamous, having two long, and two short, stamen?,—in a ringent or per- sonate corolla. Diffuse, spreading in a loose irregular manner. Digitate leaf, when a simple petiole con- nects 5 or more distinct leaflets, fin- ger-like, at its summit. Digynous, having two pistils, or two dis- tinct stigmas. Dilated, made wider ; stretched, or ex- panded. Dimidiate, halved; as if one half had been cut off. Dingy, of a dull soiled or leaden-brown color. Dioicous, having the staminate and pis- Ullate flowers on distinct plants. Dioiconsly polygamous, having the per- fect and imperfect flowers on differ- ent plants. Discoid flower, having a disk without Disk, ihe surface of a leaf;—or the face. or central part, of a compound flower Dissepiment, the partition between tha cellsof setd-vessels. Dissdicnt, bursting open wilh a sprin". GLOSSARY XV Z,"«™/;.^l'Ln?,.* ,UrSer imervenin? Fasciculate, growing in bundles, or bunch space than usual. Distichous, two-rowed ; bearing leaves, flowers, &c. in two opposile"rows. Distinct, separate; not connected with each other, nor wilh any continuous organ. Divaricate branches, spreading so as to 1'im more than a right angle, with the slem above. Divergent, spreading widely ; making a right angle, or nearly so,with the siem Dorsal, Belonging to, or growing on. the back. Dorsally compiessed, compressed or flat ted on the back. Dots, miuule tuuerclesor elevated points. JJoiled, covered with dots, or s.nall eleva- ted points. Down, soft pubescence. Drooping, inclining downwards, more than nodding. Drupe, a fleshy or succulent pericarp without valves, containing a nul or Stone. Di apt/, a little drupe; a constituent por- tion of a compound berry,—such as that of Kubus. Ecaudate, destitute of a Cauda or tail. Echinate, hedgehog-like; covered v\ith prickles. H'Upti', oval; longer than wide, with the two ends tapering equally. Elongated, exceeding the usual or aver au.c Uuglh. Elongating, becoming gradually and fi nally elongated. Emarginate, having a notch at the end. Enneandrous. having nine slamens. Ensiform, sword-shaped ; two-edged and tapering from base to apex. Entire, whole and even allhe edge ; with out incision, or tooth. Envelope, an integument or covering. Epigynous, situated on, or at the summit of, the ovary. Equal, similar parts equal among them selves,—as calyx-segments, sepals, petals. &.C. Eroded, Erose, Irregularly notched, as if gnawed. Esculent, eatable. Etiolation, the blanching of plants,—or rendering them white by the exclu- sion of light ; as is practised with Celery. Evanescent, disappearing. Even-pinnate leaf, having the leaflets all in pairs,or without aterminal odd one Ever-green, continuinggreen, and persis- ting all the year. Exfoliate, to throw off layers, or plates,— as bark, &c. Exsert, or exserted, projecting, or protru- ding out of. Falcate, sickle-shaped ; curved like a Sickle, or Scythe. Fun-shaped, cuneate below, and spread- ing above,—like a lady's fan. Farinaceous, mealy; reducible to a meal- like powder. ts, from the same, or nearly ihe same, point. Fasligiute, level-topped : the summits of the branches all rising to the same height. Ferruginous, of the color of rust of iron Fertile, having perfect pistils, and produ- cing fruit. Fibrous, composed of fibres, or liirucd- like processes. Filament, that part of the stamen (usual- ly thread-like) which support* the anther. Filicoid, fern-like; belonging to or re- sembling ferns. Filifoim, very slender and terete, like a thread. Fimbria, fringes, or fringe-like proces- ses. Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge, like fringe. Fissure, a slit, crack, or narrow opening. Fistular, hollow and terete, or tubular. Flabelliform, fan-shaped—which see. Flaccid, too limber to support iis owa weight. Flagelliform, long slender and pliable,— like a whip-lash. Ftexuose, serpentine, or curved several limes in succession. Flocculent lomeiuum, condensed in lillle flocks, flakes, or bunches. Floral, belonging to, or situated, near a flower. Floret, a little flower; one of the number in aggregated, or compound, flowers. Floriferous, bearing flowers. Folia-eous, of a leafy ftrui and texture ; resembling a leaf. Follicle, a capsular fruit opening longitu- dinally by a suture on one sfde. Foramen (plural, Foramina), a roundish hole, or opening. Free, not adhering lo each other, nor to any adjacent organ. Frond, the leaf, or leaf like expansion, of cryptogamous plants. Fiondose, leafy, or wilh leaf like appen- dages. Fiuctift, ation, the flower and fruit, with their pans. Frutescent, becoming shrubby. Fruticose, shrubby. Fugacious, fleeting; of short continuance. Fulvous, tawny, or tan-colored. Fungous, of a rapid growth and sofilex- ture, like Fungi. Funiculus, the little cord by which seeds are attached to the placenta, or re- ceptacle. Funnel-form, tubular below, and expand- ing at summit. Fuscous, greyish brown. Fusiform, spindle-shaped ; terete and ta- pering. Galea, a helmet; the upper lip of a rin- gent corolla. Galeate, helmeied; resembling a casque, or helmet. Generic, pertaining or relating to a genus. Fascicle, a bundle; the foot-stalks j\TO-\Geniculaie, forming an angle at the joints, seeding ft-jiu ths samj point. like a. bent knee XV1 GLOSSARY Genus (plural, Genera), a family, or num- ber of plants which agree wilh one another in the structure of the flower and fruil. Germ, the name formerly given to the ovary. Germination, the sprouting of a seed. Gibbous, hunched, or swelled out, on one or both sides. Glabrous, smooth; without pubescence or roughness. Gland, a small roundish appendage, which often secretes a moislure. Glandular, furnished wilh glands. Glandulurhispid,or Glandular-pubescent, hairy or pubescent, and the hairs lip- ped wilh giands. Glwiduliferous, bearing or producing glands. Glaucous, silvery ; pale bluish- or green- ish-white ; covered wilh a greenish- while mealiness. Globose, spherical ; round on all sides. Glomerate, densely clustered in small heaps, or irregular heads. GUmierules, small dense roundish clus- ters. Vlumaceous, chaff-like ; resembling chaff, or glumes. Glume, chaff, or husk; applied more particularly to the outer or lower flo- ral covering of the grasses, Glumose, having glumes. Glutinous, viscid; covered wilh an adhe- sive fluid. Grumincous, grass-like ; resembling grasses. Orahiferous, bearing a grain, or grains. Granular, formed of grains. Gymnospermous, having the seeds appar- ently naked. Gynundrous, having the stamens growing on, or cohering with, the pistil. Habit of plants, llieir general external appearance and mode of growth, ly which ihey are recognized at sight. Habitat, or Habitatio, life native place of growth of plants. Halved, one-sided, as if one half had been cut off. Hastate, shaped like a halbert; lanceo- late, with a divaricale lobe on each side, at base. Head, a dense sessile cluster, cr round- ish collection of flowers. Heplandrous, having seven stamens. Herbaceous, not woody ; of a lender con sistence, and destructible by frost. Herbarium, a collection of dried speci- mens of plants. Hclcrogamoits heads, heads of Syngene- Bious flowers containing Florets of a different sexual character. Heterophyllous, having leaves of different forms. Hexundrous, having six stamens of equal length. Hilum, the scar or mark on a seed, at the point of attachment to Ihe funiculus, or placenta. Hirsute, rough-haired ; clolhed wilh sliff- ish hairs. Hispid, brisily ; beset wilh rigid spread- in? bristls-like hairs. hoary, covered wilh a white pubescence. Uoniogamous heads, heads of Syngutie- siuus flowers in which all the Florets are of one and ihe si.me sexual char- acter. Homcphyllous, having ihe leaves all of a similar figure. Hooded, see Cucullatc. Horn, a process, or elongation, resem- bling a horn. See Spur. Horny, of a lexlure or consistence likj horn. See Cornecus. Hybrid, a mule ; a mongrel partaking- of the nature, and produced I y the mix- ture, of two different species, or vari- eties. Ilypogaan, situated, growing, or remain- ing under ground. Hypogyiious, inserted under the base of the (-vary, and free, or not adhering to the calyx or pistil. Icosandrous, having about 20 stamens (more or less) which are perigynous, —i. e. growing to, er inserted^on, ihe calyx. Imbricate, or Imbricated, lying closely over each other, like shingles on a roof, or scales on a fish. Imperfect flower, warning either stamen or pistil. Incised, cut, cr gashed ; separated by in- cisions. Inclinale, or Inclined, bent towards each other, or towards something different. Included, v. holly contained in a cavity ;— the opposite of exserted. Incomplete flower, wanting either calyx or corolla. hicrassale, thickened upwards, or tow- ards ihe sunimil. Incumbent, lying upon,against, or across. Incumbent anther, attached at or near its middle and lying horizontally across the summit of tlie filament. Incumbent cotyledon, having the radicle bent over and applied to the back of one of Ihe cotyledons;—as in many Telradyn&mous or Cruciferous plants Incurved, bent or curved inwards. Indefinite, of no certain, constant, or de- terminate number. Indehisccnt, not opening naturally. Indigenous, native; growing originally in a country. Indurated, hardened ; become hard. Indusium (plural,Iimusia), the membrane or veil which covers the young- So- rus (or cluster of fruil) on ihe leaves of Ferns. Inferior calyx, having the ovary above and free in Ihe bosom of the calyx. Inferior ovary, situated below the calyx ; i.e.adnate lo ihe lube of the calyx, and consequently bearing the segments at ns summit. Inflated, distended or swelled like a blown bladder. Inflected, or Infixed, bent suddenly in- wards. ' Inflorescence, the disposition or arrange- ment of fl.jwers and their footstalks onaplani; as Umbel, Panicle, Ra. t»;me, &c. GLOS SARY xvii Inserted, fixed upon ; or growing out of. Internode, the space between nodes or joints. Interrupted, having intervals; or the continuity broken. Interruptedly pinnate, having smaller leaflets between each pair of larger ones. Inversely, in a contrary position; end for end, or upside down. Involucel, a partial involucre; the leaf lets at the base of a partial umbel, or subdivision of a compound umbel. Involucellate, having involucels. Involucrate, having an involucre. Involucre, an assemblage of floral leaves, surrounding or accompanying certain forms of inflorescence—usually ver- ticillate at the foot of an umbel,—or densely imbricated, like scales, and embracing the heads of Syngenesious flowers. Involute, rolled inwards. Irregular, differing in figure, size, or pro- portion of parts among themselves; as the lobes of a corolla, &c. Keel, a longitudinal central ridge on the back of a leaf, sepal, &c. resembling the keel of a boat; also the lower petal of a papilionaceous flower. Keeled, having a keel. See Carinate. Kernel, the nucleus, or seed contained in a nut. Knot, a solid, i n se parable, and often swel- ling joint;—as in the stem of grasses. &c. Labiales, or Labiate flowers, having the corolla (and sometimes the calyx) di- vided at summit into an upper and lower lip. Laceratc,diviied. into irregular segments, as if torn. Laciniate, jag-g-ed ; as if irregularly cut or torn on the margin. Lactescent, milky; containing- a milky or whitish juice. Lamellate, divided or dilated into thin plates. Lamina, a thin layer or plate; the ex- panded or flat portion of a leaf, or petal, as distinguished from the peti- ole, or claw. Lanceolate, tapering- gradually from near the base to the apex, like the head of an ancient Lance, or Spear. Lance-linear, Lance-ovate, &c. linear, &c' with a little of the lanceolate form. Lance-ovoid, egg-shaped, or terete and swelling- below, with a tapering apex. Lanuginous, clothed with a loose wool. Lateral, at the side. Laterally compressed, compressed or flatted on the sides. Latticed, crossing- each other obliquely, like net work. Lax, loose, or limber; not compact. Leaflets, partial leaves ; the small consti- tuent leaves of a compound leaf. Leaf-like (foliaceus), an expansion re- sembling a leaf. Leafy (foliosus), furnished, or abound- ing-, with leaves. Legume, a membranous, or coriaceous, seed-vessel of two valves, with the seeds affixed along the upper suture, only. Leguminous, bearing or producing le- gumes. Lenticular, having the form of a lens; compressed, bul convex on both sides. Leptmthium, the nectary, or crown-like leaflets, in the flowers of the Asclepi- adeae, or Asclepias Tribe. Ligneous, woody; of a firm woody texture, Ligulate, slrap-shaped,or ribbon-shaped; flat and linear. Ligule, the membranous appendage at the base of the leaf, or summit of the sheath, in grasses. Liliaceous, lily-like; bearing-flowers re- sembling the Lily. Limb, the summit of a monosepaloua calyx; or the upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla. Line, the twelfth part of an inch. Linear, of an uniform width ; long and narrow with parallel sides. Linear-lanceolate, &c. partaking- of both forms, but more of the latter. Lip, the upper or under division of a la- biate flower; or the lower and inner perianth-segment of many gynan- drous flowers. Lobe, the division of a petal, or leaf. Lobate, or Lobed, cut or divided into lobes. Lament, an indehiscent legume, contract- ed between each seed, and finally separating- at the joinl-like contrac- tions. Longitudinal, lengthwise; parallel with the axis,—or in a direction from the base towards the summit, or apex. Lunate, or Lunulate, having the figure of a new moon. Lyrate, pinnatifid, with the terminal seg- ment largest, and mostly rounded. Marcescent, withering- and shrivelling before it falls off. Margin, the edg-e or circumference of a leaf, or other expansion. Marginal, belonging to, or situated at, the margin. Marginate, or Margined, having a border or edging of a color or texture differ- ent from that of the disk. Melliferous, producing or containing honey. Membranaceous, or Membranous, thin, flexible and often slightly translucent Midrib, the main central nerve of a leaf,— apparently a continuation of the pe- tiole. Monadelphotts, having the filaments all united in one set,—usually forming a tube. Monandrous, having a single stamen. Moniliform, arranged like the beads of a necklace. Monoclinous, having the stamens and pis- tils in the same flower (synonymous with the old term hermaphrodite). Monograph, a description (usually ample and elaborate) of a single thing; as of a genus, family or tribe, &c. c XV111 GLOSSARY Monogynous, having but one pistil. Monoicous, having ihe slaminale and pistillate flowers distinct, but on the same plant. Monoicously polygamous, having the per- fect and imperfect flowers on the same plant. Monopetalous, having but one petal; or rather the petals more or less uni'ed into one 'gamopetalous, DC). Monophyllous, consisting ofa single leaf. Monosepalous, consisting of one sepal; —or rather the sepals more or less united into one (gamosepalous, DC). Mucronate, having a small point project ing from an obtuse end ; usually the prolongation of the midrib, in leaves. Muttifid, many-cleft; cut into numerous segments. Muricute, armed or covered with short spreading points, or acute excres cences. Mutic, awnless ; the opposite of awned, and mucronate. Naked, deslilute of the usual covering, or appendage;—as a stem without leaves, or scales,—leaves without pubes- cence,—a corolla without a calyx, or crown,—seeds without pericarp,—a receptacle without chaffybracts,hairs, &c. a verticil of flowers without bracts, or leaves,—and an umbel with- out an involucre, &c. Natural Order, Family or Tribe, an asso ciation of kindred genera; or of plants which are nearly related in their structure, and most important char acters. Nectariferous, bearing nectar or honey. Nectary, that portion of a flower which produces honey ; a term heretofore applied to any appendage ofa flower which seemed to be supernumerary. Nerved, having nerves, or coarse rib-like longitudinal fibres. Nerves} rib-like fibres (in leaves, &c.) which extend from the base to, or to wards, the apex. Neutral flower, having neither stamen nor pistil. Nodding, turning downwards; somewhat drooping. Node, the knot, or solid and often tumid joint of a stem, or branch. Nodose, having numerous nodes orjoints Nuciform, nut-like; resemblingfa nut. Nucleus, a central body ; the kernel of a nut. Nui, a seed inclosed in a hard shell Ob, a preposition which inverts the usu al meaning of the word to which ii is prefixed. Obcompressed akenes, (in compound flow ers) compressed, with the greatest diameter from right to left, or with the flat side to the front, or periph ery. Obcmic, conic with the apex downwards Obcordate, heart-form, with the sinus at summit, and the narrowed point at the place of insertion. Oblanceolate, inversely lanceolate,—or with the widest part above the mid- dle, and tapering gradually to the Oblique, a. position between horrizontal and erect; also descriptive of the base of a leaf, &c. when il is unequal, or produced on one side. Oblong, longer than wide, with parallel or nearly parallel sides. Obovnte, inversely ovate,—or with the broadest end above. Obovoid, inversely ovoid. Obsolete, indistinct, as if worn out. Obtuse, blunt, or rounded. Obversely, turned contrary to the usual position. Ochrea (plural, Ochrea), a membranous stipular sheath: as found in Polygo- num, Oyperus, &c. Ochroleucous, yellowish-white, or cream- colored. Octandrous, having eight stamens. Odd-pinnate leaf, having the leaflets in pairs, with a terminal odd one. Opaque, not transparent. Opercular, opening like a lid that is fix- ed by a hinge at one side. Opposite, standing directly against each other, or at the same heiglit, on oppo- site sides of the stem. Orbicular, circular and flat, like a coin ; the length and breadth equal and the circumference an even circular line ; applied to leaves, or flatted bodies.— See Terete. Orchideous, belonging to, or resembling plants of the Orchis tribe. Order, the second division, or branch, in a systematic arrangement: a groupe of kindred natural objects. Oval, longer than broad, with the two ends of equal breadth and curvature, and the sides curving from end to end. Ovary, the embryo fruit, or base of the pistil, containng the ovules, or rudi- ments of the future seeds. Ovate, flat, with the outline of a longitu- dinal section of an egg;—asleavesl&c. Ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, inclining to ovate. Ovate-oblong, oblong, with an ovate dila- tation near the base,—or the ovate form lengthened out. Ovoid, egg-shaped; terete, and swelling towards the base.—or with the out- line of an entire egg; as fruits, &c. Ovoid-oblong, the ovoid form lengthened out. Ovules, the rudiments of seeds, contain- ed in the ovary, or embryo fruit. Palate, a prominence in the lower lip ef a personate corolla. Palea (plural, Palea), chaff; a term ap- plied to the inner floral covering of the grasses (corolla of Linn.) Paleaceous, chaffy; of a chaffy texture ;-or furnished with chaffy scales. Palmate, hana-shaped; deeply divided, with the segments nearly equal and spreading like fingers on the open hand. GLOSSARY XIX Panduriform, fiddle-shaped ; oblong with the sides contracted like a guitar, or violin. Panicle, a loose irregular compound ra- ceme,—or mode of flowering in which the peduncles areelongated,and vari- ously and irregularly sub-divided;— as in oats, &c. Paniculate, disposed in the form of a panicle. Papilionaceous corolla, butterfly-shaped ; when complete, consisting of 5 petals, —the upper one mostly larger lhan the others, called the vexillum or banner,—ihe two lateral ones the ala or wings,—the two lower ones usually cohering by their lower margins, and from their form, called the keel. Papillate, or Papillose, having the surface covered with fleshy dots, or points, like little teats. Pappus, the crown of the fruit,—in Syn- genesious and some other plants; usu- ally ha;ry, or feathery, sometimes chaffy. Parasiii'■-, growing on, or drawing suste- nance from, another plant; asTMissel- toe, Dodder, &c. Parietal placenta, attached to the wall, or enclosing shell, which circumscribes the caviiy ofa pericarp. Parted, divided deeply, almost to the base Partial, a term applied to constituent parts of a compound whole. Partition, see Dissepiment- Pectinate, finely and regularly cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of a comb. Pedate leaf, like a birds foot; divided to ^ the petiole in narrow segments wilh the lateral ones diverging. Pddi'-el, a partial peduncle ; ihe ultimate division, nexl to the flower or fruit. Pedicellate, having, or being supported on, a pedicel. Peduncle, the common footstalk of the flower, or fruit. Pedunculate, having a peduncle; not ses- sile. Pellucid, transparent; pervious to light. Pellucid-punctate, covered with punc- tures which permit the light to pass through. Peltate, like a shield; having the foot- stalk affixed to the under surface, and not to the margin. Pencil-form, resembling a painter's pen- cil, or brush. Pendulous, hanging down. Penicillate, tipped or tufted with hairs, like a pencil. Penninerved, having the la'eral nerves pinnately arranged. Pentagonal, having five angles, or corners Pentagynous, having five pistils. Pentandrous, having five stamens Pentangular, five-angled. Pentapetalous, having five petals. Penultimate, the one nexl to the terminal one. Pepo, a one-celled inferior indehiscent and mostly fleshy fruit, wilh the seed attached to parietal pulpy placentae as the Melon, &c. Perennial, living more than two years. Perfect flower, having both stamen and pistil, and producing fruit. Perfoliate, having the stem pierced through the leaf. Perianth, a term now applied to those equivocal floral envelopes which seem to consist of calyx and corolla sol- dered together.—or of calyx only. Pericarp, the seedvessel, or fruil; the ovarv arrived at maturity. Peiigynbus, adhering to the inner surface of the calyx, and surrounding the pistils. Persistent, not falling off; remaining be- yond the time which seems fixed, or intended, for their fall. Personate corolla, masked; having the throat closed by a prominent palate. Petal, ihe delicate flower-leaf. In flowers of one petal (or united petals) the co- rolla and petal are ihe same ; in How- es of more than one petal, the corolla is the whole, and the petals are the parts. Petaloid, petal-like ; delicate and colored or expanded, like a petal. Petiolate, having, or supported on, a peti- ole ; not sessile. Petiole, the footstalk of a leaf. Phanogamous, having visible stamens and pistils. Pilose, hairy ; having, or composed of, distinct slraighiish hairs. Pinna, the leaflets of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate, having distinct leaflets on op- posite sides ofa simple petiole. Pinnatifid, cleft in a ninnate manner ; but'the segments united, or confluent at base. Pinnatifidhj, in a pinnatifid manner. Pinnatisect, pinnately dissecled or divi- ded. Pinnules, the leaflets'on the subdivisions ofa bipinnate leaf, or frond. Pistil, the organ which occupies the cen- tre of a fertile flower,—consisting usu- ally, of ovary, style, and stigma: sometimes the style is wanting, or the stigma sessile. Pistillate flowers, those flowers which have pistils, but not stamens. Placenta (plural, placenta), that part of a pericarp to which the seeds are at- tached. Placental, pertaining, to the placenta. Plane, flat. Plano-convex, flat on one side and convex on the other. Plicate, plaited ; folded or crimped like a fan, or ruffle. Plumose, feather-like. A pappus is plu- mose when each hair has other hairs arranged on opposite sides of it. Pod, a long dry seedvessel, usualiy of 2 valves. The term is often applied indiscriminately to both Legumes and Siliques. Pollen, the fertilizing powder contained in the anthers. Pollinia, waxy masses of pollen ; in As- clepias, and Gynandrous plants. XX GLOSSARY Polyadelphous, having the filaments uni ted in 3 or more sets, or parcels. Polyandrous, having more than ten hypo- gynous stamens. Polygamous, having some flowers perfect and others either staminate, pistil late, or neuter. Polymorphous, variable; assuming many different forms. Polypjetalous, having many petals ; some times applied to all flowers of more than one petal. Polysepalous, having many sepals; or more than one. Pome, an apple ; a succulent or fleshy fruit, formed of several cartilaginous carpels which are inferior,—or grow- ing to, and imbedded in, the thicken ed calyx. Porous, full of holes, cells, or tubular openings. Prcamorse, end-bitten; ending blunt, as if bitten off. Prickle, a sharp process arising from the bark, only,—and not originating in the wood. Primary, first in a series, in order of time, or in importance; opposed to secondary. Primordial, first in order; usually ap plied to the first leaves,—or those which are next above the cotyledons, or seminal leaves. Prismatic, like a prism; having several angles, and intermediate flat faces. Process, a protuberance, eminence, or projecting part. Procumbent, lying on the ground, with out putting forth roots. Produced, extended, or lengthened out. Proliferous, putting forth a young and unusual accessory growth, from the summit or centre of a branch, umbel, flower, t nearly sessile, &c. Siberose, ofa texture resembling cork. Subulate, awl-shaped ; linear or cylin- dric below, angular and tapering to a sharp point at summit. Succulent, juicy; full of juice Sucker, a shoot from the root, or lower part of the stem. Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby ; shrubby at base. Sulcate, furrowed, or grooved. Super-axillary, situated or inserted above the axil. Super-decompound, more than decom pound; many limes subdivided. the centre — —. - (though rather incorrectly), to the calyx," when the tube is adnate to the ovary, and the segments borne on its summit. , Suture, the line or seam formed by the junction of two margins,—as in the valves of seed-vessels, &c. Simgenesious, having the anthers united, —as in the compound flowers. Tenanous, adhesive, or holding on by little hooked points. Tendril, a filiform twining appendage by which certain slender plants are ena- bled 10 climb, and sustainthemselves. Terete, round, like a column,—and either cylindric or tapering ; applied to stems, or stem-like bodies. See Or- bicular. Terminal, proceding from, or situated at, the end or summit. Ternary, arranged in threes ; consisting of three. Ternate, ihree-fold ; three together,—as the leaflets of clover, &c. Tessellated, resembling Mosaic work, or chequered like a chess-board. Testa, the thin shell, or outer coating of a seed. Tetradynamovs, having 4 long and 2 short stamens, in a cruciate flower. Tetragonous, four-cornered, or having 4 angles. Tetrandrous, having 4 stamens of equal length. Theca (singular, Theca), sheaths, or ca- ses; the capsules cf Crypiogamous plants. Thorn, a sharp process from ihe woody part of a plant, formed of an abortive branch. Throat, the orifice or passage into, the tube ofa corolla. Thyrsoid, resembling, or being in the form of, a Thyrsus. Thyrsus, a kind of infloresence, in which the flowers are crowded into a dense ovoid panicle. Tomentose, covered with a curled or mat- ted cottony pubescence. Tomentum, a matted downy pubescence, or soft flocculeni nap. Toothed—See Dentate. Torose, swelling out in ridges, or knobs. Tortuous, winding, or bent in different directions. Torulose, uneven, or swelling a little into ridges. Translucent, clear, or transmitting light faintly. Transverse, Transversely, across ; cross- wise, or in a cross direction. Triadelphous, having the filaments united in three parcels. Triandrous, having three stamens. Triangular, having three angles, corners, or points. Tribracteate, furnished with three bracts. Trichotomous, three-forked ; dividin" by three equal branches. GLOSSARY XX111 Tricuspidate, having, or terminating in, three sharp points. Trifarious, facing, or pointing, in three directions. Trifid, three-cleft; partially divided into 3 segments. Trifoliate, having 3 leaves ; or the leaves arranged in threes. Trigonous, three-cornered. Trigynous, having 3 pistils. Trilobate, three-lobed. Tripartite, three-parted. Tripinnate, thrice-pinnate ; when a com- mon petiole has bipinnate divisions on each side. Tripinnatifid, pinnately dissected, with the primary divisions twice pinnatifid. Triplinerved, having 3 principal nerves from the base. Triquetrous, having 3 angles, or sides. Triternate, when a petiole is biternate, and each branch bears ternate leaves. Truncate, having the end square, or ab- rupt, as if cut off. Tube, a pipe, or hollow cylinder. Tuber, a solid fleshy knob,—usually at- tached to roots, Tubercle, a small excrescence ; or point on a surface, making it rough. Tuberculate, covered with tubercles. Tuberiferous, bearing or producing tubers Tuberous, consisting of, or fleshy and sol id like, tubers. Tubular, having a tube, or shaped like a tube. Tuft, a bunch, or fascicle, growing from the same root, or originating at the same point. Tumid, swelled, or distended like a swel ling. Tunicate, coated; having concentric coats, or layers. Turbinate, top-shaped; resembling an inverted cone. Turgid, swelled, but not inflated. Turion, the thick tender young shoot of a plant,-as of the Asparagus, Hop, &c. Tussock, a dense tuft or bunch formed at the root; as in some species of Carex. Twin, two of the same kind connected, or growing together. Twining, winding round and ascending spirally. Two-ranked (or rowed), see Distichous. Umbel, a kind of inflorescence, in which the flowerstalks proceed from a com- mon centre, like rays, or the braces of an umbrella. Umbellate, in the form of an umbel Umbellet, a partial umbel; one of the subdivisions of a compound umbel. Umbelliferous, bearing the flowers in umbels. Umbilicate, having a central hollow, or depression. Unarmed, without thorns, or prickles Uncinate, hook-shaped; hooked at the end. Undulate, wavy; rising and falling like waves. Unequal, the parts not corresponding in size, form, or duration. Unguiculate, having a narrow base, like a claw. Unilateral, growing, or inserted, all on one side of a stem, or peduncle. Urceolate, Pitcher-shaped ; swelling be- low, and contracted to a neck, above. Utricle, a sac, or thin memhranous peri- carp, which does not adhere to ihe seed. Valvate aestivation, when the sepals or petals are folded together and fit by their edges without overlapping. Valves, the several parts of a seed-vessel. —especially of a capsule ; also, the chaffy pieces, which cover the flower of the grasses; and the scales which close the tube, in some corollas. Valviform, resembling, or having the form of, valves. Variety, a plant changed by some acci- dental causes,—as soil, culture, cli- mate, &c, but not permanently or specifically distinct. Vaulted, arched over, like the roof of the mouth. Veined, having the vessels variously branching over the surface. Ventricose, swelling out in the middle, or below. Vernation, the mode in which young leaves are folded and packed in a bud. Verrucose, warty; covered with wart- like, excrescences. Vertical, Vertically, in a perpendicular direction; from the apex directly towards the base. Verticil, a whorl; flowers, or leaves, sur- rounding the stem in a ring. Verticillate, growing or arranged in a verticil. Vesicles, little bladder-like vessels. Vesicular, Vesiculose, made of, or re- sembling, little bladders. Vexillum, the banner, or broad upper petal, ofa papilionaceous corolla. Villose, or Villous, clothed with numer- eus long soft hairs. Villus, the pubescence on a villose plant. Virescent, inclining to or becoming green. Virgate, wand-like; long slender and straight. Viscid, clammy ; covered with an adhe- sive moisture. Vitta (singular, Vitta), fillets; or linear receptacles of oily matter on the car- pels of umbelliferous plants. Viviparous, producing a collateral off- spring by means of bulbs,—or hav- ing the seeds to germinate before they are detached from the plant. FbZwoj7e,ascending spirally .See Twining. Wavy, See Uundulate. Whorl, See Verticil. Winged, having the sides extended into a leaf-like expansion. Wings, the two sided-petals of a papili- onaceous corolla ; also, the membra- nous expansion on the margin of some pericarps; and on the sides of some petioles. Woolly, clothed with a pubescence re- sembling wool, FLORA CESTRICA. Virtud es, respondi6 Sancho, conocer esas Yerbas, que segun yo me voy imagi uando, algun dia sera menester usar de ese conocimiento. Cervantes. CL.ASSI. MONAXDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. [Cyperus inflexus. Eriophorum virginicum. Triandria Monogynia] Order 2. Digynia. 1. CALLITRICHE. L. Nutt. Gen. 5. [Greek, hallos, beauty, and thrix, hair; in allusion to the hair-like stems, or leaves/] Mosoicouslt polygamous: Bracts 2, opposite, incurved, fistular colored. Calyx 0. Corolla 0. Stamisate Fl. Stamen 1, (rarely 2,) exserted. Pistillate Fl. Ovary 4-lobed. Capsule compressed 4- celled, indehiscent; each cell 1-seeded. Herbaceous, glabrous aquatics: leaves opposite, simple, entire ; flowers axilla ry, minute. Nat. Ord. 164. Lindl. Callitkichwb^:. 1. C. vihna, i. var. intermedia, Torr. Upper leaves spatulate-obovate, obscurely 3-nerved ; lower ones linear, 1-nerved, obtuse or emarginate; fruit sessile, lobes obtusely margined. Beck, Bot. p. 123. C. verna. Mx. Am. 1. p. 2. JYutt. Gen. l.p.3. C. intermedia. Willd. Sp. I.p. 29.Pers. Syn. 1. p. 6. Muhl. Catal. p. I. C. heterophylla. Pursh, Am. l.p.3. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 2. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 4. Florul. Cestr. p. 1. C. aquatica. Bigel. Bost. p. 2. Verbal Callitbiche. Vulgo—Water Chick-weed. Water Starwort- Ro^-t annual, fibrous. Stem somewhat compressed, bifistular, one to two feet long, (varying with the depth of water,) branching from the axils of the leaves, and throwing out from the joints, at right angles with the leaves, one or more white, filiform radicles, 1 to 4 inches long. Leaves sessile, semi-amplexicaul, punctate ; the uppermost ones crowded into a stellated tuft, and floating on the surface of the water, the submersed ones narrower, the lower ones quite linear. Flowers monoicous; staminate and pistillate flowers sometimes solitary, more commonly associated and closely approximated, in the axils of the leaves,—the staminate flower being next the stem, the pistillate exterior, or next the leaf,—and each fur- nished at base with a pair of opposite bracts. Bracts {calyx, of authors,) incurved «r somewhat lunate, hollow, membranaceous and white; those in front, or belonging to the pistillate flower, much smaller. Stamen rather conspicuous; filament one fourth of an inch long; anther didy mous, somewhat 4-lobed, orange-yellow. Ovary tetragonous, 4-lobed; styles 2, filiform, pellucid, nearly as long as the stamen, Fruit compressed, bisulcate, emarginate or somewhat obcordate, each flatted hall »t division, consisting of two concrete carpels, margined on the back so as to form a groove between them. Seeds peltate. Lindl. (oblong. Torr.) Hab. Pools and sluggish rivulets: frequent. Ft. April—Sept. Fr. July—Octu. 1 o DIAXDBIA M0N0GYN1A 06s. Common throughout the United States,—and perhaps, the only species of the genus, amongst us ; for there is strong reason to suspect, that the C. autumnal- <:s, L. (C. linearis, Pursh.) and the C. tcrrestrU, Raf (C. brevifolia, Pursh.) are nothing more than Varieties of this remarkably polymorphous plant. The T'ar. autumnalis—with leaves nearly all linear, and often bifid at the end,—is usually found in shallow waters, and along the muddy margins of rivulets,, Tn company with the Var. intermedia. The Var. terrestris—yi\\A\ short, obtuse, crowded and somewhat succulent leaves- occurs in soft muddy places which are not covered with water; and the stem is consequently prostrate, and creeping. It seems, in fact, to be a mere stunted vari- ety, resulting from its locality; and in this opinion several eminent Botanists concur,—of whom I may mention Professors Hook-bb and Torrey ; and my friend Or. Pickering, of Philadelphia. The associated flowers in the axils have generally been considered as constitu- ting one perfect flower in each ; but the arrangement of the parts seems pretty clearly to indicate two, distinct, unisexual flowers, closely crowded together. [Leersia virginica. Cinna arundinacea. Andropogon macrourus, and A. virgini- rus. Triandria DigyniaJ CLASS II. DIAIVDRIA, Order 1. Monogynia. § 1, Flowebs complete. A. Ovary superior. Corolla monopetalous: j- regular. * Fruit a Berry. 2. LIGUSTRUM. L. Gen. PI. 23. [Latin, Ligare, to tie; from the use made of its pliable branches.] Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed ; lobes ovate, spreading. Berry 2-celled; cells 2-seeded. Shwbs: leaves opposite, simple ; flowers in terminal panicles. Nat. Ord. 205. Lindl. Oi.eacb.k. 1. L. yulgabe, L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous; panicle racemose, crowded. Beck, Bot.p. 231. Common LiorsTBUM. Vulgd—Privet. Prim. Gallice—Troene. Germanice—Der Hartriegel. Hiepanice—Alhena. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, much branched, branches opposite. Leaves varyin* from lanceolate and acute, to elliptic, or oblanceolate and obtuse. Calyx small, monosepalous, with four minute, almost obsolete teeth. Corolla white, funnel-fornj, ihe tube longer than the calyx. Berry black, globose. Hab. Along fancea, and road sides: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. October. Obs. This shrub was introduced from England, by the early settlers of Chester County, and cultivated for hedges; but it did not answer the purpose well, and was soon neglected. It is now extensively naturalized. The leaves,—which are hardy, and often persist until mid-winter,—are considerably stimulant; and aro frequent- ly chewed, or used in gargles, as a popular remedy for ulcers in the mouth and throat. There is a variety wilh white berries, occasionally cultivated by the curi- ems. DIAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 3 * * Fruit a Drupe, or „Vw.'. 3. CHIONANTHUS. L. A'mt. Gen. 9. [Greek, Chian, snow, and Anlhos, a flower; from its snow-white flowers.] Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted; lobes long and linear. Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striated. Small Trees: leaves simple, nearly opposite ; flowers in trichotomous pendulous panicles, terminal or axillary. Nat. Ord. 205. Lindl. Oleacejs. 1. C. virginica, L. var. montana, Pursh. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, entire, subcoriaceous, smooth; peduncles 3-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 232. C. virginica. Marsh. Arbust. p. 33. Mx. Am. 1. p. 3. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 9. Muhl Caial.p. 2. J\"utt. Gen. l.p. 5. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 6. Florul. Cestr: p. 2. Lindl. Ency.p. 12. C. virginica, var. latifolia. Ait. Kexv. 1. p. 23. Willd. Sp. l.p. 46. Virginian Chionantiics. Vulgb—Fringe Tree. Snowdrop Tree. Stem 10 to 20 f jet high, with branches mostly opposite. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, acute .at each end, glabrous above, somewhat hairy on the nerves and veins beneath. Panicles slender, with the terminal pedicels by threes. Calyx small. Corolla white, with a very short tube, and four (sometimes 3, or 6, Pers.) long narrow lobes;—or rather, 4 petals united at base. Stamens shorl (often 3, or 4.) Drupe of a livid blackish color when ripe. Marsh. Hob. West Brandy wine: near Worth's Mill: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Obs. This ornamental little tree is not common in Chester County. I have only found it native in the above locality : But it may probably be met with in other dis- tricts. There is another variety in the United States, [var. maritirna, Pursh.'] which Lindley considers a distinct species. ■f "j- Corolla irregular : Fruit a Capsule. 4. VERONICA. L. Nutt. Gen. 11, [A name of obscure and doubtful etymology.] Calyx 4-parted. Corolla subrotate, unequally 4-lobed, the low*) lobe narrower. Capsule obcordate, compressed at the apex, 2-celled. Seeds numerous. Mostly herbaceous: leaves generally opposite, rarely entire. Nat- Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularin£.s:. * Flowers in a terminal Raceme. 1. V. sf.bptllifolia, L. Stem ascending ; leaves ovate, slightly cre- nate, smooth ; raceme elongated ; capsule broadly obcordate. Beck, Bot. p. 261. Thi-tie-leaved Veronica. Vulgo—Paul's Betony. Root perennial. Stem procumbent at base and radicating, 4 to 8 inches long, rooghish. leaves nearly sessile, sometimes oval or roundish ovate, subcarnose. Raceme erect; flowers pedicellate, solitary, in the axils of elliptic bract-like leaves. Corolla pale blue,(sometimes nearly white,) with deeper blue stripes. Capsule ciliate. Hob. Moist meadows, and low grassy grounds ; common. Fl. May. Fr. June. Obs. Supposed to be introduced: if so, it is completely naturalized. 4 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA * * Flowers in lateral, or axillary Racemes. 2. V. officinalis, L. Stem procumbent, roughly pubescent; leaves ovate and obovate, serrate, hairy ; racemes pedunculate, erect. Beck, Bot. p. 262. Officinal Veronica. Vulgo—Common, or Male Speedwell. .Gallice—The" d'Europe. Germanice—Aechter Ehrenpreis. Whole plant covered with short roughish pubescence. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, diffuse with ascending branches. Leaves on short petioles, vary- ing from ovate to oval and obovate, pale green. Racemes on long axillary foot- stalks ; bracts small, lanceolate ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla pale blue, with darker veins. Capsule pubescent, yellowish. Hab. Dry banks ; woodlands, &c. common. Fl. June—July. Fr- Aug.—Sept. Obs. This species also is believed to be introduced ; but it is now very common. It once had a place in the Materia Medica, as a tonic, &c. though it is probably not worthy of the distinction. 3. V. Beccabunga, L. Stem procumbent at base, and radicating at the joints; leaves lance-ovate, rather acute, serrate, on short petioles, glabrous. Beck, Bot. p. 262. V. intermedia. Sclvw. in Sill. Journ. 8. p. 268. Vulgo—Brooklime. Wall-ink. Whole plant glabrous. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaves of- ten sub-cordate at base, decurrent on the petiole, generally acute,—lowest ones obtuse. Racemes opposite, erect,long and slender; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels. Corolla bright blue. Capsule ovoid, or'somewhat inflated. Hab. Muddy Springs, and rivulets; frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This plant is somewhat variant from the European species of the same name,—the leaves being generally acute, more lanceolate, and more distinctly ser- rate. The late Mr. Schweinitz considered it a distinct species, and named it V. intermedia, in a list of Plants of Easton,Penn. published in Silliman's Journal, Vol. 8. p. 268. In his Herbarium, at the Philadelphia Academy, it is labelled V. ameri- cana. It is, however, closely allied to the V. Beccabunga of Europe.—The plant has been reputed to possess anti-scorbutic properties ; and the oxpressed juice is a popular remedy for croup, or cynanche trachealis: But its efficacy is very doubt- ful. 4. V. Anagallis, L. Stem erect; leaves amplexicaul, lanceolate, acute, denticulate; racemes opposite. Beck, Bot. p. 261. Vulgo—Water Speedwell. Long-leaved Brooklime. Root perennial; with verticils of numerous long capillary radicles at the lower nodes of the stem. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, rather coarse and fleshy, sometimes with a roughish pubescence. Leaves smooth, closely sessile and em- bracing the stem, narrow-lanceolate, 2to 3 inches long, and tapering gradually to a point, sparingly denticulate, often nearly entire. Racemes mostly opposite, on stout succulent peduncles; bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as the pedicels. Co- rolla pale blue, with purple stripes. Capsule tumid. Hab. Muddy margins of rivulets : Great Valley ; rare. Fl. June. Fr. August. 06s. This is undoubtedly the true V. Anagallis; as I have verified it by compa- rison with authentic European specimens. When my Catalogue was published ] had never seen the plant; and mistook for it, a variety of V. Beccabunga,—which however, is quite distinct. This species occurs at Downingtown, and Brooke's Mill; where it was detected, in 1833, by my indefatigable friend, Mr Joshua HoorES. I have also received Kentucky specimens, from Professor Short. DIAXDBIA MONOGYXIA 5 j. V. scutellata, L. Stem slender, somewhat erect; leaves sessile, lance-linear, acute, denticulate; racemes mostly alternate; pedicels di- varicate. Beck, Bot. p. 261. Shield-like Veronica. Vulgo—Scull-cap Speedwell. Glabrous. Root perennial, creeping. Stem weak, often branched 2nd diffuse, glabrous, 8 to 15 inches long. Leaves semiamplexicaul, narrow, 1 1-2 to 3 inches long, remotely denticulate, sometimes nearly entire. Racemes mostly simple, long, flaccid; pedicels filiform; bracts minute, lanceolate. Corolla purplish blue, or flesh-colored, lobes roundish-ovate. Capsule broad, suborbicular, much compressed. Hab. Low, swampy grounds: 3 miles N. of West-Chester: rare. Fl. June. /V.July. Obs. This species is supposed by some to be introduced ; but it certainly occurs in very retired spots, with every appearance of being native. First detected in 1*29, by David Townsend, Esq. * * * Flowers solitary, axillary. 6. V. peregrixa, L. Stem erect; leaves oblong, dentate-serrate, rather obtuse ; flowers sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 262. Also V. marilandica. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 76. Foreign Veronica. Vulgo—Purslane-leaved Speedwell. Neckweed. Whole plant glabrous. Root annual. Stem often branched at base, 4 to 8 inches high. Leaves fleshy ; radical ones petiolate, ovate ; those of ihe stem sessile, spa- ringly dentate ; upper ones narrower, entire. Cafyx-lobes resembling the small upper leaves, or bracts. Corolla white, small and fugacious, with the lobes nearly equal. Hab. Gardens, and other cultivated grounds: common. Fl.May. Fr. June. Obs. This species,—which probably has also been introduced.—had the repu- tion, some years ago, of being useful as a medicine in scrophulous affections ; and hence the name "Neck-weed." See Barton's Med. #■ Phys- Journal, Vol. 3.pail 1. p. 24. Its alleged virtues, however, seem to require confirmation. 7. V. artensis, L. Stem erect or assurgent, pilose; lower leaves on short petioles, cordate-ovate, incised-crenate; upper leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, nearly entire; flowers subsessile. Beck, Bot.p. 262. V. agrestis. Florul. Cestr. p. 2. Field Veronica. Vulgo—Corn Speedwell. Whole plant pilose. Root annual. Stem mostly erect, 2 to 8 inches high, ofteu branched at base; branctws assurgent. Flowers on short peduncles. CalyxAdhee unequal. Corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule much compres sed, ciliate. Hab. Dry banks, fields, and exsiccated swamps ; frequent. JFY. May. Fr. June. Obs. This is the plant which I was prevailed on to call " V. agrestis," in my Catalogue,—though I then suspected it to be the arvensis; and am now satisfied of the fact. It is doubtless a naturalized foreigner. 8. V. hederifolia, L. Stem procumbent; leaves petiolate, roundish- ovate, somewhat 5-lobed ; flowers pedunculate ; lobes of the calyx e©r- date-ovate, acute, ciliate. Beck, Bot. p. 262. IvY-LEAVED VERONICA. Root annual. Stem 5 to 10 inches long, diffuse, pilose, the pubescence somewhat in lines. Radical er primordial leaves persistent, opposite, oval, on Ions petioles. 6 DIANDRIA MOXOGYNIA smooth; stem-leaves pilose ; lower ones often opposite, broad or ronnd-ovate, mostly 5-lobed, middle lobe largest; upper ones alternate, 3-lobed. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule ventricose. Hab. Along Ridley Creek, near J. Garrett's: rare. Fl. April. Fr. May. Obs. Probably introduced from Europe. This species was found, and brought to me in 1831, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall,—a gentleman to whose Botanical zeal, and unwearied industry in exploring the eastern portion of the County, I am indebted for a considerable number of the plants which have been detected since the publi- cation of my Catalogue. Two or three other species, of this numerous genus, have been found in the Uni- ted States; one of which Pursh describes as a native. 5. LEPTANDRA. Nutt. Gen. 12. [Greek, Leptos, slender, and Aner,andros male; in reference to the stamens.] Calyx 5-parted; lobes acuminate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, unequally 4-lobed, somewhat ringent. Stamens, and finally the pistil, much exserted. Capside ovoid, 2-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves verticillate; flowers in long, dense, subterminal spikes. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scbophulaiune.e. 1. L. vibginica, Nutt. Stem erect; leaves verticillate, mostly in fours or fives, lanceolate, serrate, on short petioles; spikes aggregated. Beck, Bot. p. 263. Veronica virginica. L. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 54. Mx.Am. l.p. 5. Pers. Syn. l.p. 10. Ait. Kcw. 1. p. 26. Muhl. Catal.p. 2. Pursh, Am. l.p. 10. Ell. Sk.l.p. 10. Lindl. Ency.p. 14. Virginian Leptandba. Vulgo—Tall Speedwell. Root perennial. Stem simple, obtusely angular, smooth, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves in verticils—generally 4 or 5, occasionally 6, sometimes only 3,—subsessile, taper- ing to a sharp point, acutely serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy along the nerves. Flowers subsessile, in long terminal, subterminal and verticillate, spikes. Bracts small, acuminate. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent within. Capsule ob- long-ovoid; 2-celled ; valves inflected, forming the dissepiment,—(each valve appa- rently composed of two, united by a suture,—) opening at summit into four teeth, et segments. Hab. Rich low-lands, and border? of woods: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. The only species of the genus, known in the U. States. It formerly be- longed to Veronica; but its striking difference long ago induced Colden, and after- wards Rafinesque, to propose it as the type of a distinct genus. It was separated by Nuttall, in 1818. 6. UTRICULARIA. L. JYutt. Gen. 19. [Lat. Utriculus, a little bottle; from the inflated appendages to the floating rootsj Calyx 2-parted ; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla personate, or irregularly bilabiate ; upper lip erect, lower one spurred at base ; palate subcordate. Filaments incurved, bearing the anthers within the apex. Style short; stigma bilamellate. Capsule globose, 1-celled, many seeded. Herbaceous plants, living in water or marshes: the floating species with roots resembling leaves, often much divided, and bearing little vesicles. Nat, QTd. 2JJ8> Lindl- Lextuscubls. DIAXDRIA MONQGYXIA 7 1. TJ. macrorhiza, Le Conte. Leafless; floating ; root long, some- what repent, dichotomously branching, vesiculoee; scape many-flower- ed. Le Conte, Ann. Lye. „V. Y. 1. p. 73. U. vulgaris. Pursh, Am. l.p. 15. Muhl. Catal. p. 3. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 10. Bigel. Bost.p. 7. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 18. Florul. Cestr. p. 3. Torr. Comp. p. 20. Beck, Bot. p. 287. Not of L. TVilld. Pers. Ait. nor Lindl. Large-rooted Utrictjlaria. i'ulgo—Bladderwort. Hooded Milfoil. Perennial. Growing in the water. Root (or radical appendages,) submersed, •lightly attached to the mud at bottom, long, branching, decompound, resembling finely dissected aquatic leaves ; segments, or radicles, capillaceous, flat, setaceous- ly toothed on the margin,—the first ones naked, the rest furnished with vesicles,— ihe terminal ones (when first developed or growing 1) densely clustered together, broader, and fringed with little fascicles of bristle-like ciliae. Scape assurgent, 5 to 10 inches long. Flowers, 4 to 6 or 8, in a raceme ; peduncles about three-fourths of an inch long, with each a membranaceous bract at base. Corolla yellow, with brown stripes on the palate. Hab. Stagnant pools: Brandywine: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Obs. Mr. Le Conte considers those multifid appendages at the base of the scape, which have heretofore been called leaves, as genuine roots ; and avers, moreover, that our plant is decidedly distinct from the U. vulgaris of Europe,—with which it was long confounded. There are 9 or 10 additional species in the U. States; but this is the only one which has yet been found in Chester County. B. Ovary inferior: Corolla dipetalous. 7. CIRCE A. L. J\"utt. Gen. 27. [Poetically named after the fabled Enchantress, Circe.'} Calyx 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens alternating with the petals. Capsule obovate, hispid with uncinate hairs 2-celled, not «pening; cells each 1-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves opposite ; flowers in terminal and lateral racemes; fruit ufi- Cinately hispid. Nat. Ord. 49. Lindl. Cibc2bace.b. 1. C. Ltjtetiana, var. canadensis, L. Stem erect, glabrous; leaves pe- tiolate, ovate, acute, remotely toothed, nearly smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 120. C. Lutetiana. Pers. Syn. l.p. 10. Bigel. Bost.p. 11. C. canadensis. Muhl. Catal. p. 2. Florul. Cestr. p. 5. Parisian Cibc^a. Vulgo—Enchanter's Night-shade. Root perennial. Stem simple, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves often cordate a; base, acuminate, remotely and somewhat repand-denticulate, finely ciliate. Flow- ers in virgate racemes, alternate and pedicellate. Calyx superior; lobes contracts ed into a little tube at base, Corolla reddish white ; petals alternate with the lobes ef the calyx. Style longer than the stamens; stigma emarginate. Pedicels of the fruit reflexed. Hab. Moist, rich woodlands: common. Fl. July. Fr. August. Obs. Our plant varies somewhat from the C. Lutetiana, of Europe. Ther« is me other species found in the United States. s DIAXDRIA MOXOGYMA § 2. Flowers incomplete. 8. FRAXIXUS. /,. A'utt. Gen. 781. [The Latin name of the Ash Tree : Etymology obscure.] Dioicouslt polygamous : Staminate Fl. (rarely perfect,") Calyx 0, or minute and 3 or 4-parted. Corolla 0, ori pctallcd. Pistillate Fl. Calyx and Corolla as in the Staminate flower. Ovary superior, ovate, compressed Capsule (or Samara) compressed, 2-celled, by abortion 1-seeded, terminating in a membranous wing. Trees: leaves opposite, odd-pinnate; flowers mostly dioicous, paniculate,—the staminate ones in dense clusters. Nat. Ord. 205. Lindl. Oleaceje. * Flowers naked. 1. F. Sambucifolia, Willd. Leaflets sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serr rate, the lateral ones somewhat rounded and unequal at base. Beck. Bot. p 232. Icon, Mx. f. Sylva. 3. tab. 122. F. nigra. Marsh. Arbust. p. 51. Sambucls-leaved Fraxinus. Vulgo—Black Ash. Water Ash. Stem 30 to 40 feet high ; young branches glabrous, green, sprinkled with black elliptic dots, or warts. Leaflets usually in 7's or 9's, acuminate, rugose and shi- ning above, with a villous tuft at base, and in the axils of Ihe nerves beneath Samara broadish, of nearly uniform width. Hab. Low grounds : banks of rivulets : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Obs. The flowers of our species of Fraxinus are all dioicous and apetaloug. This one is neither so large nor so valuable as the following. * * Flowers calyculate. 2. F. acuminata, Lam. Leaflets petiolate, elliptic or oblong-ovate, acuminate, slightly dentate, glaucous beneath ; young branches glab- rous. Beck, Bot. p. 232. F. alba. Marsh. Arbust. p. 51. F. americana. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1102. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 604. Bart.Phil. 2. p. 192. Mx.f. Sylva. 3. p. 59. Icon, tab. 118. Bigel. Bost. p. 380. Florul. Cestr. p. 5- Not of Marsh. F. discolor, var. americana. Muhl. Catal. p. 96. Acuminate Fraxinus. Vulgo—White Ash. Stem 40 to 50 feet high; young branches glabrous, with white dots. Leaflets at first downy, finally smooth and green above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers with a minute 3 or 4-toothed calyx. Samara terete at base, with a nar- rowish lanceolate wing. Hab. Borders of woods, and low meadow grounds: common. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. Lindl. Ency. giyes F. acuminata, Lam. and F. americana, Willd. as dis- tinct plants. The timber of this species is highly valuable, and much «sed by wheelrights, coach-makers, &c. 3. F. pubescens, Walt. Leaflets on short petioles, elliptic-lanceolate, subserrate, acuminate; petioles and young branches tomentose. Beck Bot. p. 232. ' F. Pennsylvanica. Marsh. Arbust. p. 51. F. tomentosa. Mx.f. Syl. 3. p. 63. Icon, tab. 119. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 192. Pubescent Fraxinus. DIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 9 Stem 30 to 40 feet high ; young branches and petioles covered with a velvety pu- bescence. Leaflets lanceolate, narrower than the preceding, on shorter petioles. and more pubescent beneath. Samara terete and tapering below, almost acute at base, with a long narrow linear-lanceolate wing. Hab. Low grounds; Brandywine, &c. common. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. This is generally a smaller tree than the preceding ; but is scarcely dis- tinguished from it by careless observers,—being commonly called by the same name, and used for the same purposes. I entirely overlooked it, when my Cata- logue was prepared. 9. LEMNA. L. Nutt. Gen. 28. [Greek, Lemma, bark, husk, or scale; from the form of the fronds.] Sub-monoicous : Calyx monosepalous, membranaceous, urceolate. Corolla 0. Stamens 2 (rarely wanting), collateral. Ovary round- ish, flat above, keeled beneath ; style as long as the ovary: stigma flat. Fruit a utricle; seed 1, oval, lying horizontally, fixed by its lower surface. Booker. Minute herbaceous.floating plants; forming a series of lenticular fronds, with one or more roots from the centre, beneath,—and producing flowers, and young fronds, from their cleft margins. Nat. Ord. 260. Lindl. Pistiace^. 1. L. trisulca, L. Fronds thin, elliptic-lanceolate, caudate at base, serrate at apex; root solitary. Beck, Bot. p. 383. Three-furrow, or three-lobed Lemna. Root a single fibre, terminated at the extremity by a sheath-like appendage, re- sembling the calyptra of mosses. Fronds one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, membranaceous, nearly pellucid, attenuated at base into a slender tail or petiole,—obtuse at apex, and erose or somewhat serrate ; producing flowers, or a young frond, on each side, from a longitudinal cleft in the margin, near the middle. While these lateral fronds remain sessile, they present the appearance ofa three lobed leaf. Hab. Stagnant waters: New Garden township: rare. Fl. Fr. Obs. All the species are believed to b3 annual. This one was found by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, September, 1633, near Phillip's Lime quarries, New Garden. 2. L. minor, L. Fronds nearly oval, sessile; root solitary. Beck, Bot. p. 383. Lesser Lemna. Vulgo—Duck's Meat. Duckweed. Root a solitary fibre. Fronds minute, about a line, or a line and a half long, roundish ovate or oval, somewhat succulent, sessile, wilh a cleft in the margins near the base, producing flowers and young fronds. Hab. Ponds of still water: common. Fl. Fr. Obs. This species is often very abundant in stagnant waters, so as to furnish a verdant covering to large portions of their surface. It is said that Ducks feed en it: hence its common name. 3. L. polyrhiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate; roots numerous, fascicled. Beck, Bot. p. 383. Many-rooted Lemna. Root a fascicle of fibres from near the centre of the frond. Fronds from 2 to 4 lines long, sessile, of a firmer texture than either of the preceding, distinctly nerv- ed above, and often dark purple beneath. Hab. Stagnant pools: Black rock, Schuylkill: not common. Fl. Fr. 10 DIAXDRIA DIGYX1A Obs. Found in August, 1830. by my friend David Townsenp, Esqr. to whose extraordinary zeal, and Botanical acumen, I am indebted for the detection anank6: near West Chester : not common. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. I strongly suspect this is an introduced plant,—at least in this County ; and it seems to be very closely allied to the V. olitoria, of Europe. D. TovrssjN]^ Ksqr. found it with white flowers, near Black Rock. The yo«ug leaves ar» fcijH to make a good salad ; but I believe they are not used here. 12 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA b. Ovary superior. 12. XYRIS. L. JVutt. Gen. 43. [Greek. Xyros, acute or pointed ; the leaves terminating in a sharp point.] Bracts roundish, concave, cartilaginous, imbricated. Calyx gluma- ccous ; sepals 2, boat-shaped. Corolla 3-petalled ; petals crenate, with long, narrow claws. Style trifid. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous : leaves radical, mostly ensiform, with dilated scarious bases : flow- ers in a terminal, ovoid, imbricated head. Nat. Ord. 233. Lindl. Xyeideje. 1. X. caholiniana, Walt. Scape ancipital; leaves linear, grass-like ; head roundish-ovoid ; bracts orbicular. Beck, Bot. p, 370. X. jupicai, Mx. Am, 1. p. 23. Bigel. Bost. p. 17. X. anceps. Pers. Syn. 1, p. 56, Muhl ? Catal. p. 5. X. flexuosa. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 25. Ell. Sk, 1. p, 51. Florul, Cestr. p. 7, Also ? Muhl. Catal. p. 5. Carolinian Xtbis. Vulgo—Yellow-flowering Rush. Root perennial, somewhat bulbous, cespitose. Scape erect, 10 or 12 inches high, often spirally twisted. Leaves shorter than the scape and sheathing its base,'nar- row, flat or twisted. Bracts roundish, concave, rigid, covering the fruit; the lower ones commonly empty. Calyx somewhat persistent; sepals rather shorter than the bracts, linear-lanceolate, incurved, sides compressed. Corolla yellow; the claws of the petals nearly as long as the bracts. Hab. Sandy swamps: Barrens, N. of West Chester: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is the only species which has yet been found in Chester County,—al- though there are 3 or 4 others in the United States. I have collected, in New Jer- sey, the X.fimbriata, Ell. a large species which has not been given in any Flora of the Northern States. § 2t Flowers incomplete : Spathaceous, a. Ovary inferior, 13. SISYRINCHIUM. L, JV««. Gen. 36. [Greek, Bus, a hog, rhynchos, a snout; hogs being supposed fond of rooting it up.} Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth corolla-like ; limb flat, 6-lobed; lobes equal; tube short. Stamens with the filaments mostly united below. Capsule pedicellate, roundish, triquetrous, 3-celled, 3-valved. Herbaceous, grass-like plants: stem compressed,ancipital; leaves marginally sheathing at base; flowers terminal, from spathaceous bracts. Nat. Ord. 239- Lindl. IbidejE. 1. S. mucbonatuit, Mx. Stem simple, narrow-winged, leafless ; spathe colored; the outer valve longer than the peduncles, tapering to a rigid point, Beck, Bot, p. 353, Mucronatb Sisybinchium, Vulgo—Blue-eyed Grass, Root perennial, fibrous. Stem cespitose at base, 9 to 12 inches high, setaceously slender. Leaves all radical, narrow-linear1, grass-like. Spathe of two very Kne TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA 13 Hual valves; the outer one longer than the flowers, both tinged of a violet hu». Flowers 3 or 4 from each spathe. Perianth like a corolla, delicate blue. jETo6. Low grounds, and meadows: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 3. S. anceps, Cavan. Stem ancipital, broad-winged, subramose above, nearly leafless ; valves of the spathe nearly equal, shorter than the peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 354. S. Bermudiana. M'x. Am. 2. p. 33. Florul. Cestr. p. 75. Also : Willd. Sp. 3. p. 578. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 50. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 152. Eat. Man. p. 342. Two-edger Sistrinchium. Vulgo—Iris-leaved Blue-eyed Grass. Root perennial. Stem cespitose, 12 to 18 inches high, compressed, with a broad- winged margin on each side, somewhat branching above, with a sheathing leaf at the base of the branches, ieai'es.broadish-linear, ensiform, tapering to a sharp point. Spathe of two nearly equal lanceolate valves, 2 to 5 flowered, both shorter than the flowers. Perianth blue. Capsule large, globose, on long projecting pe- duncles. Hab. Woodlands, thickets, Sec. frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. There is some confusion between this, and S. Bermudiana,—if they are really distinct plants. Dr. Torrey, and others, use part of the description of S. Ber^ mudiana, as given in Willd. for the S. anceps, viz: " spatha floribus breviore;'' whereas Willdenow's description of S. anceps, says "floribus longiore,"—and Lamarck, as quoted, says "spathisflores superantibus." In our plant, the spathe is decidedly shorter than the flowers; and I have no doubt it is the S. Bermudiana of Elliott. The foregoing are the only well ascertained species in the U. States, 14. IRIS. L. JVutt. Gen. 34. [Its varied hues resembling those of the Iris, or rainbow.] Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted; 3 of the lobes larger and reflected, the others erect or connivent. Style short, or none : Stigmas 3, petaloid, oblong, arched over the stamens. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many seeded. Herbaceous: leaves mostly ensiform, with sheathing margins below; bracts, of spathes, membranaceous. Nat. Ord. 239. Lindl. Ikide.e. 1. I. tersicolor, L. var. communis, Torr. Stem erect, flexuose; leaves ensiform; perianth beardless; angles of the ovary not grooved when young; sides deeply concave; capsule obscurely triangular. Beck. Bot. p. 353. I. virginica. Florul. Cestr. p. 6. Not of L. and others. Color-changing Iris. Vulgo—Wild flag. Root perennial, fleshy, larg? and creeping. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather taller thai the leaves. Flowers 2 to 6 in a terminal raceme: lobes of Ihe perianth spatu- late, blue, variegated with yellow at base ; inner lobes paler. Hab. Margins of ponds, and miry places: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. Seven or eight other species are enumerated in the U. States. Dr. Bigelott j-emarks that the root of this ia a violent emetic. 3 14 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 8>. Ovary superior. 15. SCHOLLERA.Sc/ire6. Gen. PI. 1711. [Dedicated to Fred. -4tfa»t Scholler, a German Botanist.] Spathe 1 flowered. Perianth corolla-like, with a long, slender tube ; limb deeply 6-parted. Anthers of two forms. Capsule 1-celled. An Herbaceous, grass-like aquatic. Nat. Ord. 246. Lindl. Pontedeiu.s. 1. S. graminea, Bart. Stem slender, dichotomous, floating ; leaves sessile, linear. Beck, Bot. p. 3G9. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 54. S. graminifolia. Muhl. Catal. p. 5. Torr. Fl. l.p. 41. Eat. Man.p. 327. Leptanthus gramineus. Jf.r. Am. 1. p. 25. Icon, Mr. I. c. tab. 5. /*. '!. Pers. Syn. l.p. 56. J\'ult. Gen. l.p. 29. Lindl. Ency. p. 44. Hetcranthera graminea. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 32. Grass-like Schollera. Root perennial. Stem submersed, 1 to 2 feet long, radicating at the base of the lower leaves. Leaves narrow, 3 to 12 inches long. Spathe short, lanceolate. Tube of the Perianth very slender, long, and a little curved ; limb yellow. Stamens 4; 3 of the anthers linear, and one abortive. Hab. Flowing waters : Brandywine, Schuylkill. &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This slender, delicate-flowered plant, is pretty common in the Brandywine; but does not seem to bloom freely, every year. It is the only species of the genus. 16. HETERANTHERA. Ruiz and Pavon. Fl.Peruv. {ex Torr.) [Greek, Heteros, different, and anthera; the anthers in the same flower being dissimilar.] Spathe enclosing the flowers. Perianth corolla-like, tubular ; limb 6- parted. Anthers of two forms. Capsule 3-cellcd, many seeded, open- ing at the angles; dissepiment contrary. Herbaceous, creeping plants, growing in miry places: leaves alternate, with a sheathing base. Nat. Ord. 246. Lindl. Pontederije. 1. H.reniformis, R. and P. Leaves orbicular-rcniform; spathe oblong, acuminate, 3 to 5-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 369. H. acuta. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 32. Leptanthus reniformis. Mx. Am. 1. p. 25. JVutt. Gen. 1. p. 29. Lindl. Ency. p 44. L. virginica, and peruviana. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 56. KlDNEl-SUArED Heteranthera. Root perennial. Stem prostrate, radicating, 4 to 12, and 18 inches long. Leaves broad-reniform with semicircular nerves, somewhat acute, petiolate. Spathe en- veloping the flowers, terminating in a cusp. Perianth white, imperfectly expand- ing, and very evanescent. Stamens somewhat collateral; two of the Anthers small, roundish, yellow, on short filaments,—the third large, oblong, greenish on a longer filament. Capsule oblong, subtriangular. Hab. Muddy margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.—Oct. 06s. There is one other species in the U. States, viz. H. ovalis; of which I have received beautiful specimens, with blue flowers, from my valued friend, Professor Short, of Lexington, Kentucky. TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 15 §3. Flowers Glumaceous: or consisting of single chaff-like Bracts, called iflumes,—which are imbricated in Spikelets, or Heads: Each fertile flower produ- cing a single seed, or nut. Nat. Ord. 262. Lindl. CvPESACEiE. * A- Flowers generally Perfect, or J\Ionoclinous. DIV. I. Cypere.k—Spikelets with the Glumes imbricated Distichously. H. Ovary destitute of Bristles. 17. CYPERUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 52. [An ancient Greek name, of uncertain Etymology.] Spikelets compressed, distinct, many-flowered. Glumes imbricated in two rows, nearly all enclosing flowers. Style deciduous. Seed tri- quetrous, or lenticular. 1. C. strtgosus, L. Umbel with elongated rays, bearing oblong loose spikes; spikelets linear, subulate, expanding horizontally ; involu- cre of about 6 leaves, the exterior ones very long. Beck, Bot. p. 421. Strigose Ctperus. Vulgo—Bristle-spiked Galingale. Root perennial, globose, with descending fibres. Culm triquetrous, 1 to 2 fert, high. Leaves broad-linear, nearly as long as the culm, rough on the margin- Umbel 3 to 6 rayed ; rays unequal, 1 to 3 inches long, triquetrour,sheathedatbase ; sheaths bifid. Spikelets yellowish, acute, bracteate at base, 10 or 12 flowered; flowers alternate. Seed oblonc, triquetrous. Hab. Wet meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 2. C. diandbus, Torr. Umbel sessile, or few-rayed ; rays unequal, with the spikelets in loose fascicled heads ; involucre 3-leaved, two of them much longer than the umbel; spikelets lance-oblong, much com- pressed, acute, many-flowered ; stamens 2. Beck, Bot. p. 421. C. bicolor. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 27. C. flavescens. Florul. Cestr. p. 8. Not of L. and others. Dianorous Ctperus. Root perennial, fibrous. Culmftto 12 inches long, slender, somewhat decumbent or reclining, triangular, striate. Leaves few, shorter than the culm, with rather loose membranous sheaths. Involucre unequal; the longest leaves often 6 or 8 in- ches long. Umbel sometimes without rays,—generally 1 to 3,—and occasionally o or 6 rayed ; spikelets one third to two thirds of an inch long, much compressed, and arranged in loose fascicles, or clusters. Glumes membranaceous, compressed. with purplish or chesnut-colored sides, and green keel. Stamens always2. (Torr.i Style long, deeply 2-cleft. Seed obovate, compressed, grey, (finally dark brown,) minutely puncticulate, or rugose, under a lens. Hab. Low grounds ; margins of rivulets : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.. Obs. This species was mistaken for C.ftavescens, when my Catalogue was published. Muhlenberg considered it a licc-species," (Gram. Descript. p. 17.)—and in his Herbarium it immediately fallows the C. flavescens, with the remark, "pri- ori affinis." It appears, however, to be quite distinct from that species—which has not yet been found in Chester County. * The Plants of this Section all belong to the Natural Order Cyperace^:, or Sedge Tribe,—somewhat allied to Grasses ; but the stems, or Culms, are solid, or filled with a spongy pith-like substance,—generally without joints, or nodes, taper- ing, cylindric, or angular, (often triangular,)—and the sheaths of the leaves which embrace the culm are not slit, but entire. The floral coverings are now considered as real Bracts. The Flowers (with the exception, perhaps, of Carex,) are destitute of a true Perianth ; but that organ is frequently substituted by Hypogynous Seta, or Bristles surrounding the base of the ovary. 16 TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA 3. C. inflexus, Muhl. Umbel conglomerate and simple, or 2 to 3- rayed; involucre 3-leaved, long ; spikelets oblong, crowded into ovoid heads; glumes squarrose-uncinate at the tip. Beck, Bot. p. 421. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 68. C. uncinatus. Pursh, Am.l.p.50. J\*utt. Gen. 1. p. 35. Bart. Phi!. 1, p. 29. Inflexed Ctperus. Root biennial, fibrous. Culm triquetrous, setaceous, 2 to 3 inches high, leafy at base. Leaves flat, as long as the culm. Heads 1 to 3; one sessile, the others on pe- duncles, or rays; each consisting of from lOto 20 spikelets densely conglomerated- Involucre foliaceous ; one of the leaves three times as long as tho umbel. Spike. lets linear-oblong, 8 to 12-flowered. Glumes yellowish, distinctly nerved, ovate, acuminate, with the points recurved. Stamen 1. (.Torr.) Seel triquetrous, Flab. Old fields, in moist places : Willistown : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sep: 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. in Aug. 1S29. The plant is somewhat fray- rant. Mr. Nutlall seems to think it may be a Mariscus. 4. C. mariscoires, Ell. Umbel simple and sessile, or with 1 or 2 rays ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, collected in globose heads; glumes loose ; lower ones obtuse, upper ones rather acute. Beck, Bot. p. 422. Spe- cim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 74. Scirpus cypcriformis. Muhl. Catal. p. 7. Ejusd. Gram-p. 41. Mariscus umbellatus. Pursh? Am. 1. p. 59. Also? Jv'utt. Gen. l.p. 34. Not of Lindl. Ency. M. glomeratus. Bart. Phil. l.p. 30. Florul. Cestr. p. 9. Mariscus-like Ctperus. Root perennial, tuberous. Culm triquetrous, slender, 6 to 12 inches long, nearly naked. Leaves mostly radical, linear, keeled. Involucre 3 or 4-leaved, unequal, longer-than the umbel. Heads of spikelets 1 to 3; one sessile, the others peduncu- late, or supported on rays 1 to 2 inches long. Spikelets 3 to 7 or 8-flowered, nearly terete when young, compressed when old. Glumes remote and loose, ovate, pale green. Seed oblong, triquetrous. Hab. Sterile fields ; Mica-slate hills : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 06s. About 20 other species of this genus are enumerated in the U. States. 18. MARISCUS Vahl. J\'utt. Gen. 51. [Celtic, Mar, a marsh; relating to the place of growth of some species.] Spikelets few-flowered, clustered in heads. Glumes somewhat imbri- cated in two rows; the lower ones short and empty. Stamens some- times 2. Style trifid. Seed triquetrous. 1. M. ovularis, Vahl. Umbel simple; rays short; heads globose ; spikelets terete, spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 429. Specim. Gray, Gram 1. no. 76. M. echinatus. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 75. Icon, Ell, I. c. tab. 3. /. 1. Bart Phil. 1. />.30. Eat. Man. p. 220. Scirpus echinatus. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 304. Pers. Syn. l.p. 68. Muhl. Catal. p. 7. Ejusd. Gram. p. 39. Kyllingia ovularis. Mx. Am. I. p. 29. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 57. Egg-shaped Mariscus. TRIAXDRIA MONOGYNIA 1/ Root perennial 1 bulbous, with descending fibres. Culm triangular, 6 to 18 in- ches high, nearly naked. Leaves shorter than the culm, situated at the base. keeled, nearly smooth. Involucre 4 or 5 leaved, unequal: 2 usually much larger than the rest, the longest about 3 times the length of the umbel. Heads 3 to 5, sometimes but one, globose, or oval; the middle one sessile, the rest on peduncles, or rays. Spikelets in the lower part of the head reflected when mature, 2 to 3 flow- ered, generally but one flower perfecting its seed. Glumes nerved; the lowest pair short, ovate and obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate. Seed oblong, brown. Hab. Barrens: also near Black rock, Schuylkill: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sep! 06s. Found by D. Townseno, Esq. in 1S29. Those specimens collected on the mica-slate hills, seem to be the var. tenellus, of Torrey's Flora. In some intances the heads are oblong, and considerably resemble the M. cylindricus, of Mr. Elliotl; from whom I received authentic specimens. Two other species are enumerated in the U. States. l>. Ovary invested with Bristles. 19. DULICHIUM. Rich. JYutt. Gen. 53. [Greek, Duo, two, and Leichen, scab, or scale ; in allusion to the two-rowed scale- like glumes, ex Eat.~\ Spikes axillary, somewhat racemose; spikelets linear-lanceolate, rather compressed ; Glumes distichous, sheathing. Stile very long, bifid, base persistent. Seed compressed. 1. D. spathaceum, Pers. Culm terete, leafy; leaves alternate, near- ly equal, pointing in three directions ; spikelets spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 422. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. tab. 2. /. 3. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 131. Cyperus spathaceus, Willd. Sp. 1. p. 289. Muhl. Catal. p. d. Ejusd. Gram. p. 26. Bigel. Bost. p. 19. Scirpus spathaceus. Mr. .hn. 1. p. 32. Spathaceous Dulichium. Vulgo—Sheathed Galingale. Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, nodose, terete below, obscurely triangu- lar above. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, 2 to 3 inches long, spreading almost, horizontally, and regularly in three directions: sheaths cylindrical, shorter than the joints. Spikelets 5 to 7 flowered, sessile, alternate, on a common peduncle about as long as the internodes, and twice as long as the sheaths. Glumes lanct olate, acute. Seed oblong, compressed, (triangular, Torr.). Bristles about 6, re- trorsely hispid, longer than the seed. Hab. Swamps, and margins of ponds: common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Believed to be the only species of the genus, in U. S. The seed, both in form and color, looks something like a miniature cucumber-seed. DIV. II. Scirpeje—Spikelets with the Glumes imbricated on all sides- Ovary mostly invested with Bristles. 20. SCIRPUS. L. JVutt. Gen. 47. [An ancient Latin name for the Bull-rush, which belongs to this genus.} Spikelets ovoid, imbricated all round, many-flowered. Seed compres- sed, or triquetrous; sometimes naked, but generally invested with Bris- tles, or long hairs. 2* 18 TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA a. Ovary destitute of Bristles. § 1. Seed compressed; Style bifid, ciliate, bulbous at base. Fimbristvlis. Vahl. 1. S. Baldwinianus, Schult. Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, acute; um- bel subcompound, about as long as the involucre ; seed longitudinally furrowed. Schult. Mant. {fide Torr. in Lift.) S. puberulus. Muhl? Catal. p. 7. Not of Mx. Pursh, nor JVutt. S. ferrugineus. Muhl. Gram. p. 35. Florul. Cestr. p. 7. Not of L. Willd. Pers. Ell. nor Torr. S. sulcatus. Ell. Sk. l.p. 86. Eat. Man. p. 330. Not of A. Du Petit Thouars. Fimbristylis ferruginea 1 Beck, Bot. p. 423. Also ? Eat. Man. p. 147. F. Baldwiniana. Torr. Scirp. in Attn. Lye. J\f. Y. 3. p. Baldwin's Scirpus. Root perennial f fibrous. Culm 4 to 12 inches high, somewhat compressed, deeply striate, nearly glabrous, leafy at base. Leaves about as long as the culmi (sometimes much shorter), narrow-linear, striate, finely serrulate; sheaths pubes- cent at throat. Umbel small, some of the rays occasionally divided; central spike- let sessile. Leaves of the Involucre small, subulate, serrulate ; one of them longer and erect. Spikelets ovoid, tapering to a point. Glumes nearly smooth, ovate, slightly keeled and mucronate, margins membranaceous ; keel greenish, sides Chesnut brown. Style bifid, ciliate-pubescent, tumid at base. Seed white, obovate, compressed, externally convex, distinctly grooved lengthwise, with the channels transversely corrugated. Hab. Moist places ; Serpentine Ridge, West Chester: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. 06s. Dr. Torrey informs me this is not the S. ferrugineus of his Flora, (which proves to be a var. of S. autumnalis, Muhl.)—nor of Linn. Willd. &c. but that it is the S. sulcatus, of Elliott; which name had been previously appropriated, by M. Du Petit Thouars. § 2. Seed triquetrous; Style trifid, not ciliate, bulbous at base. Glumes some- what 4—8 ranked, keeled. Trichelostylis. Lestib. 2. S. capillabis, L. Culm nearly naked, triquetrous, capillary; spikelets ovoid, 2 or 3 of them pedunculate, with an intermediate sessile one. Beck, Bot. p. 426. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 84. S. ciliatifolius. Florul. Cestr. p. 7. Not of Ell. {Torr. in Litt.) Trichelostylis capillaris. Torr. Scirp. in Ann. Lye. JY. Y. 3. p. Haib-like Scibpus. Root annual 1 fibrous. Culm 4 to £or 10 inches high, very slender, leafy at base cespitose. Leaves setaceous, radical, or sheathing the culm at base, much shorter than the culm; sheaths pilose at throat. Spikelets ovoid-oblong, subumbellate generally 3 or 4, sometimes solitary; one, or two, sessile, the rest on peduncles about half an inch long. Involucre of 1 or 2 setaceous leaves; one of them fre- quently longer than the umbel. Glumes oblong; the lowest mucronate, the upper enes obtuse or emarginate; ferruginous, with pale green keel, margin pubescent. Seed white, triquetrous, transversely corrugated. Hab. Sterile soils; near Serpentine Ridge, W. C.: not common. Fl. July. Fr Aug Obs. I have specimens of this plant, from the late Mr. John Jackson, ©f this County, with umbels of 6 or 8 spikelets, and culais upward ofa foot long. TR1AXDR1A MOXOGYXIA 19 3. S. autumnalis, L. Culm compressed, ancipital; umbel compound; involucre mostly 2-leaved; spikelets lanceolate, acute, nomcwhat 4- sided. Beck. Bot. p. 426. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 85. S. Mucronulatus. Mx. Am. 1. p. 31. S. Michauxii. Pers. Syn. l.p. 68. Trichelostylis autumnalis. Torr. Scirp. in .Inn. Luc. ,V. Y. 3.p. Autumnal Scibpus. Root perennial, fibrous. Cu/»n2 or 3 to 12 inches high, two-edged, cespitose, leafy at basj. Leaves grass-like, flat, linear,acute, nerved, serrulate near the end, shoi n er than the culm. Spikelets in compound or subpaniculate umbels; sometimes, conglomerate in threes, at the end of the branches, or rays. Involucre of 2 or 3- unequal leaves ; the longest about the length of the umbel. Glumes brown, uvuit lanceolate, keeled, mucronate. Seed white, triquetrous, smooth. Hab. Sandy swamps, and low grounds: Barrens: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aut. 06s. First observed in 1S28, in this County. Dwarf specimens occur about West Chester, with culms 2 to 3 inches Ion/, and the spikelets pretty constantly con- glomerated in threes. b. Ovary invested with Bristles. § 3. Style 2 or 3-cleft; base dilated or bulbous, articulated to the seed, persistent, Spikelet solitary, terminal. Bristles straight, mostly retrorsely hispid. Eleo- oharis. Br. i. S. palustbis, L. Culm naked, terete, inflated, shining; spikelet oblong-lanceolate ; seed obovate, somewhat compressed, punctate-rugose. Beck, Bot. p. 424. Eleocharis palustris. Lindl. Ency. p. 48. Torr. Scirp. in Ann. Lye. A'. Y. 3. p. Mabsh Scibpus. Vulgo—Club-rush. Root perennial, creeping. Culm erect, leafless, 1 to 3 feet high, very smooth, round, slightly striate. Sheath long, embracing the lower part of the.culm. Spikelet sometimes oblique. Glumes rather obtuse ; lower ones larger, and often empty. Seed yellowish, as long as the bristles, crowned with a conical tubercle. I3ristles 3or 4, retrorsely hispid. Hab. Swampy meadows : Pughtown: rare. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. 5. S. ohtusus, Willd. Culm naked, terete or somewhat compressed, sulcate; spikelet ovoid, obtuse; seed obovate, compressed, smooth. Willd. enum. {fide Torr.) Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 132. S. ovatus. Muhl. Catal. p. 6. Pursh? Am. l.p. 54. Not? of Willd. Pers. &c. S. capitatus. Muhl. Gram. p. 30. JVutt. Gen. 1. p. 32. Bart. Phil. l.p. 31. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 77. Bigel. Bost. p. 20. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 45. Florul. Cestr. p. 7. Beck, Bot. p. 424. Eat. Man. p. 328. Not of lAnn. { Torr. in Litt.) Eleocharis obtusa. Torr. Scirp. in Ann. Lye. JV. Y. 3. p. Obtuse Scibpus. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm erect, 4 to 18 inches high, cespitose, leafltss, grooved, somewhat attenuated below the spikelet, sheathed at base ; sheaths about 2, reiuse, mucronate. Spikelet ovoid, often oblong and very ebl»s», sejaetjmes 20 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA nearly globose; Glumes ovate, rounded at the end, dark brown, wilh membranace- ous whitish margins. Style 2—sometimes 3-cleft. Seed brown, smooth, shinm?, obovate, compressed, with a marginal ridge on each side ; tubercle compressed, broad at base, acute. Bristles 6, somewhat longer than the seed, retrorsely his- pid. Hab. Swamps, and margins of ponds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. It seems "uncertain whether this is the S. capitalus, of Willd. SpA.p.ltA; though he says it grows in Virginia. Pcrsoon and Pursh are equally obscure. Muhlenberg thought it scarcely diiferent from the S. ovatus, of Willd.—which may be the case : but he was undoubtedly mistaken in supposing that it might also be the S. tuberculosus, of Mx. Am. 6. S. tenuis, Willd. Culm naked, slender, quadrangular, sulcate ; spikelet elliptic, acute at each end ; glumes ovate, obtuse ; seed roundish obovoid, obtusely triangular, verrucose. Beck, Bot. p. 425. i-N quadrangulatus. Muhl. Catal. p. 6. Not of Mx. Pers. Pursh, Ell. nor Eat. Eleocharis tenuis. Torr. Scirp. in Ann. Lyc.N. Y. 3. p. Slender Scirpus. Root perennial, creeping. Culm erect, 10 to 20 inches high, leafless, acutely 4- angled with the sides grooved, and a long, purple, truncate sheath, at base. Spike- let at first rather obtuse. Glumes dark brown, often nearly black, with a white, scarious margin; the lower ones larger, obtuse and empty. Seed light brown, roughly verrucose or muricate, crowned with a triangular dentate tubercle. Bris- tles 2 or 3, rarely wanting. Hab. Swamps, and margins of ponds : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 7. S. acicularis, L. Culm naked, setaceous, quadrangular; spike- let ovate-oblong, few-flowered; glumes somewhat obtuse ; seed trigon- ous, verrucose. Beck, Bot. p. 424. Speciw. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 133. S. capillaceus 1 Mx. Am. l.p. 30. Also Pers. Syn. l.p. 65. S. trichodes. Muhl. Catal. p. 7. Ejusd. Gram. p. 30. Ell. Sk. l.p. 76. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 31. Florul. Cestr. p. 7. Also, S. pusillus. Pursh, Am. l.p. 54. Eleocharis acicularis. Lindl. Ency. p. 48. Torr. Scirp. in Ann. Lye. jV. Y. 3. p. Needle-like Scirpus. Root perennial % Cidm 3 to G inches long, 4-angled, leafless, bristle-like, glab- rous, cespitose, purple at base, and closely embraced by a truhcate, obtuse sheath. Spikelet 4 or 5—(sometimes S or 10—) flowered, often perfecting but 1 or 2 seeds. Glumes with scarious margins; the lowest one larger and empty. Style 2 or 3- cleft, pubescent. Seed obovoid, trigonous, verrucose, yellowish and shining. Bristles 4, rarely wanting, twice as long as the seed, and scarcely hispid. Hab. Margins of ponds, and miry places: Barrens: not common. .F7.July. Fr. Aug. 06s. I have a variety, found by D. TowNSEND,Esq. on the Mica slate hills, with culms 12 to 18 inches long, and yet equally slender and capillary as the small spe- cimens. The roots are creeping, and apparently perennial. 8. S. planifolius, Muhl. Culm triquetrous, leafy at base ; leaves lin- ear, flat, nearly equalling the culm; spikelet ovate-oblong, compressed, about as long as the cuspidate bracts at the base. Beck, Bot. p. 425. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 86. /. 3. Flat-leaved Scibpus. TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA 21 Root a tuft of wiry fibres, perennial. Culm 6 to 12 inches long, cespitose, acute- ly triangular, finely serrulate on the angles. Leaves sub-radical, grass-like, stri- ate, slightly keeled, margins scabrous ; the lower ones short, broader, nerved and mucronate. Spikelet about 6-flowered ; glumes ovate, mucronate, yellowish, with the keels and points green ; the two lowest ones bract-form, the exterior one as long as the spikelet. Style 3-clcft. Seed triquetrous, reddish brown; tubercle small. Bristles 6, (3, Muhl. 4, Torr.) longer than the seed, hispid upwards, or with ihe teeth erect. Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr July. 06s. This species, so diiTcrent in habit from ihe othersof this section, was first observed, here, in 132r. § 4. Style bifid, not bulbous at base, deciduous. Bristles straight, distinctly hispid. Spikelets subterminal, or lateral. True Scibpus. 9. S. debilis, Muhl. Culm naked, obtusely triangular, deeply striate; spikelets few, aggregated, subterminal, sessile, ovoid; glumes ovate, ob- tuse, mucronate. Beck, Bot. p. 425. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 135. Weak Scirpus. Root perennial, cespiu se. Culm erect, 9 to 18 inches hii,h, leafless, glabrous, loosely sheathed at base ; sheaths 2 or 3, obliquely truncate, the upper ones mucro- nate. Spikelets 1 to 6 or 8,—generally about 3,-turgid, rather acute, bursting in a cluster from the side of the culm, two or three inches from its extremity ; the summit becoming a kind of 1-leaved involucre. Glumes pale green, membranous, somewhat inflated. Seed black, shining, punctate, obovate, plano-convex with the flat side inward, mucronate with the persistent base of the stylo. Bristles 6, a littl« longer than the seed, retrorsely hispid. Hab. Wet, sandy low grounds: Barrens: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 10. S. lacusthis, L. Culm naked, terete, attenuated above ; panicle sub-terminal; spikelets ovoid, mostly pedunculate. Beck, Bot. p, 425. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 136. S. acutus. Bigel. Bost. p. 22, Also 1 Muhl. Catal. p. 7. Ejusd. Gram. p. 33. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 33. Torr. Fl. l.p. 49. Beck, Bot, p. 425, Eat. Man. p. 329. Also, S, validus. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 56. Ell. Sk. I, p, 81. JS'utt. Gen. l.p. 32. Lake Scirpus. Vulgo—Bull-rush. Tall Club-rush. Root perennial. Culm -1 to 6 or 8 feet high, leafless, glabrous, glaucous, round and tapering upwards, terminating in a cusp 1 to 2 inches long, above the panicle. Sheaths at the base of the culm, bearing short leaves. Spikelets in a decompound nmbel, or unequal cymose panicle, often clustered in threes at the ends of the bran" ches, wi.h one or more sessile, in the centre. Bracts fuscous. Glumes brown' ovate, obtuse, mucronate, slightly pubescent, margins ciliate. Seed pale greenish white, obovate, compressed, convex on the back, mucronate. Bristles 4, retrorsely hispid, a little longer than the seed. f/a6. Margins of ponds, and ditches: frequent. Fl. June. Fr- August, 06s. The Synonyms, quoted above, are used by several authors, as belonging to distinct species ; but il is probable they are only varieties. Withering and Lindley say the culms of this plant are used in England, to make the seats of chairs. &<:• But, in this country, they are not esteemed for that purpose : the S. omeri> anus • 22 TRIAXDRIV MOXOGYMi- Pers. being found much preferable. The latter species grows plentifully alo-,12 the tide-water marshes of the Delaware; but has not yet baen found in Cluster County. 5*5- Style 3-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous. Bristles tortuous, capillary, scarcely hispid. Spikelets numerous, terminal, in cymes or panicles. Culm leafy. Trichophoruii. Pers. 11. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Cyme compound, proliferous ; spikelets densely conglomerated in heads of 10 to 20 ; glumes acute, distinctly mucronate, dark green. Beck, Bot. p. 426. Specim. Gray, Gram, 2. no. 137. S. sylvaticus. Mx. Am, 1. p. 33. Pursh ? Am. 1. p. 56. Not of Willd. &c. Dark-Green Scirpus. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy, nodose, triangular. Involucre f> liaceous, usually of three leaves, longer than the cyme. Spikelets ovoid, in a compound paniculate cyme, densely clustered in somewhat ovoid heads, of 8 or 10 to 20, or more ; sometimes viviparous. Glumes ovate, acute, terminating in a distinct point, dark green, finally becoming brownish. Seed white, smooth, plano-convex- keeled on the back, mucronate. Eristics usually 4 or 5, about as long as the seed, nearly straight, with a minute, retrorse pubescence. flab. Swamps, and wet meadows: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. 06s. The hypogynous bristles arc commonly 4 in number, viz. 1 opposite the middle of the flat surface of the seed, 1 at each side, and one at the keel; but there is frequently apair of them at the keel,—making 5 in all. This appears to be dis- tinct from the S. sylvaticus, of Europe,—judging from an indifferent specimen in my possession. 12. S. brunneus, Muhl. Cyme decompound ; spikelets clustered in heads of 3 to 6 or 8; glumss obtuse, submucronate, reddish brown. Beck, Bo:, p. 426. S. cxaltatus. Pursh, Am. l.p. 56. Ell. Sk. l.p. 87. .Yutt. Gen. 1. p. 32. Brown Scirpus. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, nodose, obtusely triangular, clothed with loosely sheathing, broadish leaves nearly as tall as the cyme. Involucre lor 5- leaved. Principal branches of the Cyme about 5, unequal, with loose, truncate sheaths at base. Spikelets ovoid, rather larger than in the preceding species, commonly in clusters of 3 to 6,—sometimes more. Glumes ovate, keeled, rather obtuse,but slightly mucronate, at first yellowish green, finally reddish brown- Seed smooth, yellowish white, triquetrous or strongly keeled; beak very short. Bristles 4 or 5, nearly twice as long as the seed, tortuous, minutely hispid with very fine retrorse teeth. TIab. "Wet places : Brandywine : E. Nantmeal: not common. Fl. July. Fr. A112. 06s. Found by D. Tov.-n.seno, Esq. 1S29. This species, though not so common, bears a considerable resemblance to the preceding, and may be mistaken for it, by young Botanists. I have noted the distinctive characters as carefully as I could- Ihirsh and Elliott notice a viviparous variety of this species, which I have not. seen. I have, however, observed a var. of the S. atrovirens, with Ions, ovoid-lance- olate spikelets, which was completely viviparous. TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA 23 13. S. EmoPHOHUM, Mx. Panicle supradecompound, large, loose, flaccid, somewhat nodding; bristles much exserted, capillary, curled. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 50. Eriophorum cvperinum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 313. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 134. Muhl. Catal.'p. 7. Trichophorum cyperinum. Pers. Syn. l.p. 69. Muhl. Gram.p. 47, A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 36. Bart. Phil. 1. />. 36. £7/. Sit. l.p. 91. Ico.v. Ell. I.e. tab. 3. f. 4. Florul. Cestr. p. 8. Lindl. Ency. p. 50. -Becfr, fior./*. 426. Wool-bearing Scirpus. Vulgo—Brown Cotton-grass. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, leafy, nodose, obtusely triangular, glab- rous. Leaves lance-linear, about 2 feet long, nerved, margins and midrib scab- rous ; sheaths about half the length of the internodes, glabrous. Involucre of 4 long leaves resembling those of the culm, with several intermediate small ones. Pani- cle much divided and proliferous, the upper part pendulous ; branches scabrous, sheathed at base. Spikelets ovoid, obtuse, in small umbels, or clusters, at the ends of the branches. Glumes lance-oblong, rather acute, membranaceous, sides brown, keel green. Style 3-cleft, fuscous. Seed white, obovate-oblong, compressed, keel- ed on the back, acuminate. Bristles 6, five or six times as long as the seed, pro- jecting much beyond the glumes, curled, light brown. Hab. Swamps, and wet places: common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.—Sept. 06s. The spikelets, in some intances, are nearly all pedunculate ; and in others they are sessile, in dense terminal clusters, of 3 to 6 or 8 in a cluster. This species approaches Eriophorum; and forms a kind of connecting link between that genus and Scirpus. There are, in the U. States, some 25 or 26 other species of Scirpus. as the genus is here constituted ;—which is nearly in accordance wilh the sugges- tions of my friend, Prof. Torrey. Several distinct genera have been formed from Scirpus, by modern Botanists, upon characters which are here used to groupe the species in Sections. 21. ERIOPHORUM. L. JSTutt. Gen. 55. [Gr. Erion, wool, andphero, to bear; the seeds being invested with wool-like hairs. Glumes membranous, imbricated on all sides. Seed densely invested with long, soft, woolly or cottony hairs. 1. E. virginitum, L. Culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above ; leaves flat, long; spikelets clustered, erect, nearly sessile ; invol- ucre 2 to 4-leaved. Beck, Bot. p. 427. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. lab. 4. /, 1. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1, no. 89. Virginian Eriophorum. Vulgo—Cotton Grass. Root perennial, creeping, fibres numerous. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, nodose, leafy. smooth. Leaves few, lance-linear, 12 to 18 inches long, margins scabrous. Invo- lucre generally of 2 narrow leaves, 4 to 6 inches long, and 1 or 2 smaller ones, dis- tinctly serrulate on the margins. Peduncles 3 or 4, short, forming a kind of umbel; spikelets conglomerated, sessile on the peduncle, ovoid and acute when young. Glumes ovate, acute, membranous, nerved, sides brown, keel green, the lower ones empty. Stamen 1, Torr. (2, Mx.) Style 3-cleft, somewhat scabrous. Seed brown, obovate-oblong, plano-convex, strongly keeled, slightly acuminate. Hairs very numerous, finally long and cottony, whitish, with a rusty, ferruginous tinge. Hab. Sphagnous swamps: Mica Slate range: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 21 TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA ?. E. ansustipolium, Roth. Culm somewhat triangular; leaves channclled-triquetrous, linear; spikelets several, pedunculate, finally nodding ; peduncles smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 427. E. polystachyon, var. tenellum. Torr. Synop. ined. {fide Gray.) Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 91. E. tenellum? A'utt. Gen. 2. Suppl. Xarrow-leaved Eriophorum. Root perennial, creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slender, nodose, leafy,. smooth. Radical leaves mostly withered and dead when the plant is in flower, er fruit: stem leaves short, (1 to 2 or 3 inches long,) narrow, triquetrous with con- cave sides, obtuse (pungently acute, Null.); sheaths long, with a delicate whitu membrane at throat. Involucre of 1 leaf, linear-lanceolate , with a loose membran- ous sheathing base, generally shorter than the spikelets. SpikeletsiXoi—usually 3_on short peduncles (1 or 2 of them sometimes near an inch long). Glumes ovate, striate, margins scarious. Style 3-cleft. Seed linear-oblong, triquetrous. Hairs very numerous, long, white, fine and cottony. Hab. Wet meadows: E. Marlborough: E. Nantmeal: not common. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. This plant is given by Dr. Gray, as above quoted ; but in my copy he has added, in a note, "This is the real E. angustifolium ; and I now think a good spe- cies." It grows abundantly at Wynn's Meadows, on the northern side of Chester County ; and sparingly in the swamps in the Mica slate range, near West Chester : also in E. Marlborough, near Hayes' bridge. There are 3 other species in the U States. 22. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. JV'utt. Gen. 49. [Greek, Rhynchos, a snout,orbeak, and Spora, seed; the seed being beaked.] Spikelets few-flowered: Glumes imbricated on all sides ; the lower ones empty. Base of the Style enlarged, persistent, articulated to the seed, i-rowning it with a conic Tubercle. Seed invested with hypogynous Bristles. 1. R, alba, Vahl. Culm triquetrous above ; leaves setaceous ; spike- lets in corymbose fascicles; seed somewhat lenticular, twice as long as the tubercle ; bristles about 10. Beck, Bot. p. 428. Specim, Gray, Gram. 1. no. 92, Schoenus albus. Willd. Sp. l.p. 267. Mx. Am. 1. p. 34. Pers. Syn. 1, p. 59. Muhl. Catal. p. 5. Ejusd. Gram. p. 5. Bigel. Bost. p. 17. White Rhtnchospora. Vulgo-— White Bog-rush. Root perennial, creeping. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy, glabrous Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Fascicles of spikelets terminal and ax- illary, with setaceous bracts at base. Spikelets lanceolate, acute at each end. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, white, finally brownish. Stamens •'-(, 2, or 1. Style bifid. Seed smooth, nearly lenticular, narrowed at base, and somewhat stipitate. Tubercle compressed, half as long as the seed. Bristles retrorsely his- pid, as long as the seed and tubercle. Hab. Swamps, in the Mica Slate range : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. 1828. 2. R. glomer ata, Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular; leaves flat; spike- Jets in corymbose fasciculate clusters, terminal and axillary, distant, of- ten in pairs ; seed obovate, lenticular, as long as the tubercle ; bristles 6. Beck, Bot. p. 428. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 94. Ateo, R. capitellata. Ell. Sk. l.p. 61. JYutt. Gen, 1. p. 33. TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 25 ^i-hcenus glomeratus. Willd. Sp. l.p. 266. Pers. Syn. l.p. 59. Muhl. Catal. p. 6. Ejusd. Gram. p. 8. S. capitellatus ! Mx. Am. 1. p. 36. Also? S. capitatus. Pers. Syn. l.p. 60. Muhl. Catal.p. 6. Ejusd, Gram. p. 10. Clustered Rhtnchospora. Vulgo—Brown Bog-rush. Root perennial. Culm 2 feet high, leafy and smooth. Leaves linear, shorter than the culm, keeled, margins scabrous. Spikelets in corymbose or subcapitate fascicles, on included or somewhat exserted peduncles, terminal and lateral, often two or more from the same sheath; the lower ones distant. Glumes dark chesnut brown, lanceolate, keeled, mucronate. Style bifid. Seed brownish, attenuate at base, smooth and shining. Tubercle subulate, compressed, as long as the seed; Bristles retrorsely hispid, nearly as long as the seed and tubercle. Hab. Swamps, and Bog meadows: common. Fl. June. Fr. August. 3. R. ctmosa, Ntttt. Culm triquetrous; leaves flat, linear; corymbs somewhat cymose, terminal and axillary, the terminal ones larger; seed subcompressed, obovate, transversely undulate-rugose, 3 or 4 times as long as the tubercle. Beck, Bot. p. 429. Not of Ell. Schcenus cymosus. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 265. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 59. Muhl. Catal. p. 6. Ejusd. Gram. p. 8. Cimose Rhtnchospora. Root perennial. Culm 12 to 18inches high, leafy, slender, acutely triangular, an- gles slightly scabrous. Leaves grass-like, keeled, smoothish ; radical ones some- what crowded, upper cauline ones often overtopping the culm ; sheaths striate. Spikelets in fascicled cymes, aggregated in clusters of 3 to 5, at the ends of the pe- duncles ; peduncles unequal, with setaceous bracts at the divisions. Glumes fus.- cous ; the lower ones obcordate, mucronate, the others ovate, mutic. Style bifid. Seedp&le brown, corrugated, compressed, or somewhat tumid. Tubercle depress- ed-conic, whitish, about one-third the length of the seed. Bristles 31 (6, Gray,) shorter than the seed, slightly hispid upwards. Hab. Moist grounds: Eachus' clearing, near W. Chester: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Aug, 06s. I find in this species but three minute bristles, along with the persistent fila- ments. The plant is somewhat rare, here, and was first detected by D. ownsend, Esq. in 1832. There are 27 other species in the TJ. States ; all of which are fully described in Dr. A. Gray's excellent Monograph of North American Rhyncho.s. norae, published in the 3d Vol. of the Annals of N. Y. Lyceum. B. Flowers chiefly Monoicous, or Diclinous. DIV. I. Sclere.e—with Fruit naked, more or less hard and bony, 23. SCLERIA. L. JVutt. Gen. 734. [Greek, Skleros, hard; in reference to its hard, bone-like seeds, Monoicous: Staminate and Pistillate Flowers in the same clusters. Stam. Fl. Glumes 2 to 6, mucronate, many-flowered. Palea mutic, ol unarmed. Pistil. Fl. Glumes 2 to 6, 1-flowered. Palea 0. Stigmas 1 to 3. Seed, or JYut, globose, colored. 1, S. triglomerata, Mx 1 Culm acutely triquetrous, scabrous; leaves broad-linear, somewhat scabrous; spikes subterminal, alternate,, 3 26 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA fasciculate; glumes cuspidate ; nut smooth and polished. Beck, Bot. p. 430. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 98. Three-clustered Scleria. Vulgo—Whip Grass. Root perennial. Culm nearly erect, 3 to 4 feet long, leafy, acutely triquetrous, striate, angles scabrous, Zeares broadish,lance-linear, nerved, margins scabrous Fascicles about 3, subsessile, one of them terminal, the others lateral near the sum- mit, each composed ofa few aggregated spikelets.. Bracts foliaceous, much longer than the spikes. Glumes ovate, cuspidate, keeled, variegated with dark purple. Pistillate flowers, 2 or 3 in each cluster. Stigmas 3. Nut globose, somewhat mu- ironate, and stipitate, smooth and shining, at first bluish, finally white. Hab. Serpentine ridge; Great Valley : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. This is, doubtless, the S. triglomerata, Muhl. and probably of Elliott. Whether it be Michaux's plant is not quite so clear: and it certainly is not the S. triglomerata, of Pursh—if his description may be relied upon. 2. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Culm triquetrous, smoothish ; leaves nar- row-linear ; spikes lateral and terminal, few-flowered, the lateral ones on long peduricles; glumes nearly smooth ; nut papillate. Beck, Bot. p. 430. Not ? of Willd. Pers. "nor Pursh. S. ciliata? Mx. Am. 2. p. 167. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 318. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 549. Pursh, Am.l. p. 46. Also? Muhl. Catal.p. 84. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 559. Eat. Man. p. 332. Few-flowered Scleria. Root perennial. Culm erect, 9 to 18 inches high, leafy, slender, triquetrous, striate, nearly glabrous below, roughish above. Leaves linear, narrow, somewhat pilose, roughish on the margin; sheaths pubescent. Fascicles few-flowered ; the lateral ones usually 2 in number, on long slender peduncles, the lower ones pro- ceeding from a sheath near the base of the culm. Bracts longer than the spikes, ciliate. Glumes ovate, acuminate, keeled, smooth or slightly pubescent. Stigmas ■i, pubescent. Nut globose, mucronate, rough all over with elevated points, white. Hab. Serpentine ridge, West Chester : not common. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. I can discover no material difference between our plant and the S. ciliata, Mx. and Ell. of which I have received specimens from N. Carolina, from my valu- ed friend and correspondent, Mr. M. A. Curtis. The S. hirtella, Mx. which Muhl- enberg thought might be the same, is a stouter and more hirsute plant, apparently quite distinct. I suspect the S. pauciflora, Muhl. is, in fact, the S. ciliata, of Mx. Willd. Pers. Pursh, &c. and that the S. pauciflora, of those last mentioned authors (although the description does not suit,) may be intended for the S. oligantha, of Mx. and Elliott—& very distinct species, with a smooth, polished nut. I have re- ceived the S. hirtella, and S. oligantha, from Mr. Curtis. Six or seven addition- al species are enumerated in the TJ. States. DIV. II. Caricb.33—Spikelets, oraments, with the glumes imbricated all round Seed (Nut, or Caryopsis,) enclosed in a Utricle, or persistent, ventricose, chaffy Perianth. 24. CAREX. L. ATuth Gen. 733. [Latin, Carere, to lack, or want; the staminate spikes being destitute of fruit.] Monoicous (rarely Dioicous) : Flowers collected into an imbricated Spikelet. Glume 1-flowered. Staminate Fl. in the same spikelet with the Pistillate, or in a separate one : Glumes single, lanceolate, persist- ent, the lower ones often empty. Perianth 0. Pistillate Fl. Glumes as in the Staminate. Perianth glumaceous, mostly urceolate TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 27 and acuminate, enclosing the ovary, opening at summit by an entire, or bidcntate orifice, persistent. Stigmas 2—3, exserted, subulate-linear. Seed {A'ut, or Caryopsis,) crustactjous, triquetrous, or subtriangular. compressed. A. Spikelets all Androgynous. a. Spikelet mostly solitary. -\ Summit Staminate. Stigmas 3, 1. C. roLTTRicHoinES, Muhl. Spikelet simple ; fruit lance-oblong, compressed-triquetrous, obtuse; glumes oblong, rather obtuse, mucron- ate. Beck, Bot. p. 431. Specim. Gray, Gram.,2. no. 140. C. microstachya. Mx. Am. 2. p. 169. Not of Willd. nor Pers. POLTTRICHUM-LIKE CaREX. Culm 9 to 18 inches high, very slender, almost capillary, triquetrous, naked above, longer than the leaves. Leaves mostly subradical, annotinous (or renew- ed every year,) very narrow, grooved, becoming convolute when dry. Spikelet lin- ear-oblong. Staminate florets 4 to 8; Glumes oblong, rather acute, with a broad- fuscous margin. Pistillate florets about 5; glumes ovate, obtuse or acute, keeled, mucronate, the lowest one often elongated and long-mucronate, but scarcely folia- ceous. Fruit obtusely triquetrous, oblong, slightly nerved, smooth. Hab. Open woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. JFV. June. 06s. The roots of all the species are believed to be perennial. This one was first observed, here, in 1827. ■{- -(■ Summit Pistillate. 2. C. sauARRosA, L. Spikelet simple, mostly solitary, thick, oblong- eylindric ; fruit imbricate, at length horizontal, subsquarrose, glabrous, longer than the glume. Beck, Bot. p. 431. Icon, Schw, & Torr. Monogr. tab. 27. f. 2. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 142. 2 to 3, and sometimes 4 feet long, often decumbent, triangular, sulcate, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, shorter than the culm. Spikelets usual- ly o or 6, occasionally 8 or 10, sometimes rather distant, ut first somewhat oval, at I&ngth obovoid, the base being contracted and composed of appressed staminate glumes, finally subglobose. Bracts lanceolate, shorter than the spikelets. Glumes tahce-ovate, acute, scarious, often silvery white, with a green keel, shorter than the fruit. Fruit ovate, plano-convex, striate or nerved, with a Lidentate beak; margin distinctly but not broadly winded, serrulate. Hab. Meadows, and open woodlands: frequent. M.May, i-V.July. 06s. This~species is nearly allied to the preceding. 13. C. stellulata, Gooden. var. scirpoides. Spikelets 3, rather remote, the uppermost one clavate, the others ovoid, obtuse ; fruit ovate, often subcordate, plano-convex, somewhat spreading, but not reflcxed., serrulate on the margin, longer than the ovate glume. C. scirpoides, Schk. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 2:J7.. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 538. Muhl. Catal. p. 83. Ejusd. Gram. p. 225. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 37. {excl. Sun. Jfx.) JVuti. Gen. 2. p. 204. EH. Sk. 2. p. 532. Dew. Caric. in Sill. Journ. 8. p. 96. {excl. Syn. Mx.) Schxv. & Tun: Monogr.p. 317. (excl. Syn. Mx.) Torr. Comp. p. 339. Beck, Bot. p. 435. Eat. Man. p. 70. C. stellulata 1 Bigel. Bost. p. 337. Star-like Carex, Scirpus-like Variety. Culm erect ,6 to 12 inches high, triquetrous and slightly scabrous above, rather terete below, leafy towards the base. Leaves narrow, linear, erect, glaucous. somewhat scabrous, generally longer than the culm, the lower ones abbreviated. Spikelets mostly 3, (sometimes 2, rarely 4 or 5,) the lowest supported by a bract longer than the spikelet; the uppermost one with numerous staminate glumes at base, which give it a tapering club-shaped appearance. Staminate glumes ovate, rather obtuse: Pistillate glumes ovate, acute. Fruit ovate, often cordate at base, terminating in a short, bifid, scabrous beak, erect, or finally spreading nearly hori- z.ntally. Hab. Woodlands, and wet meadows: frequent Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This has generally been considered distinct from C. stellulata; though Muhlenberg, and others, doubted whether it were specifically so. Dr. Gray, (Gram, et Cyper. 2. no. 152.) makes them synonymous. To me it appears to con- stitute a well marked variety—comparing it with the C. stellulata, in Dr. Gray's work,—and other specimens, received from different correspondents. The true C. stellulata, as I understand it, has not yet been found in Chester County. U" After the preceding remarks were in type, and ready for the press, I as- certained that the genuine C. stellulata was plentiful in the meadows about Down- ingtown, and probably in other parts of the County. The Spikelets are generally 4 in number, the bract at the lowest one often inconspicuous; fruit broadish-ovate, spreading, and finally somewhat reflexed. The whole plant is larger than the var. scirpoides, being from 12 to 18 inches high. In most other respects they closely resemble each other. 14. C. rromoides, Schk. Spikelets 4 to 6, oblong, erect, the up- permost one pistillate at summit, the others either wholly pistillate, or androgynous with staminate glumes both above and below ; fruit erectg lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate on the margin, longer than the lancec* late glume. Beck, Bot. p. 431. Srnciai. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 144. Sromus-ues Cabsx. -32 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, often decumbent, triquetrous, scabrous above, ' leafy towards the base. Leaves narrow, linear, very acute, scabrous on the mar- gin, at first longer, but at length shorter than the culm: sheaths smooth, mem- branaceous, whitish. Spikelets 2 to 6, usually about 4, the lower ones somewhat distant, the upper ones a little crowded ; the terminal one mostly staminate below, the others generally androgynous with a few staminate glumes at each end; occa- sionally an entire staminate or pistillate spikelet occurs. At the base of the lowest spikelet is a lanceolate, glume-like bract, terminating in a scabrous awn. Glumes lance-ovate, slightly mucronate, scarious, a little shorter than the fruit. Fruit somewhat distichously and loosely arranged, obscurely triangular, nerved, with a tapering, bifid beak, serrulate on the margin. Hab. Swamps; often cespitose, or in Tussocks ; frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This species, in its inflorescence, and general aspect, has more oi&grasls- like appearance than usually belongs to the Carex tribe. B- Spikelets, some only Androgynous. Terminal Spikelet only Androgynous. Stigmas 3. !5. C. viresce>;s, Muhl. Spikelets mostly 3, oblong, erect; the up- permost one pedunculate, staminate below, the others pistillate, subses- sile and bracteate; fruit somewhat trigonous-ovoid, obtuse, costate, roughly pubescent, rather longer than the ovate, mucronate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 436. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 157. C. costata. Schw. Tab. analyt. Caric.inAnn.Lyc.JV. Y. l.p. 67. Greenish Carex. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a filiform point, erect, overtopping the culm, scabrous on the margin, striate and considerably pubescent; sheaths villous, those at and near the base of the culm often dark purple. Spikelets commonly 3, (occasionally 1, sometimes only 2,) about three fourths of an inch long, all approximate ; the terminal one androgynous; the others entirely pistillate, nearly sessile, with each a lance-1 inear foliaceou s bract, at base. Staminate glumes lance-ovate, acuminate, Pistillate glumes ovate, mucronate, whitish, generally a little shorter than the fruit. Fruit densely crowded, somewhat ovoid, mostly obtuse, flatted on the inner side, turgid on the outer, distinctly nerved or ribbed, deep green, coated with a short roughish pubescence. Seed triquetrous. Hab. Borders of woodlands; Barrens, &c. frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. Our plant seems to be the var. costata, of Prof. Dewey, Sill. Journ. 9. p. 200. .16. C. hirsuta, Willd. Spikelets mostly 3, ovoid-oblong, erect, ap- proximate ; the uppermost one on a short peduncle, staminate below, the others subsessile, pistillate, bracteate ; fruit roundish-ovoid, obtuse, ner- ved, smooth, scarcely longer than the ovate acuminate glume ; leaves and sheaths strigosely pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 436. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 158. C. triceps'! Mx. Am. 2. p. 170. Also? Ell. Sk. 2. p. 538. Also ? C. viridula. Mx. I. c. Schw. &? Torr. Monogr. p. 320. Hairy Carex. Culm 12 to 18 inches high,triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, about as long as the culm, the upper one often overtopping it, mostly? hairy-pubescent; sheaths thickly clothed with strigose pubescence, lower ones dark purple. Spikelets 3, (rarely 4,) about half an inch long, the terminal one at, tenuateatbase by the decurrent staminate glumes, thus giving it a pedunculate. TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 33 appearance; the others on short peduncles, with each a lance-linear foliaceons bract at base. Staminate glumes lance-oblong, rather acute. Pistillate glumes jvate, abruptly acuminate, about as long as the fruit. Fruil somewhat crowded, obscurely triangular, obtuse, nerved, slightly pubescent when young, but glabrous at maturity, yellowish green. Seed triquetrous. Hab. Moist meadows, and borders of woods: common. Fl. 'May. Fr. July. 06s. This greatly resembles the preceding; but may be at once distinguished by its smooth fruit, shorter spikelets, and more obvious pubescence. 17. C. gractllima, Sclrx. Spikelets about 4, long-linear, slender, rather loose-flowered, distant, nodding, on filiform peduncles ; the up- permost one staminate below, the others all pistillate ; fruit oblong, sub- triquetrous, obtuse, smooth, longer than the oblong mucronate glume. Dew. Carle, in Sill. Joitrn. 8. p. 98. Icon, Vol. 11. tab. 2. f. 2S. (indifferent.) Specim. Grey, Gram. 2. no. 161. C. digitalis. Schw. & Ton: Monogr. p. 324. Icon, tab. 27. /. I. (good.) Florul. Cestr. p. 97. Torr. Comp.p.SAO. Beck, Bot. J,. Act). Not of Willd. Pers. Pursh, Muhl. EH. nor llut. Very slender Carex. Culm IS inches to 2 feet high, slender but generally erect, triangular, somewhat Scabrous above, striate, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin, (he- upper ones equalling the culm, the lower ones abbreviated, with purple sheaths at the bass o the cul.n. Spikelets generally 4 near the summit, (sometimes an ad> ditional lateral one,) slender and linear, often-2 inches long, nodding, on exserted filiform peduncles ; about one-third of the terminal one pistillate above. Starni- vate glumes imbricated, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, white with a green keel. Pistillate glumes about half as long as the fruit, oval, with a short abrupt point. Fruil smooth, slightly nerved, ovoid-oblong, somewhat triangular, with a very short, obtuse, rather oblique beak. Seed triquetrous. Hub. Woodlands, and moist meadows: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. Dr. Gray, with great probability, considers the C. digitalis,of Willd, Muhl. &c. with which this has been confounded, as a variety cf C. oligocarpa. 18. C. Torretana, Dew. Spikelets 4, oblong, linear, rather loose- flowered, pedunculate, somewhat nodding and distant; the uppermost one staminate below ; fruit obovoi-J-oblong, obscurely triangular, rather acute at each end, about as long as the oblong aristato glume ; leaves and sheaths pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 4J6. Xrot of Schw. Analyt. C. (anon.) no. 46. Muhl. Gran. p. 254, C. aristata. Dew. Caric. in Sill. Journ. 7. p. 277. Icon, Dew. I. c. 9. tab. a. /. 1. L\ Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Monogr. p. 326. Gray, Gram. 2. Spe- cim. 7io. 159. Not of Dewey. Toriiky's Care:-:. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, triquetrous, slightly scabrous above, leafy. Xeaveslinear- lanceolate, flat, striate, scabrous on the margin, slightly pubescent, upper ones a little longer than the culm ; sheaths pubescent. Spikelets commonly 4, about an inch or inch and half long, linear-oblong, loose-flowered, rachis somewhat flexu- *se ; peduncles slender, a little erserted. Staminate glumes lanceolate, acumi- nate. Pistillate glumes lance-oblong, terminating in ascabrous awn, which often projects a little beyond the fruit. Fruit smouthish, nerved, somewhat inflated, wilh a short beak si ightly bifid at the orifice. Seed triquetrous, puuciieulate. ffa'i. Low grounds along Brandywine : Pu^htown : frequent. Ft. May. Fr July. Obs. First eeUeaed in Chester CVcnty in It'Jo. by D. Tcvri;sE:cD..,Esq,. 34 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA C. Spiki-.i.ets. Staminate and Pistillate distinct. Stigmas 3. a. Staminate Spikelet solitary. j Pistillate spikelets subsessile, or the peduncles enclosed. 19. C. pennsylvanica, Lam. Staminate spikelet erect, pedunculate or subsessile ; pistillate spikelets mostly 2, subapproximate, ovoid or somewhat oblong, subsessile, few-flowered ; fruit ovoid, obscurely trian- gular, beaked, subpedicellate, roughish tomentose, about as long as the oblong-ovate acuminate glume. Rees, Cyclop. Art. Carex, no. 83. Specim, Gray, Gram, 2, no. 162. C. marginata. Muhl. Beck, Bot. p. 437. and others. C. varia. Florul. Cestr. p. 97. Not of Muhl. and others. Pennsylvanian Carex. Root with numerous long fibres. Culm 4 to 12 inches high, slender, triquetrous, slightly scabrous, with a few short, narrow leaves, near the base. Radical leaves numerous, annotinous, linear, about as long as the culm. Staminate spikelet lin- ear, erect, on a short peduncle, (from an eighth, to half an inch long,) inserted at the base of the upper pistillate spikelet; glumes oblong, rather obtuse, bright pur- plish brown. Pistillate spikelets 1 to 3, usually 2, ovoid, or sometimes rather ob- long, 4 to 8-flowered, nearly sessile, distant from each other one third to half an inch, the lower one often with a linear or setaceous bract at base, longer than the spikelet; glumes oblong-ovate, acuminate, about as long as the fruit, at first pale green, finally reddish brown, white on the margin. Fruit globose-ovoid, 3-nerved or ribbed, so as to be subtriangular, beaked, slightly bifid at apex, and with an at- tenuated base about the size and length of the beak, covered with a short roi »iiisli pubescence. Hab. Dry hilly woodlands: very common. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06s. This I formerly took to be the C. varia, of authors: but, judging from the specimens in Dr. Gray's work, as well as from a specimen of C. varia, authenti- cated by Prof. Dewey, it seems that our plant is the C. marginata, of Muhl. &c. or ths C. pennsylvanica, of Lamarck, and Gray. Dr. Gray makes the C. varia, of Muhl. a variety of the C. pennsylvanica, (viz. var. Muhlenbergii,) which vari- ety I think I have not observed in Chester County. The characters of the two, * however, as given in the books, seem to be a good deal blended and confused. The var. Muhlenbergii, of Gray, is nearly twice the size of our plant, every way stouter, with much broader and more lanceolate leaves, and pretty constantly ■vith three fertile spikelets,—the lowest one, and sometimes the two lower ones, with a foliaceous bract at base. -0. C. pubescens, Muhl. Staminate spikelet subsessile ; pistillate spikelets 3, oblong, erect, rather loose-flowered, the lowest one on a short peduncle; fruit triquetrous, beaked, pubescent, about as long as the ovate-oblong mucronate glume ; leaves and culm pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 437. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 164. Pubescent Carex. Culm 12 to 20 inches high, rather slender, erect or subdecumbent, triquetrous. striate, pubescent, leafy below. Leaves lanceolate, flat, shorter than the culm and, with the sheaths, softly pubescent. Staminate spikelet rather short, nearly- sessile ; glumes lance-oblong, rather acute, sometimes a little mucronate. Pistil- late spikelets mostly 3, the upper ones approximate, nearly sessile, with short lan- ceolate bracts, the lower one rather distant, on a short peduncle, with a foliaceous TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 35 bract nearly equalling the culm; glumes oblong or oval, mucronate, about as long as the fruit. Fruit densely pubescent, triquetrous, attenuated at base, acuminated into a small beak, with the orifice minutely bifid. Seed triquetrous, puncticulate Hab. Woodlands ; along Brandywine; frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. First observed, here, in 1S30. 21. C. tent act lata, M~uld. Staminate spikelet bracteate, on a shorl peduncle ; pistillate spikelets about 3, cylindric-oblong, approximate; bracts long, foliaceous ; fruit densely crowded, ovoid, ventricose, nerved, long-beaked, about twice as long as the linear-oblong, awned glume. Beck, Bot. p. 438. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 170. Tdxtaculate, or many-beaked Carex. The whole plant yellowish green. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triquetrous, scab ims on the an ^les above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous on the ms.rdn, longer than the culm. Staminate spikelet with a filiform or lance-linear bract at base; glumes lance-linear, terminated by a long scabrous awn. Pistillate spikelets commonly 2 or 3, (rarely 4,) about an inch to an inch and half long. i.- vlindric-oval or oblong, spreading somewhat horizontally, the upper ones approx- imate, sessile, the lowest one a little distant, on a short peduncle, scarcely exsert- ed ; glumes linear-oblong, with long setaceous scabrous awns; Bracts resembling the leaves, very long. Fruit ovoid, inflated, spreading, smooth and shining, about 101 nerved, (5 nerved, Schw. 3- Torr.) attenuated into a lone, straight, slender beak, which is slightly bifid at apex. Seed triquetrous, roughish puncticulate. Uib. Swamps, and wet places: common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 05s. The C. rostrata, of Mx. was referred to this by Muhlenberg, and others ; but Dr. Gray alleges that Michaux's plant is the C. xanthophysa, of Wahlenberg, and the American Botanists,—and, moreover, that it is the true C.folliculata, of Linn. See Annals of N. Y. Lyceum, Vol. 3. p. 234. 22. C. lupt/lina, Muhl. Staminate spikelet bracteate, on a shortish peduncle; pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, ovoid-oblong, approximate; on short or included peduncles ; bracts very long, foliaceous: fruit ovoid, inflated, nerved, long-beaked, about three times as long as the lance- ovate acuminate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 438. Icon, Dew. Caric. in Sill. Journ. 11. tab. l. /. 37. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 168. Hop-like Carex. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, stout, triquetrous, subscabrous above, leafy to the top Leaves much longer than the culm, lanceolate, broad, flat, striate, scabrous on the margin, with loose striate sheaths. Staminate spikelet usually solitary, (rarely with a smaller sessile one at the base, Schw. $ Torr.) with a lance-linear bract on the peduncle longer than the spikelet; glumes lanceolate, tapering to a long scab- rous acute point. Pistillate spikelets commonly 3 or 4, sometimes 2 or 5, nearly cylindric, about an inch and half long, and three fourths of an inch in diameter, on short or included peduncles, the lower ones longer and somewhat exserted; each with a long foliaceous bract, resembling the other leaves: glumes lance-ovate, acu- minate, about one third the length of the fruit. Fruit oblong-ovoid, inflated, smooth, nerved, tapering to a long beak, which is bifid at apex. Seed triquetrous, punctic- ulate. Hab. Low swampy grounds: common. Fl. June. Fr. August. 06s. We have also the var. pedunculata, Gray, (in Beck,) with the pistillate spikelets all pedunculate; the lower long-pedunculate and distant, the 3 tipper •nes subumbellate. 36 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 23. C. i-xt-pmescens, Rudge. Staminate ppikelet pedunculate ; -pis- tillate spikelets 2, (sometimes solitary,) rather few-flowered, roundish. ipproximate, the upper one subsessile, the lower one on a short pedun- cle ; bracts long, foliaceous ; fruit inflated, conic-ovoid, acuminate, nerv- ed, diverging, about twice as long as the lance-ovate acuminate glume. Gray, in Ann- Lye. A'. Y. 3,p. 235. Specim. Ejusd. Gram. 2. no. 172. 0. folliculata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 171. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 281. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 544, Muhl. Catal. p. 83. Ejusd. Gram. p. 243. Pursh, .lm. 1. p. 42. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 205. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 157. Ell. Sk. 2. p. :Mo. Bigel. Bost. p. 337. Torr. & Schw. Monogr, p. 338. Dew. ::aric. in Sill. Journ. 10.p. 32. Florul. Cestr. p. 98. Torr. Comp, p. 343. Beck, Bot. p. 438. Eat. Man. p. 74. Not of Linn, accord- ing to Gray, I. c. Swelling Carex. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadish, nerved, generally scabrous. Staminate spikelet slen- der, on a long peduncle: glumes long-lanceolate. Pistillate spikelets usually 2, (sometimes 1, rarely 3,) four to twelve-flowered, nearly globose, and about three fourths of an inch in diameter, with long foliaceous bracts at base much surpas- sing the culm, the upper one nearly sessile, the lower one on a short exserted pe- duncle ; (on the summit of each a few small staminate florets, Ell.) Glumes lance- ovate, cuspidate, about half as long as the fruit. Fruit large, ovoid, much inflated or ventricose, nerved, smooth, and often shining, tapering conically into a pretty long bea!Yr, which is bidentate at apex; upper ones diverging, lower ones a little reflexed. Seed triquetrous, acuminate, punCticulate-verrucose under a lens. Hub. Low swampy grounds : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. 24. C. Collinsii, ATutt. Staminate spikelet erect, on a short pedun, cle; pistillate spikelets about 4, distant, flew-flowered, mostly staminate at summit; fruit subulate, reflexed or divaricate, about 3 times as long as the lanceolate glume. Eat. Man. p. 74. Also, Dew. Caric. in Sill. Journ. 11. p. 317. C. subulata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 173. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 40. Schw. and Torr. Monogr. p. 340. Icon, ejusd. oper. tab. 26. f. 1. Torr. Comp. p. 343. Beck, Bot. p. 439. Also ] A"utt. Gen. 2. p. 205. Not of Wahlenberg. C. Michauxii. Dew. I. c. 10. p. 273. Not of Schw. Analyt. Tab. Icon, Dew. 1. c. 10. tab. o. f. 21, Collins' Carex. Culm 1 to 2 and sometimes 3 feet long, very slender, flaccid, leaning on other plants, obtusely triquetrous, smooth, leafy. Leaves lance-linear, flat, striate, scab- rous, especially on the margin, (smooth, Dew. Schw. Sp Torr.) much shorter than the culm, (say 3 to 4 inches long.) Staminate spikelet terminal, small, on a short peduncle; glumes lanceolate, acute, or acuminate. Pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, usu- ally 4, two to four or six-flowered; the upper one subsessile at the foot of the stami- nate spikelet, with a lanceolate, awned, scabrous bract at base, as long as the spikelet,—the others lateral, on enclosed peduncles, more or less exserted • mostly all of them bearing a few staminate florets at summit; the lower ones distant, 6 in- ches or more : glumes lanceolate, acute, about one third the length of the fruit, Frtiit loosely, and somewhat disticbowly arranged, finally divaricale or reflexe'dy TRIANDR1A MONOGYXIA 37 subulate or long-lanceolate, slightly ventricose, smooth, indistinctly nerved, ta- pering to a long beak, orifice bicuspidate, with the slender points abruptly reflex- i:d. Seed oblong, obtusely triangular. Hab. Swamps, in the Mica Slate : Geo. Meredith's : rare. Fl. Jane. Fr. July. 06s. Found by D. Townsekd, Esq. in 1829. Our plant is much taller, and yet more slender, than the specimons which I have collected in New Jersey ; constitu- ting, I think, a pretty distinct variety. The Jersey specimens approach more, in habit, to the C. xanthophysa, Wahl. than ours. f + Pistillate Spikelets onexsert Peduncles, partly sheathed at base. 25. C. anceps, .Muhl. in Willd. Staminate spikelet pedunculate, linear-oblong, roundish; pistillate spikelets 2 or 3, distant, slender, loose-flowered, the lower ones pedunculate ; fruit obtusely triangular- ovoid, striate, subpedicellate, or narrowed at base, a little longer than the ovate cuspidate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 439. Icon, Dew. Caric. in Sill. Journ. 11. tab. x.f. 47. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 176. C. striatula? Mx. Am. 2. p. 173. C. plantaginea. Muhl. Catal. p. 83. Ejusd. Gram. p. 245. Not of Lam. Mx. and the other authors quoted in this work. Also, C. conoidea. Florul. Cestr.p. 78. Muhl? Gram.p. 248. Not of Schk. Also? C. blanda. Dew. Caric. 1. c. 10.p. 45. Two-edged Carex. Culm 9 to 18 inches high, acutely triangular, with the sides of unequal width, sometimes nearly ancipital above, rather smooth, leafy. Leaves variable in breadth; radical ones lanceolate, some of them nearly an inch wide and 4 to 9 or 12 inches long, scabrous on the margin, nerved, glaucous, living through the win- ter; those of the culm much narrower, with white membranaceous sheaths. Sta- minate spikelet with the peduncle compressed, originating from the bract of the upper pistillate one ; glumes oblong, rather obtuse, often acute. Pistillate spike- lets 2 to 5, more commonly 2, distant, about an inch long, loose-flowered, with a zig-zag or flexuose rachis; the upper one nearly sessile, the others on ancipital peduncles, supported by leaf-like bracts with short sheaths; glumes broad-ovate, obtuse, mucronate, a little shorter than the fruit. Fruit triangular-ovoid, or obq- void, attenuate at base, smooth, conspicuously striate, alternate and distant on the rachis, with a short and often oblique beak. Seed triquetrous, puncticulate, red- dish brown, angles yellowish. Hab. Rich, hilly woodlands: Bath, &c. frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. July. 06s. There seems to be some confusion between this and the C. conoidea, of Muhl. See Gray, and Dewey, I. c. 26. C. oligocarpa, Schk. Staminate spikelet pedunculate, rather short; pistillate spikelets about 3, pedunculate, few-flowered ; lower pe- duncles elongated; fruit triquetrous, striate, smooth, with a very short oblique beak, longer than the ovate acute glume. Beck, Bot. p. 440. Specim. Gray, Gram, 2. no. 177. C. van Vleckii. Schw. analyt. Tab. in Ann. Lye. AT. Y. l.p. 60. C. oligocarpa^var. van Vleckii. Dew. Caric. in Sill, Journ, 10. p. 281. Icon, Dew. I. c. tab. f. /. 20. Few-tbuited Carex, 4 38 TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Cu/»i6tol-2 inches high, slender, triquetrous, angles sharp and prominent.. leafy, somewhat decumbent. Leaves lance-linear,thin and delicate, scabrcus on the margin, upper ones surpassing the culm, lower ones abbreviated; sheaths short. Staminate spikelet on a short slender peduncle, from the bract of ihe upper pistil- late ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, with a green keel, the lower one large. Pistillate spikelets about 3, often only 2, distant, oblong, 5 to 9-flowered; upper one often sub- sessile, the lower ones on long, filiform, exsert peduncles ; the lowest frequently sub-radical -.glumes ovate, acute, about two-thirds the length of the fruit. Fruit triquetrous, striate, very loosely arranged on the rachis, with a short, oblique, obtuse beak (sometimes scarcely beaked). Seed triquetrous. Hab. Hilly woodlands: West Chester: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. The var. latifolia, Gray, with much larger, glaucous leaves, is also found here. Dr. Gray supposes it may be the C. digitalis, of Muhl. and Willd. In soma of roy specimens, the terminal spikelet is androgynous, with fruit at the summit. 27. C. scabrata, Schw. Staminate spikelet on a rigid scabrous pe- duncle ; pistillate spikelets 4 or 5, somewhat distant, sub-cylindric, most- ly erect, lower ones long-pedunculate ; fruit oblong-ovoid, with an ob- lique beak, scabrous, rather longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 440. Icon, Schw. &f Torr. Monogr. tab. 26. /. 2. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 179. Rough Carex. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, acutely triquetrous, and scabrous above, somewhat ancip- ital below, striate, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadish, nerved, scabrous, particularly on the margin and upper surface, about as long as the culm, the upper ones surpassing it. Staminate spikelet on a rigid, grooved, scabrous peduncle about three-fourths of an inch long ; glumes lanceolate, lower ones somewhat dis- tant, bract-like. Pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, often 4, rather densely fruited, the up- per one nearly sessile, the others pedunculate, the lowest one remote and long- pedunculate, a little nodding ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, scabrous at the points, shorter than the fruit: bracts foliaceous, the lower ones much surpassing the culm, sheaths short. Fruit ovoid, attenuate at base, subventricose, nerved, sides keeled or strongly ribbed, very scabrous, spreading when mature, so as to give the spike- let a squarrose appearance. Seed triquetrous, puncticulate. Plant dark green. Hab. Shaded swamps: E. Darlington's meadow: not common. Fl. May. Fr. July. 28. C. laxiflora, Lam. Staminate spikelet subsessile, slender; pis- tillate spikelets aboat 4, rather loose-flowered, the lower ones remote, pedunculate ; fruit ovoid-oblong, rather obtuse, striate, glabrous, rather longer than the ovate cuspidate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 440. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2, no. 181. Loose-flowered Carex. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, triquetrous, smooth, leafy. Leaves lance-linear, flat, scabrous on the margin; the upper ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm; sheaths white and membranaceous opposite the leaves. 'Staminate spikelet short, subpe- dunculate, inconspicuous ; glumes lanceolate, acute and mucronate, the lower ones long, bract-like, ciliate. Pistillate spikelets 3 or 4, (very often 4,) oblong, rather few-flowered, the two upper approximate, with the staminate one between them, the lower ones distant, the lowest one on a pretty long peduncle; glumes evate, whitish or pale green, acuminate into a scabrous awn which projects be- yond the fruit. Fruit ovoid-oblong, obscurely triangular, smooth and somewhat TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 39 shining, striate, inflated when mature, scarcely beaked, orifice minutely bidentate Seed triquetrous, puncticulate. Plant glaucous. Hab. Shaded swamps, and wet meadows: frequent. Fl. May. /V.July, 29, C. granularis, Muhl. Staminate spike sessile, or short pedun- culate ; pistillate spikelets about 3, remote, cylindric, dense-flowered, the uppermost subsessile, the lowest on a long peduncle; fruit globose- ovoid, nerved, beak very short, recurved, orifice entire. Beck, Bot. p. 440. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 183. Granular, or round-fruited Carex. Culm 9 to 15 inches high, slender, triquetrous, smooth, leafy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, erect, rather glaucous, scabrous on the margin, lower ones shorter than ihe culm, upper ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm: sheaths white and membran- aceous opposite the leaves. Staminate spikelet about three-fourths of an inch long, sometimes pedunculate, but usually closely sessile at the base of the upper pistillate spikelet; glumes lance-ovatc, rather acute. Pistillate spikelets usually 3, often 4, cylindric and densely fruited ; the uppermost sessile, (frequently, when there are 4, the two upper ones are approximate and sessile,) the next on an ex- sert peduncle, ths lowest distant and long-pedunculate; glumes broad-ovate, acu- minate, membranaceous, shorter than the fruit. Fruit roundish-ovoid, distinctly nerved, smooth, with a very short, somewhat gibbous and recurved beak. Seed triquetrous, puncticulate. Hab. Wet meadows: Charlestown: not common. Fl. Blay. Ft. July. 06s. Found in Charlestown township, by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. 30. C. flexuosa, Muhl. Staminate spikelet narrow-linear, on n short peduncle ; pistillate spikelets about 4, slender, somewhat pendu- lous, on filiform peduncles; fruit alternate, rather distant on the rachis-, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth, about twice as long as the lanceolate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 441. C. debilis. Mx. Am. 2. p. 172. Not of Forster. Flexuose Cahex. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, often procumbent in age, somewhat scaorotis at summit and near the joints, leafy. Leaves lance-linear, narrow, scabrous on the margin, upper ones equalling the culm, lower ones shorter. Sterile spikelet very narrow, on a short filiform peduncle, rarely bearing a few pistillate florets at sum- mit ; glumes lanceolate, rather obtuse. Pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, an inch and a hall 10 two inches long, usually 3 somewhat approximate near the summit, and 1 or 2 distant below, nodding on filiform exserted peduncles; rachis at length flexuose, and not entirely concealed by the fruit; glumes lanceolate, acute, or mucronate. \ membranaceous, about half as long as the fruit. Fruit subtriquetrous, oblong-lan- i eolate, acuminate, with a slender beak, bifid at apex, nerved, smooth, at first green, finally chesnut brown. Seed triquetrous, puncticulate. Hab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr- Aug. f "J" f Pistillate Spikelets on long Peduncles, nearly naked at base. 31. C. miliacea, Muhl. Staminate spikelet pedunculate, subclavate, sometimes with fruit at summit; pistillate spikelets mostly 3, elongated, cylindric, slender, the uppermost one subsessile, the others nodding on filiform peduncles ; fruit triquetrous, nerveless, smooth, short beaked. rather longer than the oval, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 441. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 186. Millet-like Carex, 40 TRIAXDRTA MOXOGYXIA Culm 15 inches to 2 feet high, slender, compressed-triquetrous, nearly smooth, or slightly scabrous at summit, leafy. Leaves lance-linear, rather narrow, flat, striate, scabrous on the margin, nearly as long as the culm. Staminate spikelet an inch or more in length, often enlarging towards the summit, and sometimes bearing pistillate florets ; glumes oblong, loosely imbricate, acute or mucronate, keeled. Pistillate spikelets generally 3, (sometimes 2, and even 1,) somewhat ap- proximate, cylindrical, slender and rather loose-flowered, nodding, peduncles fili- form, upper ones short, lower ones longer; glumes shorter than the fruit, ovate, oval and obovate, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate. Fruit ovoid-lanceolate, tri- quetrous, without nerves on the sides, smooth, tapering to a short beak which is entire, spreading or somewhat recurved at maturity. Seed triquetrous, mucronate, minutely puncticulate. Hab. Moist meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. I have specimens, pronounced by Prof. Torrey to be of this species, which constitute a pretty distinct variety, if not specifically distinct. The Staminate glumes are oblong and quite obtuse, or rounded at the end : the pistillate glumes are narrow, linear oblong, and rather obtuse, with green keel and dark brown sides; Fruit somewhat triquetrous, or rather plano-convex and keeled on the back, with the beak squarrosely spreading, or recurved. In other respects this plant agrees pretty well with C. miliacea. Hab. E. Darlington's meadow. 32. C, hystericina, Willd. Staminate spikelet pedunculate, bracte- ate ; pistillate spikelets about 3, somewhat distant, cyliiidric-oblong, dense-fruited, nodding, the upper one on a short peduncle, the others on slender exsert peduncles ; fruit ovoid, inflated, long-beaked, some- what horizontal, twice as long as the oblong emarginate awned glume. Beck, Bot. p. 441. Specim. Gray, Gram, 2. no. 188. Porcupine-like Carex. Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, scabrous; the upper ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm, with short sheaths. Staminate spikelet on a peduncle 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, with a subulate-linear bract at base ; glumes lance-oblong, mucronate, pale brown, with ;i green keel. Pistillate spikelets 2 to 4, generally 3, rather distant, an inch or inch and half long, cylindric, nodding, the upper one nearly sessile, the others pedun- culate, the lowest on a slender exsert peduncle 2 to 4 inches long; glumes scarcely half as long as the fruit, oblong, emarginate, ending in a scabrous awn. Fruit ovoid-oblong, obscurely triangular, glabrous, nerved or striate, terminated by a long, rather slender beak, bifid at apex, finally spreading almost horizontally Seed triquetrous, striately puncticulate, appearing somewhat scabrous, (angles smooth, Schw. dr Torr.) terminated by the long, flexuose, cartilaginous, persistent style. Hab. Wet meadows: W. Chester, Downingtown: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. Q6s. This species grows with C. tentaculata, and greatly resembles it; but the pedunculate, nodding spikelets, at once serve to distinguish it. b. Staminate spikelets two or more. + Stigmas 2. 33. C. crinita, Lam. Staminate spikelets mostly two, long and slen- der, cernuous, sometimes androgynous; pistillate spikelets" about 4, somewhat distant, long, cylindric, dense-flowered, pendulous, often staminate at the end ; fruit ovoid, subtriquetrous, ventricose, short-beak- ed, smooth, about half or one third as long as the lance-linear c?Uiate- TRIAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA ll senulate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 442. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 193. Haired, or chaffy Carex. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, acutely triquetrous, striate, scabrous on the angles, leafy below. Leaves linear-lanceolate, striate, scabrous on the margin, lower ones shorter than the culm, sheaths loose and striate, upper ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm, without sheaths. Staminate spikelets mostly 2, long and linear, one pedunculate, the other nearly sessile, sometimes bearing fruit at summit; glumes linear, with a membranaceous margin, terminating in a ciliate awn. Pistillate spikelets usually 4, two to 3 inches long, nearly cylindric, often attenuate at base, and staminate at summit, pendulous, on shortish peduncles, the lower ones grad- ually longer ; glumes lance-linear, ending in a long, spreading, hispid or ciliate serrulate point, twice or three times as long as the fruit. Fruit ventricosc, broad- ish ovoid, sometimes ovoid-oblong, subtriangular, nerved, with a prominent rib or keel on each side, smooth ; beak short, entire. Seed compressed, obovate, acu- minate. Hab. Swampy margins of rivulets: common. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. A somewhat variable species. Sometimes the fruit is shortish and broad- ovoid, or obovoid,—at others ovoid-oblong, or lanceolate, and more than half as long as the glumes. 34. C. acuta, L. Stnminate spikelets 1 to 3, erect; pistillate spike- lets about 3, rather distant, cylindric, subsessile, often staminate at summit; fruit compressed, ovate, acute, orifice entire, about as long as the lanceolate glume. Beck, Bot. p. 442. Acute, or Sharp Carex. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, deeply striate, triquetrous, very acute and scabrous on the angles, leafy at base. Leaves linear, keeled, scabrous on the margin, often longer lhan the culm, radical ones very numerous; sheaths striate, sometimes filamen- tous. Staminate spikelets 2 or 3, (often solitary,) erect, of variable lengths, sessile, except the uppermost one; glumes oblong, mostly obtuse. Pistillate spikelets mostly 3, the lowest on a very short peduncle, upper ones sessile, often staminate at summit; glumes lance-oblong, rather obtuse, sometimes acute, dark brown on the sides with green keel, about as long as the fruit. Fruit compressed. ovate, elliptic, or obovate, smooth, nerveless or indistinctly nerved on the back, acute, with a very short, entire beak. Seed compressed, obovate, mucronate, punc- ticulate. Hab. Swamps, forming large tufts, or tussocks: common. Fl. April. Fr. June. -j- ■(• Stigmas 3. 35, C. pellita, Muhl. Staminate spikelets about 2; pistillate spike- lets 2 or 3, cylindric-oblong, erect, rather distant, upper one sessile ; fruit hispid, pubescent, triquetrous-ovoid, with a short bicuspidate beak, about as long as the lance-ovate awned glume. Beck, Bot. p. 444. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 195. C. striata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 174. Furred Carex. Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, triquetrous and scabrous above, smooth below, striate, leafy. Leaves rather narrow, lance-linear, nearly flat, erect, long-acumi- nate, slightly scabrous on the margin, about as long as the culm. Staminate spike* tets 2 or 3, (sometimes 1,) upper one pedunculate; glumes ovate, acute. Pistillate i2 TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA spikelets 2 or 3, cylindric or ovoid-oblong, dense-fruited, erect, the upper one ktf sile or subsessile, the lowest on a short peduncle, (sometimes rather elongated,) ; glumes ovate or lanceolate, cuspidate, often longer than the fruit: 6mc/s foliaceons.!, scabrous, surpassing the culm. Fruit ovoid, ventricose, obscurely triangular, stri- ate, densely pubescent, with a short beak bicuspidate at apex. Seed triquetrous- turbinate, puncticulate. Hab. Moist grounds: Serpentine ridge: Valley : not common. Fl. May. Fr- July. 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. Some of the specimens collected by Mr. Townsend, have the pistillate spikelets with staminate florets at summit., and the glumes comparatively short-mucronate. Nearly one hundred additional species have been described as natives of the TJ. States, but the foregoing are all that have been ascertained in Chester County ;—though I doubt not a number re- main yet to be detected within its limits. The Carices, and indeed all the plants in the Natural Order Cyperacea,nere enumerated, are of very little known value, in domestic or rural economy ; and a large portion of them, by their prevalence, merely serve to indicate the neglected or unimproved lands of slovenly Agricultu- rists. The following Order, on the contrary,—although somewhat allied to the Cyperaceae,—embraces a great aumber of plants of the most interesting character, and of inestimable value to Man. [Spartina cynosuroides. Cenchrus tribuloides. Triandria Digynia.J [Galium trifidum. Tetrandria Monogynia.] EJuncus eflusus. J. marginatus. J. acuminatus, and J. polycephalus. Hexandn* Monogynia.] [Acer eriocarpum. Octandria Monogynia.~\ Order 2. Digynia. GRASSES.* ATat. Ord! 261. Lindl. Graminea. * The Plants of this Order consist of what are called the true Grasses; a remark- ably natural groupe, with herbaceous, jointed or nodose stems, called Culms, which are for the most part cylindrical, and fistular between the nodes ; Leaves alternate, one originating at each node, always entire, and generally linear, with parallel nerves,—the bases, or what may be considered as the petioles of the leaves, sheath- ing the culm, but uniformly slit on one side down to their origin,—and frequently with a whitish, projecting membrane (called a Ligule) at the top of the sheath. The Flowers are usually Perfect or Monoclinous,—sometimes Polygamous, occasional- ly Monoicous,—disposed in little clusters, called Spikelets; and these, again, are arranged in Panicles, Racemes, or Spikes,—which, on their first appearance, pro- trude from the sheaths of the leaves as from a spathe. Each perfect or fertile Floret produces a single Seed. The floral coverings are glumaceous, or chaffy, and more or less distichously imbricated. The outer, or lower ones, (which are empty—being in fact a sort of involucre—consisting mostly of 2, rarely of 1, or 3, pieces, called valves,) have been considered as equivalent to the calyx of other plants ; and those immediately enclosing the stamens have been called corolla: but they are all now regarded more properly ae^Bracts. The small Scales (Nectary, Linn.) generally to be found at the base of the ovary, may perhaps be deemed the rudiments ofa true Perianth. With a view, therefore, to a convenient distinction between the floral envelopes of the Grasses, I shall adopt the language of Palisot de Btauvois,—which has been sanctioned by the respectable authority ofLindley and £«cfc,—calling the exterior or lower bracts> Glumes, and those which wunciUalelj j&veet ihe flower, Pult«. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 43 Div. I. Panicex—Panic-gravs Tribe. rxRkCEES^EXcD Spiked, or Panicled. Spikelets 1, or more usually, -ifloitcreJ. (ciOi, erne of the Florets imperfect, or abortive. Glumes generally membranaceous. sxupetimes owned. Paleae more or less cartilaginous; the lower p&ica herlf en- folding tile upper one; mostly aimless. j- Spikelets 1-fiowered: Flowers all perfect* 25. PASPALUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 84. [Greek, Paspalos, Millet; from the resemblance of its seeds.] Flowers in unilateral Spikes. Glumes 2-valved, membranaceous, equal, nearly orbicular, closely pressed to the two plano-convex palex. Stig- mas plumose, colored. Seed coated with the smooth cartilaginous paleae. 1. P. setaceum, AIx. Culm slender, a little pilose above; leaves and sheaths pilose ; spike mostly solitary ; flowers in two rows. Beck, Bot. p. 399. P, pubescens. Muhl. Catal. p. 8. Ejusd. Gram. p. 92. Florul. Cestr. p. 11. P. ciliatifolium. Gray, Gram. Specim. no. 24. Also? Torr. Fl. 1. p. 75. Eat. Man. p. 251. Not of Mx. Muhl. and Ell. Also ? P. debile. AIx. Am. p. 44. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 70. Muhl. Catal. p. 8. Ejusd. Gram. p. 91. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 57. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 105. Eat. Man. p. 251. Setaceous, or slender Paspalum. Root perennial. Culm erect, 1 to 2 feet high, smooth and purplish below, some- what pilose and very slender above ; nodes glabrous, purple. Leaves narrowish lanceolate, rather short, mostly very hairy on both sides; sheaths nerved, smooth pilose at throat and on the margin. Spike solitary, on a very long terminal pe- duncle; often with another on a short peduncle, proceeding from the same sheath. Rachis convex on the back, pilose at base. Florets plano-convex, alternate, some- what in two rows, with the flat side out; pedicels short, bifid, or with each a little bract-like process at base resembling an abortive floret. Glumes roundish ovate smooth. Palea, of the same form as the glumes, cartilaginous, very smooth and shining, the lower one embracing the upper. Seed plano-convex. Hab. Sandy fields, and road sides; frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 06s. I think Dr. Gray is mistaken, in making this synonymous with P. ciliati-. folium, of Mx. and JEW. I have specimens of the latter, received from Mr, EM- ett himself; and they are apparently quite distinct from our plant. 2. P. LiEVE, Mx. Culm rather stout, smooth; leaves generally smooth, pilose at base ; spikes 2 to 6, alternate ; flowers in two rews. Beck, Bot. p. 399. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 25. Also, P. precox. AIx. Am. 1. p. 44. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 106. according to Gray, I. c. Smooth Paspalum. Root perennial. Culm erect, 18 inches, to 3 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, often long, generally smooth, pilose at base, just above the ligule ; lower sheaths semetjmes pilcse, /S]pjAe* 2 io 6, with a few long white hairs at base, .BfiwAwSe*. 14 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA uose, flat on the back, marginate. Pedicels undivided, 1-flowercd. Florets plano- convex, alternate, in two rows, larger than the preceding. Glumes orbicular-ovate. l-nsrved, minutely striate. Hab. Grassy banks : Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. Obs. Sometimes the whole plant is quite smooth ; in other instances, the leave? are somewhat pilose, and the lower sheaths conspicuously so. There are 8 or 9 ad- ditional species enumerated in the U. States. -j- | Spikelets 2-flowered; one of them abortive. 26. DIGIT ARIA. Bailer. A'utt. Gen. 82. [Latin, Digitus, a finger ; the spikes being digitate, or finger-like.] Spikes linear, digitate or fasciculate ; spikelets unilateral, in pairs, on short bifid pedicels. Glumes mostly 2-valved; the lower one very small, sometimes wanting. Lower floret abortive; palea single, membrana- ceous. Upper floret perfect; palea 2, subcartilaginous, lance-oblong, nearly equal. Seed striate. 1. D. sanguinalis, Scop. Spikes numerous, fascicled, a little spread- ing ; leaves lanceolate; spikelets in pairs ; florets lance-oblong, slightly ciliate-pubescent on the margin. Beck, Bot. p. 398. Panicum sanguinale. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 342. Ait, Kew. 1. p. 142. Bigel. Bost. p. 41. Bloody, or Purple Digitaria. Vulgo—Crab-grass. Finger-grass. Root annual. Culm decumbent, 12 to 18 inches long, geniculate, glabrous, radi- cating at the lower joints. Leaves softly pilose ; sheaths strigosely hairy: ligule short, ovate, white, often tinged with purple. Spikes 4 to 6, sometimes 8 or 9, often in 2 fascicles a little distant, becoming purple : rachis flat, flexuose, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets in pairs, in two rows, appressed to the rachis, on short pe- dicels, the lower one subsessile. Inferior glume almost wanting. Hab. Gardens,and cultivated grounds: common. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. This is a well known, troublesome grass to Gardeners; and very difficult to keep in subjection, in the latter part of summer. 2. D. filiformis, Ell. Spikes 2 to 4, erect, alternate, filiform ; spike- lets mostly in threes, all pedicellate; glume 1-valved, as long as the abortive floret, pubescent. Beck. Bot. p. 398. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 23. D. pilosa? AIx. Am. l.p. 45. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 69. Panicum filiforme. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 343. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 142. Filiform Digitaria. Boor annual. Culm erect, very slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves short, narrow- lanceolate, slightly hairy, scabrous on the margin; lower sheaths very hairy, up- per ones glabrous. Spikes mostly 2, (sometimes 1,3, or 4.) filiform; rachis flexuose, scabrous. Spikelets in twos or threes, on pedicels of diflerent lengths, divided to the base. Glume acute, 3-nerved, pubescent. Palea of the abortive floret 5-nerv- ed, pubescent, as long as the perfect floret. Hab. Dry sandy banks, and road sides: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Two or three other species are known in the United States ; of which the D. glabra may probably be found in Chester County; but it has not yet been sbscrved. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 45 27. PANICUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 7 9. [Latin, Pellicula, a mode of flowering; or Panis, bread—which some .- tremities cf the branches, oblong-ovoid, slightly pubescent. Lower glume minnte. upper one obscurely 5-nerved. Abortive floret neutral; upperpaiea about half as long as the lower. Perfect floret a little longer than the upper glume, smooth ami shining; the lower palea somewhat keeled. Hub. Dry woodlands; old fields, &e. common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 06s. This appears to embrace numerous varieties, which are noteasily reduced to any satisfactory arrangement. I derived but little aid from consulting Muhlen- berg's Herbarium. Some of the varieties are generally smooth, and others quite villous. Sometimes all the nodes have a retrorsely villous ring—and in some in- stances they are nearly glabrous. 6. P. MicnocARPON, Muhl. Culm simple, erect; sheaths smooth. striate, pilose on the margin; leaves lanceolate, nerved, ciliate at base, margins scabrous; panicle erect, much branched, smooth; spikelet.s small, ovoid or obovoid, nearly smooth. .Muhl. Gram.p. 111. Small-fruited Panicum. Root perennial. Culm 18 to 30 inches high, erect, simple, smooth ; nodes glab- rous. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, somewhat scabrous above, smooth beneath, undulate and scabrous on the margin, ciliate at base ; radical leaves ovate, acute : sheaths smooth, deeply striate, sparingly pilose or ciliate on the margin ,- ligule none. Panicle erect, much branched, rather large, somewhat pyramidal: branches flexuose, nearly smooth. Spikelets numerous, at the ends of the branch- es, small, scarcely pubescent. Lower glume very small, ovate, obtuse, generally purple: upper one obovate, obtuse. Abortive floret neutral; upper palea about 2 thirds the length of the lower. Perfect floret as long as the upper glume, smooth and shining, bluish white. J5Ta6. Woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. 06s. This has hitherto been considered, here, as one of the many varieties of P. nitidum,—though it is considerably larger, with broad-lanceolate leaves, often nearly an inch wide. It agrees so nearly with Dr. Muhlenberg's description, that I believe it is his plant 7. P. latifolium, L. Culm generally simple, with the nodes re- trorsely pilose ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smoothish, or, with the sheaths, somewhat pubescent; panicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubes- cent ; spikelets oblong-ovoid; abortive floret staminate, the upper palea acute, nearly as long as the lower one. Beck, Bot. p, 394. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 109. Broad-leaved Panicum. Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, mostly simple. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3 or 4 inches long and about 1 inch wide.subcordate and clasping at base, spread- ing, generally smooth, sometimes ciliate : sheaths about half as long as the inter nodes, ciliate along the margin, often pubescent. Panicle simple, rather few-flow- ered ; branches pubescent. Spikelets rather large, pubescent: lower glume ovate, loose, upper one strongly nerved. Abortive floret with 3 perfect stamens. Per- fect floret lanceolate, acute. Hab. Shaded ditch banks; woods and thickets : common. H.June. Fr. Aug. \h TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA Obs. This plant is sometimes nearly smooth ; but often the leaves and sheaths «> quite pubescent. One of the specimens in my copy of Dr. Gray's workhasthr nodes smooth. There is, apparently, an autumnal variety of this species, with narrow-lanceolate, erect, crowded leaves at summit, and blendod with small de- pauperated panicles, giving it something of the habit of P. dichotomum. 8. P. clandestinum, L. Culm with short axillary branches, nodes smooth; leaves broad-lanceolate, subcordate at base, often ciliate; sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; abortive floret neu- tral, the upper palea obtuse, about 2 thirds the length of the lower one. Beck, Bot. p. 394. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 27. P. latifolium, var. clandestinum. Pursh. Am. 1. p. 68. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 49. Clandestine, on Hidden-flowered Panicum. Root perennial. Culm 2 to S feet high, rigid, leafy, nodes smooth ; branches ap- pressed. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, ciliate at base : sheaths deeply striate, hispid with horizontal hairs arising from papilla in the grooves. Panicles terminal and lateral; the latter concealed in the sheaths of the loaves, simple, few-flowered. Spikelets oblong-ovoid, rather obtuse, pubescent: lower glume ovate, acute, the upper one oval, 7-nerved. Perfect floret about as long as the upper glume, smooth and shining. Hab. Moist grounds, meadows and thickets : frequent; Fl. July. Fr. Sept 06s. Resembles P. latifolium; but may be distinguished by the characters here given. I have specimens, with smooth nodes, which seem to be intermediate be tween P. clandestinum and P. latifolium; and which I was inclined to think might be P. nervosum, Muhl. But they do not quite agree with the description. * * Spikelets in racemose Panicles. 9. P. agrostoides, Aluhl. Culm compressed, glabrous ; leaves very long ; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal; branches bearing ra- cemes ; spikelets appressed, small, lanceolate, acute ; abortive floret neu- tral, with the pales nearly equal. Beck, Bot. p. 396, Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 32. P. elongatum. Pursh, Am. l.p. 69, P. fusco-rubens 1 ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 53. Also? Eat. Man. p. 249. Agrostis-like Panicum. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth at the joints. Leaves forming a large tuft about the root; those of the culm about a foot long, lance-linear, keeled, scabrous on the margin; sheaths shorter than the internodes, striate, glabrous; ligule very short, truncate. Panicles mostly dark purple, terminal and lateral; the latter on long compressed peduncles; branches slightly flexuose, at length hori zontal. Spikelets in somewhat secund racemes, crowded, on short pedicels, acute. smooth, often with very slender setaceous bracts at base: lower glume about half the length of the upper, very acute, keeled ; upper glume rather longer than the abortive floret, acuminate, with 5 prominent nerves. UpperpaJea of the abortive floret acute, 1-nerved. Perfect floret nearly a third shorter than the upper glume, smooth and shining. Hab. Moist meadows: borders of swamps: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 10. P. anceps, Mx. Culm compressed ; sheaths ancipital, pilose near the throat, and on the margin; panicle erect, oblong, somewhat contrac- ted, with nearly simple branches ; spikelets interruptedly racemose, TRIAXDRIA D1GYX1A 49 acuminate ; abortive floret neutral, with the upper palea oblong, obtuse or emarginate. Beck, Bot. p. 396. Specim 1 Gray, Gram. 1. no. 33. P. rostratum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 9. Ejusd. Gram. p. 121. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 48 Florul. Cestr. p. 16. Two-edged Panicum. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, compressed, glabrous, somewhat genicu- late at base. Leaves linear, lanceolate, keeled, pilose on the upper surface, slight- ly scabrous on the margin: sheaths about half as long as the internodes, (longer, Ell.) pilose on the margin, and upper part; ligule obsolete. Panicles terminal and lateral, oblong, rather slender or contracted; branches erect. Spikelets smooth, acuminate, with the beak often a little curved or oblique, somewhat secund, in interrupted racemes : lower glume ovate, acute, scarcely half as long as the upper. Upper palea of the abortive floret oblong, rather obtuse, sometimes a little emargi- nate, (bifid, Tot.) ciliate, with agreen nerve on each edge. Perfect floret athird shorter than the upper glume, oblong, very smooth and shining. Hab. Fields and meadows: common. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. This varies considerably in size and pubescence. The spikelets are gen- erally one third or one half larger than in the preceding species. The specimen, in Dr. Gray's work, does not exactly quadrate with our plant. 11. P. proliferum, Lam. Culm assurgent, geniculate, branched at the joints, glabrous ; sheaths smooth and loose ; panicles terminal and axillary, diffuse and expanding; spikelets racemose, smooth ; abortive floret without an upper palea. Beck, Bot. p. 396. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 34. P. dichotomiflorum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 48. P. geniculatum. Afuhl. Catal. p. 9. Ejusd. Gram. p. 123. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 47. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 117. Proliferous Panicum. Whole plant smooth. Root annual. Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, stout and somewhat succulent, geniculate, assurgent, branched. Leaves lanceolate, nerved slightly scabrous on the margin; sheatlis loose, and somewhat inflated; ligule cili- ate, or beard.form. Panicles rather large, spreading; branches straight, scabrous, the principal ones nodesely articulated at base. Spikelets lanceolate, acute ; low- er glume short, very broad, amplexicaul, obtuse, the upper one ovate-lanceolate, acute, 7-nerved: Abortive floret without an upper palea. Perfect floret rather shorter than the upper glume, lanceolate, acute, smooth and shining, obscurely striate. Hab. Wet meadows: margin of Schuylkill: not common. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo. 05s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. A dwarfish variety, much branch; ed and spreading, with culms not more than a span long, occurs about West Ches- ter. 12. P. Crus galli, L. Racemes dense, spikeform, alternate and in pairs, compound; rachis about 5-angled, hirsutely scabrous; glumes hispid with cartilaginous bristles; lower palea of the abortive floret ter- minating in a long scabrous awn ; sheaths of the leaves smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 393. Bchinochloa Crus galli. Beauv. Lindl. Ency. p. 54. Cock's foot Panicum. a 50 TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA Root annual. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves broad-lanceolate. flat, nerved, serrulate on the margin: sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule none. Pani rle pyramidal, with the spikelets crowded in dense, spikeform, compound racemes, on the branches. Spikelets ovoid, plano-convex, echinate, awned; lower glume short, ovate, acute, 3-nerved; the upper one as long as the perfect floret, ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved, with bristles on the nerves. Abortive floret with 2 palea; the lower one ovate, flat, 3 nerved, with a double row of cartilaginous bristles on the marginal nerves, and terminating in a long scabrous awn ; the upper one ovate, acute, membranaceous, nearly as long as the perfect floret. Perfect floret ovate, plano-convex, acuminate, firm, smooth and shining. Seed compressed, orbicular, white or ash-colored. Hab. Wet places : meadows, drains of Barn yards: common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is believed to be an introduced plant. There are 2 varieties of it: one with hispid sheaths, and the other awnless. The awnless variety is rare.in this County. About 30 additional species are known in the U. States, and probably a number more remain to be determined,—particularly in the South. The fore- going are all that I have been able to ascertain, in Chester County. They are all worthless to the agriculturist, and regarded as little better than mere weeds, 28. SET ARIA. Beauv. Agrost. p. 51. [Latin Seta, a Bristle ; from the bristly involucres of the spikelets.] Inflorescence a compound cylindrical Spike: Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more Bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Inferior floret abortive; palex 1 or 2, herbaceous. Sv- perior floret perfect; palex cartilaginous. 1. S. viridis, Beauv. Spike cylindric, green ; involucre of 4 to 10 fasciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; pale® of the perfect floret longitudinally striate, punctate ; margins of the sheaths pilose. Beck, Bot. p. 397. Panicum viride. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 335. Pers. Syn. l.p. 81. Ait.Kew. l.p. 140. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 66. Muhl. Catal.p. 9. Ejusd. Gram. p. 102. Pennisetum viride. AJ'utt. Gen, 1. p. 55. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 51. Eat. Alan. p. 254. Green Setaria. Vulgo—Green Foxtail. Bottle grass. Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, flat, rather scabrous, minutely serrulate on the margin: sheaths striate, pilose on the margin ; ligule bearded. Spike terminal, compound, nearly cylindric ; rachis hirsute with short hairs; bristles of the involucre green, scabrous upwards, much longer than the spikelets. Lower glume broad-ovate, short, amplexicaul, 3-nerved; upper one oblong-ovate, as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved. Abortive floret neuter ; upper pa- lea very small, acute, entire ? (bifid, Torr.). Palea of the perfect floret smooth, puncticulate, striate longitudinally, with a very slight transverse rugosity, under * lens. Hab. Cultivated grounds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. All our species of Setaria are believed to be naturalized foreigners. This one was first collected, here, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes. Its general resemblance to S. glauca, or common Foxtail, renders it liable to be passed by as a green variety tf that plant. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 51 ~. S. Germanic a, Beauv. Spike ovoid-oblong, yellowish green .- involucre of 4 to 8 bristles, about as long as the spikelets ; perfect floret striately punctate, obscurely 3~nerved. Panicum Germanicum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 336. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 81. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 140. Muhl. Gram. p. 104. Pennisetum Germanicum. Eat. Man. p. 254. German Setaria. Vulgo—Alillet. Bengal Grass. Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, flat, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, pubescent on the margin; ligule bearded. Spike compound, ovoid-oblong, or cylindric; rachis densely hirsute with long hairs; bristles of the involucre about as long as the spikelets, sometimes longer, yellowish. Glumes unequal, lower one small, ovate. Upper palea of the abortive floret very minute. Paleae of the perfect floret smooth, minutely striate-punclate. Flab. Fields, in fallow grounds: rare. Fl. July. Fr. August. Obs. Doctor Muhlenberg supposed that this might be a variety of S. viridis,— to which it is certainly allied; but it seems to be sufficiently distinct. Some years ago, it was introduced here as an object of culture, and excited much interest for a time, among the Farmers. It was soon found, however, not to be as valuable as the usual summer crop, of which it occupied Ihe place; and the cultivation of it is now pretty much abandoned. Tlie seed is sown in the early part of May. 3. S. glauca, Beauv. Spike cylindric, tawny yellow ; involucre of 6 to 10 or 11 fascicled bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; pales of the perfect floret transversely rugose. Beck, Bot. p. 397. Panicum glaucum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 335. AIx. Am. 1. p. 46. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 81. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 140. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 66. Afuhl. Catal. p. 9. Ejusd. Gram. p. 100. Ell. Sk. 1, p. 112. Bigel. Bost. p. 40. Pennisetum glaucum. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 55. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 51, Florul.Cestr. p. 17. Eat. Alan. p. 254. Glaucous Setaria. Vulgo—Fox-tail Grass. Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, slightly scab- rous, pilose at base: sheaths striate, smooth; ligule bearded. Spike cylindric, 2 to 4 inches long; rachis pubescent. Bristles of the involucre scabrous upwards, much longer than the spikelets, becoming tawny or orange-yellow, when mature. Abor- tive floret sometimes neutral (often staminate,); upper paleaovate, nearly as long as the lower one, (very minute, Torr.). Palea of the perfect floret crossed by un- dulate wrinkles. Hab. Cultivated grounds; stubble fields, orchards, &c. common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug 4. S. verticillata, Beauv. Spike subverticillate; bristles of the in- volucre in pairs, retrorsely scabrous ; palea of the perfect floret rough- ish-punctate. Beck, Bot. p. 397. Panicum yerticillatum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 334. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 80. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 139. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 66. Aluhl. Catal. p. 9. Ejusd. Gram. p. 102. Bigel. Bost. p. 40. Pennisetum verticillatum. Afutt. Gen. l.p. 55. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 51. Eat. Alan. p. 254. Verticillate Setaria. Root annual. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin: sheaths smooth, pilose on the margin: ligule bearded. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, composed of interrupted verticils ; rachis angled, sulcate . 52 TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA scabrous. Spikelets clustered, on short pedicels. Bristles of the involucre in pairs, retrorsely scabrous, about twice as long as the spikelets, yellowish green, sometimes purplish. Abortive floret neutral; upper palea small. Palea of the perfect floret roughish-punctate, so as to appear papillate. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: West Chester: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Act. 06s. The retrorse teeth on the bristles of this species render the spikes some- what adhesive to objects with which they come in contact. Four other species are enumerated in the U. States: of which the S. italica, with very large spikes, grows along the river Delaware. The others are Southern plains. None of them possess any value to the Agriculturist, except the S. germanica. 29. CENCHRUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 58. [Greek, Kenchros, Millet: probably applied by the ancients to another plant.] Inflorescence racemose : Spikelets 1 to 3, enclosed in a laciniate, echi- nate, cartilaginous Involucre. Glumes 2, unequal, the lower one smaller. Florets dissimilar ; the lower one Staminate, the other Per- fect. Styles 2, united at base. 1. C. tribuloides, L. Involucres globose, pubescent, muricate-spi- nose, split on one side, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets, each one or two-flow- ered. Beck, Bot. p. 399. C. echinatus, var. tribuloides, Torr. Fl. 1. p. 69. Eat. Alar., p. 86. Also ? C. echinatus. Muhl. and oilier American Botanists. TniDULus-LiKE Cenciirus. Vulgo—Bur-gra;;s. Hedge-hog Gross. Root annual, fibrous. Culm decumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, geniculate, branching, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rather short, slightly scabrous on the margin: sheaths loose, smooth ; ligule bearded. Ilweme terminal, of 6 to 12 or 14 alternate, involucrate heads, or clusters ; rachis angular, flexuose, slightly scab- rous (pilose, Muhl. Torr. and Ell.). Involucre urceolate, or globose, laciniate, usually split to the base on one side, hairy, armed with rigid, subulate, scabrous spines ; villous within ; including 1,2, or 3 spikelets, each 1 or 2-flowered. Glumes unequal, herbaceous. Abortive florets mostly staminate; palea membranaceous. Perfect florets lance-ovate, acuminate; palea subcartilagincus, ner\ed, smooth. Seed compressed, orbicular-ovate, brown. 7ia6. Mica-slate hills, near Jno. D. Steele's : rare. Fl Aug. Fr. September. 05s. Prof. Torrey expresses the opinion {in Lilt.) that " it is doubtful whether the true C. echinatus inhabits N. America ; our two species (as some call them) be- ing merely forms of C. tribuloides." The prickly involucres are a grievous pest, wherever this grass prevails in cultivated grounds, or about houses. It is fortu- nately quite rare, as yet, in Chester County. It is believed to be the only species of the genus in the U. States ; and was first observed, here, by Mr. Joshua HoopeSj in 1833. Div. II. Stipace^:—Stipa, or Feather-grass Tribe. Inflorescence Panitled. Spikelets solitary, 1 flowered. Glumes membrana- ceous. Palese mostly 2; lower one coriaceous, involute, owned. 30. ARISTIDA. L. A'utt. Gen. 85. [Latin, Arista, an Awn, or beard; characteristic of the genus.] Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, Palex mostly 2, pedicellate ; lower one coriaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip ; upper one very mi- nute, or obsolete. TRIANDRIA DIGYXIA 58 I. A. dichotoma, AIx. Culm cespitose, dichotomously branching ; panicle contracted, racemose ; lateral awns very short; the intermediate one nearly as long as the palea, contorted. Beck, Bot. p. 400. Spe- cim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 7. Forked Aristida. Vulgo—Poverty Grass. Root perennial 1 (annual or biennial, Torr.) Culm9 to 15 inches long, slender* often oblique, or decumbent, geniculate, branching somewhat dichotomously at the joints, glabrous. Leaves flat, narrow, with setaceous points, minutely serrulate j sheaths very short, open, pilose at throat; ligule very short. Spikelets elongated, slender, disposed in racemes, on clavate peduncles. Glumes lance-linear, cuspi- date^ little longer than the palea (shorter, Torr.). Upper palea obsolete, or none; lower one involute, terete, on a short pubescent pedicel; lateral awns straight, not one fourth the length of the palea, middle one contorted, or bent horizontally. Hab. Dry sterile soils: Mica-slate hills : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 2. A. stricta, AIx ? Culm and leaves strictly erect; panicle slender racemose, spikelets appressed ; lateral awns straight, erect; the middle one longer, at first erect, finally spreading. Beck ? Bot. p. 400. Upright Aristida. Vulgo—Poverty Grass. Root perennial? Culmerecx, setaceously slender, 12to 18inches high, glabrous. Leaves setaceous, erect, convolute towards the extremity; sheaths short, sparing- ly pilose, with long hairs at throat; ligule short. Spikelets acicular, in a slender, erect, racemose panicle. Glumes nearly equal, very acute. Palea single % close- ly involute ; awns very scabrous ; the lateral ones erect, shorter than the palea, the middle one longer than the palea, at first erect, finally oblique. Hab. Dry sterile old fields: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. Our plant does not quite agree with the descriptions in the books,—and in its more advanced stages, seems to approach the preceding: but I have supposed it to be the A. stricta, or a variety of it. Seven or eight additional species are enu- merated in the U. States. They are grasses of no value ; and always indicative of a poor soil. Div. ILT. Agrostide^:—Agrostis, or Herd's Grass Tribe. Inflorescence mostly Panicled, sometimes Spiked. Spikelets solitary, \- a little below the tip. Stamen 1. Seed oblong, acute. Hab. Moist, rich woodlands ; frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. This is a fine looking grass ; and if it could be cultivated successfully in open grounds, might be worthy the attention of Agriculturists. It seems, however. to prefer growing in the shade of rich woodlands. It is the only species of the ge- nus in the U. States ; and has been denied that distinction, by several modern Bot- anists. A number have referred it to Agrostis,—and lately" it has been joined t« Muhlenbergia: but it appears to me to be sufficiently distinct from both. I>. Flowers Triandrous. ■{• Spikelets in Panicles. 32. TRICHODIUM. AIx. ATutt. Gen. 65. £Greek, Thrix, Hair, and Eidos, Form; from its hair-like inflorescence.] Panicle capillary. Glumes 2, nearly equal, very acute, scabrous on the keel. Palea 1, shorter than the glumes, sometimes awned. Seed loosely enclosed by the palea. 1. T. laxiflorum, Mx. Culm erect; leaves lance-linear, short, scab- rous, lower ones involute ; panicle diffuse, with long, capillary branches, trichotomously divided near the end ; spikelets in terminal clusters. Beck, Bot p. 389. Icos, AIx. Am. 1. tab. 8. Agrostis Michauxii, var. laxiflora. Gray, Gram, 1. Specim, no. 17. Loose-flowered Trichodium. Vulgo—Hair-grass. Root perennial. Culm erect, mostly simple, 1 to 2 feet high, very slender. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long, becoming involute and almost filiform; upper ones shorter, (1 to 3 inches,) flat, linear, nerved and scabrous: sheaths rather open, somewhat scabrous ; ligule lanceolate, membranaceous, lacerate. Panicle purple, very loose; branches verticillate, the lower ones in 5's or 6's, upper ones in 3's, at first erect, finally spreading, sharply scabrous, long, and very slender or hair-like, divided trichotomously near the end, with the spikelets in terminal clusters. Glumes lance-linear, acuminate, the lower one a little longer (shorter, Torr.). Pa- tea lanceolate, awnless. Hab. Old fields; Serpentine ridge: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 06s. This grass, so remarkable for its handsome capillary panicles, was first oollecteo', here, in 1829, by D. Townsend, Esq. 2. T. scabrum, Muhl. Culm geniculate at base, assurgent, branch- ed ; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, scabious on the margin; panicle ob- long, branches spreading, or divaricate, twice or thrice trichotomously divided; spikelets rather scattered. Beck, Bot. p. 389. T. decumbens. AIx. Am. 1. p. 42. Pers, Syn. 1, p. 73. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 61. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 42. Lindl. Ency. p. 56. Also 1 Muhl. Catal. p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. §0. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 55 T. pcrcnnans. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 99. Icon, Ell. I. c. tab. 5. f. 2, Also Eat. Alan. p. 369. Agrostis scabra. Willd. Sp, 1. p. 370, Also ? A. anomala. Willd. I. c. Rough Trichodium. Root perennial. Culm I to 2 feet high, geniculate at base, often somewhat de- cumbent, and branching. Leaves of nearly uniform length, (4 to 6 inches,) linear. lanceolate, striate, seabrous on the margin: sheaths generally closed, smooth > ligule oblong, obtuse, (acute, Muhl.) lacerate. Panicle pale green, oblong; bran' ches scabrous, very slender, but not so long as in the preceding species, subdivi ded trichotomously two or three times, becoming horizontal, or divaricate : spike- lets not clustered. Glumes with scarious margins, strongly serrulate on the keel; the lower one a little longer than the upper. Palea generally awnless; but occa- sionally with a conspicuous awn on the back. Hab. Dry, open woodlands, and road sides : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. I "think Dr. Gray has erred, in making this synonymous with the prece ding,—as they appear to me quite distinct. Dr. Baldwin gave me a specimen of T. perennans, Ell. from Georgia, which seems to be identical with our plant. A variety occurs, here, of coarser growth, with the leaves larger, and very scabrous. One or two other species are enumerated in the U. States. The Genus is very nearly allied to Agrostis. 33. AGROSTIS. L. A'utt. Gen. 68. [Greek, Agros, a Field: it being eminently an occupant of fields and pastures.] Glumes 2, nearly equal, sometimes longer, often shorter than the pa- les, the lower one larger. Palese^ 2, unequal, the lower one larger, sometimes awned, often hairy at base, enclosing the seed. * Palese awnless. 1. A. vulgaris, With. Culm erect; panicle spreading, with the bran- ches often smoothish, finally divaricate ; lower palea twice the size ef the upper ; ligule short, truncate. Beck, Bot. p. 387. A. hispida? Willd. Sp. l.p. 370. A. disparl AIx. Am. l.p. 52. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 136. A. polymorpha. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. no. 108. Also ? A. alba. Muhl. Catal. p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. 69. Bart, Phil. 1. p. 42. Common Agrostis. Vulgo—Herd's Grass. Red-top. Root perennial, creeping. Culm erect, or ascending, 1 to 2feethigh. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, scabrous; sheaths striate, smooth. Panicle mostly pur- ple : branches capillary, alternately semiverticillate, spreading, smoothish, or fre- quently scabrous. Glumes smooth, except on the keel, lanceolate, acute, at length expanding. Palea membranaceous, smooth at base; the lower one nearly as long as the glumes, the upper one very small, retuse. Hab. Pastures, and low meadow grounds: sommon. -Fl. July. Fr. August. 06s. There is some obscurity and confusion in the descriptions of this welj •known grass,—perhaps in consequence of its polymorphous character. I think its is undoubtedly the A. alba, of Muhlenberg. I have dwarf specimens, from »»r Mica-slale hills, which appear to be identical with A. vulgaris, var. pumila, ti Fersoon • But the common character of the plant in our meadows, is that ef A. «£*«.: 56 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA Muhl. Although completely naturalized, it isbelievedto be a foreigner. It affords a tolerably good pasture for cattle ; and is valuable in swampy grounds,—which its roots tend to consolidate: but it is not much esteemed for hay,—and is now rare- ly, if at all, cultivated in this County. 2. A. alba, L. Culm decumbent, geniculate, radicating at the lower joints; paniole contracted, at length spreading, with the branches very- scabrous ; palea? nearly equal, the lower one sometimes awned near the tip; ligule oblong, lacerate. Beck, Bot. p. 387. A. decumbens. Muhl. Catal. p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. 68. Bart. Phil. l.p. 42. White Agrostis. Root perennial, creeping. Culm decumbent, geniculate, stoloniferous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous; those of the suckers erect, subulate; sheaths smooth ; ligule elongated, membranaceous. Panicle often dense, finally spreading, green- ish white, sometimes purple. Lower palea occasionally awned on the back, near the tip. Hab. Wet meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. Also a naturalized foreigner: and nearly related to the preceding. The noted Florin grass, of Ireland, is considered a variety of this. 3. A. lateriflora, AIx. Culm ascending, nodose, branching above; panicles terminal and lateral, contracted, dense-flowered; glumes acumi- nate ; paleae mostly longer than the glumes, nearly equal, pubescent at base. Beck, Bot. p. 388, A. mexicana. Willd? Sp. 1. p. 374. Pers? Syn. 1. p. 76. Muhl. Catal.p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. 67. Bart.Phil. l.p. 42. Also 1 Pursh. Am. 1. p. 64. Muhlenbergia mexicana. Gray, Gram. 1. Specim. no. 14. Lateral-flowered Agrostis. Root perennial, creeping. Culm erect, or ascending, 18 inches to 3 feet high. with numerous swelling nodes, much branched, and leafy above, often naked be- low. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, scabrous, especially on the upper surface; sheaths smooth, compressed, and but partially embracing the culm; ligule short, obtuse and lacerate. Panicles numerous, terminating the branches, contracted, dense- flowered, and somewhat spike-form; the lateral ones partly sheathed at base. Glumes narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes purple, often white, with a green, scabrous keel. Palea nearly equal, pubescent at base, generally longer than the glumes, sometimes twice as long; the lower one occasionally terminating in an awn. Hab. Moist grounds: Borders of woods, and fields: common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This species affords an indifferent pasture, in the latter part of summer; but is not.valuable. The A. filiformis, Muhl. which Prof. Torrey makes a variety of this,—with erect culm and branches, filiform panicles, and glumes often as long as the paleae,—is also frequent here. 4. A. sobolifera, Aluhl. Culm erect, somewhat branching; panicle simple, very slender or filiform, with the branches appreseed; palea: equal, longer than the glumes, hairy at base; the lower one mucronate at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 388. Muhlenbergia sobolifera. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. no. 107. Sobolifebous Agrostis, TRIAXDRIA D1GYX1A 5T Roof perennial, creeping. Culm slender, about 2 feet high, s'-boliferous and sometimes decumbent at base, sparingly branched ; branches erect and filiform , nodes not swelling. Leaves narrowish, lance-linear, 4 to 6inches long, scabrous: sheaths open, smooth; ligule short, truncate (none, Muhl.). Panicles filiform, resembling very slender spikes; branches alternate, or in pairs, appressed ; spike- lets crowded. Glumes acute. Palea about one third longer than the glumes, awn- less, hairy at base ; the lower one keeled, roughish, muoronato. Hab. Open, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. Obs. This resembles the var. filiformis, of the preceding species : but ha*, gen- erally, fewer branches, or lateral panicles. 5. A. virginica, Aluhl. Culms numerous, procumbent at base, as- surgent ; leaves subdistichous, involute, rigid ; panicles spike-form, ter- minal and lateral, the lateral ones concealed; glumes nearly equal, about as long as the palea;. Beck, Bot. p. 389. Not 1 of L. Willd. nor Ell. A. punge.is. Pursh, . im. 1. p. 64. Not of Schreb. Willd. nor Pers. Villa vaginiflora. Gray, Gram. 1. Specim. no. 3. Virginian Agrostis. Root annual ? fibrous. Culm 9 to 18 inches long, nearly simple, somewhat ces- pitose, assurgent, often procumbent, geniculate, scabrous below the nodes. Leaves H to 3 inches long, erect, subulate, rigid, involute and filiform at the point, some- what scabrous, pilose at base : sheaths smooth, pilose at throat, often loose, and tumid with the enclosed panicles ; ligule obsolete. Panicles oblong, compressed, spiko-f >rm ; branches very short, scabrous, alternate or in pairs. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, keeled, membranaceous. Palea. nearly equal, about a* long as the glumes, (sometimes rather shorter,) ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Stamens mostly wanting in the lateral panicles. Hab. Dry, sandy banks; road-sides: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Although this species differs much, in habit, from the others, I do not per- ceive sufficient grounds for a generic distinction. * * Pa less awned. 0. A. tenciflora, JVilhl. Culm erect,nearly simple,pubescent about the joints ; branches appressed; panicle contracted, very slender; pales twice as long as the glumes. Beck, Bot. p. 388. Muhlenbergia YVilldcnovii. Gray, Gram. 1. Specim. no. 12. Slender-flowered Agrostis. Root perennial, creeping. Culm about 3 feet high, simple, or with a few appres- sed branches, retrorsely pubescent near the nodes. Leaves broadish, lanceolate, nerved, scabrous, 6 to 9 inches long, spreading: sheaths roughish pubescent; li- ;-«'t obsolete, or very short. Panicle long, very slender; with long, rather re- mote, filiform, erect branches. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate. Pu* lea about twice as long as the glumes, scabrous, pilose at base; lower one termi- nating in an awn 3 or 4 times as long as the spikelet. Hab. Open woodlands: frequent. Fl. Aug. Ft. September. 7. A. stlvatica, Torr. Culm ascending, much branched, diffuse, nodose, smooth ; panicle slender, somewhat dense-flowered ; palese rath- er longer than the glumes. Beck, Bot. p. 388. Not of Willd. A. diffusa. Aluhl. Catal. p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. 64. Not of Host. Muhlenbergia sylvatica. Gray, Gram. 1. Specim. no. 13. Wood Agrostis. 58 TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA Root perennial, creeping. Culm 2 to 3 feet long, very much branched and dif- fuse, smooth ; nodes swelling. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, scabrous, 4 to 6 inches long -.sheaths smooth, open; ligule lacerate. Panicles slender, with the spike- lets often somewhat densely clustered, on the branches. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, with a long slender acumination. Palea a little (and often very little) longer than the glumes, scabrous, somewhat pilose at base ; the lower one ending in an awn 4 or 5 times as long as the spikelet; awn often purple. Hab. Borders of woods; Eachus'clearing: frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. It is nearly allied to the pre ceding; but differs in habit—being much branched, and diffuse,—and more resem- bles Muhlenbergia diffusa, at first view. Several of the species have lately been referred to Muhlenbergia; but it seems to me to be rather an unnecessary inno- vation. Some 15 or 16 additional species, (as the genus formerly slood,) have been enumerated in the U. States. Our native species have not been considered particularly valuable, by Agriculturists. 34. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb. ATutt. Gen. 64. [In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D. D. one of our most distinguished Botanists.] Glumes 2, very minute, unequal; one scarcely perceptible. Palete 2, many times longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, nerved, hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long awn. 1. M. diffusa, Schreb. Culm decumbent, branching, diffuse ; leaves lance-linear; panicles terminal and lateral, slender, branched, branches appressed ; awn about as long as the palea. Beck, Bot. p. 391. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. tab. 5. /. 1. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 106. Dilepyrum minutiflorum. AIx. Am. 1. p. 40. Spreading Muhlenbergia. Vulgo—Drop-seed Grass. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm slender, decumbent, 12 to 18 inches long, gen- iculate, compressed, branched, glabrous ; branches assurgent. Leaves lance-linear, narrow, 2 to 3 inches long, scabrous, (glabrous, Muhl.): sheaths open, striate, smooth, pubescent at throat; ligule very short, finally lacerate, or ciliate. Pani- cles terminal and lateral, slender, often purple ; branches alternate, somewhat dis- tant, appressed, racemose, scabrous ; spikelets all pedicellate. Glumes persistent, very minute; the lower one scarcely perceptible, the upper one truncate, laciniate- dentate. Palea unequal; the lower one longer, lance-linear, almost triangular, with 3 prominent scabrous nerves, and terminating in a slender scabrous awn, which is generally purplish, and a little longer than the palea. Seed linear-oblong, acute, brown. Hab. Borders of open woodlands, and pastures : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 2. M. erecta, Schreb. Culm erect, simple ; leaves lanceolate ; panicle terminal, simple, racemose; awn twice as long as the palea; upper palea with an awn at base, lodged in the dorsal groove. Beck, Bot. p. 391. M. aristata. Pers. Syn. l.p. 73. M. Brachyelytrum. Gray, Gram. 1. Specim. no. 11. Bilepyruin aristosum. AIx. Am. 1. p. 40. Brachyelytrum aristatum. Torr. Fl. l.p. 102. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 59 B. erectum. Eat. Alan. p. 57. Erect Muhlenbergia. Root perennial, creeping, soboliferous. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, retrorsely pubes- cent at and below the nodes. Leaves lanceolate, broadish, 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous, somewhat pilose, and ciliate on the margin: sheaths a little opening, pubescent, especially about the throat; ligule membranaceous, lacerate. Panicle simple, racemose, erect; spikelets all pedicellate, much larger than in the prece- ding species. Glumes very unequal; the lower one scarcely perceptible, the up- per one subulate, rigid, about 4 times shorter than the paleae (10 times, Torr.). Palea lance-linear, strongly nerved, scabrous, with short sharp bristles on the nerves, pilose at base ; the lower one longer, 5-nerved terminating in a scabrous awn more than twice as long as the palea; the upperone involute,grooved on the back, with an awn at base about two thirds its length, which is lodged in the groove. {Beauvois considers this awn as the rudiment of an abortive floret.) Seed long, lance-linear, grooved on one side, brown, with a long white pubescent acumination. Hab. Rocky woodlands ; Brandywine ; W. Chester: frequent. Fl. July, Fr. Aug. 06s. This species is not so common as the preceding. It differs considerably from the M. diffusa; but, I think, is more naturally associated with it than those species of Agrostis, which have been recently referred to Muhlenbergia. The foregoing are the only species of the genus,—excluding the Agrostides alluded to. The M. diffusa affords an indifferent pasture ; but neither of them can be consid- ered of much value. ■j- -J- Spikelets in a dense cylindrical Spike, 35. PHLEUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 7g. [A name used by the ancient Greeks; probably for a different plant.] Glumes 2, equal, much longer than the palese, keeled, compressed, with an awn proceeding from the midrib. Palex 2, included in the glumes, awnless, truncate, 1. P. pratense, L. Culm erect; spike cylindric, long ; glumes truncate, mucronate, -with a ciliate keel: awn shorter than the glume. Beck, Bot. p. 392. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. tab. 7. f. 1. Meadow Phleum. Vulgd—Timothy. Cat's-tail Grass. Gallice"—FUole des Pres. Germanice—Das Wiesen-lieschgras. Root perennial, fibrous, or somewhat tuberous when old. Culm 2 to 4feet high, simple, erect, terete, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, nerved, glaucous, somewhat scabrous: sheaths striate, smooth ; ligule membranaceous, obtuse, at length lacc-ate. Spike 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, dense, cylindvic, green. Glumes equal, compressed, abruptly mucronate, pubescent, ciliate on the keel. Paleae concealed in the glumes; lower one larger. Anthers purple. Stigmas white. Hab. Fields and meadows: connmon. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. This grass is a native of Europe ; but is extensively naturalized. In New England it is known by the name of Herd's Grass ; a name which is here applied exclusively to Agrostis vulgaris. The meadow Phleum, or Timothy, is very generally cultivated in Chester Count j; and is undoubtedly one of the most valuable grasses known to our farmers. Mixed with the red clover, (Trifolium pratense,) it makes the best quality of hay. It requires a good soil; and is con. 60 TRIANDRIA D1GYN1 A tidered a severe and exhausting crop. The seed is usually sownin autumn, among) and immediately after, Wheat and Rye; though it succeeds very well when sown in the spring. Prof. Eaton enumerates one other species, in the United States. f f f Spikelets in unilateral, Panicled Spikes. 36. SPARTINA. Schreb. Gen. PI. 98. [Said to be formed from Spartum; on account of its resemblance to the plant, called Lygeum Spaxtum.~\ Spikelets imbricated in a double row, in unilateral spikes. Glumes 2, unequal, compressed. Palex 2, rather unequal, compressed, awnless. Style long, bifid. Seed oblong, compressed. 1. S. ctnosuroides, Willd, Leaves sub-linear, very long, convolute and filiform at the end ; spikes alternate, scattered, pedunculate ; glumes awned. Beck, Bot. p. 417. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 101. Not l of Torr. nor Bigel. S. polystachia. Aluhl. Gram. p. 53. Not of Ell. nor Gray. Trachynotia cynosuroides. AIx. Am. l.p. 64. Limnetis cynosuroides. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 72. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 59, A'utt. Gen. l.p. 38. Not? of Eat. Alan. p. 206. ClNOSURUS-LIKE Sl'ARTINA. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, glabrous, rather slender. Leaves very long, (2 feet and upwards,) narrow, nearly linear, slightly scabrous on the margin, rather inclining to be convolute, especially at the end, where they become filiform: sheaths striate, glabrous; ligule bearded. Panicle slender, long, loose, rather se- cund; spikes one-sided, alternate, scattered, 1 and a half to 3 inches long, on pedun- cles half an inch to 2 inches in length. Spikelets imbricated in a double row, in- serted alternately on two sides of the triangular rachis,—which is flat on the back, and acutely scabrous on the angles: glumes unequal, compressed, strongly serru- late on the keel; the lower one about half as long as the upper, lance-linear, ter- minating in a scabrous awn-like acumination ; the upper glume lance-oblong, mar- gin broad, white, and membranaceous, keel green, aculeate, striate or grooved on each side, and terminating in a scabrous awn, nearly as long as the glume. Palea nearly equal, compressed, shorter than the upper glume, white membranaceous, awnless, the lower one with a few prickles on the keel towards the apex. Anthers linear, pale yellow. Style long, bifid; stigmas white. Seed lance-oblong, com- pressed. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill .-Black rock: rare. Fl. August. Fr. Sept, 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. This species seems to have been confounded with S. polystachya, by several authors; but, from the specimens given by Dr. Gray, they appear to be quite distinct. In S.polystachya, the leaves are much broader,—the spikes more numerous, and in more densely clustered pan- icles,—and the glumes are merely acuminate, or mucronate; whereas, in our plant, the glumes are conspicuously awned,—especially the upper one. Three addition' al species are described as natives of the U. States; chiefly confined to the salt water districts, along the Sea coast. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 61 Dit. IV. Festucace;e—Festuca, or Fescue-grass Tribe. Inflorescence Panicled. Spikelets solitary, one, few, or many-flowered. Glumes and Palcse of nearly similar texture, usually keeled. Lower palea often awned, or mucronate ; upper palea with two keels. § 1. Arundineh—Reed-grass Groupe. Spikelets few-flowered. Florets invested with a pappus at base,—or with abor- tive rudiments, in the form of accessory paleee. f Panicle loose. 37. ARUNDO. L. A'utt. Gen. 106. [Latin, Arundo, a Reed: Celtic, Aru, water: from its place of growth. De Theis.~\ Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. The lower floret staminate, and naked at base ; the others perfect, on villous pe- duncles. Palex unequal; the lower one much longer, with a long, in- volute, awn-like acumination. 1. A. Phragmites, L. Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered; glumes shorter than the florets ; paleae awnless. Beck, Bot. p. 405. Phragmites communis. Torr. Fl. l.p. 103. Eat. Alan. p. 262. Gray, Gram, 2. Specim. no. 127. Hedge Arundo. Vulgo—Reed-grass. Gallice—Roseau a balais. Geraian.-Gemeines Rohr. Hispan.—Caiia. Root perennial. Culm 8 to 12 feet high, often an inch or more in diameter at base, nodose, terete, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 feet long, and about 2 in- ches broad, attenuated at the end, glaucous, smooth, scabrous on the margin : sheaths closely embracing the culm, smooth ; ligule very short, pilose or fimbriate. Panicle terminal, much branched, very large, loose; branches smoothish, long, slender, semi-verticillate, with a tuft of soft hairs at base. Spikelets lance-linear, (nearly subulate when young,) erect, pedunculate, 3 to 5 (mostly 31) flowered, Glumes lanceolate, smoothish, the lower one much shorter (much longer, Torr.), Lowest floret staminate, (sometimes perfect 1) sessile, naked at base ; the upper ones pedicellate, the pedicels clothed with long, white, silky hairs, nearly as long as the florets (These hairs are scarcely perceptible in the young flowers.) Palea very unequal; the lower one linear-lanceolate, with a long slender acumination^ which is involute, and resembles an awn. Seed with a pappus at base {Muhl.). Hab. Borders of swamps: Wynn's meadows, Brandywine : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Found by Mr. Joshua Hoor-ES, in 1834, at the above locality,—the only one known in Chester County. It is a fine looking plant, somewhat resembling Broom earn, in habit. There is often a sort of stricture across each leaf, as if a transverse nerve had been drawn a little tight. It is common both to Europe and America ; but is the only species of the genus in the United States,—if the Calamagrostides are excluded. 62 TRIAXDRIA D1GYNIA ■j" ■(■ Panicle Contracted. 38. CALAMAGROSTIS. Roth. ATutt. Gen. 70. [Greek, Kalamos, a Reed, and Agrostis; from its affinity to both.] Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, acute, or acuminate. Palex 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with hairs at base ; lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip; the upper one often with a stipitate pencil-form pappus at base. 1. C. canadensis, Beauv. Panicle oblong, loose ; glumes very acute, smoothish ; the lower palea awned on the back. Torr. Synop. ined. {fide Gray). Specim, Gray, Gram. 1. no. 18. Not of A'uttall. C. mexicana. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 46. Beck, Bot. p. 401. C. cinnoides. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 45 Not of Florul. Cestr. Arundo Canadensis. Mx. Am. l.p. 73. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 86. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 93. Bigel. Bost. p. 38. Eat. Man. p. 31. A. cinnoides. Aluhl. Catal. p. 13. Ejusd. Gram. p. 187. Also, A. agrostoides. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 86. Canadian Calamagrostis. Root perennial Culm 3 to 4 feet high, glabrous. Leaves lance-linear, striate or nerved, somewhat scabrous; sheaths nerved, glabrous, lower ones retrorsely pu- bescent ; ligule elongated, lacerate. Panicle erect, much divided, rather loose; branches capillary, aggregated in 5's or 6's. Glumes longer than the paleae, acute or slightly acuminate, smoothish, scabrous on the keel. Palea unequal; the low- er one with a slender awn, hall way down the back; the upper one sometimes with a stipitate pappus at base; hairs at the base of the paleae copious, as long or rather longer than the paleae. Seed pubescent {Muhl). Hab. Swampy meadows: Londongrove: rare. Fl Aug. Fr. September. 06s. This species was found in Londongrove township, by my amiable and venerable friend, the late Mr. John Jackson,—one of the earliest and most suc- cessful cultivators of Botany in Chester County. 2. C coarctata, Torr. Panicle contracted, linear-oblong, some- what dense and spike-form; glumes roughish-pubescent, acuminate, keeled ; the lower palea awned a little below the summit; the upper one with a stipitate pappus at base. Torr. Synop. ined. {fide Gray). Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 19. C. canadensis. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 46. C. cinnoides. Florul. Cestr. p. 10. Not of Muhl. nor Bart. Phil. Agrostis glauca. Aluhl. Catal. p. 10. Ejusd. Gram. p. 76. Arundo coarctata. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 94. Bigel. Bost. p. 39. Also, Eat. Man. p. 31. COARCTATE, OR CONDENSED CALAMAGROSTIS. Whole plant glaucous. Root perennial. Culm erect, 2 to 4 feet high. Leave? linear-lanceolate, nerved, somewhat pilose and scabrous, nerves and keel white : sheaths striate, sometimes pilose ; ligule oblong, obtuse. Panicle terminal, stiffly erect, densely contracted; branches short, aggregated. Glumes nearly equal. lanceolate, with a subulate acumination, margins often purple; the lower one \- nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Palea nearly equal, scabrous, something shorter tfe^n the glumes; lower one 5-nerved, bifid at apex, with a short, straight awn, a TRIAXDRIA D1GYXIA 63 little below the tip, the upper one with two keels, and a stipitate pappus at base. Hairs, or general pappus, surrounding the base of the paleae, about as long as the floret, sometimes a little shorter. Seed villous, with a hairy tuft at the apex. Hab. Wet places, in the Mica-slate range : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. The stipitate pappus, at the base of the upper palea, has been supposed, with much plausibility, to be the rudiment of an abortive floret. 39. PHALARIS, L. A'utt. Gen. 73. [Greek, Plialos, brilliant; on account of its smooth shining seeds.] Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, ovate, or lanceolate, boat-shaped, nerved. Palex 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, cori- aceous, coating the seed ; each with an external accessory palea, or ru- diment of an abortive floret, at base. 1. P. arundinacea, L. Panicle oblong; contracted, lobed, or with the spikelets clustered and somewhat secund on the branches; glumes scabrous; rudiments pilose. Aluhl. Gram. p. 89. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 39. P. americana. Torr. Fl. l.p. 100. Ejusd. Comp p. 54. Bigel.Bost. p. 30. Eat. Alan. p. 258. Beck, Bot. p. 392. Not of Elliott. Arundo colorata. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 457, Ait. Kew. 1. p. 174. Calamagrostis colorata. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 46. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 44. Also, Beck, Bot. p. 401. Reed-like Phalaris, Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, ner- ved, scabrous on the margin, of a deep green color: sheaths striate, smooth; li- gule ovale, obtuse. Panicle glaucous, oblong, erect, at first contracted, finally a little spreading; spikelets glomerate and rather secund on the branches. Glumes compressed at apex, acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, whitish, nerves green, keel scabrous. Palea nearly equal, shorter than the glumes, pilose with appressed hairs, somewhat coriaceous and shining; the lower one ovate, a little tumid. The rudiments, or accessory palea, small, linear, fringed with white hairs about one third the length of the floret. Anthers yellow. S'ales lance-ovate, acute, entire. Seed obovate, dark brown. Hab. Swampy ditches and rivulets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. The var. picta, a foreign grass, with striped leaves—commonly called rib- band-grass—\s frequent in our gardens. Although our plant approaches Calama- grostis, in habit, it is undoubtedly, I think, a true Phalaris. It is, however, very distinct from the P. americana, of Elliott: of which I have received good specimens from my friend Mr. Curtis, of Wilmington, N. Carolina. When the panicles of P. arundinwea first appear, they have some resemblance to those of Dactylis glome- rata, or Orchard-grass: but I believe the plant is far inferior to Dactylis, in value, and is too much of an aquatic for culture, even if it merited it. One other native species is known, in the Southern States ; and the P. canariensis is said to be par- tially naturalized, about New York. 40. ANTHOXANTHUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 71. [Greek, Anthos, a Flower, and Xanthos, yellow ; from the color of its spikes.] Glumes 2, unequal; the upper one larger, enclosing the florets. Flo- rets 3, in each spikelet; the central one perfect ,■ the two lateral ones neuter, or consisting of mere accessory palex. Palex of the neuter 64 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA florets single ; one with a dorsal awn, the other with an awn near the base. Palex of the perfect floret 2, nearly equal, short, awnless. Stamens 2. 1. A. odoratum, L. Panicle contracted into an oblong spike ; spike- lets subpedunculate, pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 402. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. tab. 1. f. 1, (indifferent.) Specim. Gray, Grain. 1. no. 41. Odorous Anthoxanthum. Vulgo—Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. Gallice—Flouve odorante, Germanice—Das Ruch gras. Root perennial. Culm erect, 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender. Leaves lin- ear-lanceolate, shortish, striate, pubescent: sheaths nerved, sulcate ; ligule elon- gated, membranaceous. Panicle contracted into an oblong, or ovoid-cylindric spike, becoming yellow when mature ; spikelets somewhat fascicled, on short pe- duncles. Glumes very unequal, membranaceous, pubescent. Palea of the perfect floret very short, obtuse, nearly equal, smooth and shining, the lower one much broader. Palea of the lateral, or neuter florets, single, linear-oblong, ciliate on the margins; one of them with a geniculate awn from near the base, more than twice as long as the palea ; the other wilh a straight awn, about as long as the pa- lea, inserted on the back near the summit. Stamens 2; anthers large. Stigmas plumose, white. Seed oblong, blackish, shining. Ilab. Meadows, and borders of woodlands: common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July, 06s. Introduced from Europe, and extensively naturalized. It is remarkable for having but 2 stamens,—and for emitting a fragrant odor, when cut and partly dry: But it is one of those grasses which rather belong to a thin soil,—and is not considered very valuable, here. It is the only species of the genus which has found its way to the U. States. § 2. Aveneje—Oat-grass Grovpe. $p\\Le\ets few-flowered. Upper florets generally pedicellate, and with awn-like processes, or abortive rudiments, between the upper and lower ones. 41. AIRA. L. A'utt. Gen. 90. [Greek, Aira, a deadly instrument; originally applied to a poisonous plant.J Spikelets 2-flowered ; the florets without an abortive rudiment between them. Glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, a little unequal, about as long as the florets. Palex nearly equal, pilose at bate ; the lower one lacerate or many toothed at apex, and awned on the back near the base. 1. A. flexuosa, L. Leaves setaceous, smooth ; panicle loose, spread- ing, trichotomously branched ; branches smoothish, flexuose ; awns geniculate, longer than the pales. Beck, Bot. p. 402. Specim. Grau, Gram. 1. no. 43, Flexuose Aira. Root perennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves principally radical or near the base of the culm, involute, setaceous, glabrous, 3 to 6 or 8 inches lon» ■ sheaths deeply striate, somewhat scabrous; ligule oblons, truncate. Panicle ca- pillary, lax, trichotomously branched; branches long, somewhat flexuose, nearlv smooth. Glumes membranaceous, white, oblong-lanceolate, very acute, about as TRIANDRIA D1GYXIA 65 long as the florets Florets both sessile, pilose at base. Lower palea with an awB near the base, which is somewhat geniculate in the middle, and one third to one half longer than the palea. Hab. Dry, rocky banks: R. Strode's: not common. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. I think this species is very rare, here : and my Chester County specimens, although sanctioned by high authority, do not compare well with the undoubted plant. They look too much like the following species. 2. A. cespitosa, L. Leaves flat, scabrous ; panicle finally diffuse, pyramidal; branches scabrous; awns straight, about as long as the pa- le®. Beck, Bot. p. 402. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 115. A. ambigua! Ale. Am. 1. p. 61. Also"' Pers. Sun. 1. p. 77. Also? A. aristulata. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 132. Ejusd. Comp. p. 64. Eat. Alan. p. 10. Cespitose Aira. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, cespitose or growing in tussocks, glab- rous. Leaves narrow, linear, acute, nerved and scab)- >us on the urm;r surface, smooth beneath: sheaths smooth: ligule elongated, acuminate. Panicle capillary, oblong, at first contracted, finally diffuse; branches semi-verticillate, acutely scabrous. Glumes generally of a bluish color, rather buise. sh-rier than the florets. Florets pilose at base: the upper one on a hairy pedicel. Lower palea with a scabrous awn near the base, which is straight, and scarcely as long as the palea. £fa6. Moist places on the Serpentine rock: abundant. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. These Airas are dry, wiry grasses, of little or no value to the agriculturist. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 42. KOELERTA. Pers. A'utt. Gen. 104. [Named in honor of M. Koeler, a German Botanist.] Spikelets compressed, 2 or 3-flowered. Glumes 2, shorter than the florets, unequal, the lower one much narrower. Upper floret pedi- cellate, with a short, awn-like rudiment, at the base of the upper palea. Lower palea awnless, or sometimes awned. 1. K. pennsylvanica, D C. Panicle long, very slender, rather loose; spikelets shining, the terminal ones 3-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 407. Aira melicoides 1 AIx. Am. l.p. 62. Pers. Syn. 1, p. 77. Pursh^ Am. l.p. 76. A. mollis. Aluhl. Catal. p. 11. Ejusd. Gram. p. 82. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 62. Ell? Sk. 1. p. 154. Also? A. triflora. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 153. A. pallens. Florul. Cestr. p. 11. Not of Muhl. Pennsylvania* Koeleria. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves short, lanceo- late, flat, membranaceous ; lower ones softly pubescent, smooth, upper ones scab- rous : sheaths glabrous,or pubescent; ligule lacerate. Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, very slender, sometimes almost filif irm, branches rather loose ; spikelets nob crowded, generally 2-flowered, a little compressed, and ofa pale yellowish greea color. Lower glume narrow, linear, acute ; upper one oblanceolate, 3-nerved, ob- tuse, or obscurely pointed. Upper floret pedicellate j the terminal spikelet mostly 6* 66 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA producing a third pediceljate floret. Lower palea subcoriaceous, awnlest, tipper «ne membranaceous. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This plant was mistaken for the awnless Var. of Aira pallens, Muhl. when ttiy Catalogue was published. I am now satisfied, by an inspection of Muhlenberg's Herbarium, that it is the A. mollis, of that author;—I suspect it is also the A. triflo- ra, of Ell.—though I observe Dr. Torrey makes the latter a synonym of A. truncata. 2. K. truncata, Torr. Panicle oblong, contracted ; branches short, erect ; spikelets in clustered racemes, all 2-flowered. Beck. Bot. p. 408. Spectm. Grav, Gram. 1. no. 44. Holcus striatus 1 Willd. Sp. A. p. 934. Aira obtusata. AIx. Am. l.p. 62. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 77. Pursh, Am. l.p. 76. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 62. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 57. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 153. Also, Eat. Alan. p. 10. A. truncata. Aluhl. Catal. p. 11. Ejusd. Gram. p. 83. Bigel. Bost. p. 31. Lindl. Ency. p. 58. Truncate Koeleria. Root perennial. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, slight- ly scalr ms, pubescent: sheaths striate, softly pilose (glabrous, Muhl.); ligule abort, retuse, laciniate. Panicle 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, contracted, with the bran- ches short, nearly erect, and the spikelets rather densely crowded. The florets appear acuminate, by reason of the paleae projecting beyond the glumes. Glumes of nearly equal length ; the lower one linear, the upper one broad-ovate, very ob- tuse, or truncate. Palea nearly equal; lower one subcoriaceous, awnless, upper one membranaceous. Seed linear, compressed. Hab. Fields, and open woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. I have specimens of Aira obtusata, Mx.—one from Georgia, by Dr. Bald- win, the other from N. Carolina, by Mr. Curtis; and although the panicle in the southern specimens, is larger than in our plant, I can perceive no material differ- ence in the general character. This is certainly nearly allied to the preceding species; but is readily distinguished by its more dense, glaucous or ash-colored panicle, and its very obtuse or truncate glumes, and somewhat tumid florets. The specimens, in my copy of Dr. Gray's work, do not agree well with our K. truncata; but appear rather to be a variety of K. pennsylvanica. Three other species are enumerated in the U. States. 43. AVENA. L. ATutt. Gen. 105. [A classical Latin name; applied to this genus.] Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered. Glumes 2, loose and membranaceous, gen- erally nearly equal, longer than the florets. Palex 2, mostly hairy at base ; the lower one bifid, with a contorted or geniculate awn on the back. 1. A. ELATion, L. Panicle oblong, somewhat contracted, at length spreading ; spikelets 2-flowered; the lower floret staminate, awned ; the upper one perfect, mostly awnless. Beck, Bot. p. 403. Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Beauv. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 130, Ejusd,- Comp, p. 63. Also Eat. Man. p. 29. Holcus avenaccus. Ait. Kew. p. 431. Lindl. Ency. p. 860. Tailer Avena. Vulgo—Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 67 Root perennial, creeping, nodose. Culm about 3 feet high, glabrous. Leaves iinear-lanceolate, scabrous on the margin and upper surface; sheaths striate Smooth: ligule short, retuse. Panicle linear-oblong, contracted, finally spreading and somewhat nodding; branches short, semivcrticillate. Glumes unequal, lower sne shorter than the florets. Lower palea ofthe staminate floret with alon" con- torted awn near the base. Lower palea of the perfect floret mostly with a shoft straight awn near the apex ; upper palea with a short awn-like rudiment sx base. i7a6. Cultivated grounds: not-common. Fl. May. /V.July. 06s. This plant was introduced to the notice of some of our farmers, a few years ago, by the high-sounding name of " Grass of the Andes;" but it did not long command their attention. It is, however, partially naturalized in several neigh- borhoods. I received my specimens from Gen. Hurt man's farm, in Pikeland. 2. A. palustris, AIx. Panicle rather loose and nodding ; spikelets 2 to 3-flowcred; middle floret abortive, upper one pedicellate, with the lower palea bicuspidate, and awned below the tip ; lower floret mostly awnless. Aluhl. Gram. p. 186. Trisetum palustre. Torr. Fl. l.p. 126. Ejusd. Comp. p. 62. Beck, Bot. p. 403. Eat. Alan. p. 373. T. pratense. Florul. Cestr. p. 11. Also 1 Pursh, Am. l.p. 76. Not of Pers. Aira pallcns. Ell. Sk. 1, p. 151. Also, Aluhl. Catal. p. 11. Ejusd. Gram. p. 84. Not of Florul. Cestr. Marsh Avena. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, slender, glabrous, nodes contracted. Leaves lance-linear, narrow, 2 to 4 inches long, nerved, slightly scabrous (glab- rous, Muhl. Torr.): sheaths striate, glabrous; ligule oblong, lacerate, or fimbriate. Panicle yellowish green, oblong, rather loose, nodding, often somewhat secund ; branches semiverticillate. Spikelets all pedunculate, much compressed, gener- ally 2-flowered, sometimes with an intermediate abortive floret. Glumes nearly equal, shorter than the florets, 3-nerved, acute or mucronate, scabrous on the keel, the upper one a little longer. Superior floret on a hairy pedicel; the lower palea acuminate, bicuspidate, with a contorted or bent awn, as long as the floret, inser- ted below the tip; the zipper palea shorter, with a pedicel or awn-like rudiment at base, two thirds the length of the palea. Lower floret mostly awnless; sometimes the lower palea terminates with two minute bristly teeth, and a short, straight, slender awn. Hab. Swampy meadow grounds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. From the best examination I could give this plant, I have persuaded my- self that it properly belongs to Avena. 3. A. sativa, L. Panicle loose ; spikelets pendulous, 2-flowered,- both florets perfect, the lower one mostly awned; palea subcartila- ginous, closely embracing the seed. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 446. Common Avena. Vulgo—Oats. Common Oats. Gallice—Avoine cultive'e. German.—Der Hafer. Hispan.—Avena. Root annual. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, scab- rous : sheaths striate, smooth, rather loose; ligule lacerate. Panicle loose, some- what nodding, spikelets all pedunculate, pendulous. Glumes nearly equal, longer than the florets, loose and membranous. Lower floret mostly awned on tJ&e 68 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA back ; upper one awnless, with an awn-like process, or pedicel, at the base of Iht upper palea, bearing membranaceous rudiments of paleae, at its summit. Sesret, flexuose, (sometimes wanting, or a mere rudiment). Upper polea linear, awnless, pcctinate-ciliate on the margin. Seed oblong, sulcate above, closely embraced by the lower palea, and containing the upper one, doubled, in the grodve. Hab. Cultivated grounds; among wheat and rye: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. This well known, troublesome grass, is a naturalized foreigner ; and ob- stinately accompanies our crops of Wheat and Rye. Frequently when ihe wheat has been injured by the winter, or other cause, the Bromus is very abundant; and many farmers are so little acquainted with the laws of nature—and therefore prone to absurd mistakes,—that they imagine tlie wheat has been transformed in- to Bromus, or Cheat. This vulgar error also prevails among ihe peasantry of V.w- rope: But in the old world, they think the wheat is transmuted into Lolium temu- lentum, or Darnel,—quite a distinct grass from Bromus,—and which is yet rare in the U. States. 3. B. arvensis] L. Panicle erect, somewhat spreading ; spikelets lan- ceolate, compressed, 7 or 8-rlowercd; florets imbricated, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn. Hook. Brit. Flora.p. 51. Field Bromus. Root annual. Culm about 2 feet high, striate, smooth ; nodes nearly black, not swelled, covered with a short retrorse pubescence. Leaves lance-linear, hairy on both sides, scabrous on the margin: sheaths nerved, softly and retrorsely pilose; ligule oblong, lacerate. Panicle rather erect; branches often simple, sometimes 70 TRIAXDRIA DIGYN1A subdivided, at length spreading, scabrous. Spikelets about 7-flowered, ovate-Ian. ceolate, at first erect, finally somewhat nodding, smoothish, or with a very short roughish pubescence under a lens. Glumes unequal, the lower one shorter and much narrower. Florets closely imbricated. Lower palea lance-oval, 9-nerved, margin membranaceous, two marginal nerves approximated ; awn straight, about as long as the floret. Upper palea lance-linear, obtuse, membranaceous, bordered with a green nerve, and pectinate-ciliate on the margin. Hab. Meadows: "W.Chester; near Wynn's meadows: frequent. F/.June. Fr. July. 06s. This species has also been introduced. In some respects,—particularly in the size and general character of the panicle,—it approaches B. mollis; and it may possibly be the plant so named by the American Botanists : But on comparing it with specimens, of both species, which I have received from Europe, I am in- clined to think our plant is the B. arvetisis ; and in this opinion I am fortified by my friend Dr. Pickering. 3. B. pubescens, Muhl. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets lanceo- late, subterete, 8 to 12-flowered ; florets pubescent, rather longer than the straight awn. Beck, Bot. p. 408. Pubescent Bromus. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, striate, smooth above, somewhat pilose below ; nodes black. Leaves lanceolate, smooth beneath, pilose above, scabrous on the margin: sheaths nerved, lower ones retrorsely pilose, upper ones smooth ; ligule short, laciniate-denlate. Panicle loose, finally nodding ; branches by 2's, or 3 to 5, slender, subdivided, flexuose, setaceously scabrous. Spikelets oblong-lanceo- late, about 10-flowered. Glumes unequal, ciliate on the keel; the lower one smaller, linear-lanceolate, (almost subulate,) 1-nerved, upper one 3-nerved. Florets at first imbripate, finally rather open. Luuei puleu lanceolate, r-nerved, covered with appressed hairs; awn nearly straight, scabrous, rather shorter than the floret. Upper palea linear, membranaceous, bordered with a green nerve, and ciliate on the margin. Hab. Woodlands, and borders of woods: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. It is doubtful whether the B. ciliatus, Muhl. grows in Chester County. The plant so called in Florul. Cestr. I believe is not distinct from B. pubescens,—in which the florets are often conspicuously ciliate. The Brome grasses would pro- bably yield a good fodder; but, with the exception of Cheat—which is much disli. ke. P. annua, L. Culm oblique, compressed ; panicle spreading, at length divaricate; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered; florets a little remote. Beck, Bot. p. 409. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 118, Annual Poa. Gallice—Paturin annuel. Germanice—Jaehriges Rispengras. Root annual. Culm cespitose, 3 to 8 inches long, oblique, (often nearly procum- bent,) geniculate, glabrous. Leaves lance-linear, keeled, glabrous, minutely ser- rulate on the margin, short: slieaths loose, smooth ; ligule oblong, dentate. Puni- cle sometimes rather secund; branches generally solitary, subdivided, at length spreading horizontally. Spikelets rather crowded on the divisions of the branches, 3 or 4 to 6-flowered. Glumes unequal, lance-ovate, acuminate. Palea minutely pubescent; lower one ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved ; upper one a little shorter, lance- linear, white, with two green marginal keels. Hab. Cultivated grounds; footpaths, &c. frequent. Fl. April—Sept. Fr. June— Oct. 06s. This humble species is believed to have been introduced from Europe, 6. P. nervata, Willd. Panicle large, loose, diffuse ; branches very slender, at length pendulous; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered; florets obtuse, conspicuously 7-nerved; ligule oblong-ovate, lacerate. Beck, Bot. p. 411. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 57. P. striata. AIx. Am. l.p. 69. Also f Pers. Syn. 1. p. 89. Also, P. lineata. Pers. Sy?i. 1. p. 89. Also? P. parviflora. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 80. Ell? Sk. 1. p. 157. ATutt? Gen. 1. p. 67. Eat. Man. it. 269. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA Also, Briza canadensis. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 69. Not of the Suppl. nor of AIx. Pers. Torr. &c. Xerved Poa. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, 6 to 15 in- ches long, striate, smooth beneath, scabrous on the upper surface : sheaths striate, somewhat scabrous: ligule oblong-ovate, lacerate. Panicle very loose ; branches by 2's or 3's, long and capillary, subdivided, angular, scabrous. Spikelets ovate- oblong, 3 or 4 to 6-flowered -.florets distinct, caducous. Glumes persistent, very small, unequal, lance-ovate, mostly acute or acuminate, membranaceous, nerve- less, with a green keel. Palea nearly equal, obtuse ; the lower one lance-ovate, with 7 elevated nerves ; the upper one subcoriaceous, lance-obovate, concave above, or on the back, bordered by the two keels, with the margins folded in, so as nearly to meet on the inner side. Seed ovate, acute, dark brown. Hab. Swamps, and along muddy rivulets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 7. P. elongata 1 Torr. Panicle elongated, racemose ; branches sub- solitary, appressed; spikelets ovate, obtuse, somewhat tumid, 3 or 4- flowered; florets rather acute, 5,or 7-nerved ; ligule very short. Beck. Bot. p. 411. Elongated Poa. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, about a foot long, striate, somewhat scabrous on both sides: sheaths striate, smooth; ligule very short, almost obsolete. Patiicle 8 to 12 inches long, slender, contracted, race- mose ; branches shorter than in the preceding species, erect, appressed, solitary, or often with a second smaller one, scabrous. Spikelets usually 3 or 4-flowered ; florets free. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, keeled. Palea unequal; low- er one ovate, rather acute, distinctly 5 (or more frequently 7 ?) nerved; upper one a little shorter, subcoriaceous, rounded at apex, somewhat conduplicate. Stamens 2 1 Seed lance-ovate, acute, reddish brown. Hab. Swamp, at the Bath: West Chester: rare. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. I am not entirely confident of this species. It is certainly nearly allied to the preceding; but in the main it agrees so well with Dr. Torrey's description, and also with a specimen received from the late Mr. Schweinitz, that I am disposed to give it a place. The ligule and panicle accord well with P. elongata; and in a number of florets which I examined I con- stantly found but two stamens. The lower palea, however, though sometimes 5- nerved, is more commonly 7-nerved. 8. P. capillaris, L. Culm much branched at base ; sheaths pilose at throat; panicle capillary, large, loose, expanding; • spikelets ovate, acute, 3 to 5-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 411. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 124. Also? P. tenuis. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 156. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 66. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 62. Eat. Alan. p. 269. Capillary, or Hair-panicled Poa. Root annual. Culm oblique, or ascending, 6to 12 inches long, somewhat com- pressed, glabrous, cespitose, and much branched at base. Leaves linear, attenu- ated at the end, finely striate, smooth, (pilose, Muhl): sheaths nerved, smooth, rather loose, with long hairs at throat, and sometimes along the margin; ligule 7* 78 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA short, ciliate. Panicle long, loose, much branched; branches diffuse, very slen- der, scabrous, nodose but not pilose at base. Spikelets mostly 3-flowered, some- times 5-flowered, solitary, on long capillary peduncles. Glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel. Lower palea lance-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, scabrous on the keel; upper palea shorter, obtuse, emarginate, arched, or curved towards the lower one, scabrous on both keels. Seed oval, gibbous at base, red- dish brown. Hab. Sandy soils ; Boot Tavern: Londongrove : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept; 06s. We have also, on the Mica-slate hills, the P. tenuis, of Elliott,—a. plant as large as P. hirsuta,—with long radical leaves, sheaths pilose along the margin, a very large, spreading, capillary panicle, and spikelets 1 to 3-flowered ; which, how- ever, Dr. Pickering thinks is not specifically distinct. If not a distinct species, it certainly constitutes a very striking Variety. 9. P. hirsuta, Mx. Culm simple; panicle very large, much branch- ed ; branches expanding, at length divaricate, bearded in the axils; spike- lets pedunculate, oblong, 5 to 8-flowered; upper palea ciliate on the two keels. Beck, Bot. p. 411. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 54. Also, P. spectabilis. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 81. Hirsute Poa. Root annual % Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, mostly simple and smooth. Leaves long, lanceolate, attenuate at the end, strongly nerved, smooth beneath, scabrous on the margins and upper surface, pilose near the base : sheaths striate, loose, longer than the joints, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth; ligule densely beard- ed. FomWe8to 15 inches long, much branched, expanding; branches slender, scabrous, pilose in the axils, the main ones nodose at base, divaricate when old. Spikelets purple, lance-oblong, on long peduncles. Glumes nearly equal, ovate lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel. Lower palea ovate, acute, 3-nerved, roughish pubescent; upper palea linear-lanceolate, conduplicate, conspicuously ciliate on the two keels. Seed minute, purple. Hab. Sterile, sandy fields, road-sides, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. With us, the culm and upper sheaths of this plant are quite smooth: But I have a Southern specimen, in which the sheaths, leaves, culm, and even the branches of the panicle, are remarkably pilose. I have no doubt our plant is the P. spectabilis, of Pursh: but I incline to think the P. refracta, Muhl. and Elliott, (which Dr. Torrey makes a Synonym,) may be a distinct species. I have received specimens, from my friend Mr. Curtis, of N. Carolina, which agree exactly with Elliott's figure and description of P. refracta;—the spikelets being linear-lanceo' -late, subsessile, and racemose on the capillary branches. 10. P. pilosa, L. Culm cespitose, oblique, geniculate at base; sheaths pilose at throat; panicle capillary, pyramidal, the lower branches pilos* in the axils; spikelets lance-linear, 5 to 12-flowered ; glumes very un- equal; upper palea persistent. Muhl. Gram. p. 141. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 123. P, pectinacea. Mx. Am. l.p. 69. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 81, ATutt. Gen. l.p. 67. Ell. Sk. l.p. 161. Torr. Fl. l.p. 114. Ejusd. Comp. p. 59. Beck, Bot. p. 411. Eat, Man.p. 269. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 91. Also, P. tenella. Pursh, Am. l.p, 80. Ell? Sk, 1. p. 160. A'utt Gen. 1. p. 67. Not? of Willd. Ait. nor Pers. Eragrostis pilosa. Lindl. Ency. p. 68, Pilose, or hairy Poa. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 79 Root annual. Oulm 6 to 12 inches long, often decumbent and geniculate at base, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3or 4 inches long, striate, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous on the margin and upper surface: sheaths striate, smooth, beard- ed with long white hairs at throat; ligule short, ciliate. Panicle loose ; branches flexuose, slightly scabrous, the lower ones subverticillate, mostly pilose in the ax- ils. Spikelets linear, or lance-linear, 5 to 12 or 13-flowered. Glumes unequal, nerveless, membranaceous; the lower one much smaller, acute. Lower palea ovate, obscurely 3-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keel, purple near the apt > ; upper palea a. little shorter, somewhat conduplicate, scabrous on the two keels, persistent on the rachis. Seed oblong, brown. Hab. Road-sides, Gardens, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. Obs. This appears to be perfectly identical with specimens from Italy, sent me by Professor Hooker. 11.-P. Eragrostis, L. Culm oblique, geniculate, somewhat cespi- tose ; panicle expanding, pyramidal; branches subdivided, sparingly pi- lose in the axils ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 12 to 20 or 30-flowered ; glumes nearly equal. Beck, Bot. p. 412. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. 7io. 53. Also? P. megastachya. Pers. Syn. l.p. 90. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 67. Briza Eragrostis. Mx. Am. 1. p. 72. Aluhl. Catal. p. 12. Ejusd. Gram. p. 154- Bart. Phil. 1. p. 63. Florul. Cestr. p. 13. Also 1 Willd. Sp. 1. p. 405. Ait. Kerv. 1. p. 159. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 82. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 165. Icon, Ell. 1. c. tab. 10. /. 1. Megastachya Eragrostris. -Lindl. Ency. p. 68. Vulgo—Quake Grass. Gallice—Paturin amourette. Root annual. Culm somewhat decumbent, 1 to 2 feet long, geniculate, nodose, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the end, striate, smooth beneath, scab- rous on the margin and upper surface : sheaths striate, smooth, pilose at throat; ligule short, bearded. Panicle pyramidal ; branches expanding, flexuose, scab- rous, subdivided, the subdivisions often bearing 2, 3, or 4 spikelets. Spikelets ofa bluish sreen, or leaden color, lance-ovate, or ovate-oblong, (sometimes very long, and nearly linear,) 12 to 20-flowered, (the long ones often more than 30-flowered). Glumes nearly equal, lance-ovate, scabrous on the keel. Loicerpalea ovate, rath- er acute, 3-nerved. roughish under a lens; upper palea shorter, oblanceolate, concave on the back, ciliate on the two keels. Seed roundish-ovoid, brown. Hab. Gardens, road-sides, &c. frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 06s. The plant emits a peculiar odor, when fresh, or recently gathered. I am not entirely confident that all the Synonyms I have quoted belong to this species, nor have I the means of determining ; but have been led to suspect, from the de- scriptions, and the variety in the form and size of the spikelets, that such may be the fact. It is a handsome grass,—a native of the south of Europe,and now exten- sively naturalized ; but it is of little or no value to the Agriculturist. There are 14 or 15 additional species enumerated in the U. States. j- j- Spikelets aggregated. 50. DACTYLIS. L. A'utt. Gen. 103. [Greek, Dactylos, a Finger: in reference to the form of the spikes.] Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, compressed, aggregated. Glumes unequah shorter than the florets, acuminate. Palex nearly equal, lanceolate,, acuminate ; the lower one emarginate, keeled, cuspidate ; the upper one somewhat conduplicate, bifid at apex. Scales dentate. 80 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 1. D. glomerata, L. Panicle distantly branched, rather secund ; spikelets in dense unilateral clusters, at the ends of the branches. Beck, Bot. p. 407. Icon, Ell. Sk. tab. 9. f. 3. Clustered Dactylis. Yulgo—Orchard grass. Cock's-foot grass. Gallice—Daciyle pelotonni. Germanice—Gemeines Knauelgras. Whole plant scabrous. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves linear- lanceolate, keeled, glaucous: sheaths striate; ligule elongated, lacerate. Panicle glaucous, contracted, rather secund; branches 3 to 5, solitary, erect, distant, sub- divided towards the extremity. Spikelets about 4-flowered, compressed, crowded in dense, unilateral, ovate or lance-oblong clusters, at the ends of the branches. Glumes unequal; the loicer one narrower, membranaceous; the upper one 3-uerv- ed, scabrous on the keel. Lower palea scabrous, ovate-lanceolate, b-nerved, emar- ginate, ciliate on the keel, which is extended into a cusp, or short scabrous awn; upper palea lanceolate, acuminate, bifid at apex, ciliate on the two green keels, the margins replicate, or folded in so as to meet, embracing the stamens. Seed lance-oblong, acute at each end, subtriquetrous,flat or a little concave on the up- per side, roundish on the lower. Hab. Fields, orchards, &c. frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Jure. Obs. . This grass has been introduced, and is naturalized amongst us to a con- siderable extent. Our farmers are not agreed upon its merits. Some condemn it ns unworthy of culture, either for pasture or hay; whilst others set a high value on it, for both. The fact seems to be, that it is inferior to Timothy (Phleum pra. tense) for hay; yet it has ihe advantage of the latter, in being mature at the same time with clover,—with which both are usually cultivated. It is also less exhausting to the soil. But'dts great value is as a pasture, when sown suflicienlly thick;—which, however, it rarely is,—and hence is apt to form bunches, or become t.ussocky. It is of quick growth, and is speedily reproduced after being cut, or eaten down—so much so, that toe may almost literally apply to it the words of Vir- gil— "Et quantum longis carpent armenla diebus Exigua tantum gelidus ros node reponet/" Georg. lib. 2. 201. This grass also possesses the additional advantage of thriving well in the shade; and answers a very good purpose in orchards, &c. The seed is usually sown in autumn, immediately after Wheat, or Rye. It is the only species of the genus in the U. States. Dit. V. Chlorides—Chloris Tribe. ' Inflorescence Spiked, mostly unilateral. Spikelets solitary, few-flowered; terminal floret often abortive. Glumes keeled, not opposite. Lower palea fre- quently awned ; upper palea with two keels. -}- Palex awned. 51. ATHEROPOGON. Muhl. ATutt. Gen. 110. [Greek, Ather, a Bristle, and Pogon, Beard ; the beards being bristle-like.] Spikelets in unilateral spikes, 2-flowered; terminal floret abortive. Glumes 2, unequal, membranaceous; lower one shorter, setiform; up- per one lanceolate, as long as the florets. Perfect floret subcoriace- ous ; lower palea tricuspidate; upper palea bifid-dentate. Abortive floret pedicellate, 3-awned, neuter. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 81 I. A. apludotdes, Muhl. Spikes in a terminal raceme, alternate, distant, pendulous on short flat peduncles, at length secund; lateral awns of the abortive floret half the length of the terminal one. Beck, Hot. p. 414. Icon, Florul. Cestr. p. 17. Chloris curtipendula. AIx. Am. l.p. 59. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 88. IJndh F.ncy. p. 860. Also, Willd. Sp. A. p. 927. Pursh, Am. l.p. 88. Also? Cynosurus secundus. Pursh, Am. 2. Suppl.p. 728. Apluda-like Atheropogon. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, geniculate at base, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the end, and inclining to become involute, striate, cartila- ginous and minutely serrulate en the margin, smoothish beneath, scabrous on the upper surface, pilose above, and near the bass: sheaths striate, lower onos hairy, upper ones smooth, all more or less pilose at throat; ligule short, truncate, minutely fimbriate. Spikes 20 to 40, on short flat peduncles, arranged alternately in a raceme, on opposite sides of the common rachis, at length secund, and reflexed, each containing 6 or 8 spikelets. Partial rachis flat, lancc-lincar, ciliate-serrate on the margin, the apex mostly bicuspidate, and as long as the flor- ets. Spikelets 2 flowered, in two rows on the under side of the partial rachis. Glumes unequal; the lower one a little distant, awn-like, margined towards the base, and inclining to adhere to the rachis ; the upper ono lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous. PerfeH floret sessile, lanceolate ; lower pales scabrous, 3-ncrved, ter- minating in 3 cusps, or short awns : upper palea a little longer, enclosing the sta- mens, the apex conduplicate, acuminate, and bifid-toothed. Anthers bright red, or cinnabar color. Seed oblong. Abortive floret pedicellate, empty, membrana- ceous ; lower palea ovate-lanceolate, bifid at apex, the scabrous keel extended in- to a terminal awn between the lanceolate segments,-the margins folded in, with an awn at each side, near the base, as long as the palea; upper palea very minute, bifid, or lacerate,—often wanting, or imperceptible. Hab. Dry, rocky banks; Serpentine ridge, abundant. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. The lateral awns of the abortive floret, unless cautiously examined—es- pecially in dried specimens—appear to be distinct from the palea, and to occupy the place of an upper palea. This handsome grass—so remarkable for its race- mose nodding spikes, and showy vermilion-colored anthers, is quite local and cir- cumscribed in its habitat. It is generally confined to the Serpentine rock; but is sometimes met with on limestone banks—as, for example, near Brooke's Mill, in (he Great Valley. It is not a grass of much value,—though cattle will feed on it, when in a yojng state. Mr. Nultall has found one other species in the TJ. S. on the plains of the Missouri. j- j- Palex awnless. 52. ELECSINE. Gxrtn. A'utt. Gen. 107. [From Eleusis; where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped.] Spikes digitate, unilateral. Spikelets compressed, imbricate, 5 to 7- flowered. Florets all perfect. Glu?nes 2, unequal ; lower one smaller, membranaceous, rather obtuse. Palea unequal; upper one much shorter, concave on the back. Scales truncate. Seed triangular- ovoid, arillate, rugose. 1. E. indica, Lam. Culm oblique, compressed ; spikes 2 to 4, linear, straight; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 414. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1, tab. 11. /. 2. Cvnosurus indicus. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 417. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 162. S2 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA Indian Eleustne. Vulgo—Crab grass. Dogs-tail grass. Yv ire grass. Root annual. Culm oblique or procumbent, 9 to 13 inches long, compressed, smooth branching at base, ieores somewhat distichous, linear, sparini ly pilose, scabrous near the end: sheaths loose, striate, glabrous, pilose at throat; ligule very short, minutely dentate. Spikes 2 to 4, sometimes 6, rarely 1; rachis im- pressed, bearded at base. Spikelets closely imbricate, smooth. Upper glume 5-nerved, nerves approximate. Palea membranaceous ; lower one ovate-lanceo- late, with a green keel; upper one a third shorter, somewhat conduplicate, with 2 keels. Seed arillate, or coated wilh a thin membrane, triangular-ovoid, trans- versely corrugated, dark brown. Hab. Farm yards, lanes, and along foot paths: common. Fl Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This grass makes a fine carpeting in lanes and wood yards, in the latter part of summer. Cattle and hogs are very font} of it,—and Mr. Elliott commends it, for hay ; but it rarely grows in mowing grounds, to any extent, with us. Ii al- ways appeared like an introduced plant, to my view,—though no American Botan- ist speaks of it as such. One or two oilier species have been found in the Southern States. Div. VI. Hordeaceje—Ilordeum, or Barley Tribe. Inflorescence Spiked. Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or several together; one- few, or many-flowered. Glumes mostly two, equal and opposite. Lower palea of- ten awned; upper one with two keels. -j- Glumes 2 ; * subulate. 53. SEC ALE. L. A'utt. Gen, 120. [Supposed to be from the Latin, secare, to cut; or from the Celtic, Sega, a sickle.] Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 to 3-flowered ; the two lower florets fertile, sessile, opposite ; the upper abortive. Glumes sub- ulate, opposite, shorter than the florets. Lower palea entire, acumi- nate, bristly-ciliate on the keel, terminating in a very long awn. Upper palea lanceolate. 1. S. cereale, L. Palex smooth; lower one bristly-ciliate on the keel and exterior margin ; awns setaceously scabrous. Beck, Bot. p. 415. Harvest Secale. Vulgo—Rye. Gallice—Le Seigle. Germanice—Der Roggen. Hispanice—Centeno. Root biennial? Culm 4 toQ feet high, glabrous, hairy near the spike. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, roughish on the margin and i'pper surface, glaucous: sheaths membranous, nerved,smooth ; ligule short, dentate. Spike 4 to (5 inches long, compressed, linear. Spikelels mostly Iflowered, tcith an awn-like rudiment between theflorets. Glumes a Utile distant from the florets, opposite, nearly equal, linear-subulate, scabrous, bristly-pilose at base. Lower palea ventri- cose, acuminate, compressed at apex, 5-nerved, terminating in a long scabrous men; keel and exterior margin bristly-ciliate; inner margin not ciliate, and the nerves on that side less conspicuous. Upper palea lanceolate, acuminate, often t>- Hi at apex, and sparingly ciliate on the two keels. Seed oblong, subcylmdric. Hab. Cultivated fields: fr.quent. Fl. June. Fr. July. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 83 Obs. Tills is the only species of the genus which has been introduce 1 It is cul- tivated to a considerable extent, here,—particularly on the Mica-slate Mils, where it yields grain of a better quality; but it is generally considered far inferior to '\Vheat, and therefore much less of it is sown, where the land is of a quality to pro. duce good wheat. The seed is subject—particularly in iret seasons—to become dis- eased, and enlarged;producing icliat is caZfcd Ergot, or Spurred Rye. This dis- eased grain is injurious to health, zchen made into bread; but has been found to possess important medical properties, ichen judiciously exhibited. The seed is smen in all the month of October. 54. ELYMUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 118. [An ancient Greek name, of obscure derivation.] Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 or 3 to 6-flowered. Glumes 2, collateral, nearly equal, subulate, (rarely 1, or wanting). Palea? lanceolate, subcoriaceous; lower one entire, awned, or mucronate. Scales lanceolate, ciliate. 1. E. virginicus, L. Spike erect, coarctate; spikelets in pairs, about 3-flowered ; glumes linear-lanceolate, as long as the spikelets, not hairy; florets smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 415. Not of Florul. Cestr. Icon, Ell. Sk. 1. tab. 12. f. 2. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 60. Yirginian Elymus. Vulgo—Lyme Grass. Wild Rye. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, very acute, nerved, broadish, deep green, scabrous onboth sides and on the margin : sheaths nerved, smooth, or sometimes pubescent; ligule very short, crenate. Spike stiffly erect, 3 to 5 inches long; rachis smooth (sometimes minutely hirsute). Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered; usually 3 perfect florets, and one or two abortive ones at the summit. Glumes collateral, slightly connate and somewhat thickened and cartilaginous at base, 5-nerved, attenuated into a scabrous awn at apex. Loicer palea oblong-bin- ceolate, naked, very obscurely nerved, terminating in a scabrous awn; upper pa- lea lance-oblong, slightly emarginate, concave on the back, setaceously scabrous on the two keels near the apex. Ovary densely and coarsely bearded at summit, Hab. Borders of Creeks: Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. The plant erroneously given by this name, in Florul. Cestr. proves to be E. canadensis. The spikes of this and the two following species, look something like heads of Barley, at a little distance. 2. E. canadensis, L. Spike rather patulous and nodding at the ex- tremity ; spikelets 2 to 5-flowered; glumes and florets hairy. Beck, Bot. p. 415. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 61. .llso, E. philadelphicus. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 468. ABM. Catal. p. 14. Pursh, Am. l.p. 89. Also, E. glaucifolius. Pursh, Am.. 1. p. 89. Aluhl. Catal. p. 14. Ejusd. Gram. p. 177. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 87. Canadian Elxmus. Root perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, rather stout, glabrous. Leaves lanceo- late* acute, somewhat scabrous, green (sometimes glaucous): sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule short. Spike 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, a little spreading, and often nodding at the extremity; rachis hirsute. Lower spikelets often 2-flowered Glumes linear-lanceolate, awned, hirsute, 5 or 7-nerved, 3 or 4 of them prominent. Lower palea hairy, awned ; upper palea rather obtuse, often emarginate, ciliate or the two keels. Seed linear-oblong, bearded at summit. 84 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA Hab. Margins of streams: Brandywine : Schuylkill: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept • 06s. This species often has much resemblance to the preceding; except that the florets and rachis are remarkably hirsute. The var. glaucifolius, Torr. is gener- ally a taller plant, with longer and more patulous spikes, the awns long and some- what flexuose, and the whole plant glaucous. It occurs along the Schuylkill, near Black Rock. 3. E. villosus, Muhl. Spike somewhat nodding, patulous ; rachis and florets hispid-pilose ; spikelets 1 to 3-flowered; glumes linear, pi- lose-ciliate, 2 or 3-nervcd. Beck, Bot. p. 415. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 62. Also, E. ciliatus. Aluhl. Catal. p. 14. Ejusd. Gram. p. 179. Villous Elvmus. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender, striate, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous, especially on the margins, pubescent on the upper surface : sheaths nerved,hairy, upper ones often smooth; ligule very short, or obsolete Spike 2 to 3 inches long, at first erect, at length spreading and somewhat nodding; rachis villous. Spikelets 2 or 3-flowered—sometimes 1-flowered, with a pedicel- late rudiment of a second. Glumes nearly linear, 2 or 3-nerved, pilose-cilialc. Lower palea very hairy, terminating in a long, straight, scabrous and somewhat, ciliate awn ; upper palea lance-oblong, obtuse, concave on the back, scabrous on the two keels. Seed oblong, light brown, pubescent at summit, adhering to the palex. Hab. Banks of streams ; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 4. E. HxsTnix, L. Spike erect; spikelets distant, diverging, about 3-flowered; glumes mostly wanting; florets smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 115. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 130. Porcupine Elymus. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, keeled. nerved, scabrous on the margin and upper surface, often glaucous: sheaths stri- ate, smooth; ligule short, retuse. Spike 4 to 6 inches long; rachis compressed; smoothish, serrulate on the margins. Spikelets distant, at length diverging al- most horizontally, often 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes generally wanting, or consisting ofa callous rudimenl: but not unfrequently the upper and lower spikelets have one or two linear-subulate glumes, as long as the florets. Florets smoothish, with a short rigid pubespence at base, articulated to clavate obliquely truncate pedicels. Lmccr palea obscurely 5-nerved, terminating in a very long scabrous awn; upper palea lance-linear, obtuse, ciliate-serrulate on the two keels. Seed linear-oblong, upper side concave, with a dark purple line in the centre, bearded at summit, adhering to the paleae. Hab. Rich, moist, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug, 06s. The expanded bristly spike of this remarkable species 3omewhat resem- bles an Apothecary's bottle-washer. One or two additional species have baen feand in the United Stales. 55. HORDEUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 119. [An ancient Latin name, of obscare derivation.] Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones often abortivcj each 1-flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second floret. Glumes 3, nearly equal, collateral, lance-linear, flat, awned. Lower Palea lance* tvate, concave, terminating in a long awn; upper one lanceolate, acw micate, obtuse. Seed adhering to th.e pales, TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 85 I. H. vuloare, L. Spikelets all fertile, awned; the seeds arrang- ed in four rows. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 472. Common Hordeum. Vulgo—Barley. Four-rowed Barley. Gallice—Orge cpmmune. German.—Die Gerste.—Hispan.— Cebada. Root annual. Culm2 to3feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, striate, smoothish: sheaths nerved, smooth, auriculate at throat; ligule very short. Spike about 3 inches long, thick, somewhat 4-sided: rachis compressed, smooth, pubescent on the margin. Spikelets l-flowered, tcith a pubescent awn-like rudiment at the base of the up/per palea. Gl umes collateral, in front, shorter than the florets, flat, subulate-linear, pubescent, terminating in a slender awn. Lower palea ii-nerved, smoothish, scabrous near ths apex, terminating in a very long awn, which is keel- ed, somewhat 3-nerved, and serrulate on the margin. Upper palea acuminate, ob- tuse, sometimes ernarginate. Ovary pilose at summit. Seed lawe-oblong, some- what angular, sulcate on the upper side, adhering closely to the palea. Hab. Cultivated fallow grounds: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. Obs. Tliisand the following species are cultivated extensively,—and almost ex' clusivelyfortheBrewev'ics. The grain is rarely given locattle; and Barley bread is unknown here. The plant requires a good soil,—and, hence, serves as a kind of index to the quality of our farms: the fallow crop on good land being generally Barley,—while the occupants of a poor soil have to be content with a crop of Oats. The seed is sown about the last of March. 2. H. disticuum, L. Lateral spikelets abortive, awnless ; the seeds arranged in two rows. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 473. Distichous Hordeum. Vulgo—Two-rowed Barley. Root annual. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, scab- rous on the upper surface : sheaths nerved, smooth, with 2 lanceolate auricular ap- pendages at throat; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3 to 4 inches long, compressed, linear: rachis compressed, smooth, hirsute on the margin. Spikelets 1 flowered; the central one perfect, the lateral ones staminate, or neuter. Glumes lance-linear, pi- lose, terminating in a short slender awn. Perfect floret sessile ; lower palea sub- coriaceous, smooth, keeled or angular,partially 5-nerved, terminating in a very long, keeled, serrulate awn, and embracing the upper palea. Upper palea with a pilose awn-like rudiment at base. Abortive florelspedicellate, mostly staminate, {sometimes neuter ?) lower palea awnless ; upper one with a naked awn at base. Hab. Cultivated fallow grounds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. This species is something later than the preceding, in coming to maturity; and on that account is preferred by many farmers—as it interferes less with their Hay crops. It^also stands better, and yields a heavier grain,—though not a great- er quantity. The seed is sown at the same time as the foregoing. Two other spe- cies have been found in the U. Stales. * * Glumes broad, boat-shaped. 56. TRITICEAL L. A'utt. Gen. 121. [Latin, Tritum, rubbed, or ground; the seed being so prepared for food.] Spikelets distichously imbricated, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, about 6-flowered, the 2 terminal florets mostly abortive. Glumes 2, m Sorghi; the Asiatic name of one of the species.] Spikelets in pairs, or threes. Abortive spikelets pedicellate, complete, staminate or neuter, awnless. Perfect spikelet sessile, 1-flowered ; Glumes 2, coriaceous ; palex 3, membranaceous, the upper one awned the third or innermost one small, opposite to and connected with the collateral ciliate scales. 1. S. saccharatum, Pers. Culm erect, terete, solid ,• panicle larp-e, loose; branches verticillate, long, spreading, at length nodding ,■ glumes of the perfect spikelet hairy, persistent, embracing the seed. Pers. Syn. 1. p, 101. Holcus saccharatus. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 930. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 430. Sugar Sorghum. Vulgo—Broom Corn. Root annual. Culm 6 to 8 or 9 feet high, and half an inch to an inchindiam. eter, terete, smooth, solid or filled with pith ; nodes tumid, with aring of short ap- pressed hairs at the base of the sheaths. Leaves 2 feet or more in length, and 2 to 3 inches wide, lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, keeled, smooth, pubescent at base ■near the ligule, somewhat scabrous on the margin: sheaths smooth ; ligule short ciliate. Panicle large, diffuse ; branches verticillate, nearly simple, long, flexuose nodose at base, roughish, pubescent, with the spikelets in small clusters near the extremities. Abortive spikelets pedicellate, complete, mostly staminate, often in pairs; glumes herbaceous,striate, nearly smooth,pubescent on the margin; palese ciliate, awnless, the lower one larger; scales broad-cuneate, truncate. Perfect spikelet sessile; lower glume clothed wilh glossy appressed hairs; upper one smooth at base, hairy near the apex. Paleae 3, fringed or ciliate-pubescent on the ■margin; lower one longest, lance-ovate; upper one broad-ovate, bifid at apex, with a flexuose awn between the segements which is rather longer than the spikeleti the inner or third palea smallest, linear-lanceolate {perhaps the rudiment of a sec- ond floret) : scales broad-cuneate, truncate, ciliate. Ovary roundisf-ocvid, smootft and shining. Stigmas greenish yellow. Seed elliptic, somewhat compressed. Hab. Gardens, and Corn fields: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 91 Obs. IViis is nearly allied to Andropogon; and some modern Botanists have referred it to that genus. It is cultivated, here, chiefly for the sake of its panicles ' which are made iutobraoms and clothes-brushes. Many farmers grow asufficien. oy for their own domestic use : and some individuals cultivate it extensively, for the manufacture of the aforesaid articles. The S. Vulgare, or Indian Millet,—and the S. cernuum, called Guinea Corn,—are sometimes seen in the gardens of the curious; but can scai'cely be enumerated, with propriety, among our cultivated plants. They are all natives of the East; and are the only species, I believe, which have been introduced into the U Slates. 60. HOLCUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 93. [An ancient Greek name, of obscure Etymology.] Spikelets 2-flowered; glumes herbaceous, boat-shaped, mucronate. Florets pedicellate; the lower one perfect, awnless ; the upper one most- ly imperfect, (staminate, or neuter,) awned on the back. 1. H. lanatus, L. Panicle oblong, rather contracted ; florets shorter than the glumes, the upper one with a recurved awn. Beck, Boi. p. 404. Woolly Holcus. Vulgo—Feather grass. White Timothy. Gallice—Houque laineusc. Foin de mouton. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, and, with the leaves and sheaths, covered wilh a soft hoary pubescence. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 2 to 5 inches long : sheaths striate ; ligule white, truncate, dentate. Panic U oblong, somewhat dense; branches hairy. Glumes whitish, often tinged with purple, roughish pubescent, ciliate on the keel; lower or outer one narrower, and rather shorter than the upper one ; upper one 3-nerved. Florets both pedicellate, smooth and shining. Palea of the perfect floret nearly equal in length; the lower one broader, keeled. Palea of the staminate floret unequal; the lower one larger, keeled, with a curved or hooked awn on the back, near the apex. Hab. Moist meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. This is a naturalized foreigner. Dr. Muhlenberg calls it 'excellens pab. ulum,"—but our farmers consider it quite an inferior grass ; and Mr. George Sin- clair expresses the same opinion, in his valuable work, intituled Hortus Gramin- eus. It is the only species of the genus, as at present constituted, in the U. States; and although it was formerly united with the preceding, (which circumstance led me, inadvertently, to arrange it here,) I now apprehend it would have associated more naturally with the Oat-grass Groupe. Div. VIII. Ortzem—Rice Tribe. Inflorescence Panicled. Spikelets solitary, mostly 1-flowered. Flowers per- feet, or sometimes diclinous. Glumes wanting, or small and abortive. Lower pa- lea subcoriaceous, keeled. Stamens varying in number, from 1 to 6. ■j- Flowers perfect: Stamens 1 to 3. 61. LEERSIA. Swartz. ATutt. Gen. 66. [Named after John Daniel Leers ; a German Botanist.] Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed. Glumes 0. Palex 2, compressed;, awnless; lower one much broader, boat-shaped, prominently keeled.. Scales ovate, membranaceous, smooth. 92 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 1. L. virginica, Willd. Panicle simple and slender ; lower branches •xpanding; spikelets closely appressed ; pales sparingly ciliate on the keel. Beck, Bot. p. 419. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 103. Virginian Leersia. Vulgo—White grass. Root perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet long, slender, often oblique, or decumbent, geniculate, branched, striate, smoothish: nodes retrorsely pilose. Leaves linear- lanceolate, acute, keeled, striate, roughish : sheaths deeply striate, scabrous wilh -minuteretrorse prickles in the grooves, rarely pilose, lower ones loose; ligule short, obliquely truncate. Panicle terminal, slender, finally much exserted, somewhat secund ; branches few and solitary, lower ones spreading, or divaricate. Spikelets on short pedicels, racemose on the branches, closely appressed, some- what imbricated and unilateral, incurved and partly embracing the rachis, or common peduncle. Lower palea remarkably keeled and boat-shaped, compress- ed, mucronate, with a prominent nerve on the outer side, scabrous with short acute scattered bristles, sparingly ciliate on the keel; upper palea Ian e-linear, compressed, rather longer than the lower. Stamens 2? (1, Torr.). Hab. Moist woodlands; borders of shaded swamps: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. I have examined a number of flowers, and constantly found toco stamens. 2. L. ortzoides, Sw. Panicle branched, diffuse, often sheathed at base; spikelets rather spreading; palea? conspicuously ciliate on the keel. Beck, Bot. p. 419. Specim. Gray, Gram. 2. no. 104. Oryza—or Rice-like Leersia. Vulgo—Cut grass. Wild Rice. Root perennial, creeping. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, striate, scabrous with minute retrorse prickles: nodes pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, nerv- ed, retrorsely and sharply scabrous, ciliate on the margin: sheaths nerved, very rough by reason of retrorse prickles in the grooves ; ligule short, retuse. Panicle much branched; branches spreading in all directions, flexuose, the lower ones in threes or fours. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, pedicellate, a little spreading when mature, greenish white. Palea compressed, pectinate-ciliate on the keels; the lower one boat-shaped, 3-nerved ; the upper one linear, 1-nerved, a little long- er. Stamens 3. Hab. Swamps ; and along sluggish rivulets : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Neither of" these Leersias is of any value to the farmer,—and this one is ra- ther a nuisance along the rivulets, in our meadows. One other species is describ- ed in the U. States. f f Flowers Diclinous : Stamens 6. 62. ZIZANIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 747. [A Greek name ; supposed to have been originally applied to Lolium.] Monoicous : Staminate and Pistillate Flowers in the same Panicle. Staminate Spikelet 1-flowered. Glumes 0, or very minute rudiments' Palex 2, herbaceous, nearly equal, lance-oblong, awnless. Stamens 6* Pistillate Spikelet 1-flowered, subulate. Glumes 0, or a minute trun- cate, cup-form rudiment. Palex 2, herbaceous, unequal, linear nerved- lower one longer, terminating in a straight awn. Styles 2. Seed en- veloped in the plicate paleae. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA 93 1. Z. AQ.UATICA., Lambert. Panicle pyramidal; lower branches spread- ing, bearing staminate flowers; upper branches nearlv erect, bearing pistillate flowers ; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long ; seed slen- der, elongated. Beck, Bot.p. 419. Xot? of Wi'dd. Z. clavulosa. .'.'..-. Am. l.p. 75. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 394. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 561. Aluhl. Catal. p. 86. Ejusd. Gram. p. 270. Also? Z. palustris. Willd. Sp.4. p. 395. Aluhl. Catal. p. 86. Ejusd. Gram. p. 271. AauATic Zizania. Vu7go—Water Oats. Indian Rics. Rccd. Root perennial. Culm 4 to 6 or 7 feet high, and about half an inch in diameter terete, fistular, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, keeled, 2 to 3 feet long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, smooth on both sides, serrulate on the margin: sheaths longer than the internodes, (shorter, Ell) striate, smooth, the base surrounded with a ring of short silky appressed pubescence, at the nodes; ligule el.".!i/at?d, ewct, lanceolate, nerved, lacoraie-iknta'.e, mostly purplish. Panicle terminal, large, loose, 1 to 2 feet long; branches verticillate; the lower ones expanding, bearing staminate flowers ; the upper or.es nearly erect, bearing pistillate flowers,'which are somewhat racemose on the branches. Staminate spikelet l-ilmexe.i\: GlumesO: Palea I, nearly equal, purplish, minutely his- pid, and ciliate on the nerves; lower one lance-oblong, acuminate, 5-nerved ; the upper one linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved. Stumens 6; anthers greenish yel- low. Scales 2, small, lanceolate, acute. Pistillate spikelet acicular, aboutan inch long, 1-flowered: GlumesO,—or a short, truncate, entire, sheath-like, or cup-form rudiment. Palea 2, unequal, linear, very long, scabrous, dark greenish purple ; lower one longer, cl sely embracing the upper one, 3-nerved, terminating in a slender, straight, hispid awn as long as the spikelet; upper one linear, acuminate bifid at ape.v, 2? nerved, margins inflextd, scarious. Scales lanceolate, acute. Styles 2. sli jm : stigmas pencil-form. Seed slender, terae, sulcate on one side, about half an inch long. Hab. Swampy rivulets: Brandywine: rare. Fl. Aug.—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This has only been found, as yet, at Marshall's Mill, ad at Mr. Caleb Brinton's, near the forka of Brandywine. The flowers—especially the pistillate ones—are remarkably caducous. Mr. Elliott thought it might be a valuable grass, ill overflowed or marshy meadows,—as Stock of all descriptions are fond of it. There is one ether species in the U. States. Div. IX. 0lyki:.t.— Olyra Tribe. lKFLon-:s'-ii:;c£ Spiked, or Pan it led. Spikelets few-flowered, Munoccous, or Polygamous. 63. ZEA. L. A'utt. Gen. 732. [Greek, Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life.] Monoicous: Staminate Flowers terminal, in paniculate raceme;;. Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes 2, herbaceous, nearly equal. Pule* membranaceous, awnless. Pistillate Flowers lateral, axillary, arranged in series on a spadix, which is closely enveloped by numer- ous s;iaihe-like sheaths. Spikelets 2-flowered, one floret abortive. Glumes 2, carnose-membranaceous ; lower one shorter, very broad, emarginate, ciliate. Palex carnose-membranaceous, concave, obtuse, awnless. Style 1, filiform, very long, exserted, pendulous. Seed compressed, orbicular-reniform, or cuncate. 94 TRIANDRIA DIGYXIA 1. Z. mats, L. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, entire. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 200. Vulgo— Corn. Indian Corn. Alaize. Root annual. Culm 6 to 8 or 10/ et high, and an inch to an inch and half in di- ameter, simple, {oftenproducing suckers, or branches,at base), nodose, semi-terete, or with a broad channel on one side, smooth, solid wilh pith. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, keeled, 2 to 3 feet long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches wide, smooth be- neath, pubescent on the -upper surface, ciliate on the margin: sheaths striate, smooth, conspicuously pubescent along the margin; ligule short, obtuse, slightly pu- bescent and ciliate. Staminate Flowers in terminal paniculate racemes. Spikelets somewhat unilateral on the branches, mostly in pairs, one subsessile and the other pedicellate, each 2-flowered. Glumes herbaceous, nerved, pubescent, the lower one a little longer. Palea} 2 to each floret, nearly equal, membranaceous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, subdentate and ciliate at apex. Anthers greenish yelloxo. Scales collate. rat, cuneatc, truncate, fleshy and smooth. Pistillate Fl iwers in solitary, axillary, sessile spike (1 to 3 or 4—usually about 2 of these spikes, or Ears—on each plant). Spikes enveloped in spalhe-like convolute sheaths,—the outer or lowest of these sheaths {being the one next the culm) thin and membranous, with two keels. Spike- lets 2-flowered, arranged in longitudinal series on a cylindrical spadix, or recep- tacle, 6 to 12 inches long,—the series or rows, always in pairs: florets sessile, the lower one abortive. Glumes 2; the lower one rather shorter, very broad, deeply ertuirginale, or somewhat Globed, ciliate, the -upper one suborbicidar. Abortive flo- ret with 2 paleae; the lower one orbicular, embracing the fertile floret, the upper one shorter, icilh the margins inflexed. Fertile floret with 2 or 3 paleae; the lower one suborbicular, the upper one very broad {or sometimes 2). Ovary smooth, obc- void, obtuse or rounded, compressed at base. Style very long, filiform, projecting beyond the sheatlis, jjendulous, often purple : Stigma pubescent, bifid. Seed corn- pressed, orbicular-reniform, or cuneate, often indented at apex, silting transversely on the cylindric or conic receptacle, and partially imbedded in sockets formed- by the persistent glumes and palea. Hab. Cultivated fields: common. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept.—October. Obs. There are several Varieties of this plant,—with the seeds yellow, white, or sometimes dark purple ; and one which is much smaller, and comes sootier to -matu- rity. I have also seen a singular variety, in which every seed on the receptacle appeared to have its own huslz, or spathe-like covering, in addition to the general envelope. The Indian Corn is one of the most interesting of the Gramineae—rival- ling the Sugar Cane, and the Rice, in intrinsic value,—and, in this region at least, ranking next in importance to Wheat itself. It is universally cultivated, here; being generally the first in the routine Of crops, on breaking up the Lay, or sod. The seed is planted early in May. ?,~o other species of the genus is known in Ihe U. Slates. 64. TRIPSACUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 116. [Greek, Tribo, to grind ; of which the applicability to this plant is not obvious ] Monoicous ; Flowers in digitate spikes. Staminate Fl. Spike- lets 2-flowered; the outer one staminate, the inner mostly neuter. Glumes 2; the outer or lower one coriaceous, the inner subcoriaceous. Palex membranaceous. Pistillate Fl. Spikelets 3-flowered, imbedded in the rachis, with a foramen, or sinus, at each side of the base; one floret fertile, the others abortive. Glumes 2; the outer one indurated. Palex of each floret 2, membranaceous. TRIAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 95 l. T. bacttloides, I. Spikes mostly 2 or 3, aggregated or digitate, terminal; staminate spikelets above, pistillate at the base. Beck, Bot. p. 399. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 40. Finger-like Tripsacum. Vulq-o—Gama Grass. Sesame Grass. Root perennial. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to 5 or 6 feet high, somewhat com- pressed, channelled on one side, smooth, solid with pith : nodes smooth, rather tumid, with a dark brown contracted ring. Leaves large, often 3 feet long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, linear-lanceolate, keeled, smooth beneath, rough- ish on the upper surface, serrulate on the margin, contracted and pilose at base : sheaths nerved, smooth ; ligule very short, ciliate. Spikes generally 2 or 3 (rare- ly 1, or 4), terminal, digitate; rachis articulated. Staminate flowers above : spikelets somewhat in pairs, on two sides of the triangular rachis, each 2-flowered; the inner one usually neuter, sometimes both staminate. Glumes nearly equal; the lower or outer one coriaceous, nerved, lance-oblong, margins thin and inflex. ed; upper one subcoriaceous. boat-shaped. Palea of each floret 2, very thin and membranaceous, nearly as long as the glumes. Stamens 3; anthers orange-color- ed, becoming dark purple. S ales 2, cuneatc, emarginate. Pistillate flowers near the base of the spikes: spikelets 4 to 6 or 8 on each spike, imbedded in recesses of the semi-cylindrical rachis, each 3-flowered; the inner floret fertile, the others abortive. Glumes 2, nearly equal in length; the outer one ovate, rather acute, indurated and polished, embracins the florets, closing the cavity in the rachis, except a bearded foramen or sinus, at each side of its base; the inner one subco - riaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, acuminate. Palea very thin and membranace- ous, 2 to each floret,—but, by the abortion of 2 of the florets, they appear like 6 paleae enveloping one ovary. Scales 2, oblong, truncate. Ovary lance-ovoid, with the rudiments of 3 stamens at base. Style 1; stigmas 2, large, plumose or villous. dark purple. Seed ovoid, smooth. Hab. Great Valley, near the Warren Tavern : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This stout and very remarkable grass has, as yet, only been found in the above locality, in Chester county;—where it was first detected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1828. It is difficult to preserve the spikes entire, in dried specimens,— as they incline to separate readily at the articulations of the rachis. A few years ago, this grass was much extolled, by some writers in the West, as an article of Fodder for Stock. The leaves and young plant may probably answer very well. where better cannot be had;—but any one who will examine the coarse culms of the mature plant, may soon satisfy himself that it can never supersede the good hay of this region,—nor be as valuable, in any respect, as common Indian-corn fodder. It is the only species of the genus in the U. States .-—the T. monostuchytm •f some authors, being nothing more than a single-spiked Variety. [Anychia dichotoma. Pentandria Monogynia.2 Order 3. Trigynia. 65, MOLLUGO. L. ATutt. Gen. 125. [The ancient name of Galium Mollugo;—which this plant somewhat resemble.*.] Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, colored inside. Corolla, 0. ^tn^ien-s 3 to 5- Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves mostly verticillate ; flowers axillary, p«i.»nB»fat», s>;tftaTy, on subumbellate. Nat. Ord. 149. imdl. CarjophyHiKJS, 96 TRIAXDRIA TRIGYXIA i. M, vertictllata, L. Stem prostrate, branched; leaves verticil- late, oblanceolate, or obovate-cuneate, rather acute; peduncles 1-flowef- ed, solitary, or subumbellate. Beck, Bot. p. 50. VrERTTCiLLATE Molluoo. Vulgo—Carpet weed. Indian Chickweed. Root annual. Stem branching from the root in all directions, 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, appressed to the earth; subdivisions dichotomous. Leaves in verticils of about 8, unequal, varying from oblanceolate and rather acute, to obovate-cuneate, and spatulate, about an inch long, entire, and somewhat fleshy or succulent. Pe- duncles shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary; or frequently in a kind of ses- sile umbel. Calyx divided almost to the base ; segments erect, oblong, rather ob- tuse, 3 nerved, with the margins and inside white. Stamens 3, or not unfrequently 4. Stigmas 3, sub-sessile. Capsule ovoid-oblong, trisulcate, longer than the calyx. a little uneven by the prominence of the enclosed seeds. Seeds numerous, small, subreniform, or cochleate, purple, shining, striate on the back with about 8 dark- er purple nerves, or ridges. i7a6. Cultivated grounds: Gardens, &c. common. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Aug.—Octo. 06s. This is the only known species in the U. States. 66, LECHEA. L. A'utt. Gen, 126. [Named in honor of John Leche ; a Swedish Botanist.] Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled, with 2 small accessory sepals, or bracts, per- sistent. Petals 3, lance-ovate, inconspicuous. Stamens 3 to 12 (the number mostly ternary). Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Capsule 3- celled, 3-valved; valves nerved, or septiferous in the middle. Seeds 1 in each cell, oblong, angled at one side, acute at each end. Suffruticose roughish plants; paniculately branched above; leaves alternate or opposite ; flowers numerous, small. Aat. Ord. 134. Lindl. Cistine^. 1. L. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, hirsute; branches villous, radical ones prostrate ; leaves lance-oblong, mucronate, hairy ; panicle leafy, pyramidal; flowers in fasciculate racemes, somewhat secund, small. Beck, Bot. p. 36. L. minor. L. L. major. Willd? Sp. l.p. 495, AIx. Am. l.p. 76. Pers. Syn. l.p. 112. Ait? Kew. 1. p. 185. Aluhl. Catal. p. 15. Pursh, Am. l.p. 90. Bart. Phil. l.p. 75. Bigel. Bost. p. 47. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 160. Ejusd. Comp, p. 74. Lindl. Ency. p. 74. Eat. Man. p. 200. Not of Linn. Villous Lechea. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, often sending out radical prostraU Branches; paniculate above; young branches villous with long, white, spreading hairs. Leaves on the radical branches opposite, on the stem and panicle alter- nate, elliptic lanceolate, somewhat acute at each end, more or less pilose,__those »nthe stem about an inch long. Panicle leafy, with short axillary subdivisions, #r branches. Flowers small, numerous, in racemose clusters at the ends of th« principal and secondary branches. Sepals lance-ovate, keeled; bracts lance-lin- ear. Petals linear-lanceolate, about as long as tha sepals, brown, inconspicuous. Capsule subgloboss. Hab- Woodlands, on ths Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06». We hav« a plant which associates with this species, and seems to be ia- termediata between it and L. minor. It is mors couunou thanL. fiUosa,— »mi js \u TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 97 fact, the plant in'ended in Florul. Cestrica, by the name of L. major. It is usually a foot to 18 inches high—the stem erect, clothed with whitish appressed hairs—the leaves of the same elliptical form as those of L. villosa, but not more than half the size—those on the stem often ternate, or nearly verticillate by threes—the branches tfuite leafy. In habit, it certainly resembles L. villosa; but if only a variety, it is a pretty distinct and very constant one. The true L. villosa was first collected, here, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall, in 1829. 2. L. minor, Pursh. Stem assurgent, branched, smoothish ; leaves lance-linear, acute; panicle diffuse, leafy ; branches elongated ; flowers racemose. Beck, Bot. p. 36. Not of Linn. Lesser Lechea. Vulgo—Pin weed. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, slender, frutoscent, often decumbent, or curved at base, branched, smoother than the preceding, the hairs closely ap- pressed. Leaves nearly an inch long, alternate, narrow, lance-linear, or oblan- ceolate-linear, acute, often a little falcate, sparingly pilose and ciliate, margin somewhat revolute. Panicle rather large and diffuse, with minute bracts on the ultimate branches. Flowers nearly twice as large as those of the preceding spe- cies, pedicellate, racemose. Sepals obovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, pilose \ th ap- pressed hairs on the back; bracts minute, linear. Petals oblong, membranaceous, brown, cohering at apex, finally detached at base, and closely embracing the summit of the capsule, so as readily to be confounded with it on mere inspection. Capsule roundish-ovoid, or obovoid, rather longer than the calyx. Hab. Dry, sandy banks; borders of woodlands: common. Fl Au^;. Fr. Sept. 06s. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States. The L. racemulosa, Mx. is considered byTrofessors Torrey and Hooker as not specifically distinct from L. minor; nor can I perceive any material diiference between our Jr. minor And the plant labelled L. racemulosa, in the Muhlenbergian Herbarium. [Stellaria media. Decandria Trigynia.] [Amaranthus albus. Monoecia Triandria.2 CLASS IV. TETRAIVDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. A. Ovary inferior ; or adnate to the tube of the Calyx. a. Corolla monopetalous—or 0. 67. CEPHALANTHUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 129. [G.reefc, Kephale, a Head, and Anthos, a Flower ; the flowers growing in heads .j Calyx small, angular, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, slender, funnel- fona, the limb 4-cleft. Style much exserted; stigma capitate. Cap' sjtle ©bversely pyramidal, 2-celled, 2-seeded, bipartite. Receptacle globeae, hairy. A Shrub: Leaves entire,opposite or ternate; flowers in globose pedineulate heads vrithoti an involucre, axillary and terminal. Nat- Ord. 190. Lindl. Cm- ttno*AC&j&. 9 98 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 1. C. occidentals, L. Leaves petiolate, opposite or ternate, ovate or oval, acuminate, smooth; peduncles long, often ternate at the ex- Memities of the branches. Beck, Bot. p. 161. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 91. Western Cephaljvnthus. Vulgo—Button Bush. Pond Dog-wood. Stem 3 to 5 feet high (some old plants 7 or 8 feet high, aild 6 or 7 inches in di- ameter), branched ; branches opposite. Heads of flowers about an inch in diame- ter, on axillary or terminal peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. Calyx minute, persis- tent; segments ovate. Corolla white ; the tube about one third of an inch long. somewhat funnel-form, hairy within, smooth externally ; segments obtuse. Sta- mens short, within the tube of the corolla. Style filiform, twice as long as the co- rolla. Capsule tapering at base, 2-celled ; cells semi-bivalved ; outer valve an- gular, inner valve flat, cuneate. Seed solitary, obovate-cuneate, somewhat triang- ular, partially coated with a white suberose kind of arillus, which is much thick- ened at the apex. Hab. Margins of swamps and rivulets: frequent. Fl. July.—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is sometimes a troublesome shrub in swampy meadows. Mr. Elliott says the inner bark of the root is used, in the South, as a remedy for obstinat* coughs. As it is moderately bitter, it may probably be useful in certain cases. It is the only species known in the U. States- 68. DIPSACUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 130. [Greek, dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.] Calyx minute, cup-shaped, entire. Corolla tubular, the limb 4-cleft, erect. Seed 1, crowned by the calyx. Receptacle conic, pa- leaceous. Herbaceous biennials: aculeate, or roughly pilose; leaves opposite, mostly con- nate at base; flowers in terminal ovoid heads, with a many-leaved involucre at base. Nat. Ord. 184. Lindl. Dipsaceje. 1. D. stlvestris, L. Leaves sessile, crenate-dentate, or sen-ate ; in- volucre curved upward, longer than the head of flowers; chaff of the receptacle straight, flexible. Beck, Bot. p. 165. Wild Dipsacus. Vulgo—Wild Teasel. jRoof biennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branched, angular and prickly. Radical leaves lance-oblong, crenate; stem leaves sessile, somewhat connate, serrate; those of the branches lanceolate, often nearly entire ; all more or less prickly on the mid-rib, and sometimes on the margin. Leaves of the involucre lance-linear, pun- gent at apex, aculeate, curved upward and inward, unequal, the longest exceed- ing the head. Heads of flowers oblong-ovoid; corolla pale purple; the tube slender, and pubescent externally. Scales, or chaff of the receptacle, ob- long-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a straight flexible awn-like acumina- lion, longer than the flowers; those at the top of the head longest. Seeffjsolitary, angular, scabrous, crowned with the small cup-form hirsute calyx. Haft. Borders of fields; road-sides, &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This foreigner is becoming quite abundant in many neighborhoods,—par- ticularly in the Great Valley,—where it bids fair to be something of a nuisance to the farms, if not attended to. The flowers commence opening in a ring, round the middle of the head, and extend gradually to the top and bottom of it. TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 99 2. D. Fullonum, L. Leaves connate, serrate; involucre spread- ing, or reflexed, shorter than the head of flowers ; chaff of the receptacle recurved, rigid. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 645. Fullers' Dipsacus. Yulgo—Fuller's Teasel. GM.— Chardon d Foulon. GeT.-Di:1 Kardendistel. Hisp.-Cardencha. Root biennial. Stem 4 to 5 feet high, branched, angular, prickly. Radical leaves obovate, narrowed to a petiole at base; stem-leaves connate-perfoliate, ser- rate, zipper ones entire, all smoothish. Leaves of the involucre lanceolate, mu- cronate, rigid, spreading, or recurved, shorter than the head. Heads of flowers cylindric, or elliptical; corolla pale purple. Scales of the receptacle cuneate-ob- long, keded, terminating in a rigid subulate i ecurved acumination, bristly-ciliate on the margin. Hab. Cultivated Lots: not common. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. This is cultivated by some of our Cloth manufacturers,—but not very ex- tensively. The recurved points of the chaff, on ihe mature heads, are used as a kind of card, to raise the nap on woollen cloths. These two are the otdy species of the genus which have yet been introduced into the U. States. 69. GALIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 131. [Greek, Gala, milk; one of the species having been used to curdle milk.] Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted (rarely 3-parted), rotate. Stamens short. Style short, bifid (styles 2. DC). Fruit didymous, roundish, smooth, or hispid. Seeds 2. Herbaceous: stem slender, 4-angled, branching, often prickly; leaves verticillate; flowers somewhat corymbose-paniculate ; peduncles terminal and axillary. Nat. Ord. 189. Lindl. Stellate. ■j- Fruit smooth. 1. G. trifirum, L ? Stem procumbent or assurgent, angles retrorse- ly scabrous ; leaves in fives and fours, linear-oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base, marginal prickles pointing backwards ; peduncles mostly in 3's, rather short; corolla generally 3-parted, and stamens 3. Beck, Bot. p. 161. G. Claytoni. AIx. Am. l.p. 78. Hook. Am. 1. p. 288. Also, Pers. Syn. 1, p. 126. Three-cleft Galium. Vulgo.—Goose grass. Ladies Bed-straw. Root perennial. Stem procumbent and assurgent, 1 to 2 or 3 feet 1 m-, much branched. Leaves generally in fours, sometimes in fives on the stem, linear-ellip- tic, (sometimes oblanceolate,) obtuse, narrowed or cuneate at base, mid-rib arni margins retrorsely aculeate. Peduncles mostly in threes, axillary, or subtermi- nal, rather short, slender, spreading. Corolla white, small, mostly 3-lobed ; lobef obtuse. Stamens shorter than the corolla, always 3 when the corolla is 3-lobeci Style as long as the stamens, bifid ; stigmas 2, globose. Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Prof. Hooker thinks this may be distinct from the G. trifidum of Europe, which, he says, is a more slender plant than ours. 100 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 2. G. tinctorium, L ? Stem erect, slender, smooth ; leaves in sixes and fours, lance-linear, rather obtuse, marginal prickles pointing for- ward, or diverging ; peduncles elongated, often in threes, and sonitwkd corymbosely subdivided; corolla 4-parted. Beck, Bot. p. 162. Dyer's Galium. Vulgo—Dyer's Goose grass. Wild Madder. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally erect, paniculately branch- ed. Leaves mostly in sixes on the stem, and in fours on the branches, narrower and more lanceolate than in the preceding, occasionally somewhat acute, margins inclining to be revolute, with the prickles generally pointing towards the apex, sometimes diverging, or divaricate. Peduncles mostly teiminal, in threes, longer than in the preceding, each one subdivided at the end, or 2 or 3-flowered. Corolla white,4-parted; lobes rather acute. Style bifid; sligr.MS 2, globose. Fruit when first mature containing a purple juice, at length dry. Hab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fl June. Fr. Aug. 06s. Dr. Torm/thinks this is nothing more than a variety of ihe preceding. It is certainly nearly allied to it; but, so far as I have observed, ihe differences above noted are pretty constant. This is the plant which we have always taken f..r 0. tinctorium, here ; but it is proper to remark, that the specimens so labelled, in Muhlenberg's Herbarium, and in that of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Phil- adelphia, appear to be somewhat different;-Ihe whole plant being of a lighter color, or more glaucous, the branches very slender, the stem-leaves more linear, and the fruit smaller. The early travellers among our Aborigines inform us, that the roots of G. tinctoi ium are used for dyeing porcupine quills, and other savage ornaments, of a red color. 3. G. asprellum, AIx. Stem diffuse, much branched, retrorsely aculeate; leaves in sixes, fives, and fours, lanceolate, acuminate, mid- rib and margins armed with sharp uncinate retrorrfe prickles; pedun- cles rather short, slender, in twos or threes. Beck, Bot. p. 1C2. G. Pennsylvanicum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 15. Not of Bart. Phil. Roughish Galium. Root perennial. Stem flaccid, 2 or 3 feet 1 n: (often 4 or 5 feet long, when sup- ported on bushes), sharply scabrous with retrois,; prickles, much branched above, forming diffuse entangled bunches. Verticils rather approximate. Leaves mostly in sixes and fives, sometimes in fours, the margins and mid-ribuncinattly aculeate; stem leaves oval-lanceolate, or lance-obovate, cbtuse, mucronate ; those on the branches lanceolate, acuminate, scarious at the apex. Flower-bearing branch- es divaricate ; flowers numerous, small. Peduncles in pairs, or threes, often sub- divided, very slender, and rather short. Corolla very white ; lobes acute, or acu- minate. Style bifid ; stigmas 2, t,lubcse. Hub. Swampy thickets: ditch banks: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Prof. Hooker seems to think this is identical with the preceding, or with our G.trifidum; but if he were to see them growing in their native localities, I ap- prehend he would change his opinion. The sharp hooked prickles on the leaves and branches of this species render them quite adhesive tooljects with which they come in contact. f f Fruit hispid. 4. G. aparine, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, retrorsely aculeate, pu- bescent near the joints; leaves mostly in eights, long, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, mid-rib and margins aculeate ; peduncles elongated, simple and bifid, axillary ; fruit large. Beck, Bot. p. 162. TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 101 Vulgo—Common Cleavers. Goose grass. Robin-run-the-Hedge. Gall.— Grateron. Germ.—Das Klebkraut. Hisp.—Amor del Hortelano. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, procumbent when not supported; branch- es short. Verticils rather remote. Leaves in 8's or 6's, an inch and half long, sometimes obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base. Flowers mostly on axillary elongated peduncles. Corolla white. Fi-uit rather large, adhesive by its hooked bristles. Hab. Along fences ; and in rich shaded places: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This species is generally given as a native ; but to me it always had the appearance of an introduced plant. o. G. triflorum, AIx. Stem flaccid, smoothish, the angles some- what aculeate ; leaves in fives and sixes, elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, slightly ciliate on the margin ; common peduncles axillary and terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered at the extremity ; flowers pedicellate; fruit small. Beck, Bot. p. 162. G. cuspidatum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 16. Florul. Cestr. p. 19. Also, Ell. Sk. l.p. 197. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 601. G. Pennsylvanicum. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 83. Not of Aluhl. Also, G. brachiatum. Florul. Cestr. p. 19. Not of Aluhl. and per- haps not of Pursh. THnEE-FLOWERED GALIUM. Root perennial. Stem weak, often procumbent, 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, with a few shorl axillary diverging branches. Leaves somewhat membranaceous, mostly in sixes, elliptic, or obovate-lanceolate, attenuated at base, sprinkled with hairs on the upper surface, mid-rib minutely aculeate, and margins ciliate : stem leaves mu- cronate, those on the branches often acuminate. Flowering branches axillary and terminal, trichotomous, or not unfrequently dichotomous. Corolla nearly white; lobes ovate, acute, or acuminate. Fruit clothed with white uncinate hairs. Hab. Woodlands, and moist shaded grounds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. Obs. The plant called G. brachiatum, in Florul. Cestrica, proves to be nothing but the present species. 6. G. pilosum, Ait. Stem nearly simple, ascending, hirsute on the angles ; leaves in fours, ovate or oval, indistinctly 3-nerved, slightly mu- cronate, very hairy on every part; peduncles elongated, dichotomous, often 3-flowered at the extremity. Beck, Bot. p. 163. G. puncticulosum. Mx? Am. l.p. 80. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 83. Also 1 Beck, Bot.p. 162. var. pilosum. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 601. Also, G. punctatum. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 128. Also 1 G. bermudianum. Willd. Sp. l.p. 596. Pers. Syn. l.p. 128. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 104. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 93. Torr. Fl. 1. p, 169. Ejusd. Comp. p. 80. Eat. Man. p. 152. Not of Muhl. nor Ell. Hairt Galium. Root perennial. Stem 1 to2feet high, nearly simple, often cespitose, or several from the same root, ascending, hirsute; branches axillary, expanding. Leaves •ovate, or oval, obtuse, about an inch long and half an inch wide, pellucid-punctate, covered with roughish hairs, and ciliate on the margin, the mid-rib distinct, bat 9* 102 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA the lateral nerves very obscure. Peduncles dichotomous, each division generally bearing 3 flowers on short footstalks. Corolla reddish brown ; lobes acute. Fruit covered with white uncinate bristles. Hab. Dry, sterile woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 06s. There seems to be much confusion respecting this plant, and its syno- nyms. It appears to be quite distinct from the specimens labelled G. berniudiat num, in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy,—which were collected in Bermuda. The G. bermudianum, in Muhlenberg's Herbarium, is a white flowered species, with the leaves lanceolate, and strongly 3-nerved. Dr. Toirey says h« eould not distinguish it from G.pilosum; but Dr. Pickering and myself, on a re- cent examination, concurred in the opinion that it was much more nearly allied to our G. boreale. It is true, the joints of the stem, and the mid-rib and margins ef the leaves were somewhat more pilose,—but in every other feature it appeared to be identical with the G. bcreale of this County. Y. G. oircszans, AIx, Stem erect, smoothish ; leaves in fours, oval, or lance-ovate, rather obtuse, smoothish, 3-nerved, margins and nerves ciliate; peduncles divaricate, few-flowered ; fruit subsessile, nodding. Beck, Bot. p. 163. G. brachiatum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 16. Not of Pursh, nor of Fl. Cestr. Circea-like Galium. Vulgo—Wild Liquorice. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often branched near the base, smoothish, or slightly pubescent on the angles. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and half an inch to three quarters wide, oval, or ovate, the lower ones often roundish-obovate and the upper ones lance-ovate, obtuse, or sometimes rath- er acute, distinctly 3-nerved, margin and nerves ciliate, and the surface sprinkled with short appressed hairs on both sides. Peduncles nearly simple, finally genic- ulate ;flowers alternate, subsessile. Corolla purplish white; lobes cuspidate. Fruit uncinately hispid. Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. June—July. FY. Aug.—Sept. 06s. This species is easily recognized by the sweet liquorice-like taste of the leaves. There is a variety of this, of larger growth, with pellucid-punctate leaves, and, in some instances, almost as hairy as G. pilosum. D. Townseno, Esq. has very stout specimens of it from near Easton, in this State. Dr. Torrey queries whether it may not possibly be the G. bermudianum, of Pursh. 8. G. lanceolatum, Torr. Stem erect, smooth; leaves in fours, lan- ceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-nerved, smooth, margin and nerves somewhat ciliate ; peduncles divaricate ; fruit sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 163. G. circa:zans, var. lanceolatum. AT. T. Catal. p. 23. D C. Prodr. 4, p. 601. G. Torreyi. Bigel. Bost. p. 56. Lanceolate Galium. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, quite smooth, except at the joints, somewhat branched, joints rather distant. Leaves an inch and half to two and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, lanceolate, or often ovate-lan- ceolate, tapering to a point, rather thin and membranaceous, nearly smooth, mar- gin ciliate, mid-rib somewhat scabrous with short bristles. Peduncles long, sub- terminal, trichotomous, finally divaricate. Corolla brownish purple, sometime? whitish; lobes acuminate. Fruit sessile, uncinately hispid. Jfo6. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 103 06s. This is undoubtedly nearly allied to the preceding ; but seems to be con- stantly and sufficiently distinct. The leaves, moreover, so far as I have observed, have not the sweet taste which characterizes Ihe G. circazana. 9. G. boreale, L 1 Stem erect, smooth, branched above ; branches short; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, 3-nerved, smooth, margin somewhat revolute and ciliate-scabrous ; flowers in a terminal panicle. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 169. G. bermudianum? Aluhl. Catal.p. 16. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 196. Xot of Pursh, and others. G. strictum. A'. Y. Catal. p. 23. G. septentrionale. Bigel. Bost.p. 54. Beck, Bot. p. 163. Also, DC. Prodr. 4. p. 601. Northern Galium. Whole plant rather glaucous. Root perennial, somewhat ligneous, fibrous at the joints. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often in bunches, or a considerable number from ihe same root, branched above, smooth and a little shining, puberulent at ihe joints. Leaves an inch to an inch and three quarters long, and an eighth to a third of an inch wide, linear-lanceolate, tapering to a narrow point, but rather obtuse at the extremity, distinctly 3-nerved, slightly scabrous on the nerves, and minutely cil- iate on the margin. Panicle terminal, subpyramidal, or thyrsoid; branches di. verging, peduncles frequently trichotomous; bracts ovate, or obovate, mostly ob- tuse. Corolla white; segments lance-ovate, acute, 3-nerved. Fruit small, hispid; hairs short, scarcely uncinate. Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill, at Clack Rock.-rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Our plant has longer leaves than the European specimens which I have seen,—and the panicles are not quite so dense-flowered; but I do not think it is en- titled to be made a distinct species. As already mentioned, under No. 6,1 believe litis is the G. bermudianum, or bermudense, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium;—but probably not the plant to which that name was applied, by Linnaus. The root of this species is also said to be used, by the Aborigines, to dye a red color. Six or seven additional species have been enumerated in the U. States. 70. RUBIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 132. [Latin, Ruber, red; the color produced by its roots.] Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla sub-rotate, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens short, (sometimes 5 or 6). Style 1, bifid. Fruit didymous, subglobose, suc- culent, smooth. Herbaceous, or suffruticose : stem 4-angled, diffuse, branching, mostly flaccid ; leaves verticillate, and ihe general habit that of Galium. Nat. Ord. 189. Lindl. STELLATjE. 1. R. Tinctorum, L. Herbaceous; stem flaccid, aculeate on the angles ; leaves mostly in sixes, subpetiolate, lanceolate ,■ peduncles axillary, trichotomous. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 589. Dters' Rubia. Vulgo—Madder. Dyer's Madder. Gallice"—La Garance. Germ.—Die Faerber-Roethe. Hisp.—Rubia. Root perennial, large. Stem procumbent when not supported,2 to3 or 4feetlong, rather coarse, branching, pubescent at the joints; angles prominent, sometimes more than 4, aculeate with short retrorsely curved prickles. Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, with a short acumination, narrowed almost to a petiole at base, midrib arid 104 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA margin retrorsely aculeate. Flower-bearing branches axillary, opposite. Corolla brownish yellow, often o-paited ; lobes acuminate. Hab. Gardens, and small lots : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. Obs. This plant is very nearly allied to Galium. The large root affords a valu- ble red coloring matter ; and is occasionally cultivated, by some families, as a do- mestic dye-stuff. There is one native species in the Southern States. 71. DIODIA. L. DC. Prodr. 4, p. 561. [Greek, Dia,through, or by, and OcZos, Way; from its growing along road sides.] Calyx 2 or 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form ; limb 4-lobed. Capsule obovoid, or obversely pyramidal, crowned with the persistent calyx, 2- celled, bipartile ; cells 1-seeded. Suffruticose: stems round, or quadrangular; leaves opposite, connected at base by a sheathing bristly-ciliate slipule; flowers small, axillary, sessile. Nat. Ord. 190. Lindl. Cinchonace.e. ' 1. D. teres, Walt. Stem terete, diffuse, roughish pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, serrulate on the margin and keel; bristles of the stipule longer than the fruit; calyx 4-toothed. Beck, Bot. p. 161. Spermacoce diodina. AIx. Am. 1. p. 82. Muhl. Catal. p. 15. Pursh, Am. 1. p, 105. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 94. Bart. Phil. l.p. 83. Ell. Sk\ 1. p. 189. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 170. Ejusd. Comp. p. 80. Florul. Cestr, p. 19. Eat. Man. p. 353. Terete Diodia. Vulgo—Button weed. Root annual. Stem 4 to 12 inches high, diffusely branched, covered with a short pubescence,and sprinkled with longer white bristly hairs; branches spreading, lower ones procumbent. Leaves an inch to an inch and a half long, and about one fourth of an inch wide, somewhat scabrous, margin and keel aculeate-serru- late. Stipules membranaceous, fringed with 6 or 8 long bristles between the leaves on each side of the stem. Flowers generally solitary, and opposite, in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute (obtuse, Torr.), ciliate. Corolla mostly pale red, minutely pubescent. Fruit somewhat quadra«gular-obo- void, bisulcate, hispid. Hab. Sandy banks; roadside, from Strode's Mill to Brandywine. Fl. Aug. Fr. Oct. 06s. This plant is very abundant in the S. western parts of the county,—par- ticularly along the Marlborough Street road ; but I believe is scarce in the N. east- ern portion. Three or four other specie3, as the genus is now constituted, occur in the U. States. 72. HEDYOTIS. L. Hook. Am. I. p. 286. [Gr. Hedys, sweet, Ous, otos, Ear; from a supposed virtue in curing deafness.] Calyx 4-toothed, or 4-parted. Corolla tubular; limb spreading, 4-lo- bed. Capsule subglobose-didymous, half superior, 2-celled, 2-valved. many-seeded, opening at apex transversely, or across the dissepiment. Herbaceous, or suffruticose at base: stem mostly quadrangular, dichotomous ■ leaves opposite, connected at base by a short stipule ; flowers axillary or terminal, Aaf. Ord. 190. Lindl. Cinchonaceje. 1. H. c^rulea, Hook. Stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatulate-oval, stem-leaves oblanceolate; peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; corolla salver-form, lobes acute. Hook. Am. 1. p. 286. TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 105 lloustonia cserulca. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 583. Pers. Syn. ]. p. 125. Ait. Kew. l.p, 235. Aluhl. Catal. p. 15. .Vk«. Gcw. 1. p. 95. JJarf. P/«7. l.p. 81. Ell. Sk. l.p. 192. Bart. Am. l.p. 119, Icox,ta6. 31. /. 1. Bigel. Bost. p. 53. Torr. Fl. 1 p. 172. Ejusd. Comp. p. 81. Florul. Cestr. p. 19. ZiHfA'. Ency. p. 90. .SccA-, ^o.'. p. 242. JEa.\ .Wa/j. p. 177. var. elatior. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 106. H. Linnaei, var. elatior. AIx. Am. 1. p. S4. Blue Hedtotis, Vulgo—Dwarf Pink. Bluct3. Innocence. Root perennial. Stems numerous, 3 to6 inches high, erect, slender, quadran- gular, dichotomous, smooth. Radical leaves spatulate, obtuse, narrowed to a pe- tiole at base, smooth, minutely ciliate ; stem-leaves oblanceolate, or elliptic- lanceolate, somewhat ciliate ; stipules short and broad. Calyx-segments ob- long, erect, much shorter than the tube of the corolla, persistent. Corolla blue, or blue and white, (sometimes nearly all white,) wilh a yellow throat; tube one fourth of an inch long; lobes obovate, acute. Stamens included. Style longer than the tube of the corolla; stigma bifid. Capsule broadly obcordate, projecting above the entire part of the calyx, opening at the top in the direction of its longest diameter, but across ihe dissepiment. Seeds small, orbicular, compressed, ru- gos:, with a cavity on one side. Hab. Grassy banks, and woodlands: common. Fl. April—Sept. Fr. June—Octo. 06s. I was reluctant to merge this plant (so well known by the name of llous- tonia,) in the present genus ; but the high authority of Prof Hooker, and my own conviction of its propriety, induced me to yield the point. Regarding t hem all as belonging to lledyotis, there are 9 or 10 additional species enumerated in the TJ. States. 73. MITCHELL A. L. A'utt. Gen. 138. [Xamed in honor of Dr. John Mitchell; a Botanist of Virginia] Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form ; tube terete ; limb 4-parled, spreading, villous on the inner side. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. A Suffruticose creeping evergreen: leaves opposite, petiolate, connected by mi- nute stipules; flowers in pairs on twin ovaries, axillary or terminal. Nat. Ord. 190. Lilldl- ClNCHONACEiE. 1. M. repens, L. Stem prostrate, branched, smooth ; leaves ovate; flowers in pairs on a single peduncle. Beck,Bot. p. 160. Icon, Bart. A.m. 3. tab. 95. /. 1. Creeping Mitchella. Vulgo—Partridge Berry. Perennial. Stem creeping, 6 to 12 inches long, branching in all directions from the root. Leaves ovate, or roundish-ovate^ometimes a little cordate at base, ■ mire, dark green, generally with a whitish central line, over the midrib; petioles connected by small acuminate stipules. Flowers in pairs, on a twin or coalesced ovary, at the end of a peduncle which is about as long as the petioles. Calyx-segments small, persistent. Corolla white; tube about half an inch long, slender; limb very villous on the inside ; lobes lance-ovate, acute. Stigma most- ly 4-cleft. Berry subglobose, crowned with the persistent teeth of the 2 calyces, red when mature. Hab. Moist woodlands, about the roots of trees: common. Fl. June. Fr. Octo. 06s. I have%occasionally observed flowers with the limb of the corolla three- lobed, and then always triandrous:—sometimes one on an ovary was so,—and sometimes both. The berries frequently remain until the flowers of the succeed- ing year put forth. They are eatable, but insipid. This is the only "pecies uf ihe genus ia the U. States. 106 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 74. SANGUISORBA. L. ATutt. Gen. 161. [Latin, Sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb; being supposed to stop Vjleeding.] Calyx colored, corolla-like, 4-partcd. Petals 0. Stigma multifid. Ovary 4-angled, bracteate at base. Carpels 2, included in the tube of the calyx, becoming dry indehiscent 1-.seeded akenes. Herbaceous: leaves odd-pinnate, stipular; flowers aggregated in dense cylindric or ovate spikes. Nat. Ord. 72. Lindl. Sanguisorbejj. 1. S. canadensis, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, cordate at base, coarse- ly serrate ; spikes cylindric, long; stamens much exserted, the fila- ments diiated above. Beck, Bot. p. 115. Canadian Sanguisorba. Vulgo—Burnet Saxifrage. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, fistular, terete, striate and rough ishpubes- cent, wilh a few erect smoothish and somewhat angular branches. Leaves alter- nate, pinnate, with a terminal odd leaflet; common petiole dilated at base into a sheathing membrane, supporting auricular serrated stipules; leaflets two to four inches long and one to two inches wide, glabrous, oblong, or ovate-oblong, obtuse, cordate at base, petiolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, the serratures often acuminate, or cuspidate. Stipules at the base of the partial petioles ovate, acute, serrate,often wanting. Spikes 3 to 6 inches in length, on long peduncles,—or rather termina- ting the nearly naked branches. Flowers numerous, crowded, sessile,^each with 3bracts at base ; the lower bract lance-oblong, obtuse, about as long as the ovary, the two lateral ones lance-ovate, about one third the length of the lower one, and all of them tomentose, pulverulent, and fringed on the margin. Calyx yellowish or greenish white, resembling a corolla; segments ovate-oblong, keeled, with a slightly compressed callous apex. Stamens very long; the upper part of the fila- ment flatted and dilated. Style a little longer than the calyx; stigma somewhat capitate, multifid, or pencilform. Ovary ovoid-quadrangular, the angles promi- nent, and at length winged. Hab. Low meadow grounds; margins of swamps: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr.Oclo- Obs. Authors generally speak of two bracts (or calyx-leaves, as they were for- merly termed,) at the base of the flower; but I find them as above described. One other species has been enumerated in the U. States; but it does not seem to be well ascertained. b. Corolla tetrapetalous—or 0. 75. CORNUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 143. * [Latin, Cornu, a horn ; from the horny toughness of the wood.] Calyx 4-toothed ; segments small. Petals 4, oblong. Stamens long- er than the corolla; anthers incumbent. Stitmia capitate or obtuse. Drupe with a 2 or 3-celled nut. Small Trees, or Shrubs-rarely Herbaceous: branches and leaves generally- opposite : leaves without stipules, entire, penninerved; flowers subcapitate, with a 4-leaved involucre,-or cymose and paniculate, without an involucre. Xal. Ord. 191. Lindl. Capripoliaceje. f Flowers subcapitate—with an Involucre. 1. C. Florida, L. Arborescent; leaves ovate, acuminate; involucre large, with obcordate leaflets; drupe oval, red. Beck, Bot b 153 Icon Mx. f, Sylva, 1. tab. 48. Flowering Cornus. Vulgo—Dog-wood. Common Dog-wood. TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 107 Stem 15 to 20 feet (sometimes 30 or 40 feet) high, with numerous expanding branches; the young branches opposite, or frequently in fours. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, pilose on both sides with short appressed hairs, whitish be- neath, and when young conspicuously pubescent along the nerves. Flowers in terminal sessile umbels, or clusters. Involucre about 3 inches in diameter, 4-leav- ed ; leaflets in opposite pairs, white, or sometimes tinged with purple, nerved ob- cordate, or contracted into a callous notch at apex, the lower pair rather shorter and more orbicular. Calyx tubular, greyish-pubescent; segments obtuse. Co- rolla greenish yellow; petals lance-oblong. Style shorter than the stamens ; stig. ma capitate. Drupe oval, bright red when mature; nut 2-celled, Hab. Woodlands ; every where common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.—October, 06s. The wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm,—affording ex- cellent cogs for mill-wheels, &c. The young straight stems make good hoops. for the coopers ; and, in the "good old times," when it was the fashion for cur fe- males to put their hands to the distaff, the slender regularly-disposed branches furnished that implement, also, for the spinsters. The bark is an excellent tonic. almost rivalling the cinchona, in efficacy. See Dr. Walker's Inaugural Thesis. Philadelphia, 1803. A preparation called cornine, (analogous to the quinine of the shops,) has been obtained from it by Mr Geo. VV. Carper.ier, of Philadelphia: which may some day become important, if the supply of cinchona should fail. It is a remark of our observing Farmers, that the proper time to plant Indian Corn (Zea mays) is when the involucres of the Dog-wood are first developed. f f Flowers cymose, or paniculate—without an Involucre. * Leaves opposite. 2. C. sericea, L'Herit. Branches expanded ; leaves elliptic-ovate. acuminate, with a somewhat silky-ferruginous pubescence beneath; cymes depressed ; peduncles villous ; drupe roundish-obovoid, blue. Beck, Bot. p. 153. C. lanuginosa. AIx. Am. 1. p. 92. C. sanguinea. Marsh. Arbust. p. 36. Not ? of Linn. &c. Silky Cornus. Vulgo—Red rod. Swamp Dog-wood. Stem slender, virgate, 6 to 10 feet high, when young yellowish green, or often purple; branches spreading, the young shoots and petioles lanuginous. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide, on petioles half an inch to an inch in length, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, nearly smooth above, silky-pubescent and lighter colored beneath, the nerves and veins becoming a reddish brown. Cymes termi- nating the young branches, pedunculate, the common peduncle one and a half to 2 inches long, with 3 to 5 principal divisions, all woolly-pubescent; flowers crowd- ed. Calyx small,pilose; segments acute. Corolla yellowish white; petals sub- linear, rather obtuse, broader at base. Drupe subglobose, or roundish-obovoid, bright palish blue when mature ; nut 2-celled. Hab. Margins of swamps, and streams : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Octo. > 06s. Prof. Hooker seems to think that neither this, nor our C. paniculata, is sufficiently distinct from C. alba: But, whatever may be the fact with respect to C. paniculata, I am satisfied our C. sericea is altogether a different plant. We have, however, a Cornus closely allied to this species—with upright dark purple branch- es, and leaves with the under surface nerves and petioles smooth,—which I am inclined to suspect may be the C. sanguinea, of the American Botanists ; but I doubt its being more than a variety of the present one. The bark of the C. seri- es has also been ascertained to possess valuable tonic properties. See Dr. Walk- er's Thesis, as above. 108 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 3. C. paniculata, ITHerit. Branches erect; leaves elliptic, or lance- ovate, acuminate, hoary beneath; cymes thyrsoid-paniculate; drupe subglobose, white. Beck, Bot. p. 154. C. candidissima. Marsh. Arbust. p. 35. Panicled Convus. Vulgo—White Dog-wood. S7f»i4to6 or 8 feet high, with numerous upright slender branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, on petioles one fourth to half an inch long, varying from elliptic to lance-ovate and lanceolate, acuminate, pale green above, glaucous or hoary white beneath, sprinkled with short white hairs on both sides; nerves somewhat ferruginous, and, with the petioles, smooth. Flowers in open thyrsoid panicles, becoming still more elongated when in fruit. Calyx, (or ovary,) clothed with a short white silky appressed pubescence ; seg- ments very small, acute. Corolla white ; petals lance-oblong, rather acute. Stig- ■ma capitate, somewhat emarginate. Drupe depressed-globose, white, wilh a leaden tinge when mature. Hab. Thickets, and fence-rows : somewhat rare. Fl. June.' Fr. October. 06s. This species is not very common ; but has been found in several place? within the County, since my Catalogue was published. I am much inclined to the opinion of Prof. Hooker, that this will prove to be only a variety of C. alba,—as J have found specimens extremely like it, with the inflorescence cymose. The C. stricta, Lam. may, also, be nothing more than a variety. * * Leaves alternate, 4. C. alternifolia, L. Branches and leaves somewhat alter- nate ; leaves ovate, or oval, acute or acuminate, hoary beneath; cymes depressed, spreading ; drupe globose, bluish black. Beck, Bot. p. 154. C. alterna. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 35. Florul. Cestr. p. 20. Alternate-leaved Cornus. Stem 10 to ID feet high, with spreading irregularly alternate branches, which are covered with a yellowish green bark, streaked with numerous oblong white warts. Leaves somewhat alternate, often nearly opposite, about 3 inches long, and one and a half to 2 inches wide, on petioles about an inch in length, ovate, or elliptic, more or less acuminate, smooth above, hoary and somewhat pilose be^ neath, margin and pet; I slightly ciliate-pubescent; nerves rather ferruginous. Mowers in depressed spreading cymes. Calyx somewhat pubescent; segments nearly obsolete. Corolla yellowish white; petals lance-oblong. Stigma subcapi> tate, obtuse. Drupe globose, dark blue, or bluish black, when mature; nut 2 or 3celled. Hab. Moist thickets; fonce-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Aug. 06s. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States,—of which., however, one or two are not well established. The C. canadensis,—an interest* Fag little herbaceous species, with an involucre,—occurs in abundance on the Po- fceno Mountain, in this State ; but seems to be very much confined to such regioai. 76. ISNARDIA. L, ATutt. Gen. 142. & 141. [Dedicated to Antoine d' Isnard; a French Botanist.] ('.tilycc 4-parted, persistent. Corolla 4-petalled, or 0. Capsule quadran- gulsvr-obovoid, or oblong and 4-angled, 4-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous, aquatic or marshy plants: leaves entire, alternate, or opposite; flowers axillary, mostly sessile, Nat. Ord. 47. Lindl. Onaqrari*. TETRANDRIA MOKOGYXIA 109 ■j" Leaves alternate ; petals 4. 1. I. alternifolia, DC. Stem erect, branched, nearly smcoth; leaves lanceolate, subsessile ; flowers solitary, on short peduncles ; cap- sule roundish-obovoid, 4-cornered, angles winged. Beck, Bot.p. 119. Ludwigia alternifolia. Willd. Sp. I. p. 672. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 265. Aluhl. Catal.p. 17. Ell. Sk. l.p. 217. Bigel. Boat. p. 60. Lindl. Ency. p. 104. Eat. Alan. p. 211. L. macrocarpa. AIx. Am. 1. p. 89. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 146. Pursh, Am. l.p. 110. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 98. Bart. Phil. I. p. 75. Torr. Fl. I. p. 180. Ejusd. Comp, p. 83. Florul. Cestr. p. 20. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. ra&. 14. Alternate-leaved Isnardia, Vulgo—Bastard Loose-strife. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, much branched, often purplish, somewhat an- gular by the decurrence of the petioles, slightly pubescent, suffruticose when old. Leaves alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, acute, nar- rowed at base into a very short petiole, sprinkled with short hairs, and minutely ciliate on the margin. Segments of the Calyx longer than the ovary, ovate, acu- minate, ciliate, becoming purple. Corolla yellow; petals roundish-obovate, near- ly as long as the calyx-segments, caducous. Style deciduous; stigma large, capi- tate. Capsule large, 4-cornered, with 2 lance-linear bracts at base ; apex some- what hemispherical, opening with a central foramen; angles conspicuously wing- ed, wings ciliate. Peduncle about one fourth of an inch long. Hab. Swampy meadows, and margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. July. FV. Sept, -j- j- Leaves opposite; petals 0. 2. I. palustris, L. Stem procumbent, creeping, glabrous ; leaves ovate, petiolate ; flowers sessile; capsule ovoid-oblong, somewhat four- cornered. Beck, Bot. p. 120. Ludwigia nitida. AIx. Am. 1. p. 87. Pursh, Am, I. p. 111. L. palustris. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 211. Florul. Cestr. p. 20. Marsh Isnardia. Root perennial 1 fibrous. Stem 6 to 18 inches long, succulent, purple, prostrate. {sometimes floating,) sending out long roots at the joints, and branching from the axils. Leaves ovate, or somewhat spatulate, acute, smooth and shining, the lar- gest ones about an inch long and three fourths of an inch wide, narrowed abruptly at base into a tapering flat or winged petiole, half an inch to three-quarters in length. Flowers small, sessile and opposite in the axils of the leaves. Segments of the Cmlyx shorter than the ovary, ovate, acute. Corolla 0. Capsule oblong;, truncate, obtusely 4-cornered, crowned with the persistent calyx. Seeds very nu> taerous, small, white. Hab. Ditches, and miry places: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. There are about a dozen additional species, as the genus is now constitu: tW, in the TJ. States,—chiefly in the South.' B- Ovary superior, a. Flowers complete. 77. PLANT AGO. L. ATutt. Gen. 145. [A name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] Gkiyx 4-parted (rarely 3-parted). Corolla monopetalous, marcescent; limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Stamens long. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, cir- etntscissed, or opening horizontally. 10 110 TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Herbaceous : stemless; leaves all radical; flowers in spikes, on axillary or inter foliaceous scapes, bracteate. Nat. Ord. 182. Lindl. Plantagikeje. 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate, or oval, subdentate, smoothish, om longish petioles; spike cylindric, or a little tapering, very long; flowers imbricated ; capsule many-seeded. Beck, Bot. p. 293. Greater Plantago. Vulgo— Common, or great Plantain. Way bread. Gaft.-Plantain ordinaire. Germ.-Der grosse Wegerich. -r/Jsp.-Llanten. Root perennial. Leaves spreading on the ground, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 4 tor 5 inches wide, more or less ovate, or oval, 5 to 7-nerved, with coarse ob- scure teeth, generally smoothish, (sometimes quite pilose,) narrowed abruptly at base to a petiole about as long as the leaf; petiole nerved, channelled above. Scapes several,6 to 18 inches high, inclusive of the spikes, which vary from 2 to 12 or 13 inches in length. Bracts lanceolate, mostly acute, one to each flower, shorter than the calyx. Calyx persistent; segments lance-ovate, keeled. Corolla whitish, inconspicuous, ventricose below, contracted into a neck above, shrivelling, and remaining on the ovary. Stamens about twice as long as the corolla. Style ex- serted, persistent. Capsule lance-ovoid, somewhat compressed, obtuse at apex. Hab. Moist rich grounds: foot-paths, &c. common. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug.—Oct 05s. A naturalized foreigner;—remarkable for accompanying civilized man,- growing along his foot-paths, and flourishing around his settlements. It is said our Aborigines call it "the white man's foot," from this circumstance. The leaves have long been known and used as a popular dressing for blisters and other sorei: a practice sportively noticed by Shakspeare:— "Rom. Your Plantain leaf is excellent for that. Ben. For what, I pray thee1? Rom. For your broken shin." Romeo and Juliet, Act 1. Sc. 2. 2. P. tirginica, L. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate-lanceolate, subdenticulate; flowers rather distant on the cylindric spike ; capsuls 2-seeded. Beck, Bot. p. 293. Virginian Plantago. Vulgo—White Plaintain. Whole plant covered with a grey pubescence. Root biennial, Torr. (annual. Willd. Muhl. &c). Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, oval, or obo- vate-lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, narrowed gradually at base to a petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves (4 to 6 or 8 inches) very hairy. Spike at first short, finally elongated to 2, 3, or 4 inches. Flowers a little distant, not imbrica- ted. Calyx about as long as the bract, often a little longer ; segments broad-ovate, er obovate, with green keel and white margin. Corolla yellowish ; segments lar- ger than in the preceding. Stamens longer than the corolla; anthers larg*, Capsule ovoid. Seed single in each cell. Hab. Sterile old fields, and stony hills: frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Aug. 3. P. eanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end ; spik« short, dense, ovoid-cylindric; scapes long, slender, grooved; capsule 2-seeded. Beck, Bot. p. 293. Lanceolate Plantago. Vulgo—English Plantain. Ripple grass. Root perennial. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long and 1 to 2 inches broad, lanceolate. a-etite, remotely denticulate, about 5-nerved, somewhat pilose, narrowed gradually at base to a petiole. Scapes 1 to 2 feet high, angular, grooved, pilose with som«- WftM appressed hairs. Spike aboat an inch long, at first ovoid-oblong, finally near- TETRAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Hi ly cylindric, dense-flowered. Bracts ovate, acuminate, with a green keel and membranaceous margin and apex, the slender point at length reflexed. Calyx deeply 3-parted, (or rather 3-leaved,) membranaceous ; the outer or lower segment oval, truncate, emarginate, with 2 green keel-like lines; the lateral segments rath- er longer, boat-shaped, acute, keel green, fringed with conspicuous hairs near the apex. Corolla dirty white, wilh a brown keel; segments ovate, very acute. Sta- ?nens very long; anthers greenish white. Capsule 2-seeded. Seeds oblong, con- vex on one side, concave on the other, shining, ambei^colored. Hab. Fields, and meadow grounds : common. Fl. May—Aug. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. This species differs remarkably from the two preceding, in the structure of the calyx. It is an introduced plant,—becoming very prevalent; and is generally much disliked on account of its seeds mingling with those of the red clover, and affect- ing the value of the latter, in the market. All kinds of Stock eat it freely; and it has even been cultivated, by some farmers, as a sheep pasture : But I think it far from being a desirable plant on a farm. Nine or ten additioi al species are enu- merated in the U. States. 78. BARTONIA. Muhl. Xot of A'utt. Pursh, Bart, nor Lindl. [In honor of the late worthy Prof. B. S. Barton, of Pennsylvania.] Calyx deeply 4-parted, apprepsed. Corolla subcampanulate, 4-parted; lobes somewhat erect. Stigma thick, somewhat bifid, and decurrent on the short style. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, surrounded by the per- sistent calyx and corolla. Seeds minute, numerous. Herbaceous: stem simple, subpaniculate above ; leaves minute, sessile, mostly opposite. Nat. Ord. 197. Lindl. Gentianejb. 1. B. paniculata, Aluhl. Stem slender, paniculate above ; leaves subulate ; peduncles opposite; style shorter than the ovary. Eat, Alan. p. 51. B. tenella. Pers. Syn. l.p. 141. Torr. Fl. l.p. 185. Ej. Comp.p. 58. Sagina virginica. Willd. Sp. l.p. 719. Also, Aluhl. Catal. p. 18. Centaurellapaniculata. AIx. Am. l.p.98. IcoN,ta6. 12./. 1.ATutt. Gen. l.p. 101. Ell. Sk. l.p. 204. Bigel. Bost.p. 52. Beck, Bot. p. 243. C. autumnalis. Pursh, Am. 1. p, 100. Also, Centaurium autumnale. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 137. Andrewsia paniculata. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 89. Bart. Am. 2. p. 51. Icon, tab. 53. /. 2. Florul. Cestr. p. 21. Paniculate Bartonia, Plant yellowish green. Root annual. Stem 3 or 4 to 12 or 15 inches high, slend- er, angular by the decurrence of the leaves, often twisted, smooth. Leaves very short (scarcely the eighth of an inch long), subulate, mostly opposite, appressed to the stem. Flowers mostly on opposite peduncles, often terminating the branches in threes; peduncles about the fourth of an inch in length, bracteate at base. Ca- lyx-segmente lance-linear, acute, shorter than the corolla. Corolla pale greenish yellow; lobes oblong, obtuse (acute, Ell. Torr.), slightly keeled. Stamens insert- ed on the corolla at the clefts, about half as long as the lobes. Style very short, covered by the decurrent lobes of the stigma. Capsule oblong, compressed. Seeds very numerous and minute, reddish. Hab. Sterile grounds; in thickets, and clearings : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Oct. 06s. I concur with Professors Torrey and Eaton, on the propriety of restoring to this plant the name which Muhlenberg gave to it. There is one other species i* the Southern States. 112 TETRAXDRIA MONOGYNIA 79. OBOLARIA.i. Arutt. Gen. 152. [Greek, Obolos, a small Athenian coin; which the leaves are said to resemble.] Calyx of 2 cuneate-oblong sepals, or rather bracts. Corolla tubular, campanulate, 4-cleft; lobes entire, or crenulatc. Stamens inserted on the corolla at the clefts. Stigma subcapitate, bifid. Capsule ovoid, I-celled, 2-vaIved, many-seeded. Seeds very minute. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; flowers axillary and terminal, sessile, wilh folia- ceous sepals, or bracts. Nat. Ord. 197. Lindl. Gentianeje. 1. O. virginica, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, or subrhomboid, often truncate, sessile ; flowers opposite, or terminal by threes. Beck, Bot. p. 244. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 90. Also, Florul. Cestr. tab. 2. Virginian oholaria. Vulgo—Penny-wort. Root perennial 1 Stem 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, often several from the same root, nearly simple, or with a few opposite axillary branches above, smooth and fleshy. Leaves rather fleshy, ofa purplish green, somewhat crowded above ; those below in distant pairs and very small; all slightly decurrent, forming angles on the stem. Sepals, or bracts, resembling the leaves in color and texture. Corolla pale purple, sometimes nearly white, persistent and shrivelling. Stamens much short- er than the corolla. Style about one third the length of the ovary ; lobes of th* stigma spreading. Capsule obtuse. Seeds pale straw color, shining. Hab. Rich woodlands, among dead leaves: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. The only species of the genus ; and although placed by Linnaus in Didy- namia, is clearly Tetrandrous. fo. Flowers incomplete. 80. SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Arutt. Gen. 157. [Greek, Symploke, connection, and Karpos, fruit; descriptive of the plant ] Spathe ventricose-ovoid, acuminate. Spadix oval. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent; segments cuneate, truncate, becoming thick and spungy. Style 4-sided, tajiering; stigma simple, minute. Seeds soli- tary, immersed in the spungy receptacle. Herbaceous and subaqualic: stemless; leaves enlarging, preceded by sheathing radical stipules; flowers on a spadix, monoclinous, wilh a calyx-like.perianth. Nat. Ord. 256. Lindl. Aroidejs. t. S, fojtida, A'utt. Leaves cordate-oval; spadix on a short scape, preceding the leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 382. Dracontium fcetidum. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 288. Pothos fectida. AIx. Am. 24 p. 186. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 270. Aluhl. Catal. p. 17. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 398. Lindl. Ency. p. 88. Ictodes foetidus. Bigel. Bost. p. 59. Eat. Alan. p. 186. Fetid Simplocarpus. Vulgo—Swamp Cabbage. Skunk weed. Root perennial, thick, truncate, with verticils of fleshy fibres. Leaves appearing after the spadix has flowered, at first orbicular-cordate, at length cordate-ovai becoming very large (often nearly 2 feet long and a foot or more wide), entire^ smooth; stipules expanding, ovate-oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate at apex. Spathe on a short scape, ovoid, cucullate, acuminate, spotted with purplish brown, green, and yellow, the apex oblique or incurved. Spadix oval, about an inch in diameter, on a short thick peduncle. Flowers compact, appearing tessellated. TETRAXDRIA DIGYXIA 113 Segments of the perianth dark brown, fle'shy, cuneate, truncate, the apex and mar- gins inflected. Stamens a little exserted. Style tapering to a point. Seed as targe as a pea, imbedded in the receptacle. Hab. Low swampy grounds: common. Fl. February—March. Fr. Sept. 06s. This plant is notorious for the pole-cat-like odor which it emits, when wounded; and is said to possess some medicinal virtues, as an anti-spasmodic. The root, when chewed, produces a tingling, or pricking ssnsation, in tho mouth. It is the only species of the genus in the U. States: Dr. Barton, however, describes » pretty distinct variety, near Philadelphia. 81. PARIETARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 742. [Latin, Paries, a wall; one of the species delighting to grow on old walls.] Monoicocsly Polygamous : Flowers in clusters, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. Perfect Fl. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Stamens at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. Stig- ma pencil-form. Fruit a polished nut, enclosed in the perianth. Pis- tillate Fl. in the same cluster, resembling the perfect ones. Herbaceous: roughish pubescent; leaves mostly alternate; flowers in axillary involucrate clusters. Nat. Ord. 78. Lindl. Ubtice^. 1. P. pennsylvanica, Aluhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed towards the apex, rather obtuse, covered with rough dots ; involucre longer than the flowers. Beck, Bot. p. 315. P. americana. Aluhl. Catal. p. 95. Pennsylvanian Parietaria, Vulgo—Pellitory. Root annual. Stem 4 to 12 or 15 inches high,mostly simple, sometimes with op- posite branches near the bass, striate, roughish pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and about half an inch wide, alternate, lanceolate, subacuminate or with a lengthened narrow point, but rather obtuse at the apex, irregularly nerved, entire, ciliate on the margin, somewhat pilose on both surfaces, and rough with elevated dots, tapering at base to a slender ciliate petiole one half to three fourths of an inch in length. Clusters of flowers somewhat branching or subdivided, so as to present the appearance of a 2 or 3-leaved involucre to each flower. Leaflets or seg- ments of the involucre sublinear, hispid-ciliate, rough with elevated dots. Peri- anth colored, whitish, becoming light reddish brown ; segments lance-ovate, acute, keeled, pilose. Seed or nut oval, somewhat compressed, greenish brown, very smooth and shining, Hab. Along the Schuylkill; Black Rock : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. Found by D. Townsend, Es(> in 1830. One other species occurs in the U. States, in the South. [Euonymu3 atropurpureus. Pentandria Monogynia."] [Smilacina canadensis, HexandriaMonogynia.'} Order 2. ©igynia. 82. HAMAMELIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 160. [A name of obscure derivation.] Involucre 3-leaved, 3-flowered. Calyx double; outer one of 2 small suborbicular sepals, the inner one deeply 4-parted ; segments oblong. Petals 4, linear, very long. Capsule bony, 2-celled, 2-horned, open- ing at the top. Seeds 1 in each cell. , 10* 114 TETRAXDRIA TETRAGYNIA Shrubs : leaves alternate, penninerved, stipular; flowers in subsessile axillary Clusters, with a 3-leaved involucre. Nat. Ord. 42 Lindl. Hamamelidb*. I. H. virginica, L. Leaves obovate and ovah sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, unequal and obliquely subcordate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 152. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 78. Virginian Hamamelis. Vulgo—Witch Hazel. Stem 8 to 12 feet high, mostly several from the same root; branches numerous^ long, flexuose or somewhat geniculate. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long and 3 to 5 inches wide, mostly obovate and rather acute, obtusely sinuate-dentate, slightly scabrous ■an both sides and ciliate on the margin, pubescence branched or stellate ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers clustered in threes on a short common peduncle. Leaves of the involucre small, ovate. Calyx pubescent. Petals greenish yellow^ •arrow, linear, a little crisped, about three-fourths of an inch in length. Stamens very short; and at the base of each petal a short flat truncate nectary, or filament, dilated at apex, and nearly as long as the stamens. Ovary hirsute ; styles very short. Capsule ovoid, half superior, bisulcate at apex, opening elastically and transversely, or across the dissepiment; cells polished internally. Seeds coated, black and shining. Hab. Borders of moist woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Octo. Fr. Sept. 06s. I find this generally polygamous;—or the stamens (and likewise the pe- tals) wanting, in several of the little clusters of flowers. The flowers of this sin- gular shrub appear after it has shed its leaves, in autumn; and the fruit is not per- fected until the following year. Possibly this anomaly may have given rise to some of the absurd notions, respecting its magical properties, which enable water- smellers, and other impostors, to practice upon credulous ignorance. This is pro- bably the only species in the U. States; as I suspect the H. macrophylla, of Pursh, is not distinct from our plant. There is, however, another variety (var. parvifolim, Nutt.), which has been found as near to us as York County, in this State, by Mr. •eo. W. Hall. [Gentiana crinita. Cuscuta europaea. Pentandria Digynia-] Order 4. Tetragynia. 83. ILEX. L. ATutt. Gen. 163. [A name of obscure and uncertain etymology.] Dioicouslt polygamous : Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, persistent. Corol- la 4 or 5-petalled, slightly cohering at base, subrotate. Stamens 4 or 5, alternating with the petals. Stigmas 4 or 5, subsessile, distinct, or united. Berry 4 or 5-seeded. Small Trees, or Shrubs: leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous, evergreen and spi- ■ose-toothed; flowers pedunculate, axillary, or scattered on the young branches, •ften dioicous by abortion. Nat. Ord. 166. Lindl. Ilicineje. 1. I. opaca, Ait. Leaves oval, acute, flat, sharply spinose-dentate, cori- aceous, glabrous ; flowers scattered at the base of the young branches.. Beck, Bot. p. 230. Icon, Mx. f. Sylva, 2. tab. 84. I. aquifolium. Marsh. Arbust. p. 63. Not of Linn. Opar'e Ilex. Vulgo—Holly. American Holly. Stem 10 to 20 feet high; branches spreading. Leaves 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and about an inch wide, evergreen and coriaceous, mostly oval, sinuate-de»- TETRAXDRIA TETRAGYX1A 115 late, the tt«th and apex terminating in sharp spines; petioles one fourth of an rach long. Flowers in small loose fascicles, or solitary, pedunculate, scattered along the lower part of the young branches; pedicels with minute bracts at base. Cmlyx-segments acute, ciliate. Corolla yellowish white ; petals ovate-oblong, ob- tuse, slightly cohering at base, (sometimes 5 or 6). Stamens shorter than the co- rolla, (sometimes 6 or 6). Berries roundish-ovoid, smooth, red when mature, per- sistent. 'Bob. Woodlands: Mica-slate hills: Brandywine: rare. Fl. June. Fk Sept. 06s. This handsome evergreen is very rare, and of small growth, with as. I fcave only met with one or two specimens. Seven or eight additional species are •found in the U. States,—chiefly in the South. 84. POTAMOGETON. L. A'utt. Gen. 166. (Oree-k, Potamos,a. River, and Geiton, a Neighbor; from its place of growth.] Flowers on a spadix arising from a spathe. Calyx of 4 sepals. Co- rolla 0. Anthers subsessile. Ovaries 4, becoming 4 compressed and somewhat cochleate nuts. Herbaceous aquatics: floating or submersed; leaves alternate or opposite, wilh parallel nerves ; flowers on axillary or terminal spadices, arising from membran- ous spathes. Nat. Ord. 258. Lindl. Floviales. f Upper leaves floating. I. P. natans, L 1 Lower leaves submersed, linear, membranaceous, often imperfect; upper ones floating, elliptic, coriaceous, on long pe- tioles. Beck 1 Bot. p. 385. P. fluitans 1 of Authors. Swimming Potamogeton. Vulgo—Floating Pond weed. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches long (varying with the depth of water). Floating leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half broad, often op- posite, or nearly so, oblong-oval, generally acute at each end (often cordate at base, Torr.), many-nerved, on petioles 3 to 6 inches or more in length; submersed leaves 2 to 6 inches long, narrow, sometimes wanting, or nothing more than a petiole. Spadix emerged, about an inch long, on an axillary peduncle 2 to 3 inches long, sheathed at base by a membranous bract like spathe. Sepals suborbicular, son- cave, dull green. Nuts with a short oblique beak. Hab. Pools, and slow-flowing streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This has always passed for P. natans, here ; but it agrees better with th» description of P. fluitans, of the books. The latter, however, may be only a vari- ety of P. natans,—as has been suggested by several distinguished Botanists. + -{- Leaves all submersed. 2. P. perfoliatum, L. Leaves sessile, amplexicaul, oblong-ovate., somewhat cordate at base; spadix short. Beck, Bot. p. 386. P. crispum. Florul. Cestr. p. 23. Not of Linn, and others. Perfoliate Potamogeton. Whole plant under water. Root perennial. Stems numerous from the root, 1£• 3 feet long, branching somewhat dichotomously. Leaves about an inch long and half an inch wide, closely embracing the stem, alternate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, or sometimes rather acute, entire, slightly waving on the margin, 3-nerved, er ste 116 TETRAXDRIA TETRAGYXIA scurely 5-nerved, subpcllucid. Spadicea oblong, about one third of an inch in length, few-flowered, on lateral peduncles about an inch long. Sepals reddish brown. Hub. Flowing streams : Brandywine : frequent. Fl. Aug. FY. October. Qbs. This is the species which my lamented friend, the late Mr. Schieeinitz, hastily pronounced to be P. crispum, when I was preparing my Catalogue ,- but he was undoubtedly mistaken. The plant is generally to be found in the rapid waters '•f the Brandywine, lying nearly prostrate on the bottom. 3. P. lucens, L ? Leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole at base ; spadix long, cylindric. Beck, Bot. p. 386. Shining Potamogeton. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves alternate, membranaceous, shining, pellucid; lower ones linear-lanceolate, often imperfect; those near the extremity of the stem about 4 inches long, and half an inch to three quarters wide, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, entire, many-nerved, with numerous transverse veins, narrowed at base to a petiole about an inch long. Spadix 1 to 2 inches long; flowers somewhat distant; sepals greenish brown. Peduncle of the spadix stout, long (2 or 3 to 6 inches), generally opposite to one of the subterminal leaves. Hab. Flowing streams : Brandywine: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. October. 06s. I have been much embarrassed with this species. It is the P. lucens, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium ; but quite different from the European plant, so named, i n the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy. Mr. Schweinitz remarked, on my specimens, "this is the species generally called P. lucens; but it is more exactly the one called P. acuminatum, by the German Botanists." Dr. Pickering expres- sed the opinion, that it is only a variety of P. fluitans; and it does seem to be nearly allied to it. It is, however, always submersed, with us; and generally ac- companies the preceding, in swiftly flowing waters. 4. P. pauciflorum, Pursh. Stem slender, somewhat compressed, branched ; leaves sessile, linear, narrow, the lower ones alternate, upper- most subverticillate ; spadix capitate, few-flowered. Beck, Bol. p. 386. P. gramineum. Mx. Am. l.p. 102. Muhl. Catal.p. 18. Eat. Alan. p 279, Not? of Willd. Pers. Ait. nor Lindl. Few-flowered Potamogeton. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, very slender, almost filiform, com- pressed (terete, Torr.), much branched, diffuse and suspended in the water. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, grass-like, linear and narrow, acute, somewhat keeled- lower ones alternate, uppermost ones nearly opposite, or frequently subverticillat* by fours. Spadix small, capitate, about 4-flowered, on a sub-clavate peduncle about half an inch long in the axil of the verticil, or upper leaves. Sepals greenish brown. Hab. Stagnant pools: Brandywine: Downingtown: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July, 06s. First collected in this County by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1828. I presums this is Pursh's plant; but the species of this genus seem to be in much confusi. ■ and obscurity,—and the difficulty is enhanced not a little by the multitude of syn- »nyms in the books. Six or seven additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 117 CLASS V. P£IVTAIVI>RIA. Order 1. HIonogynia. A- Flowers complete. 4 1. Ovary superior. a. Corolla monopetalous. \. Seeds 4, apparently naked." ATat. Ord. 222. Lindl. Bohagine*. j- Seeds, or A'uts, fixed to the bottom of the Calyx. 85. PULMONARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 173. [Latin, Pulmones, the Lungs; from its supposed virtue in pulmonary diseases] Calyx somewhat prismatic, 5-angled, 5-cleft, Corolla funnel-form ; limb slightly 5-lobed ; throat open. A'uts roundish, imperforate at base, 1. P. tirginica, L. Glabrous ; stem neaily erect; radical leaves ob- ovate-oblong, obtuse, stem leaves lance-oblong; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 255. Sub-genus, Mertensia virginica, Pers. Syn. l.p. 161. Yirginian Pulmonaria. Vulgo—Virginian Cowslip, Lungwort. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, succulent, angular, a little branched at summit. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide, oval or obovate, en- larging, the lowest often becoming nearly orbicular, on longish petioles; stem-leaves gradually smaller above, and on short petioles, or subsessile. Flowers subtermi- nal, in corymbose or fasciculate racemes. Calyx short; segments lance-ovate, rather obtuse (acute, Torr.). Corolla purplish blue, large ; limb obscurely 5-lobed; tub? about half an inch long, tapering downwards, with an annular tuft of hairs on the inside, near the base. Stamens rather shorter than the corolla. Style a little shorter than the stamens, somewhat persistent; stigma simple. Hab. Rich sandy low grounds; along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. April. FY. June 06s. Dr. Torrey describes the style as "exserted." It persists for some time af- ter the corolla has fallen,—and is then exserted from the calyx; but I have not ob- served it as long as the corolla. This is rather a handsome plant, and frequently introduced into our flower gardens. Two or three additional species have been enumerated in the U. States. 86. LITHOSPERMUM". L. A'utt. Gen. 170. [Greek, Lithos, a stone, and Sperma, seed; from the stony hardness of its seeds.] Calyx 5-parted ; segments acute. Corolla small, funnel-form ; limb 3-lobed ; throat open, or naked. Stamens included. A'uts imperfo- rate at base, bony, rugose, or smooth. * This subdivision comprises a kindred groupe, belonging to the Natural Order Boraoine.e. The plants are generally herbaceous, with round stems and alter- nate leaves, without stipules, scabrous with hairs proceeding from indurated en- larged bases (rarely smooth); flowers mostly somewhat racemose, often seeund, and bracteate, sometimes solitary and axillary ; stamens inserted on the corolla) ovary deeply 4-parted, resembling foar naked seeds; nuts 4, distinct. 118 PENTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 1. L. arvense, L. Hispully pilose ; leaves lance-linear, rather acute, nerveless ; nuts rugose. Beck, But. p. 251. Field Lithospermum. Vulgo—Stone weed. Gallice—Gre"mil des champs. Germanice—Der Steinsame. Whole plant hispid with short rather appressed hairs. Root annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally much branched from the root, and often branched near the summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and a quarter to a third of an inch wide, sessile, lance-linear, acute, narrowed a little at base, with a midrib but no lateral nerves; the lower leaves often oblanceolate and obtuse. Flowers solitary, axilla- ry, subsessile. Calyx-segments linear, acute, hispid-ciliate, at length elongated. Corolla yellowish or milk-white, rather small. Nuts ovoid, acuminate, beak a lit- tle oblique, surface rugose and cellular, brown when mature. Hab. Pastures, and grain fields : frequent. Fl. May. Fr- June. 06s. An introduced, worthless plant. Five or six additional species are enume- rated in the U. States. 87. BATSCHIA. Gmelin. ATutt. Gen. 171. Not of Thunb. & Willd. [Named in honor of John George Batsch; a German Botanist.] Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla large, salver-form ; limb nearly flat, orbicular, with 5 rounded lobes ; throat naked ; tube straight, longer than the caiyx, closed at base by a bearded ling. A'uts imperforate at base, smooth, shining. 1. B. canescens, Mx. Stem villose; leaves lance-oblong, rather obtuse, silky-pubescent above, subvillose beneath ; tube of the corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 252. Icon, AIx. Am. 1. tab. 14. Also, Bart. Am. 2. lab. 58. Anchusa virginica. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 758. A. canescens. Muhl. Catal. p. 19. Lithospermum canescens. Torr. Fl. 1 p. 203. Ejusd. Comp. p. 100 Lindl. Ency. p. 120. Hoary Batschia, Vulgo—Puccoon. Alkanet. Root perennial, large, red. Stem about a foot high, several from the same root, nearly simple, sometimes trichotomously branched near the summit, clothed with hoary spreading hairs. Leaves about an inch and half long, and half an inch wide, with a midrib but no lateral nerves, sessile, lance-oblong, or sometimes linear- elliptic, obtuse, occasionally minutely emarginate (slightly mucronate, Torr.— Which I do not observe in my specimens); both surfaces covered with appressed hairs, villous along the midrib beneath. Flowers axillary, crowded near the sum- mit of the stems, or branches. Calyx segments lance-linear, acute, villose-ciliate, scarcely half as long as the corolla. Corolla bright orange-yellow, pubescent ex- ternally; tube striate, with a slight pubescent ring on the inside, at the bottom Stamens subsessile in the throat of the corolla. Style scarcely half as long as the tube of the corolla. Nuts ovoid, hard and smooth. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June. Obs. This handsome little plant was detected in the above locality by Mr Geo W. Hall, in 1833. He has also found it, once, near Wagon-town; but it* -s quite rare. The root of it is called Puccoon, by the Aborigines; and is used by them for painting red. One other species occurs in the U. States. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 119 8*. ONOSMODIUM. Mx. A'utt. Gen. 174. [S« named from its resemblance to Onosma ; another genus of plants] Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla tubular-campanulate; limb 5-eleft, the lobes acute, connivent; throat ventricose, naked. Stamens subses- sile, included. Style much exserted. A'uts imperforate at base, ovoid, shining. 1. O. hispidum, Mx. Whole plant hispid ; stem branched; leaves oval- linceolate, nerved, papillose-punctate ; lobes of the corolla lanceolate. Beck, Bot. p. 252. Lithospermum virginianum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 752. Ait. Kew. l.p. 287. Muhl. Catal. p. 19. Purshia hispida. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 103. Hispid onosmodium. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branched, scabrous. Leaves 2 to 3 in ■hes long, and about an inch broad, varying from oblong-lanceolate to lance-ovatf, .icute, sessile, nerved, hispid with appressed hairs proceeding from small papillae. Flowers in terminal leafy racemes, at first recurved and nodding, finally erect. 'Jalyx-segments subulate, hispid-ciliate. Corolla pale greenish yellow, rather longer than the calyx, pubescent; lobes lanceolate, acute, ciliate near the apox with a few bristles. Style twice as long as the corolla; stigma simple, small Nuts ovoid, angular on the inner side, with numerous depressions on the surface. ;roy, shining, one or two often abortive. Hab. Great Valley ; Warren: Brooke's Mill, &c.: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Auj. 06s. Collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1828. Arough, homely, native weed. There is one other species in the TJ. States. 89. ECHIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 176. [Greek, Echis, a viper; from a fancied resemblance of the seed to a viper's head] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, subcampanulate ; limb unequally and obliquely 5-lobed; throat open ; tube short. Stigma bifid. ATuts imperforate at base, tuberculate, obliquely acuminate. 1. E. tulgare, L. Stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid; flowers in lateral secund spikes; stamens longer than the corol- la. Beck, Bot. p. 253. Common Echium. Vulgo—Blue weed. Viper's Bugloss. Blue Devik. Gall. Herbe aux Viperes. Ger. Der Natterkopf. Hisp. Yerba de la vibora. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched above. Radical leaves long-lan- ceolate, petiolate ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile; all hispid and pa- pillose. Spikes numerous, axillary, secund, and at first recurved, finally erect. Calyx-segments linear, pectinate-ciliate. Corolla at first purplish, finally bright blue, pubescent externally. Stamens exserted. Style filiform,pubescent, bifid gi aj.er Nuts subovoid, angular on the inner side, keeled on the back, a little incur- ved and acuminate, rough with tubercles, ofa greyish brown color, Hab. Near Downingtown: rare. Fl. June. FY. August. 06s. This vile foreign weed is extremely troublesome in some portions of our Go«ntry; but is fortunately rare, as yet, in Chester County. It behoves our farm- ers, however, to be on the alert, to keep it in subjection. It was first observed in the Great Valley, near Downiagtown, in 1828, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes . Ths E. vi- tiweeum is cultivated in some flower gardens; but there is no native species,—a«i tire ftrsgeing is ths only naturaliz»d oh* Lb the TJ. States. 120 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 90. MYOSOTIS. L. A'utt. Gen. 169. [Gr. Mys, myos, a Mouse, Ous, otos, an Ear; from the resemblance of the leaves.] Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salverform ; limb with 5-subemarginate lobes; throat closed with 5 short connivent scales ; tube short. A'uts smooth, ovate, with a small ring and cavity at base. 1. M. palustris, Roth. Leaves lance-oblong, rather obtuse, some- what scabrous with appressed hairs ; peduncles of the fruit diverging, about twice as long as the spreading calyx; limb of the corolla flat, long- er than the tube. Beck, Bot. p. 253. M. scorpioides. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 746. Mx. Am. 1. p. 129. Pere. Syn. ]. p. 156. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 285. Aluhl. Catal. p. 19. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 112. Lindl. Ency. p. 118. Marsh Myosotis. Vulgo—Marsh Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not. GrtW.-Oreillc desouris, Ger-.-Vergiss mein nicht. Zf7sp.-Oreja de raton. Root perennial, creeping. Stemlto 2feetlong, slender, erector oblique, branch- ed above, smoothish, sprinkled with somewhat appressed hairs. Leaves 1 to 3 in- ches long, and one third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, lance-oblong or linear-ellip - tic, mostly obtuse, narrowed at base, the upper ones sessile, lower ones often petio- late, scabrous when old. Racemes terminating the branches, sometimes in pairs, elongating, secund, without bracts, at first recurved; pedicels filiform, near hall an inch long, and divergent when in fruit. Calyx somewhat pilose with appressed hairs; segments lanceolate, acute, spreading. Corolla small, bright blue; thf throat closed with yellow connivent scales; limb nearly flat. Nuts somewhat compressed, ovate, with a keel-like margin, brown, smooth and shining. Hab. Swampy rivulets, and 6pring-heads: common. Fl. May—Sept. Fr. July—Oct. 06s. The oblong radical leaves continue vigorously green through the winteri especially in swampy fountains, or spring heads. 2, M. arvensis, Sibth. Leaves oval-lanceolate, hairy ; peduncles of the fruit somewhat erect, about as long as the closed calyx ; limb of th« corolla rather erect, as long as the tube. Beck, Bot. p. 253, M. scorpioides, var. a. Mx. Am. 1. p. 129, Also, M. verna. ATutt. Gen. 2. Suppl. Also, Lycopsis virginica. Pursh, Am. 1, p. 133. Eat? Man.p. 915. Not 1 of Willd. Pers. nor ATutt. Field Myosotis. Whole plant greyish pubescent. Root annual. Stem erect, at first nearly sim- ple, at length branching, 3 to 6 and, finally, sometimes 12 inches high, clothed wilh spreading hairs. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and a quarter to half an inch wide, lance-oval, or lance-oblong, rather acute, sessile, scabrous ; the lower •nes often lance-obovate, obtuse, and petiolate. Racemes terminal, at first short and crowded, at length elongated, bifarious (not secund), without bracts ; pedicels •ne fourth of an inch long, rather erect. Calyx hispid with spreading and some- what uncinate hairs; segments linear-lanceolate, acute, erect. Corolla very small, white ; throat closed; limb somewhat erect. Nuts smooth, shining, violst fcrown, in form very like the preceding. rif«6. Dry hills: Serpentine ridge: not very common. PI. May—June. Fr. July- 06s. This species was first observed, here, in 1829. It is generally very diminif five when the flowers begin to appear ; but the racemes finally stretch up, lomi- tjuies K> the heiehtof 12 or 15 inches. There are one or two other specie* (as (He ynv/B n at present constituted,) enumerated in the U. State*. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 12l 91. SYMPHYTUM. L. Gen. PI. 245. f_Greek, Symphysis,xinion; from its supposed virtue in uniting, or healing wounds. '■ Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla tubular-campannlate ; limb with 5 short lobes; throat ventricose, closed with 5 lanceolate conniving scales; tube short. A'uts gibbous, imperforate at base, 1. S. officinale, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, somewhat rugose ; racemes nodding. Willd. Sp, 1. p, 770. Officinal Simphttum. Vulgo—Comfrey. Garden Comfrey. Gall.—Grande Consoude. Ger.-Der Beinwell. Hisp.- Consuelda major. Root perennial, large, mucilaginous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, grooved or angular, and. winged by the decurrence of the leaves hispidly and somewhat retrorsely pilose. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, scabrous, more or less lanceolate, acuminate; the lower ones petiolate, tipper ones sessile, decurrent- Racemes very hispid, without bracts, rather crowded, nodding, and somewhat cur- ved inward. Calyx-segments lanceolate, erect, bristly-hispid. Corolla yellowish white, rarely purplish ; limb with 5 short revolute teeth, or lobes ; throat ventricose, closed by 5 lanceolate scales, which are glandular-dentate on the -margin. Style a little longer than the corolla. Nuts gibbous, angular, acuminate, blackish and shi- ning. Hab. Gardens; frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This is frequently cultivated as a medicinal plant, and the root used, in popular practice, as a remedy for wounds and internal complaints. It doubtless possesses the virtues of a mucilage; and -may, peradventure, be almost as sovereign as ''Parmaceti.for an inward bruise"! It is the only species of the ge- nus, known in the U. Stales. f + Seeds fixed to the Style, or central column. 92. ECHINOSFERMUM. Lehtn. [Gr. Echinos, Hedgehog, &, Sperrna, Seed; the fruit being covered with prickles.3 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat salverform; throat closed by 5 small connivent scales. A'uts echinate, compressed, or angular, fixed to a central column. 1. E. virginicum, Lehm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; ra- cemes divaricate; fruit densely covered with uncinate prickles. Beck, Bot. p. 254. Myosotis virginiana, Willd. Sp. 1. p. 748. AIx. Am. 1. p. 129. Pers. Syn. l.p. 157. Ait. Kew. l.p. 286. Aluhl. Catal.p. 19. Pursh, Am. l.p. 134. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 112. Bart. Phil. l.p. 101. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 225. Bigel. Bost. p. 73. Florul. Cestr. p. 24. Rochelia virginiana. Torr. Fl. l.p. 209. Ejusd. Comp, p. 102. Eat. Man. p. 307. Virginian Echinospermum. Vulgo—Beggar's Lice. Foot biennial? StemZ to 4 feet high, hairy, divaricately branched at summit. Leases 3 to 4 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, scabrous; lower ones petiolate, upper ones subsessile. Racemes terminating the branches, mostly dichotomous, brae- t*3.tf; pedicels about as long as the fruit, finally reflexed. Calyx-segments lance- 122 PEXTANDRIA MOXOGYXIA orate. Corolla bluish white, small. Nuts covered with hooked prickles, angular •nthe inner side, adhering at base to the style, or central column. Hab. Borders of woods; fence-rows, ice. common. FT.. July. Fr. October. 06s. This obnoxious weed is well known to our farmers, in consequence of its racemes of bur-like fruit entangling and matting the manes of their horses, an* (he fleeces of their sheep. There is one other species in the TJ. States, (E. Lap ptilm)—which I have seen in the adjoining county of Berks; but I believe it has noi yet been found in Chester county. 93. CYNOGLOSSUM. /,. A'utt. Gen. 172. [Greek, Kyon, a Dog, and Glossa, atongue ; from the form of the leaves.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form; limb concave, 5-lobed ; throal closed by 5 connivent scales ; tube short. ATuts depressed, ovate, cov- ered with rigid prickles. I. C. officinale, L. Silky-pubescent; radical leaves lance-oblong, petiolate, stem leaves lanceolate, sessile ; racemes paniculate. Beck. Bot. p. 254. Officinal Cyxoglossum. Vulgo—Common Hounds tongue. Gall.—Langue de Chien. Germ.—Die Hundszunge. Hisp.—Vihieblu. Whole plant clothed with a soft pubescence. Root biennial, fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves 9 to 12 inches ia length, and 2 to 3 inches wide, lance-oblong, petiolate; stem leaves 3 to 6 inches long and half an inch to an inch wide, linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile. Flowers numerous, in racemes, mostly erect, secund, and without bracts, on pedicels a fourth of an inch to half an inch long. Calyx-segments oblong-ovate,rather obtuse, expand- ed when in fruit. Corolla reddish or purplish brown (sometimes milk white) about as long as the calyx; limb concave; lobes rounded. Nuts depressed, ovate, attach- ed to the central column by the under side of the apex, armed with rigid prickles which are minutely barbed round the obtuse point. Hab. Road-sides, and about houses: frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Aug. 06s- This species has been introduced;—and is extending itself throughout tht County. It may be readily known by its disagreeable odor,—somewhat resembling that of young mice. The plant once had some reputation for medicinal proper- ties; but is now, I believe, deservedly neglected. 2. C. TiRGiNicuar, L. Hirsutely pilose ; Tadical leaves oval-oblong. petiolate, stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, sessile, amplexicaul and cor- date at base; corymb terminal, on a long naked peduncle. Beck, Bel. P. 254. C. amplexicaule. Mx. Am. 1. p. 132. Pers Syn. I. p. 159. Aluhl Catal. p. 19. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 133. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 114. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 102. Bigel. Bost. p. 72. Florid. Cestr. p. 22. Lindi. Bncy.p. 122. Eat. Man. p. 117. ViRcisiAN Cynoglossum. Vulgo—Wild Comfrey. Hounds tongue. Whole plant roughly pilose. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, simpl*, 5atfter slender, mostly leafless 6 or 8 inches below the corymb. Radical leaves afcovt 6 inches long, and 3 inches wide, oval, or lance-obovate, narrowed at base le »petiole about 3 inches long: stem leaves 1 or 2 to 6 inches long, (diminishing as they aseend), and 1 to 2 inches wide, oblong, acute, eordate and subauriculate at Base-, CTesely embracing the stem. Flowers few, in a teraiiBal coryjotose paaicle PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 123 wl'2 or3 principal branches, without bracts; pedicels one fourth to 3 fourths of au inch long. Calyx and peduncles very hairy. Corolla pale blue, or bluish white;. timb eroct-spreading; lobes ovate. Nuts resembling the preceding. Hab. Rich woodlands : very common. Fl. May—June. Fi\ August. Obs. The root of this is mucilaginous; and is frequently used, in popular prac- tice, as a pectoral medicine,—or as a cataplasm, for sprains, &c. It serves very vtell to amuse the patient. Two other species are enumerated in the U. Slates, % 1 Seeds covered, f Fruit a Capsule. * Capsule l-celled. 94. ANAGALLIS. /.. A'utt. Gen. 188. [Greek, Anagclao, to laugh ; from its supposed exhilarating virtues.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Filaments hirsute. Capsule globose, circumscissed or opening horizontally, many-seeded. Ilohaceous: stem quadrangular; leaves opposite; flowers solitary, axillary. "at. Ord. 207. Lindl. Pkimulaceje. 1. A. arvexsis, L. Stem procumbent; leaves ovate, sessile, dotted beneath; lobes of the corolla crenulate and glandular-ciliate on the mar- gin. Beck, Bot. p. 291. Field Anagallis. Vulgo—Red Chickweed. Scarlet Pimpernel. Gallice—Mouron rouge. Germ.— Das Gauchheil, Hisp.—Anagalide. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, procumbent, branching near the root, acutely 4-angled, or slightly winged, smooth. Leaves three fourths of an inch long, and half an inch wide, ovate, acute, smooth, with dark dots beneath, margin mi- nutely serrulate with transparent glandular teeth. Flowers axillary ; peduncles longer than the leaves. Calyx segments subulate, very acute, keeled, scarious on the margin. Corolla orange red, or brick-dust color, with a purplish centre, long- er than the calyx Filaments purple, hirsute with spreadin" l;s.i"iS, which, under a lens, appear jointed or moniliform. Style persistent. Capsule glabrous, 5-nerv- ed, opening hemispherically. Seeds dark brown, angular, scabrous. Hab. Road sides, fields and gardens : frequent. Fl. June—Oct. Fr. Aug.—Octo. 06s. This little foreigner is gradually extending itself through our County. It has been remarked, in Europe, that if the flowers be open in a morning, the day will prove fine,—if shut, the contrary; and hence they sail it the Shepherd's weath- er glass. The plant once had some repute, amongst Empirics and their followers, is a remedy for Hydrophobia;—which fact may diminish our surprise that the Skull-cap (Scutellaria lateriflora) should, subsequently, acquire the same distinc- tion. 95. LYSIMACHIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 187. [Greek, Lysis mache, literally Loose strife; from some notion of its virtues.J Calyx 5-parted. Corolla subrotate, deeply 5-parted. Capsule glo- bose, mucionate, 5 or 10-valved, few or many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves opposite and verticillate ; flowers axillary orterminal, solita- ry, spiked, or corymbose ; filaments often glandular, dilated and partially unitei? at base. Nat. Ord. 207. Lindl. Primulace-ie. 1. L. stricta, Ait. Stem erect, glabrous; leaves opposite, lance©' tate, subsessile, punctate; raceme terminal, long, loose ; pedicels lorjg, lender, bracteate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 290. 124 PEXTANDRIA MOXOGYXIA L. racemosa. AIx. Am. 1. p. 128. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 172. Pursh, Am. I. p. 135. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 121. .Bar*. 2')m7. 1. p. 104. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. ta6. 1. Upright Lysoiachia. Whole plant smooth. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 1-angled, with a few axillary branches. Leaves about 3 inches long, and half an inch wide, acute and tapering at each end, nearly or quite sessile, punctate with oblong black ish dots, margin subrevolute, (frequently with small bulbs in the axils, Torr.). Flowers in a terminal raceme, 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; pedicels nearly an inch in ■ length, spreading, with each a lance-linear bract at base one fourth of an inch long Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla yellow, streaked with purple ; lobes lan- ceolate, more than twice as long as the calyx. Capsule o yalved, 5-seeded. Torr. Hab. Swampy, low grounds: Kimberton: Pughtown: rare. Fl. June-July. Fr Sep*. 06s. This pretty species was first detected, in Chester County, by Miss A. Kim- ber,—to whom T am indebted for several rare plants from the vicinity of Kimber- ton. It has also been found by D. Townsend, Esq. on his farm near Pughtown, on ihe north side of the County. 2. L. q_uadrifolia, L. Stem simple, a little hairy ; leaves verticil- late in fours and fives, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, subsessile, punctate; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, in fours; lobes of the corolla ovate-ob- long, obtuse, entire. Beck, Bot. p. 290. L. hirsuta. Mx. Am. 1. p. 127. Also, Muhl. Catal. p. 20. Four-leaved Lysimachia. Vulgo—Loose-strife. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rather acuminate, a little hairy beneath, and ciliate on the margin, punctate with ..hinnw dark purple dots, in verticils of 3 to 6, but generally in fours or fives, nearly sessile. Peduncles long and slender, but shorter than the leaves. Calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, marked with dark purple dots and streaks. Corolla yellow, with short purple streaks; lubes twice as long as the calyx. Stamens un- equal, (2 shorter) ; filaments glandular-pubescent, dilated at base, and somewhat monadelphous ; anther3 incumbent, purple. Capsule 5-valved, 5-seeded. jE7a6. Thickets and low grounds: common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 3. L, ciliata, L. Stem nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, subcordatc- ovate, acuminate, on long ciliate petioles; peduncles mostly in pairs, 1- flowered ; flowers somewhat nodding; corolla longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 290. L. quadrifolia, var. ciliata. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 819. Ciliate Lxsimacuia. Root perennial. Sternl to 3 feet high, square, grooved, with a few axillary bran- ches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, lance-ovate, acuminate, more or less cordate at base, not punctate, minutely carlilaginous-serrulate on the margin; petioles an inch to an inch and half long, conspicuously ciliate. Calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla large, yellow ; lobes sometimes short- acuminate, crenulate. Stamens nearly equal; filaments short, glandular, flatted, but scarcely dilated at base, with intermediate teeth, inserted into a ring near ihe base of the corolla ; anthers linear, at length recurved. Capsule 3-valved, many- seeded. Hab. Borders of woodlands: along rivulets: frequent. Fl. June, July Fr. Au". Sept- PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 125 4. L. hybrida, AIx. Stem smooth, somewhat branched; leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate, acute at each end, on short ciliate petioles ; flowers nodding ; corolla about as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 290. L. angustifolia 1 Aluhl. Catal. p. 20. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 105. Not of Mx. A'utt. Pursh, nor Eat. L. heterophylla 1 Ell. Sk. l.p. 235. Also? AIx. Am. l.p. 127. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 172, A'utt. Gen. l.p. 121. Eat. Alan. p. 210. HyBnm Lysimacuia. Root perennial. Stem about two feet high, angular, grooved, branching from the axils. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and one third to half an inch wide, lanceolate, acute, noi punctate, tapering at base to a sparingly ciliate petiole, one fourth to half an inch long, mostly opposite ; th se near the ends if the branches somewhat in fours. Peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, opposite, or in fours where the leaves are so. Calyx-segments ovate-lanceoUtt, acuminate. Cjrolla yellow, a little longer lhan the calyx; 1 bes abruptly :-. ruminate, crenulate. Stamens nearly equal, with intermediate si: rt processes filaments glandular; anthers at length recurved. Capsule 5-vai .-cd, many-se^iied. Hab. Swamps, in the M ica-slate range : not common. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Dr. Torrey thinks this is scarcely more than a variety of the preceding It is cer.ainly nearly allied to it, in many respects; but seems to have some i-ood distinguishing characters. It was first collected, here, in 1828, by D. Townsend,. Esq. Six or s-. jn additional species are enumerated in the U. States;—some of Which, however, are not very well established. 96. SABBATIA. Adans. A'utt. Gen. 206. [Named after Liberatus Sabbati; an Italian Botanist.] Calyx 5 to 12 parted. Corolla sub-rotate, 5 to 12-parted. Stamens 5 (sometimes 6). Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Herbaceous : leaves opposite ; flowers terminal on the subfastigiate or corymbose branches. Nat. Ord. 197. Lindl GentianejE. 1. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem acutely 4-angled, somewhat winged; leaves ovate, amplexicaul; peduncles elongated, corymbed ; calyx-seg- ments mostly 5, linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 241. Chironia angularis. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1067. Mx. Am. 1. p. 146. Pers, Syn. 1. p. 282. Aluhl. Catal. p. 24. Angular Sabbatia. Vulgo—Centaury. Root annual ? (annual and biennial, Torr.). Stem 12 to 18 inches high, branched^ smooth; branches opposite and erect, somewhat corymbose. Leaves about an inch long, and three fourths of an inch wide, ovate, or oblong-ovale, rather acute, sessile and closely embracing the stem. Calyx mostly 5-parted, (sometimes 6-par- ted, and then hexa-ndrous), scarcely half the length of the corolla. Corolla pale red, or rose colored; lobes obovate, obtuse, veined, narrowed below. Stigmas linear, spirally twisted,—as also, finally, is the style. Capsule oblong-ovoid, mn-. cronate, with a keeled suture on each side. Seeds very numerous, small, brown, gcrobiculate, or rugosely pitted (under a lens). Hab. Sterile old fields: Serpentine ridge : frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This handsome plant is intensely bitter, and deservedly popular as a tonic medicine. Sevan or eight additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 11* 126 PENTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 97. ERYTHR^A. Rich. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 283. [Greek, Erylhros, red; in allusion to the color of the flowers ] Calyx appressed, 5-angled, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form; limb short, 3-lobed. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted. Style erect; stig- mas 2 (rarely simple). Capsule sublinear, 1-celled, 2-valved. Herbaceous: stem 4-angled; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers axillary and termi- nal. Nat. Ord. 197. Lindl. Gentianeje. I. E. pulchella, Hook. Stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate- oblong ; flowers pedunculate ; calyx nearly as long as the tube of thf eorolla. Hook. British Flora, Ed. 2. p. 107. E. ramosissima, var. inaperta 1 Pers. Syn. 1. p. 233. Chironia pulchella. Willd? Sp. l.p. 1067. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 6. Aluhl. Catal. p. 24. Also? C. inaperta. Willd. 1. c.p. 1069. Hanosome Erythrjea. Root annual. Stem 2 to 6 inches high, dichotomously or sometimes brachiately branched, rarely simple, 4-angled. smooth, angles slightly winged. Leaves about half an inch long, and an eighth to a quarter of an inch wide, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, rather acute, closely sessile, Flowers axillary, solitary, or termina- ting the branches in pairs, generally one in ihe forks of the stem or branches, on angular peduncles an eighth to near half an inch in length. Calyx 5-angled, 5- parted ; segments subulate, erect, closely appressed and even slightly adhering to the tube of the corolla, at first nearly as long as the tube, finally little more than half as long. Corolla wilh the limb bright purple, 5-parted, (occasionally 4-parted and tetrandrous), lobes lance-ovate, mostly erect, or conniving; tube yellowish green, near half an inch long, contracted between the throat and ovary, somewhat ventricose thin and membranaceous below, adhering to the ovary, and shrivelling. Anthers a little twisted after flowering. Slyle bifid at apex ; stigmas compressed, suborbicular. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; valves opening at summit and recurv- ing. Seeds numerous, small, rugose punctate. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: very rare. Fl. July-Sept. Fr. Aug-Oct. 06s. I do not find this handsome little plant noticed by any American Botanist, except Muhlenberg;—though Dr. Pickering informs me it is the one intended by Dr. Beck, under the name of E.rCenMurium, found in New York. Dr. P. has found it, himself, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Our plant was first detected in July, 1835, by Mr. William Hartjian, a zealous and promising young Botan- ist, of this County. It appears as if it might be indigenous in the above locality; and yet one would suppose if it were so, it would be more extensively distributed. It is the only species in the U. States,—unless Dr. Beck's E. Centaurium be dis- tinct. Lestibouduis, however, in his Botanographie Belgique, expressesthe opin- ion that the E. pulchella is only a variety of E. Centaurium. 98. HYDROPHYLLUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 178. [Gr. Ilydor, Water, and Phyllon, a leaf; the cavities of the leaves holding water, j Calyx 5-parted. Corolla subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal margined grooves on the inside. Stamens exserted. Stigma bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 4-seeded, with 3 of the seeds abortive. Herbaceous: leaves pinnatisected, or palmate; flowers corymbose; corymbs pedunculate, terminal, or opposite the leaves. Nat, Ord. 220. Lindl, Hydro- TUltLl.EE.. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 127 I. H. virginicum, L. Stem nearly smooth; leaves pinnatisected. lobes oval-lanceolate, deeply serrate, lower ones distinct; corymbs fas- cicled, recurved, on peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 255. Virginian Htdrophyllum. Root perennial. Stem 12 to IS inches high, often dichotomously branched near the base, nearly naked, with one or two leaves at summit. Leans irregularly pinnatisected, about 5 lobed, the two lower lobes distinct and somewhat distant : netioles of the radical and lower leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, those at summit lto 2 inches long. Flowers in clustered corymbs; the common peduncles 2 too inches long, axillary, or opposite to the petioles of the upper leaves. Calyx segment* lance-linear, acute, hispid-ciliate, shorter than the corolla. Corolla white, with purplish veins; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, often emarginate, or crenately notched. Filaments hairy; anthers oblong, incumbent. Ovary hirsute. Seeds 4, one of them large and round, the others abortive. Hab. Moist shaded grounds ; along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. Two or three additional species are known in the U. States. Muhlenberg enumerates 5 others. * * Capsule 2 to 5-celled. 99. POLEMOXT.M. L. A'utt. Gen. 195. [Gr. Polemos ,war; from the belligerent claims of two Kings to the discovery of it.] Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; limb 5-lobed ; tube short, closed by the dilated bases of the 5 filaments. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3-celled, 3-valved ; cells ma- ny-seeded. Herbaceous : leaves alternate, pseudo-pinnate with an odd leaflet; flowers termi- nal, some what corymbose. Nat. Ord. 200. Lindl. Polemoniace.e. 1. P reptans, L. Stem weak, branched ; leaves pseudo-pinnate by 7's, 9's, and ll's; flowers terminal, nodding. Beck, Bot. p. 248. Creeping Polemonium. Vulgo—Jacob's Ladder. Greek Valerian. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, succulent, erector oblique, branching, smooth, or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 5 to 11, (mostly 7 or 9,) about an inch long, and half an inch wide, lance-ovate, acute, smooth, sessile, mostly opposite, the terminal one lance-obovate; common petiole slightly winged, ciliate- pubescent. Flowers terminating the branches, in small nodding corymbose clus- ters. Calyx-segments lance-ovate, acute. Corolla blue, rather large, about three times as long as the calyx; lobes short, obovate, rounded. Stamens shorter than the corolla, unequal; filaments dilated into connivent ciliate valves at base; an- thers roundish. Capsule on a short pedicel, in the enlarged, persistent, veined, green and somewhat membranous calyx. Hab. Moist low grounds: meadows and woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. A handsome little plant; frequently introduced into flower gardens. It is the only species in the U. States. 100. PHLOX. L. ATutt. Gen. 193. [Greek, Phlox, flame, or fire; in allusion to the color of the flowers] Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft; segments mostly connivent, or erect. Corol- l a saberform ; limb flat, with 5 cuneate lobes; tube long, more or less 128 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA curved. Stamens very unequal, inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle. Stigma 3-cleft. Capule roundish-ovoid, 3-celled ■; cells 1-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves mostly opposite and sessile, simple; flowers terminal, morr *v loss corymbose-paniculate ; calyx-segments nearly subulate. Nut. Ord. 200. Lindl. Polemoniace.-s. 1. P. -j vt'ULATA, L. Stem erect, Toughish, spotted ; leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate, smooth; panicle oblong, many-flowered; calyx-segments lanceolate, a litle recurved. Beck, Bot. p. 246. lu%y. Burt. Am. 2. tab. 69. Spotted Phlox. Vulgo—Wild Sweet William, Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, mostly simple, roughish-pubescent above, spotted with dark purple. Leaves 1 to 5 inches long, and one fourth of an inch to an inch wide ; the upper mies short, lance-ovate, acuminate, becoming lon- ger and more lanceolate below, and tapering to a long narrow point; the lowest ones narrow, and nearly or quite linear; generally all of thein opposite (sometimes in verticils of three). Flowers clustered in pedunculate axillary corymbs, at and near the summit, farming altogether a sort of oblong panicle ; bracts subulate-lin- '•ar, near an inch long. Calyx angled by 5 prominent ribs, or keels, membrana- ceous between the ribs; segments lanceulatj, acuminate, the points spreading. Corolla bright purple ; lobes a little rounded; tube nearly- an inch long, curved^ smooth. Style filiform, long, somewhat persistent. Capsule obovoid, mucronate,. minutely pitted, or rugose-punctate. Seeds lance-oblong. Hab. Eow swampy grounds, and margins of rivulets ; frequent. Fl. June. FY. Ave. Obs. A showy, beautiful species,—worthy the attention of the Florist; a«, in- deed, are most of the genus. 2. P. aristata, AIx. Stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent; leaves lance-linear, pubescent; panicle lax, subfastigiate ; calyx-segments long, slender, acuminate, awnlike; lobes of the corolla entire. Beck, Bot. p. 247. P. pilosa 1 Willd. Sp. l.p. 840. Ait. Kew. l.p. 325. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 125. Bart. Phil. l.p. 107. Florul. Cestr. p. 26. Also? AIx. Am. 1. p. 145. Pers. Sy?i. l.p. 186. Aluhl. Catal. p. 21. Pursh, Am.l. p. 150. Ell. Sk. l.p. 247. Eat. Alan.p. 261. Awned Phlox. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple or not unfrequently branch- ed, slender, villose-pubescent and somewhat viscid, especially at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and one eighth to one fourth of an inch wide, lance-linear, acute, (sometimes those above wider at base, and ovate-lanceolate). Flowers terminal, loosely corymbose, often on spreading branches; peduncles villous, one fourth to one third of an inch long; 6nzc/s subulate, or lanceolate, about half an inch long. Calyx villose; segments subulate, very slender, the points a little spreading. Co- rolla pale red, sometimes nearly white ; tube three fourths of an inch Ion" nearly Straight, pubescent. Style short; stigma 3-cleft; segments linear, longerthahthe style. Hab. Borders of woodlands and thickets: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This is P. pilosa, of Florul. Cestrica; and also, I apprehend, c.f the au- thors above cited. Dr. Aikin {fide Eaton) is of opinion it is synonymous with P. tlivaricata; but it is surely, I think, distinct from our plant of that name. PESTANDHIA MONOGVX1A 129 3. P. bivaricata, L. Stem decumbent, pubescent; leaves oval-lan- ceolate, or lance-ovate, acute, smoothish, membranaceous, margin ciliate; panicle loose, corymbose, somewhat trichotomous ; peduncles diverging; calyx-segments linear, acute ; lobes of the corolla emarginate. Heck, Bot. p. 217. Divaricate Phlox. Root perennial, creeping. Stems 9 to 15 inches long, numerous, spreading, de- cumbent, some of ihem nearly procumbent (resembling stolones), with erect branches. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, sparingly pilose, thin and somewhat membranaceous; these on the suckers, or young branches, lance-oval, nearly acute at base ; those on the flowering stems lance-ovate, the upper pairs distant, somewhat cordate and amplexicaul at base. Panicle terminal, loose, few-flowered, subtrichotomous; peduncles often dichoto- mous, subdivaric ate, sime what glandular-pubescent, half an inch to 3quartersin length; bracts lanceolate. Calyx-segments long, linear, erect, ciliate-pubescent. Corolla bluish or dark purple; tube about 3 fourths of an inch long, slightly curved, smooth. Style short; stigma 3-clefi; segments longer than the style. Hab. Banks of Schuylkill, below Black Rock: not common. Fi. May. Fr. July 06s. First ccllected, hero, by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1831. 1. P. rept-ins, Af.c. Stem erect, with procumbent stolones or suck- ers at base, pubescent; radical leaves spatulate-obovate, petiolate ; stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; corymb few-flowered, divaricate; calyx- segments lorig-lanccolate, acute, recurved ; lobes of the corolla roundish- obovate. Beck, Bot. p. 247. P. stolonifera. Pursh, Am. l.p 150. Lindl. Ency. p. 132. Creeping Phlox. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, with procumbent or assurgent suckers branching off in all directions from the base, bearing obovate subsessile leaves. Leaves about an inch long, and half an inch wide,thickish, or a little suc- culent, all more or less pilose, and ciliate on the margin. Pubescence transpa- rent, somewhat glandular, and apparently articulated (under a lens). Calyx-seg- ments linear-lanceolate, keeled, pilose. Corolla deep purple, large; tube about an inch long, a little • urved, smooth. Style filiform, as long as the tube of the corolla. Hab. Hilly upland; near Paoli: very rare. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. This beautiful species was detected in 1831, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall, on a bank about one and a half miles S. E. from Paoli,—the well known residence of Gen. Joshua Evans. I believe it has not been found elsewhere, in Chester County. 5. P. subulata, L. Stem procumbent, cespitose, much branched; branches assurgent, pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate ; co- rymbs few-flowered ; calyx-segments subulate ; lobes of the corolla cu- neate, emarginate. Beck, Bot. p. 247. Subulate Phlox. Vulgo—Mountain Pink. Ground Pink. Root perennial, creeping. Stem prostrate,8 to 12 or 18 inches long, with nume- rous assurgent branches 2 to4 inches high. Leaves about half an inch long, nar- row, lance-linear, cuspidate, sessile, opposite, generally with smaller leaves, or rudiments of branches, in the axils; those on the stem fasciculate. Corymb -3 to 6- flowered. Calyx villose; segments keeled, scarcely half as long as the lube of the corolla. Corolla pink, or bright purple, with a darker purple centre- (sometimes white); tube about half an inch long, a little curved, smooth. Style filiform, neat- ly as long as the tube of the corolla. 130 PEXTAXDR1A MOIsOGYXIA Hab. Sterile, rocky hills; Serpentine ridjc, abundant. Fl. April—May. Fv. July. 06s. This species seems to bs very much confined to tho Serpentine rock, with its. It is very abundantthera ; and whan in full bloom, the hills, at a distance, appear as if covered with a sheet of flame. There are about a dozen oilier species enumerated in tho TJ. Slates;-—some of which aro often to be met with in the flower gardens, 101. CONVOLVULUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 190. [Latin, Convolvo, to entwine, or wind about; descriptive of the plant.] Calyx 5-parted, or 5-sepalled, naked, or with 2 bracts at base. Co- rolla campanulate, obsoletely 5-lobed, plicate. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stigmas lobed, or capitate. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3-valved; cells 1 to 2-seeded. Herbaceous: root lactescent; stem mostly volubile or twining ; leaves alternate peduncles axillary. Nat. Ord. 193. Lindl. Convolvulaoe.e. 1. C. spithamIjeus, L. Hoary-pubescent; stem somewhat erect; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, subcordate at base ; peduncles 1-flowered; bracts close to the flower, much larger than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 249. C. stans. AIx. Am. 1. p. 136. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 180 Bart. Phil. 1. p. 158. Bigel. Bost. p. 79. Also, Aluhl. Catal. p. 22. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 123. Calystcgia spithamea. Pursh, Am. l.p. 143. Lindl. Ency. p. 140. Also, C. tomentosa. Pursh, I. c. Span-long Convolvulus. Root perennial? Stem 8 to 12 inches long, erect or oblique, sometimes nearly procumbent, the procumbent specimens often with assurgent branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, often rounded at apex, sometimes acute, en petioles one fjurth to three fourths of an inch long. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long; bracts cordate-ovate,enclosing the calyx. Calyx deeply 5-parled, or rather offl lance-oval membranaceous sepals, about two thirds the length of the bracts. Co- rolla white, about an inch and half long. Stigmas oblong. Ilab. Dry, hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 06s. This species is very irregular in its appearance;—being quite abundant in somo seasons, —and then almost entirely disappearing for several years; which leads me to suspect that the root is not perennial—though I have not had occasion to ascertain the fact. We have a pretty distinct Variety, which I presume lo be the C. stans, of Mx. and others. The stem is usually simple, and quite erect,: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, rather obtuse and unequal atfcaee^ subsessile, or with a petiole one eighth to one fourth of an inch long; peduncles usually 2, erect, in the axils of the two lower leaves;—whereas in the leaning, or procumbent variety, there are frequently several ascending branches, the leaves are generally obovate-oblong, and cf-.en very obiuse, somewhat cordate at base, on petioles half an inch or more in length, with the peduncles from the axils of the superior leaves,—or at least half way towards the summit. I think, however, >t is scarcely more than a variety. 2. C Sepium, L. Stem twining; leaves acute, sagittate, with the lobes truncate ; peduncles 4-angled, 1-flowered ; bracts close to the flow- er, cordate, larger than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 219. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 131 "l?. itepens. Air. Am. 1. p. 137. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 255. Eat.ALni. p. 104. AJso, JtofW. Catal. p. 22. Calystegia Sepium. Pursh, Am. l.p. 142. -LVnrf.'. Ency. p. 140. Mebge Convolvulus. itooi perennial, descending deep into tho earth. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 faction?, climb- ing, or trailing, nearly smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and an half inches wide, oblong, or uften somewhat triangular, cordate-sagittate, with the lobes mostly obliquely truncate, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Peduncles 4 to 6 «r 8 inches long, 4-angled (sometimes terete?); 6mc^soblong-cordate, acute, almosi one third the length of the corolla, resembling an outer calyx. Calyx of S oblong- lanceolate acute membranaceous sepals, more than half as long as the bracts. Corolla white, with a rose-colored limb, about 3 inches long. Style as long as the stamens, and about half as long as the coiolla ; stigmas oblong, or oval, white. ■ lab. Moist low grounds: Forks of Brandywine: not common. FZ.June. Fr Aug. 06s. This species is abundant at Wynn's meadows, and occurs in other placrp xlon'the Brandywine; but is not generally diffused. It was collected ty Mi fosHt a Hoopes, in 1834. .1. C. arvensis, L. Stem twining ; leaves obtuse, sagittate-hastate with the lobes acute ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts remote from the flower, minute. Beck, Bot. p. 248. Field Convolvulus. I'ulgo—Bind-wced. GaH.-Liseron des champs. Germ.-Dic Ackerwinde. #isp.-Correguela. Root perennial, creeping, long. Stem about 2 feet long, branching, procumbent, or twining round other plants, twisted, a Utile hairy. Leaves an inch to an ineh :tnd a half long, and half an inch to an inch wide, ovate-oblong, the smaller ones rather acute, the larger ones obtuse, and a little emarginate, all of them with a minute cusp at the end of the mid-rib, hastate, the distance between the points of the lobes about equal to the length of the leaf; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Peduncles 1 to 2 and an half inches long, slender, with 2 minute brads half an inch to an inch below the flower. Calyx short; segments very obtuse, er rounded. Corolla pale red, or reddish white, about 3 fourths of an inch long. Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes long, linear. Capsule globose, mucronate. Seeds angular, brown. Bab. Cultivated grounds; near Downingtown: rare. Fl. June—July. Fr. Aug. 06s. This is an introduced plant; and, happily, rare in the county. Collected by D, Townsend, Esq. in 1831. It has been found exceedingly pernicious in culti- vated grounds, in Europe—choking and destroying whole crops; and is, moreover, Tery difficult to subdue. Nothing short of total eradication will effect its destruc- tion. It therefore behoves our farmers to attend to it, wheneverthey find it on their •remises. Prof. Eaton and Dr. Beck are entirely mistaken in supposing this may be the C. sagittifolhis, of Mx. I have received the latter from my friend Mr. dra- ws, of N. Carolina; and find it to be a totally distinct plant. 4. C. panduratus, L. Stem twining; leaves cordate, or panduriform, acuminate, lobes rounded ; peduncles 1 to 5-flowered ; bracts small, at the base of the peduncles; flowers fasciculate; corolla t-ubular-camparr- nlate. Beck, Bot. p. 249. Fisbl-e-borm Convolvulus. Vulgo—Wild potato-vine. Root perennial, large. Stem 4 to 6 or 8feet long, generally trailing, sraootiish- "Etirees J*»vtt 3 inches long, and 3te 2 and a half inches wide, rotmdish-c»rtfate 132 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA sinus rather extracted, lobes founded, apex acuminate—sometimes the sid^ oontracted, or sub-lobed, giving the leaves somewhat of a fiddleshape; petioles 1 to 2 and an half inches long. Peduncles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, terete, often branched at summit, generally bearing 2 or 3 to 5 flowers, in fascicles; bracts at Ihe base of the peduncles, small, resembling stipules. Calyx of 5 ovate-oblong se- pals (or deeply 5-parted), about one fourth the length of the corolla, slightly mu- cronate, 2 of them exterior, a little shorter, and obtuse. Corolla white, with a pink tube, or purple at the bottom, about 2 inches long. Style about 3 fourths of an inch long ; stigmas short, subglobose. Hab. Old fields, and borders of woods: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept, 06s. The specimens wilh fiddle-shaped leaves have generally a broad shallow sinus at base, with the calyx ofien roughish-pubescent, and seem, indeed, to con- stitute a pretty distinct variety. They are less common than the others, with us. 5. C. Batatas, L. Stem creeping ; leaves subhastate-cor date, 5- nerved, partially 3-lobed ,- peduncles many-flowered ; flowers fasci- culate. Mx. Am. 1. p. 138. Potato Convolvulus. Vulgo—Sweet Potato. Carolina Potato. Hispanice—Batdta de Malaga. Root perennial, tuberous; tubers oblong, terete, acute at each end, purple, or yellowish white. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, prostrate, radicating, angular, often dila. led,pilose. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 2 inches or more wide, subliastate-cor date with a shallow sinus, imperfectly 3-lobed, acute,pilose; petioles about 2 iiiches long, pilose. Hab. Gardens, and lots: frequent. Fl. Fr. Obs. This exotic species is frequently cultivated, here, for its fine esculent tu- bers : But those produced in the sandy soil of New Jersey are considered so much superior, in quality, that our chief supply is derived from thence. The plant is propagated by cuttings of the tubers, which are planted in the beginning of May. It never produces flowers, wilh us. Lindley says this is the Potato of Shakspeare, >v;d contemporary writers;—the Solanum tuberosum, or Irish potato, {now so com- mon,) being then scarcely known in Europe. 6. C. purpureus, L. Twining and climbing; leaves cordate, acumi- nate, entire ; peduncles 2 to 3-flowered ; pedicels thickened, nodding, mostly without bracts. Beck, Bot. p. 249. Ipomsea purpurea, Pers. Syn. 1. p. 183. Pursh, Am. l.p. 146. Torr, Fl. 1. p. 226. Ejusd. Comp. p. 108. Lindl. Ency. p. 138. Purple Convolvulus. Vulgo—Morning Glory. Root annuai. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 feet long when permitted to climb, hairy Leaves 2 to 6 inches in length, and as wide as long, roundish-cordate, acuminate, 9n petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, sometimes very short and 1-flowered, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts at the base of the clavate pedicels. Calyx deeply 5-parted, hairy; segments lanceolate. Corolla 1 to 2 inches long, whitish, with a purple, blue, or variegated limb, sometimes all white. Slyle about half as long as the corolla; stigma white, capitate, subtrilobed by 3grooves. Cap- sule globose, mucronate, smooth, 3 celled. Hab. Gardens, and lots: frequent. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. August —Octo. 06s. This is an introduced plant; but is well known, and almost naturalized, aiout our gardens, and cultivated lots. Soven or eight additional species are <*nu- ipreTated in the U. States. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 133 102. DATURA. L. A'utt. Gen. 200. ^Etymology obscure ; supposed to be from TAlordh; the Arabic name of the plant.] Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-cleft at summit, deciduous ; the base persist- ent, orbicular. Corolla funnel-form ; limb 5-anglcd, plicate; tube long. Capsule ovoid, echinate, or smooth, 4-valved, 2 to 4-celled ; cells many- seeded. Herbaceous : fetid and narcotic; leaves somewhat in pairs ; flowers on short pe- duncles, large, solitary, and axillary, or in the forks of the branches. Nat. Ord. 313. Lindl. Solane.e. 1. D. Stramonium, L. Stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate. sinuate-dentate, smooth ; capsule echinate, erect. Beck, Bot. p. 259. Vulgo—James-town (or corruptly, Jimson) weed. Thorn-apple. Gall.—Pomme epineuse. Germ.—Der Stechapfel. Zf/sp.-Estramonio. Root annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, terete, pale yellowish green, (or dark pur- ple,) smooth, somewhat fistular. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, ovate, sinuate, or somewhat angular-dentate, often in opposite pairs, some- times alternate, on petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Calyx nearly half as long as the corolla, slightly pubescent. Corolla yellowish white, (or bluish purple,) about 3 inches long; limb campanulate, plicate, with 5 acuminate teeth. Stamens short- er than the corolla. Style as long as the stamens; stigmabilamellate. Capsule ovoid, an inch and half long, and an inch or more in diameter, erect, armed with ■harp spreading spines, 4-valved, opening at summit, 4-ceUed, 2 of the cells often incomplete ; peduncle about half an inch long. Seeds numerous, somewhat reni- form, rugose, black. Hab. Among rubbish; in lanes, woodyards, &c. frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. The true D. Stramonium, with yellowish stems, and whitcflowers, is rather scarce in Chester County. I have only met with it in a few localities, about public houses, along the Strasburg road. The var. Tatula, Torr. (D. Tatula, Vt'illd. Pers. Pursh, ice.) with dark purple stems, and bluish purple flowers, is very com- mon. It is usually ofa larger growth than the other variety; but with the excep- tion of size and color, I can perceive no material difference. This distinction, however, is very constant ; and some respectable Botanists persist in regarding them as two species. The D. Stramonium is a powerful narcotic,—and therefore rather dangerous in unskilful hands ; but with judicious, cautious management, will doubtless prove to be a valuable article of the Materia Medica. For an inter- esting account of its properties, See Dr. S. Cooper's Inaugural Thesis. Philadel- phia, 1~97. This plant is familiarly known here as an obnoxious weed,—and ha« been, from time immemorial; but it has every appearance of being an exotic. It is the only species naturalized in the U. States. 103. NICOTIANA. L. A'utt. Gen. 202.* [Named after John Nicot; a French ambassador, who introduced it into France.] Calyx somewhat urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel-form ; limb spreading, plicate, 5-lobed. Stamens ascending. Capsule round- ish-ovoid, 2 to 4-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves alternate ; flowers terminal, racemose or pan- iculate. Nat.'Qrd. 213. Lindl. Solane«. !. X. Tabacum, L. Lraves lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent* lobes •/ the corolla acute. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1014. Viilso—Tobacco. 12 134 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Gallice—Tabac. Germanice—jDer Taback. Hispanice—Tabaco. Whole plant viscid-pubescent. Root annual. Stem 4 to 5 or 6 feet high, panic):- lately branching above. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and 6 to 12 inches wide, smallei near the summit of the stem, lance-ovate, acute xrr acuminate, sessile, amplexicaul, and decurrent. Calyx about one third the length of the corolla, ventricose ; seg- ments lanceolate, erect. Corolla about 2 inches long; lunb rose-colored, spreading; segments acuminate; tube pale yellowish green. Style nearly as long as the corol- la ; stigma capitate, emarginate. Capsule ovoid, sulcate on each side, 2-valved, opening at summit. Seeds minute, reniform, rugose. Hab. Gardens, and small lots: not common. Fl. July—Aug. Ft. Sept. Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, by oldfashioned tobacco-chewing farmers, for home consumption; but the chief supply is derived from Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio. It is a plant of powerful medical properties; but, unfortunately, is abused, like Alcohol, by daily and excessive use. There is another species, natu- ralized, in the western parts of the U. States. 104. VERBASCUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 203. [Quasi Barbascum: Latin, Barba, beard; from-its bearded,or woolly habit.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Sta?nens decli- ned ; filaments mostly hairy. Capsule ovoid, or globose, 2-celled, 2- valved ; valves inflected. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous, or suffruticose : leaves alternate; flowers in dense spikes, or panicu- late racemes. Nat. Ord. 213. Lindl. Solaneje. 1. V. Thapsus, L. Stem simple, erect, tomentose ; leaves lance-oval, or ovate-oblong, decurrent, very woolly on both sides; flowers in a long dense terminal spike; stamens unequal, two of them smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 259. Vulgo—Mullein. Common Mullein. Gall.—Bouillon blanc. Germ___Das Wollkraut. Hisp.—Gordolobo. Whole plant tomentose ; pubescence much branched. Root biennial. Stem3lo 6 feet high, leafy. Radical leaves 9 to 12 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, lance- oblong, acute'; those on the stem smaller, sessile, decurrent. Flowers in a long terminal cylindric spike, bracteate at base. Calyx-segments lanceolate, ac»te, very woolly externally, smooth within. Corolla bright yellow; lobes rather erect, pubescent externally. Style clavate. //a6. Neglected fields; roadsides; &c. very common. Fl. June-July. FY. Aug.-Sept 06s. I have occasionally met with what I suppose to be a variety of this,—with the spike less dense, the bracts larger, the stem-leaves ovate, and acuminate, with one or more pedunculate flowers in the axil of nearly every leaf. Prof. Eaton •ii ems to scout the idea of this being an introduced plant: but from all that I can learn of it, lam of opinion it is not a native. It is a worthless intruder on our cul- tivated grounds ; and generally abundant in the fields of slovenly farmers. 2. V. Blattaria,Z. Stem angled, smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, amplexicaul, dentate serrate, smooth ; flowers in a terminal raceme; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary. Beck, Bot. p. 259. Vulgo—Moth "Mullein. Gallice—Molene blattaire. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, often branched above. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, coarsely and irregularly den. : ate-serrate. Raceme 6 to 18 inches long, leafy, or bracteate, glandular-pubescent PENTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 135 • n every part;pedicels half an inch to an inch long. Calyx-segments linear-lan- ceolate. Corolla greenish white with a tinge of purple (sometimes bright yellow). Stamens unequal; filaments all hairy. Hab. Pastures, and road sides: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. 06s. The variety with yellow flowers, though very common near Philadelphia, is comparatively rare in Chester County. It is on the increase, however, and will doubtless soon become coirimon. This species, also, is believed to be introduced. One or two others are enumerated in the U. Slates. ■}• -j- Fruit a Berry. 105. LYCIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 147. [So named from Lycia; the native country of one species.] Calyx short, 2 to 5-cleft. Corolla tubular; limb mostly 5-lobed, spread ing ; throat closed by the beard of the filaments. Stame?is 4 or 5, ex- serted. Berry 2-celled. Seeds several, reniform. Shrubs : often spinose, with the branches pungently terminated: leaves alter nate, sometimes fasciculate .-flowers axillary, solitary, or in pairs. Nat. Ord. 213. Lindl. Solane.*:. 1. L. barharum, L. Subspinose ; branches elongated, pendulous; leaves lanceolate, unequal, often clustered ; calyx mostly 3-cleft. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1059. Barbarous Ltcium. Vulgo—Matrimony vine. Bastard Jasmine. Root perennial. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, procumbent or noddinf if not supported, much branched ; branches of a greyish ash color, long, flaccid, pendulous, with subspinose rudimems, or indurated point?, aiihe axiis, or bade of the leaves. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and one third of an inch to an inch wide, varying from lanceolate and acute to obovate-lanceolate and obtuse, sometimes linear-oblong, entire, smooth, tapering at base to a petiole about half an inch long. Peduncles slender, about an inch long, often 2 or 4 together. Calyx about on* fourth the length of the corolla, persistent; segments mostly 3 (sometimes 2), ovate, erect. Corolla greenish purple ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 6 ; filaments bearded near the base, so as tn close the throat of the corolla. Style as long a* the stamens; stigma capitate. Berry oval, or ovoid, orange red when mature. Hab. About houses, and gardens: frequent. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. July-Octo. 06s. This straggling, limber-branched, half-vine kind of shrub, has been intro- duced ; and is so difficult to destroy, when once established, that it is something of a nuisance, in many places. There is another species in the Southern States. 106. SOLANUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 196. [A name of obscure and uncertain etymology.] Calyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate, or subcampanulate ; limb plicate, mostly 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly cohering, or con- nivent, opening at the top by 2 pores. Berry 2 to 6-celled, sub-glo- bose, or depressed and torose. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous, or fruticose: unarmed or aculeate; leaves sometimes in pairs, i->melimes pseudo-pinnate with a terminal odd leaflet, sometimes simple ; pedun- ► les solitary or several, one or many-flowered, extra-axillary, scattered, or termi- nal. Nat. Ord. 213. Lindl. Solane.e. 136 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA * Stem and leaves unarmed. I. S. Dulcamara, L. Stem fruticose, flexuose ; leaves cordate-ovate, the upper ones often auriculate-lobed at base; flowers in lateral cymes. Beck, Bot. p. 257. Bitter-Sweet Solanum. Vulgo—Bittor-sweet. Woody Night-shade. Gallice— Douce-amere. Germanice—Bitter suess. Hisp.—Dulzamara. Root perennial. Stem 6 or 8 feet long, climbing, somewhat pubescent. Lower leaves cordate, acuminate, entire ; upper ones often subhastate, or with two deeply dissected auriculate lobes at base ; all minutely pubescent, and ciliate. Flcwers in lateral branched nodding cymes; pedicels half an inch long, clavate, articula- ted to the branches ; the common peduncle about 2 inches in length. Calyx-seg- ments 5, short, ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla violet purple ; lobes lanceolate, spreading or reflexed, each with 2 green dots or tubercles at base ; lube short. An- thers liit,-., yellow, slightly cohering and forming a cone. Berries oval, bright red when mature. Zfa6. Moist grounds: about houses: Brandywine : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This foreigner is becoming naturalized about many houses; and has bee» found in some places along the Brandywine. The berries are narcotic and poison- ous when taken into the stomach. An infusion of the root, and branches, is occa- sionally used, in popular practice, as a diet drink, and remedy for fevers, rheuma- tism, &c. but with what real efficacy I am not informed. 2. S. nigrum, var. virginicum. L. Stem herbaceous, branched, an- gular, scabrous on the angles; leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate; flowers subumbellate. Beck, Bot. p. 257. S. nigrum (extt-peraium). Af".hl. Calc.l. p. 2L S. nigrum. Bigel. Bost. p. 84. Florul. Cestr. p. 26. Eat. Man. p. 344. Black Solanum. Vitlgo—Night-shade. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular or slightly winged, the angles scabrous, or sometimes slightly denticulate. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, sometimes coarsely repand-toothed, narrowed suddenly ai base to a petiole about an inch long. Umbels lateral, few-flowered, nodding, re- mote from the leaves; pedicels one third of an inch long ; the common peduncle about an inch in length. Calyx-segments 5, oblong-ovate, rather acute. Corolla white,minutely pubescent; lobes lance-oblong, acute, spreading, or somewhat re- flexed. Berries globose, black when mature. Hab. About dwellings ; and among rubbish: frequent. F/.July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This seems to be nearly allied to the S. nigrum, of Europe, and Dr. Torrey suspects it to have been introduced. I incline very much to be of the same opin- ion. The plant is possessed of active deleterious properties ; and might produce unpleasant consequences, if gathered by mistake among pot-herbs. 3. S. tuberosum, L. Root producing tubers; stem herbaceci/K ,- leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, lobes entire ,■ peduncles subdivi- ded. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1033. Tuberous Solanum. Vulgo—Common Potato. Irish Potato. Gall. Pomme de terre. Germ.—Die Kartoffel. Hisp.—Batatin. Root peiennial ? producing numerous roundish or oblong tubers. Stem 1to3feet high, thick, succulent, andangular, of ten decumbent, somewhat pubescent. Leave? PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 137 ■.^crruptedly pinnate,—or rather pinnately dissected, wiV/j an odd terminal lobe; r:,e lobes ovate, acuminate, and petiolate, rarely opposite, the alternate pairs eery small. Flowers in terminal and somewhat nodding corymbs, on a common peduncle 3 to 5 inches long; the partial peduncles slender, half an inch to an inch in length, articulated to the pedicels one fourth to half an incli below the flower. Calyx pubescent; segments 5, lanceolate. Corolla bluish white; lobes lance-ovate- acute, spreading ; tube short. Anthers yellow, erect, or connivent. Style longer fian the stamens: stigma capitate. Berries globose, about half an inch in diame- ter, yellowish green when mature. Seeds numerous. Hab, Gardens, and cultivated fields: very common. Fl. June—July. Fr. Sept. Obs. This truly valuableplant is cultivated by every owner, or occupant of land. It is one of the indispensable crops, for a family. Long culture has produced nu- merous varieties,—the most esteemed of which, at this time, in this County,produ- ces a large oblong white tuber, with the skin often tinged withpurple. It is called the "Mercer Potato." Tlie plant is usually propagated, not by means of the seeds, but by cuttings of the tubers, which contain numerous buds, called eyes. We are indebte-t to South American/or this most important vegetable. My friend,the late Dr. Baldwin, collected native specimens of it, near Montevideo, on theriver La Pla- ta, in the year 1818. 4. S. Lycopersicum, L. Stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, lobes incised-serrate; racemes 2-parted, leafless; fruit depressed-globose, often torose. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1033. Vulgo—Tomata, or Tomatoes. Love-apple. Gall.—Pomme d' Amour. Germ.—Liebes-Apfel, Hisp.—Tom&te. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branching, succulent, weak, and straggling or procumbent unless supported, viscid, fetid, roughish, and glandular-pubescent. Leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet or lobe ; lobes lance-ovate, acuminate, deeply incised-serrate,petiolate. Flowers in naked lateral racemose clusters ; common peduncle 1 tolinches long, dichotomously divided; with subdivisions articulated to the pedicels of the flowers. Calyx-segments 5 to 10, lin- ear-lanceolate, long. Corolla yellow, pubescent; lobes 5 to 10, lanceolate, spreading. Anthers cohering in a tube, acuminate, with the points recurved. Berries large, (1 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter) depressed-globose, sometimes remarkably torose, or distorted by large swelling ridges, red, or reddish orange color, when mature. Seeds numerous. Hab. Gardens, and lots -.frequent. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Obs. This is cultivated for its fruit,—which is -much esteemed by many persons* «s a sauce, or condiment; audit is, of late years, coming into very general use. * Stem and leaves aculeate. 5. S. insanum, L. Stem herbaceous ; leaves ovate, somewhat sinu- ate-lobed, tomentose ; peduncles nodding, thickened; calyx aculeate. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1037. Insane Solanum. Vulgo—Purple Egg-plant. Alad Apple. Gallice—Aubergine rouge. Whole plant clothed with a stellated tomentum. Root annual. Stem about C feet high, hollow, becoming firm and at length almost ligneous, aculeate. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, ovate, sinuate and sublobed, densely to- mentose, nerves and petioles aculeate ; petioles 1 to3 inches long. Peduncles later- al^ solitary, thick {sometimes slender and dichotomous at summit, or bearing 2flow- 12* 138 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA ers, on pedicels about an inch long), nodding, aculeate. Calyx j to 7 or 10-pariea,, aculeate; segments lance-ovate. CororJa purplish, pubescent; lobes .» to 7 or 1©, vvate, spreading. Berries ovoid-oblong, very large, mostly dark purple when ma- ture, sometimes pale green. Hab. Gardens: not common. II. July—Aug. Fr. Octo. Obs. This is occasionally cultivated, as a culinary vegetable; but is not com- mon,—a- our summer is scarcely long enough for it. The S. Mclongena,—which is mostly unarmed, and bears white fruit—{and of which the foregoing is supposed by some lo be only a variety)—is still less frequently met with. 8. S. carolinense, L. Stem suffruticose, annual; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-angular and often subhastate, stellate-pubescent; ra- eemes simple, lax. Beck, Bot. p. 257. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 23. Carolinian Solanum. Vulgo—Horse Nettle. Root perennial. Stem from 1 to nearly 2 feet high, annual, but firm and suffruti- cose, hollow, branched, armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4 to G inches long, and 2to3or 4 inches wide, aculeate along the midrib and larger nervts on both sides, clothed with a hirsute stellate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to an inch and a half long. Racemes lateral, or opposite to and often longer than the leaves; pedicels about half an inch long. Calyx aculeate, 5-parted ; sej snents lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla bluish white, rather large, externally pu- bescent ; lobes 5, lance-ovate. Berries globose, orange yellow when mature. Hab. Marshallton; West-Chester; not common. FA July. Fr. October. 06s. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late Humphrey Marshall, into his Botanic Garden at Marsha.llton,—whence it has spread around the neigh- borhood ; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 107. PHYSALIS. L. A'utt. Gen. 198. [Greek, Physa, a bladder, or bag; in allusion to the inflated calyx.] Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, enlarging and becoming ventricose. Corollm campanulate-rotate ; iimb plicate, somewhat 5-lobed; tube very short. Berry 2-celled, globose, enclosed in the pentagonal-ovoid inflated calyx. Seeds numerous, compressed, subreniform-orbicular. Herbaceous, or frutescent; leaves often in pairs ; peduncles axillary, or later*!, solitary» or several together. Nat. Ord. 213. Lindl. Solasbjb. 1. P. viscosa, L? Stem herbaceous, somewhat dichotomously bran- ched, branches spreading, viscid-pubescent; leaves solitary, or in pairs, kubcordate-ovate, mostly acute, more or less repand-dentate; flowers solitary, axillary, pendulous. Beck, Bot. p. 257. Clammy Putsalis. Vulgo—Ground Cherry. Whole plant very pubescent, and more or less viscid. Root annual 1 Stem 12 to 18 inches high, branched somewhat dichotomously ; branches spreading, ofte» divaricate, and geniculate. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, va- rying from lancc-ovate, acute, or acuminate, to roundish ovate and obtuse; the base sometimes cordate, sometimes entire and narrowed abruptly to a petiole, of- ten unequal; the margin sometimes nearly entire, but generally repand-dentate (and all these varieties occur on the same plant); petioles 1 to 2 inches long. C« iyx campanulate, pubescent (sometimes very hairy)—gradually enlarging oatil it PEXTAXDRIA M0X0GYK1A 139 •ofernes 4 veiny 5-anglcd inflated ovoid sac, about an inch in diameter ani aa inch and a half Ions,- the segments ovate-Tancedate, at first spreading, finally con- nivent. Corolla greenish yellow, with fuscous or purplish brown spots at base, campanulate,about twice as long as the calyx ; limb plicate, repand, obscurely fi- lubed. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; filaments dilated above, or oblancee- late; anthers erect. Style a little longer than the stamens; stigma capitate Berry globose, viscid, enclosed in the inflated calyx, greenish yellow, or some times orange, when mature; peduncles of the fruit abiut an inch 1 ng. Hab. Roadsides; fields, fence-rows,&c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06*. This plant is so variable in its minor features, and yet all the varieties c» essentially similar, that I am strongly inclined to agree with Dr. Aikin {in Eat- Man. p. 2C2,) in the opinion, that ono species may properly comprise all those which have heretofore been enumerated as P. vis'osa, P. pennsylvanica, P. phila- »'(Iphica, P. pubescens, Tpruinosa, and P. obscura. Any one of them, certainly, night be called by ihe last mentioned name ! But they all probably require a more careful examination, and comparison, than they have yet received. 'Ihe rips berries of one of the more hairy varieties {P. pennsylvanica? cf authors), are •range-colored, more succulent than some others, and not unpalatable. 2. P. lanceolata, AIx. Stem herbaceous, dichotomously branching, densely pubescent; leaves mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, unequal at base ; flowers solitary, nodding; calyx villose. Beck, Bot. p. 258. Lanceolate Putsalis. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, mostly very pubescent. Leaves generally in pairs, 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 and a half to 3 inches wide, often re- markably unequal at base, on petioles about one third their length. Flowers gen- erally in the upper axils, nodding, on villose peduncles which are finally about an inch long. Calyx cleft half way down ; segments lanceolate, acuminate. Cu- rolla pale greenish yellow, with fuscous spots at base. Hab- Goshen township; rare. Fl. July. Fr Obs. A specimen of this, which is readily distinguishable from the preceding, was brought to me by Mr. Geo. W. Hall. The leaves are decidedly more lan- ceolate on our plant, than on one received, by that name, from Mr. Elliott: but I have a Kentucky specimen, from Prof. Short, which is identical with ours,—ex- cept that it is much less pubescent. Four or five other species are enumerated i» the TJ. States, by American Botanists; but I apprehend several of them require f be authenticated. 108. CAPSICUM. L. Gen. PI. 338. [Greek, capto, to bile; from its hot, or biting quality.] Calyx 5-cleft, erect, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate, 5-cleft. Antht, s connivent. Berry without pulp, inflated. Herbaceous, or suffruticose; leaves often in pairs; peduncles mostly solitary, axillary; seeds acrid and heating. Nat. Ord. 213, Lindl. Solane^. 1. C. annuum, L. Stem herbaceous ; peduncles axillary. Will**'. Sp. 1. p. 1050. Annual Capsicum. Vulgo—Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. Gill-Ptivre d'Inde.Germ,-SpanischerPfeffer.Hi^.-ElPimente'rt. 110 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Root annual. Stem 1 to 2feethigh, branching above, angular, somewhat pilose Leaves 2 to finches long, and 1 toll inches wide, ovate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, deep green; petioles 1 to3 inches long, semi-terete, slightly channelled on the up- per si >c. Calyx angular, with short segments. Corolla white, with ovate-oblong spreading lobes. Stamens shorter than the corolla; anthers white, with a tinge of blue. Style cylindric, thick, longer than the stamens; stigma obtuse. Berry hollow, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globose, angular, or torose, red when mature. Seeds nu- merous, compressed, subreniform, affixed to a central receptacle. Hab. Gardens, fyc. frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fv.Sept.— Octo. Obs. Cultivated for the fruit,—which is a powerful stimulus, and much used ■is a condiment. Several varieties, {and perhaps distinct species)—with fruit of curious forms,—are to be met with in the gardens. It is necessary to plant the seeds very early, in a hot-bed, in-order to obtain a crop in this climate. There are no native species in the U. States. Jh). Corolla mostly pentapetalous. f Fruit a Capsule. 109. CLAYTONIA. L. Arutt. Gen. 226. [In honor of John Clayton; one of the early explorers of Virginian Plants.] Calyx of 2 oblong-ovate persistent sepals. Petals obovate-oblong, unguiculate. Stamens inserted on the claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. Seeds roundish-reniform, compressed. Herbaceous, and somewhat succulent: root mostly tuberous and perennial ; leaves radical; scape bearing a single pair of opposite entire leaves, and a termi- nal raceme of flowers. Nat. Ord. 144. Lindl. Portblace^. J. C. virginica,!/. Leaves mostly 2, linear-lanceolate; raceme sim- ple, loose, nodding; pedicels elongated. Beck, Bot. p. 131. Virginian Claytonia. Root perennial, tuberous and fleshy, usually deep in the ground. Scape 6 to 10 inches long, simple, glabrous, weak, erect or subprocumbent. Radical leaves pe- tiolate (often wanting 1); those on the scape 3 to 5 inches long, and one fourth to half an inch wide, thickish and succulent, at first sublinear, finally narrow-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base and often subconnate. Flowers usually 6 to 12 or 15, in a loose simple raceme ; pedicels half an inch to an inch and half long, grad- ually shorter above, the lowest one mostly bracteate at base (sometimes nearly all of them have small bracts). Sepals rather obtuse, one partially embracing the other at base, both a little recurved at apex after flowering. Corolla pale red with purple veins, nearly three times as long as;the calyx. Stamens shorter than ihe petals; filaments dilated below. Capsule roundish ovoid. Seeds often 5, com- pressed, or lenticular, with an acute notch at base, black, shining, rugosely stri- ate, urnder a lens. Hab. Moist low grounds: common. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. There are 2 or 3 varieties of this, and perhaps one or two additional spec iet in the TJ. States. I have never met with any of the varieties, in this County, ex- cept that with linear-lanceolate leaves,—which is every where common. 110. IMPATIENS. /,. ATutt. Gen. 224. [Latin* metaphorical, alluding to the impatience of the seedvessels, to the touch.] Calyx of 5 irregular deciduous sepals ; the two outer lateral ones roun- dish-ovate, small; the inner ones petaloid; the two upper ones connate; the lower one cucullate and spurred. Corolla of 4 petals, united i» PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 141 pairs, apparently forming one unequally bilobcd petal on each side. .inthers cohering. Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, glabrous, with 5-cells, and 5 elastic dissilient valves. Seeds numerous, suspended, elliptic, acuminate, compresi-fd. Herbaceous: glabrous; stein succulent, tender, and subpellucid, with tumid joints; leaves simple, penninerved, alternate, without stipules; peduncles axilla- ry. Nat. Ord. 126. Lindl. Balsamine-k. 1. I. pallida, A'utt. Leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered, longish; the cucullate sepal dilated, obtusely conic, with a short recurved spur; flowers palish yellow and sparingly macu- late. Beck, Bot. p. 68. I. noli-tangere. Willd? Sp. l.p. 117G. Pers? Syn. 1. p, 257, Aluhl? Catal. p. 26. Pursh, Am. 1. /;. 171. Ell. Sk. l.p. 303. Var. a. AIx. Am. 2. p. 149. Also, I. aurea. Aluhl. Catal. p. 26. Pale Lhpatiens. Vulgo—Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. Plant of an uniform green. Root annual. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, mnch branched. Leaves 2 to 5 or G inches long, and 1 to 3 or 4 inches wide, obtusely and coarsely crenate-serrate, serratures mucronulate, the base fringed with a few short filiform teeth; petioles varying in length from one eighth of an inch to 3 inches,—the young upper leaves being nearly sessile. Peduncles 1 to 3 inches long, slender, 2 lo 5-flowered; pedicels about an inch long, with a small lanceolate bract near the middle. Outer sepals one fourth of an inch long, roundish ovate, pale green, veined, with a midrib terminating in a short oblique callous point; the two inner tui't upper sepals yellow, resembling petals, united into one by a suture, a little di- vided or emarginate at apex; the loicer sepal yellow, with a few reddish brown •pots, distended into a conic nectary, wider than long, with a recurved spur about one fourth of an inch in length. Petals yellow, sparingly spotted, 2 on each side, unequal, completely united at base, the upper one much shorter and resembling a lateral lobe of the lower one. Capsule an inch or more in length; the valves, at maturity, springing with great elasticity, and scattering the seeds in all directions. Hab. Moist, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July—Sept. FY. Aug.—Octo. 06s. This species is frequently to be met with along shaded rivulets, and low jrounds; but is not so common as the following. It has a greener aspect, and i6 of a larger growth. It may, moreover, be readily distinguished by its flowers, which are of a gamboge yellow, and not much spotted. 2. I. fulva, A'utt. Leaves somewhat rhombic-ovate, rather obtuse i peduncles 2 to 3 or 4-flowered ; the cucullate sepal acutely conic, with a longish recurved spur ; flowers deep orangercolor, with numerous reddish brown spots. Beck, Bot. p. 69. I. biflora. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1175. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 257. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 171. Ell. Sk. I, p. 304. Lindl. Ency. p. 184. I. noli-tangere, var. b. AIx. Am. 2. p. 149. Bigel. Bost. p. 93. I. maculata. Muhl. Catal. p. 26. Fulvous, or Tawivt Impatiens. Vulgo—Snap-weed. Touch-me-not. Root annual. Stem2 to 4 feet high, much branched, somewhat tawny. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, somewhat glaucous, witli fulvous midrib, and nerves. Peduncles about an inch long, usually 2 or 3 flower- sd ; pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, with a subulate bract near the mid- dle. Outer sepals frequently tawny ; the cucullate sepal conic, longer than w ide, rather acute, with a recurved spur about half an inch Ion;. 142 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Hab. Moist, shaded grounds : common. Ft. July—Sept. FY. Aug.—Oct. 06s. This is certainly nearly allied to the preceding; but the distinctions abovt noted appear to be very constant. The tender succulent stems are often used, in popular practice, as an application to inflamed tumors,—being bruised and applied as a refrigerant cataplasm. These are the only native species in the U. States. The I. Balsamina, L. (now called Balsamina hortensis,—Vulgd—La.6\y's Slip- pers—) is to be found, almost naturalized, in every flower garden. 111. VIOLA. L. ATutt. Gen. 225. [A name of obscure derivation.] Calyx persistent; sepals 5, produced downward at base into an auric- ulate appendage. Corolla irregular; petals 5, unequal; the lower one obtusely spurred at base. Anthers connivent and slightly cohering ; the two lower ones with processes at their back, which extend into the spur of the corolla; filaments dilated, extending beyond the anthers. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically. Herbaceous perennials: often stemless (or the stem short, subterraneous, and root-like): leaves alternate, stipular ; peduncles radical, or axillary, bibracteatei 1-flowered, reflexed at apex; flowers nodding. Nat. Ord. 130. Lindl. Violaceje. ■\ Stemless, or nearly so : Stipules radical. * Flowers blue. 1. V. pedata, L. Leaves pedate, 7 to 9-parted, nearly smooth ; seg- ments oblanceolate, entire, or somewhat 3-lobed at apex; petals all beardless ; stigma large, obliquely truncate, perforate at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 38. Also, V. digitata. Pursh, Am. l.p. 171. Pedate Viola. Vulgo—Violet. Leaves exactly pedate ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, one ortwo-tooth- r d, or somewhat 3-lobed, at apex, often lanceolate and entire, minutely ciliate-ser- rulate, punctate. Stipules radical, linear-lanceolate,acuminate, membranaceous. conspicuously lacerate-ciliate. Scapes numerous, 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, finally a little longer than the leaves, angular, smooth; bracts near the base, opposite, lin- ear, very long and narrow. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, truncate at base. Co- rolla large, pale blue, sometimes variegated (rarely all white); petals rounded at the extremity, entire. Stigma compressed, angular, projecting a little above tht stamens. Capsule oblong, subtriangular, smooth. Hab. Dry hills; on the Mica-slate, abundant. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. This handsome species presents two or three varieties,—one with varie- gated flowers, the upper petals of a rich deep-violet purple, and velvety appear- ance,—fully as beautiful, I think, as the V. tricolor, of the gardens. For a full and i nleresting description of our American Violets, See Schweinitz, in Sill. Journ. Vol 3. p. 43. and Le Conte, in Annals of N. Y. Lyceum,: Vol. 2. p. 135. 3. V. palmata, L. Leaves more or less pubescent, somewhat cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed (rarely entire) ; lobes polymorphous, crenate or dentate, the middle one always largest; lateral pe tals bearded; stig- ma capitate, depressed, margined, a little recurved and rostrate. Beck. Bot. p. 38. Also? V. asarifolia. Florul. Cestr. p. 29. Not of Pursh. Palmate Viola. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 148 Primary leaves somewhat reniforra-cordate, often undivided, always more or less pubescent, sometimes quite villose ; secondary leaves very variously divided, more or less palmate, or cordate and incisely lobed, sometimes hastate-lobed; peli. oles slightly margined, generally villose. Stipules lanceolate,'sub ciliate. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches long, often pilose below^nally shorter.than the leaves, with 2 small lanceolate bracts rather below the middle. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, ciliate near the base; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth. Hab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. FY. June. 06s. This species is remarkable for the countless variety in the form and divi- sions of the leaves. I have some specimens which resemble this, in general hab- it,—except that none of the leaves are lobed, but all cordate, or reniform-cordate, acute (or rarely orbicular), and regularly crenate-serrate. Mr. Schwtinits pro- nounced them to be his V. asarifolia; and they are given by that name, in my Cat- alogue : But I strongly suspect they belong either to Y.palmata, or to the follow- ing, which Mr. Le Conte says is sometimes villose. 3. V. cucullata, Ait. Glabrous; leaves cordate, mostly acute, or •ubacuminate, cucullate at base, crenate-serrate; lateral petals bearded; stigma triangular, marginate. Beck, Bot. p. 38. Also ? V. obliqua. of Authors. Also ? V. papilionac'ea. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 173. DC. Prodr. l.p. 292. Also ? V. sororia. Pursh, Am. l.p. 173. Not of Willd. & Le Conte. Also ? V. affinis. Le Conte, in Ann. Lye. AT. Y, 2. p. 138. Cucullate, or Hooded Viola. Leaves cordate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, mostl}* cucullate by the curling in of the angles at base, sometimes reniform, and orbicular; petioles margined , smooth (sometimes pubeseent?). Stipules linear-lanceolate, ciliate-dentate. Scapes several, 6 to 12 inches long, often longer than the leaves, (especially in what has been called V. obliq-ua); bracts minute, subulate, sub-opposite, mostly above the middle, often near the flower. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious and minutely ciliate on the margin. Corolla blue, varying from purplish to deep Tiolet,-sometimes motly, or variegated; petals obovate, (the lower one sometime » bearded ?) the beards on the lateral ones clavate. Spur short, rounded. Capsule smooth. Hab. Moist low grounds; and along rivulets: frequent. Fl. April-May. FY. June. 06s. This plant puts on different appearances, and may, perhaps, afford con- stant varieties: but I cannot help thinking that a number of the species, in the books, may be safely referred to it. 4. V. sagittata, Ait. Leaves lance-oblong, rather acute, cordate-sa- gittate, often somewhat hastate, incised and coarsely toothed at base, crenate-dentate, mostly pubescent; the lower and lateral petals densely bearded, the two upper ones nearly naked; stigma depressed, margined, rostrate. Beck, Bot. p. 38. Also ? V. dentata. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 172. Also ? V. emarginata. Le Conte, Ann. Lye. AT. T. 2. p. 142. Sagittate, or Arrow-leaved Viola. Leaves varying from oblong, and sagittate with a small hastate auricle, to cordate > and somewhat triangular-hastate, acute or obtuse, crenate or nearly entire, smooth- ish or often roughly pubescent, om margined petioles. Stipules lance-linear. Scapes several, 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, generally a little longer than the leaves, 144 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA with subulate sub-opposite or alternate bracts near the middle. Sepals lanceolate, smoothish. Corolla pale purplish blue; petals obovate-oblong, tho upper ones nearly naked, the lateral ones and the lower, or spurred one, bearded. Sliginti wilh a horizontal beak. Capsule tmooth. JSa6. Dry hills : Mica-slate, k Serpentine rock: frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. June. 06*. There appears to be 2 or 3 pretty distinct varieties of this. The most com- mon one has the leaves I to 2 inches long, and half an inch to three quarters wide, rather acute, sagittate and toolhed or minutely hastate at base, generally rubos tent, and of:an roughly so, on petioles about as long as the leaves. Another vari- ety is smoother, with the leaves more cordate, rather obtuse, crenate-dentate, on petioles more than twice as long aslhe leaves. A third variety, (var- emarginata, Nutt.) is much larger, more or less pubescent, with leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, almost triangular-hastate, the lobes at base coarsely toothed or lacerate, on petioles finally 4 times as long as the leaves, and nearly twice as In; as the scapes. This last is certainly a striking variety; and Mr. Le Conte con- tends it is a good species. 5. V. ovata, A'utt. Leaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, mostly roughish pubescent; lateral petals densely bearded, lower one slightly bearded, upper ones naked ; stigma margin- ed, somewhat rostrate. Beck, Bot. p. 39. V". ciliata. Alula. Catal. p. 26. V. primulifolia. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 173. Lindl. Ency- />• 186. Xot ol IVilld. and others. Ovate Viola. Leaves numerous, about an inch long, and three fourths of an inch wide, rather acute, sometimes obtuse, generally very pubescent, rarely smoothish ; petiole mar- gined, scarcely as long as the leaf. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Scopes several, mostly a little longer than the leaves, pilose, with sub-opposite lance-linear bracts near the middle. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, smoothish, ofien ciliate. Corolla blue ; petals obovate, entire, paler at base, the lateral ones with a white beard. Capsule smooth. Hab. Dry hills ; Mica-slate range: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. This species, used in decoction, is one of the many Newspaper remedies for the bite of the Rattlesnake; and also for Dysentery, Strangury, &g. It is mucila- ginous ; but I am unacquainted with its virtues. 6. V. sororia, Willd. Leaves orbicular, or roundish cordate, with the sinus often closed, crenate-serrate, mostly pilose, thickish, purple be- neath, flat, lying on the ground; lateral petals densely bearded, lower petal somewhat bearded, upper ones naked ; stigma depressed, with « •leflexed beak. Le Conte, Ann. A". Y, Lye. 2. p. 142. V. barbata. Muhl. Catal. p. 26. V. villosa, var. cordifolia. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 148. Bart. Phil. l.p. 122. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 252. Ejusd. Comp. p. 117. Beck, Bot. p. 39. V. cordifolia. Schw. in Sill. Journ. 5.p. 62. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 295. Sister, or Kindred Viola. Leaves 1 te 2 inches long, mostly orbicular and subreniform, sometimes cordat* and rather acute, sprinkled with rigid hairs, especially on the upper surface. sometimes nearly smooth, and occasionally the young ones quite villose beneath ; pstiole about twice as long as the leaf, somewhat margined. Stipules small, lan- .-ee'ate. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with small subulate PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 145 opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rather obtuse. Corolla reddish blue ; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth. Hab. Dry, hilly, open woodlands: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. Mr. Le Conte,—who ought to know the V. villosa, of Walter,—asserts that this is quite distinct. I have therefore followed him, in adopting Willdenow's Mine. I had not distinguished it from the others, when my Catalogue was published. * * Flowers white. 7. V. prtmul.kfolia, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub- cordate and a little unequal at base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate- serrate, glabrous above, the nerves beneath and petiole pilose; lateral petals slightly bearded; the others naked, the lower one distinctly stri- ate ; stigma small, capitate, somewhat rostrate. Beck, Bot. p. 39. Not •f Pursh. V. acuta ? Bigel. Bost. p. 95. Also 1 Beck, Bot. p. 39. Primrose-leaved Viola. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, more or less ovate, generally acute, sometimes obtuse, rather thin and membranaceous, penninerved; petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, margined, dilated into wings at the base of the leaf. Stipules lance-linear, sub-ciliate. Scapes few, slender, often pubescent, rather shorter than the leaves, with 2 opposite (or sometimes alternate) subulate-linear bracts about the middle. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla small, white, with dark pur- ple veins or stripes, especially on the lower petal. Capsule smooth. Hab. Moist low grounds; along rivulets : frequent. Fl. May. FY. June. 06s. Prof. Hooker, and other distinguished Botanists, are disposed to consider this identical with V. lanceolata. It is certainly nearly allied to it: but the V. lan- ceolatm, as I have been accustomed to see it in New Jersey, and on Pokono Mountain in this State, appears quite distinct,—with its narrow lanceolate erect leaves, lar- ger flowers, and scapes longer than the leaves. To my view, our plant approaches more nearly, inhabit, to V. blanda. They are all, however, so polymorphous as to baffle any definite or satisfactory description. 8. V. blanda, Willd. Leaves broad-cordate and acute, or roundish- reniform, rather remotely and obscurely crenate-serrate, membranace- ous, mostly glabrous, the petiole slightly winged, smooth; the lateral petals slightly bearded and striate, the lower one distinctly striate and somewhat bearded; stigma depressed, rostrate. Beck, Bot. p. 40. Bland Viola. Leaves half an inch to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, yellowish green, flat and nearly procumbent, cordate, with the sinus rounded, sometimes reniform, and orbicular, and decurrent on the petiole, generally gla- brous beneath, often sprinkled with a few short hairs on the upper surface; petiole 1 to 4 inches long, with a narrow margin. Stipules lance-linear, sparingly lacin- iate-dentate. Scapes few, mostly longer than the leaves, smooth, with 2 sub-appo- lite subulate bracts near the middle. Sepals lance-obloag, rather obtuse (some- times acute). Corolla small, odorous, white; the lower petal with dark purple stripes. Capsule smooth. Seeds oblong, rugosely striate. Hab. Wet, low grounds; margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. June. 06*. This is a fragrant, delicate little species,—deserving the eulogy »f Shaks- pemre,—y/ho in his Winter's Tale {Act 4. Sc. 3.) speaks of -----——-----" Violets, dim, But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes, Or Cythersa's breath." 13 146 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA f f With evident Stems : Stipules axillary. * Flowers blue. 9. V. Muhlenbergiana, Ging. Stems weak, decumbent; leaves ren- iform-cordate, crenate-serrate, nearly smooth, the upper one9 a little acuminate, on short petioles ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cil- iate-serrate, the lower ones laciniate-dentate ; spur elongated, straight. Beck, Bot. p. 40. V. asarifolia. Aluhl. Catal. p. 26. Not of Pursh, DC. Ell. Le Conte. V. debilis. Pursh, Am. l.p. 174. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 150. Bart. Phil. l.p. 124. Schw. in Sill. Journ. 5.p. 71. Bigel. Bost. p. 97. Florul. Cestr. p. 30. Also! DC. Prodr. 1. p. 298. Not? of AIx. Pers. nor Lindl. Ency. V. striata 1 Ell. Sk. 1. p. 301. Not of Ait. Willd. A'utt. Le Conte, &c. V. Muhlenbergii. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 256. Ejusd. Comp. p. 118. Also, V. uliginosa. Muhl. 1. c. Schw ? 1. c.p. 72. Not of DC. Also ? V. punctata. Schw. I. c. p. 67. Muhlenberg's Viola. Stem 2 to 8 or 10 inches long, often much branched from the base, smooth, 91 irst nearly erect, finally decumbent, assurgent, straggling, and often nearly prostrate. Leaves about an inch in length, and wider than long, reniform-cordatj, the lower ones rounded, the upper ones wilh a short acumination, smooth, Of sprinkled with a few short hairs, sometimes ferruginous-punctate ; petioles one fourth of an inch to an inch long, the radical ones sometimes 2 or 3 inches long. Stipules at the axils of the leaves (also at and near the base of the stems), the uppej «nes laciniate-serrate at base, the lower ones lacerately ciliate. Peduncles axil- lary, loager than the leaves, with 2 sub-opposite lance-linear bracts above the middle. Corolla middle-sized, pale purplish blue, veined; lateral petals beard- ed, the lower one mostly with a straight and rather tapering spur about one thiri the length of the corolla. Stigma tubular, papillose, oblique. Capsule smooth,* little longer than the sepals. Hab. Law, swampy grounds ; moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May-June. Fr. July. 06«. I have collected small specimens, apparently of this species, wilh both lowers and mature capsules, in the month of September. The leaves and cafv- sules were covered and roughish with numerous small ferruginous dots, or short lines. The V. canina, of Europe, is nearly allied to our plant,—as also, in habit. i> the V. rostrata, of this country. * * Flowers white. 10. V. ochroleuca, Schw. Stems somewhat erect, cespitose, glab- rous ; leaves cordate, more or less acuminate, crenate-serrate, on long- ish petioles; stipules oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, laciniatt- serrate, ciliate; spur slightly curved at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 40. V. striata. Willd? Sp. l.p. 1166. Pers? Syn. l./>.255. Ait? Kew. 2.p. 47. Muhl? Catal. p. 26. Pursh, Am. l.p 174. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 150. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 123. Le Conte, in Ann. Lye. AT. Y. 2. j». 149. Lindl? Ency.p. 186. Eat. Man. p. 393. Also 1 DC. Prodr. I. p. 297. Not 1 of Schw. V. debilis. Mx ? Am. 2. p. 250. Also? Lindl. Ency. p. 186. N«t •f Pursh, A'utt. &c. Also ? V. repens. Schw. 1. c. p. 70. -ptHR«L.E*COWS, OR IJSLLOWI8H-WHITE Vl»IA. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 147 Stem 5 to 10 or 12 inches high, nearly erect, or a lillle curved at base, often 'rowing in cespitose bunches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and an inch to an inch and a half wide, mostly cordate and acuminate, often hairy along the nerves be- »eath,the lower ones sometimes roundish cordate; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Stipules large, fringed with longish unequal acuminate teeth, which are them- ielves ciliate. Peduncles axillary, often more than twice as long as the leaves. with two long subulate-linear ciliate opposite or alternate 6rarfs above the mid- dle. Corolla large, yellowish white, or cream-color; the lateral petals densely bearded, the others naked (often the lowest ene conspicuously bearded, Torr), the lower one striate with dark purple. Stigma oblique, subpubescent. Capsule iiROOth. i7a6. Along Brandywine, near Wistar's Bridge : notcommon. Fl. May. FY. July. 06». This species occurs plentifully along the Brandywine, on the flats below Wistar's Bridge,—also along French Creek, about 2 miles N. E. from Kimberton; and perhaps in other localities. * » * Flowers yellow. 11. V. pubescens, Ait. Mostly villose-pubescent; stem erect, elon- gated, leafy at the summit only ; leaves broad-ovate, and cordate, more •r less acuminate, coarsely serrate-dentate ; stipules lance-ovate, sub- dentate ; spur very short. Beck, Bot. p. 41. V. Pennsylvanica. AIx. Am. 2. p. 149. Also ? V. criocarpa. Schw.in Sill. Jour. 5.p. 75. DC.Prodr. l.p. 301. Also? V. seabriuscula. Florul. Cestr. p. 30. Pubescent Viola. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, somewhat angular, more or 1cj> pilose, mostly leafless below the summit, but with 1 or 2 lance-oblong amplexicaul • ipules near the base. Leaves 2 to 4 inches in length, and as wide as long, ovate, • r cordate, sometimes nearly triangular, and abruptly decurrent on the pctioir. j'nerally 3 at or near the summit of the stem, and occasionally 1 or 2 below, or •it the root; petioles of the upper leaves half an inch to an inch long, those below :> to 5 inches long. Peduncles 2 or 3, rather shorter than the leaves, with 2 small bracts near the middle, or below it. Sepals linear-lanceolate, ciliate. Corolla yr\- low; the lateral petals slightly bearded, and, with the lower one, striate wilh dark purple ; spui short and somewhat gibbous. Stigma capitate, pubescent. Capsule densely villose, or sometimes smooth. Seeds obovoid, rather large, smooth & white, Hub. Dry, open woodlands: common. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. "We have growing in moist woodlands, particularly along the Brandywine., die V. seabriuscula, or eriocarpa, of S:hweinitz,—which is generally considered as aotbinK mere than a variety of V.pubescens (viz. var. eriocarpa, Nutt.); but which <.ur Chester County Botanists concur in thinking a pretty good species,—and Mr. ■f hweinitz himself was of ihe same opinion. It is generally branching from ihe root, with straggling decumbent stems, which are angjlar, and nearly smooth, or with 1 or2 hairy lines; leafy at the root; the leaves smaller, more reniforftn- cordale, somewhat scabrous and ciliate, but not villose ; the capsule is sometimes quite naked, often densely villose. It is certainly nearly allied to V. pubescens..; but the distinctions here noted are very constant, and present a striking variety, if not a legitimate species.-The foregoing are all the well established species pf Viola which have yet been found in Chester County. Mr. Schweinitz enumerates 2il species in the TJ. States,—exclusive of V. concolor, L. which is now separate from the genus. Mr. Le Conte, who wrote since, gives but 17 species. The V. concolor, L. (now called Solea concolor,) has not yet been detected within the lipi- its if this County; but it probably will be,—as it has been found nt»r the borders, in Delaware Cotm'.y, along Chestar Creek. 148 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 112. CEANOTHUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 229. [An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus.] Calyx 5-angled, 5-cleft, campanulate, circumscissed after flowering; the base turbinate, persistent, supporting and somewhat adhering t« the fruit. Petals small, incurved, saccate or cucullate, compressed, with long slender claws. Style mostly trifid. Capsule obtusely tri- gonous, somewhat 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, opening on the inner side. Frutescent: unarmed ; leaves alternate ; flowers thyrsoid, in cymose fascicles, terminal and axillary. Nat. Ord. %. Lindl. Rhamneje. 1. C. americanus, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, trip- ly nerved, pubescent beneath ; common peduncles axillary, elongated, mostly leafless. Beck, Bot. p. 74. American Ceanothus, Vulgo—New Jersey Tea. Red-root. Root perennial, large, dark red. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, shrubby, branched ; branches terete, pubescent. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 lo 2 inches wide, sometimes unequal, or slightly cordate at i *se, upper surface nearly smooth, nerves quite hairy beneath, and more er less ferruginous; petioles one fourth le half an inch long, pubescent. Flowers numerous, small, in an oblong terminal thyrsus ; pedicels fasciculate, one third to half an inch long, subclavate, colored. Calyx-segments short, broad, acute, white, deciduous. Petals white ; the border incurved nearly at right angles, and forming a sac or hood, on a filiform claw. Stamens inserted on the rim of the persistent base of the calyx. Style mostly tri- fid, sometimes 2 or 4-cleft,—(Styles 2 to 3, united to the middle, DC). Capsule tricoccous, or resembling a dry 3-lobed berry. Seeds 1 in each cell, large, oval, greenish ash-color, smooth and shining, externally convex, the inner surface with two cavities divided by a ridge, or keel. Hab. "Woodlands, and borders of thickets: common. FZ. June—July. FY. Sept. 06s. This little shrub possesses considerable astringency; and may, doubtless, answer an useful purpose, where medicines of that character are indicated. The root is said to afford a cinnamon colored dye. The leaves were used by the Whigs as a substitute for Tea, during the American Revolution : and, although the sen- sible properties of the green plant do not promise a very palatable beverage, I aim assured by my friend Mr Joshua Hoopes, that the leaves, when duly prepared, are quite equal to common Bohea. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 113. CELASTRUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 231. [A name borrowed from the ancient Greek writers.] Dioicouslt Polygamous : Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals small, unguiculate. Ovary immersed in the disk, striate with 10 line*. Stigma obtuse, emarginate, or 2 or 3 cleft. Capsule 2 or 3-valved ; valves coriaceous, septiferous in the middle. Seeds 2 or 3, covered with a pulpy 4-cleft colored arillus. Shrubs: climbing, or erect; unarmed, orspinose; leaves alternate, minutely stipular; peduncles terminal, or axillary, paniculately racemose, or solitary. Nat. Ord. 93. Lindl. Celastrine.*. 1. C. scandens, I. Stem climbing, unarmed; leaves oval, or obo- vate, acuminate, serrate; racemes terminal. Beck, Bot. p. 72. Olimbino Celastrus. Vulgo—Climbing Staff-tree. Wax-work. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 149 Stem woody, twining, often climbing to the height or distance ef 10 lo 15 feet Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and an half inches wide, oval, or obovate, ab- ruptly acuminate, glabrous, with incurved mucronulate or subglandular serratures. •ften unequal at base, and somewhat decurrent, on petioles about 3 fourths of »ii inch long. Stipules very minute, setaceously 3 to 5-parted. Racemes terminating the branches, few-flowered ; pedicels articulated, with minute setaceous bracts a": »ase. Calyx subcampanulate, 10-nerved, yellowish green ; segments lance-oblon;. Scarious on the margin, crenulate, spreading under the fruit. Petals greenish yr* low,obovate-oblong, obtuse,broadly unguiculate. StyZeshort, thick, persistent,Vie ally divided with the valves of the capsule. Capsule roundish ovoid, one fourth to third of an inch in diameter, greenish orange-color when mature; valves 2 or i each with a ridge, or imperfect septum, in the middle. Seeds elliptic, with a rij;:. •n one side, reddish brown, coated by a pulpy purple arillus open at the top. Hab. Woodlands, and fence-rows: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 06s. The flowers of this climbing shrub are generally dioicous, by abortiom. Two other species are given by Willd. and Muhl. as natives of the U. States; but heir existence is extremely doubtful. 114. EUONYMTJS. L. A'utt. Gen. 230. [Greek, literally good name; the reason of which is somewhat obscure.J Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, flat, the base covered with a peltate disk. Petals 4 or 5, spreading, inserted on the margin of the disk. Stamens 4 or 5. alternate with the petals. Capsule 3 to 5-angled, 3 to 5-celled, 3 t« 3-valved ; cells 1 or 2-seeded ; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds coated with a fleshy, colored arillus. Shrubs: branches often quadrangular; leaves mostly opposite, scarcely stipti- I*r; peduncles axillary, often trichotomously branched. Nat. Ord. 93. Lindl. Ce- T.ASTRINE.H. 1. E. atropurpurecs, Jacq. Branches smooth ; leaves petiolate, el- liptic-ovate, acuminate, serrate ; peduncles divaricately branched, many- flowered ; flowers 4-parted, tetrandrous ; capsules sulcate-angled, smootk. Beck, Bot. p. 72. E. carolinensis. Marsh. Arbust. p. 43. Also? E. latifolius. Ejusd. p. 44. Dark-purple Euontmus. Vulgo—Burning Bush. Spindle tree. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high ; branches opposite, smooth, slightly quadrangular. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and I to 2 and a half inches wide, oval, or elliptic- »vate, acuminate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, finely but rather obtusely serrate, the serratures with small incurved sphacelate points; petioles about half an inch long. Common peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, trichotomously branched; the central branch bearing one, and the lateral branches bearing two or three flow- ers ; pedicels a quarter to half an inch long, with minute subulate bracts at base. Calyx persistent; segments short, roundish ovate, finally dark purple. Petals $, dark purple, roundish obovate. Stamens 4. Capsule 3 or 4-valved, purple, or palish crimson, when mature ; valves somewhat obcordate, and angularly chaa- nelled opposite the septum. Seeds elliptic-ovoid, about one third of an inch Ions- smooth, white, or linged with purple, nearly enclosed in a bright red succulent arillus. Hab. Woodlands; Forks of Brandywine; not common. FA June. Fr. Octo-- 06s. This specie* occurs in rich woodlands, along the Brandywine,—also along French Creek j bat is not common. Itis often cultivated as an ornamental shrub. 1-3*- 150 PENTAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 2. E. americanus, L. Branches smooth, 4-angled; leaves subses- sile, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, somewhat crenate-serrate; peduncles 1 tn 3-flowered; capsules verrucose-echinate. Beck, Bot. p. 72. E. sempervirens. Marsh. Arbust. p. 44. American Euontmus. Vulgo—Burning Bush. Strawberry-tree. f Stem2 to 5 or 6 feet high, slender; branches opposite,spreading, quadrangular, deepcreen. Leaves 1 to 2 and an half inches long, and half an inch to ihret ipiirters wide, lanceolate, often a little falcate, rather obscurely serrate, smooth and somewhat coriaceous, on very short petioles. Common peduncles about half an inch long, slender, 1, 2, or 3-flowered. Calyx persistent; segments 5, nearly obsolete, finally rounded, mucronate with the persistent filaments, dark purple. Petals 5, greenish yellow with a purple tinge, spreading, unguiculate, the border orbicular. Capsule 5-valved, muricale, or thickly covered with abruptly acumi- nate warts, bright ilcep crimson when mature. Seeds ovoid, smooth, white, about half the size of the preceding, mostly 2 enveloped in each scarlet arillus. Hab. Moist woodlands: WestChester; Willistown: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Oct. 06s. At maturity, the capsules are fully expanded,—whereby the duplicate *iembranes which form the dissepiments are drawn across, like curtains, between the .open valves; and eacn arillus, thrown from its cell, is suspended at the apex •f the valve. This is a very preuy little species,—the mature capsules, in autumn, being a bright crimsn, and continuing for several weeks. It was first detected in this vicinity in 1827, by Mr. Washington Townsend : and has been found also Sn Willistown, by Mr. Gbo. W. Hall I think the specimens found by Mr. Town- send (in Patton's woods, West Chester), belong to the var. sarmentosus, Nutt. Two •ther species are enumerated in the TJ. States; one of which, however, is doubtful- ■j- f Fnut a Berry. 115. VITIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 219. [An ancient Latin name ; of obscure derivation.] Dioicouslt Polygamous : Calyx minute, somewhat 5-toothed. Pe- tals cohering at apex, caducous. Stigma subsessile, obtuse. Berry 6-seeded ; some of the seeds often abortive. Sl-rubby vines: climbing by tendrils, which appear to be abortive racemes; joints «f the stem tumid ; leaves simple, alternate, stipular; peduncles racemose, •pposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 104. Lindl. 'Vites. 1. V. Labrusca, L. Branches and peduncles ferruginous-tomen- tose; leaves broad-cordate, often somewhat 3-lobed, acutely dentate, densely cinereous-tomentose beneath; fertile racemes small; berries Jjrge. Beck, Bot. p. 66. V. vulpina. Mursh. Arbust, p. 165. Bartram, in Med. Reposit. Ilexade 2. Vol. l.p. 21. Not of Linn. Also? V. labruscoides. Aluhl. Catal. p. 27. Vulgo—Fox Grape. Stem 15 to 20 or 30 f^et long, straggling over bushes and small trees. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in length, and as wide as long, (on young vigorous branches often muck larger), roundish cordate, often 3-lobed, teeth mucronate, the under surface cloth- ed with a dense h»ary tomentum, sometimes a little taway, that on the nerves anl veins ferruginous; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers dioicous by abortion. Common peduncle about an inch long. Abortive racemes compound, paniculate; fertile ones mostly simple, few-flowered, Petals yellowish green, united at ap« PEXTAXDRIA MONOGYXIA 151 (as in all the genus) and forced from their base by the stamens, which elevate them in the form of an umbrella,—when they speedily fall off. Berries in rather short clusters, globose, large (about half an inch in diameter), varying at maturity from nearly black to dark amber or copper color, and greenish white ; ofa musky or rancid flavor. Hab. Moist thickets; margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 06s. In the wild state, we find the varieties in ihefruit, above noted ; and in our gardens and vineyards we have grapes under several names, which appear to i. c nothing more than varieties of this—(or possibly some of them may be! ybrids)— such as the Isabella grape, the Schuylkill (called also Alexaruler's, and Taskcr's) grape, the Catawba grape, and Bland's grape. The two former of these are nearly black; the two latter, copper or amb^r colored,—with less of the musky flavor than the others. The Schuylkill and Catawba varieties have been cultivated wilh most success, in this County. 2. V. jestivalis, AIx. Leaves broad-cordate, often 3 to 5-lobed, or sinuate-palmate, coarsely and unequally dentate, loosely ferruginous-to- mentose beneath ; fertile racemes long, compound; berries small. Beck Bot. p. 66. V. vinifera americana. Marsh. Arbust. p. 165. V. sylvestris, or occidentalis. Bartram, I. c. V. intermedia. Muhl. Catal. p. 27. Summer Vitis. Vulgo—Little Grape. Summer Grape, Stem 20 to 40, and sometimes 60 feet, or more, in length. Leaves 4 to 8 inche* Jong, and nearly as wide as losg, roundish cordate, 3-lobed, or palmate-5-lobed, with the sinuses rounded; teeth unequal, broad at base and abruptly acute ; th« vounger leaves with a loose cobweb-like russet pubescence beneath, which be- comes coarser and more hirsute with age; petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Common peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, often with a tendril branching from it. Racemes long, compound ; the flowers often in umbellate clusters on the branches. Berries small, varying in size (generally about one fourth of an inch in diameter), globose, deeji blue, or nearly black, and covered with a glaucous powder, when mature; of a sprightly agreeable flavor. Hab. Thickets ; fence-rows; and woodlands: common. Fl. June. Fr Octo. 06s. This species presents several varieties; some of them with a larger fruit, which is much esteemed, and well worthy of culture. It sometimes attains to a great height, in rich woodlands ;—the upper branches sustaining it by clinging to the limbs of tall trees, and gradually ascending, whilst the older branches below die and drop off, leaving the stem naked, and suspended,—some what resembling a topgallant halyard, belayed at the root! 3. V. cordifolia, Mx. Leaves cordate, acuminate, incised-dentat^, smooth on both sides, thin and somewhat membranaceous; racem&e loose, slender;berries small. DC. Prodr. l.p. 634. V. Labrusca. Marsh. Arbust. p. 165. Not of Linn. V. serotina. Bartram, I. c. V. vulpina. Muhl. Catal. p. 27. Torr. Fl. l.p. 264. Ejusd. Comp. p. 121. Hook. Am. 1. p. 115. Beck, Bot. p. 66. Eat. Man. p. 39#. Not 1 of Linn. Hba»t-lsaved Vitis, Vulgo—Chicken Grape. Winter Gmpe, 152 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Stem 10 to 20 feet long, climbing and spreading over bushes, along hedge-rows Leases 2 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5-inches wide, cordate, often conspicuously acuminate, coarsely toothed, teeth acuminate, smooth on both sides, and a littlf shining,—but the nerves beneath are pubescent, with villose tufts in the angles. petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Common peduncle half an inch to 1 or 2 inches Ion; Racemes compound, loose, often wilh long branches at base, which are some- times abortive, and become tendrils. Flowers small, numerous. Berries smnH. •fa greenish amber color, or sometimes nearly black, when mature, very acerb, and late in ripening. Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets: along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. June. Fr.Nov 06s. Sir J. E. Smith {in Rees' Cyclop.), Prof. Torrey and Hooker, and mnn othor distinguished Botanists, have supposed that this is the V. vulpina, of Linnet" us: But from all the information I can obtain, I incline to agree with Mr. Elliott, in referring the original V. vulpinato the V. rotundifolia, of Mx. Linnaus probably received his plant from Virginia; and I ascertained when at Suffolk, Virginia, ia 1831, that the V. rotundifolia is there universally known by the name of Fox grope. Mr. Elliott also confirms this fact, of the common rame of the plant, in the low country further south. Now, as the brief description by Linnaus, agrees quite as well with the Fox grape of the South, as it does with our V. cordifolia, I have bee» led to the conclusion that the former is the true V. vulpina. I find, moreover, that the venerable William Bartram, (See Med. Reposit. I. c.) was of the same opinion. The V. rotundifolia, Mx. is very remarkable for one feature. It is known that •ur northern grape vines have a dark-brown loose lamellated stringy bark; where- as this southern species has a more ligneous appearance,—with a close greyisb- brown bark, covered with small cinereous warts. It is called V. verrucosa, by Muhlenberg. 4. V. vinifera, L. Leaves lobed, sinuate-dentate, naked or t»- mentose; flowers all perfect. DC. Prodr. l.p. 633. Wine-bearing Vitis. Vulgo—Wine Grape. English Grape. &c. Gallice—La Vigne. Germ.—Der Weinsltck. Hispanice—La Viti. Stem 10 to 20 feet or more in length {usually prevented from extending itself, by lopping). Leaves more or less lobed, generally smaller than our native species,— sometimes very glabrous and shining. Racemes loose, or crowded, ovoid, or cylin- dric. Berries globose, oblong, or obovoid, dark blue, amber colored, or greenisli white, when mature, fleshy or watery, sweet, or sub-acid. Hab. Gardens, and about houses: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Obs- Several of the varieties of this multifarious species have been cultivatei en a small scale, in this County: but the success has not been encouraging. There seems to be a defect, either in the climate, or in the skill of the cultivators, which renders the crop extremely uncertain. The variety called English grape, or Mil- ler's Burgundy, appears generally to succeed the best; but it often fails. Indeed, the culture of our native varieties, or hybrids, which was attempted with great spirit, a few years since, has been attended with so much disappointment that it is now nearly abandoned, —except for mere family use. Two or three additional n «■ Hge species are enumerated in the U. States. 116. AMPELOPSIS. Mx. DC. Prodr, 1. p. 632. fGreek, Ampelos, Vine, and opsis, aspect; from its resemblance to the Via«:J Calyx nearly entire. Petals opening at apex, spreading, or becoming leflexed. Ovary conical, n»t immersed in th© disk. Berry 2 to 4- seeied. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 158 Shrubby vines : stem brittle or soluble at the joints, climbing; leaves simple, or compound; flowers in cymose racemes. Nat. Ord. 104. Lindl. Vites. 1. A. hederacea, DC. Stem climbing by radicating processes and tendrils; leaves digitate by fives, on long petioles; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, mucronate-dentate above the middle, smooth, petiolate; ra- cemes somewhat dichotomously cymose. Beck, Bot. p. 65. A. quinqu?folia. AIx. Am. l.p. 160, Aluhl. Catal. p. 27. Hook. Am. l.p. 114. Lindl. Ency. p. 176. Eat. A fan. p. 15. ITedera quinquefolia. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 59. Vitis hederacea. Willd. Sp. I. p. 1182. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 52. Bigel. Bost. p. 93. Cissus hederacea. Pers. Syn. l.p. 143. Pursh, Am. l.p. 170. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 144. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 118. Ell. Sk. l.p. 305. Torr. Fl. l./>.266. Ejusd. Comp. p. 121. Florul. Cestr. p. 28. Ivt-like Ampelopsis. Vulgo—Virginian Creeper. American Ivy. Stem 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, diffusely branching, climbing trees and walls, cling- ing to them by adhesive expansions of the points of the tendrils. Leaves com- pound ; common petiole 2 to 6 inches long; leaflets five, 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 lo 2 inches wide, rather oblong, varying from lance-ovate to obovate, the lateral ones •fen somewhat rhombic, the middle one largest, all coarsely serrate dentate above the midd; , mostly entire towards the base, and narrowed into short petioles. Cyme compound, with 2 or 3 principal branches; flowers all pedicellate, in small umbels of 3 to 5 at the ends of the branches, with minute lance-ovate bracts at base. Calyx small, spreading, orbicular, slightly crenate, forming 4 or 5 obsolete seg- ments, becoming purple. Petals yellowish green, slightly cohering at first, but at length spreading and reflexed, saccate or cucullate at apex, with the margins in- flexed. Anthers incumbent or horizontal. Ovary conic, or pyramidal, tapering to a short style ; stigma small. Berries small, dark blue, or nearly black, when mature ;— the peduncles at the same time becoming bright red, or crimson. Hab. Woodlands: fence-rows, and thickets: common. Fl. July. Fr.Octo. Obs. Sir J. E. Smith {in Rees' Cyclop.) contends that this is a true Vitis: But, although nearly allied, I think it may be very properly separated from our Orape vines. It is sometimes transplanted, as an ornament, by the walls of houses,—to which it firmly adheres by radicating processes from the stems, and also by a curi- ous expansion of the extremities of the tendrils. Two or three other species ai» enumerated in the TJ. Stales. § 2. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous. -J- Fruit a Capsule. 117. LOBELIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 568. [Named in honor of Matthias de Lobel; a Flemish Botanist.] •* Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, irregular, somewhat labiate, cleft on the upper side nearly to the base. Stamens more or less united ; an- thers coalesced into a tube, which is curved, perforate, and bearded at summit. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule sometimes half superior, 2 or 3-ccll- ed, opening at summit. Seeds numerous, minute, oblong, scabrous. Herbaceous, or rarely fruticose : leaves alternate ; flowers solitary, axillary, or in terminal bracteate racemes. Nat. Ord. 175. Lindl. Lobeliace.s. 1. L. Clattoniama, Mx. Stem erect, simple, somewhat pubescent ; leaves sessile, oblong, mostly obtuse, obscurely denticulate, pubescent, 154 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA radical ones spatulate-obovate; raceme virgate, naked; calywegmenlf subulate, nearly as long as the tuboof tho corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 21o. L. paliida. Bigel. Bost. p. 86. Aldo, Aluhl. Catal. p. 23. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 62. Ell? Sk. 1. p. 265. Clattos's Lobelia, Root perannial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, rather slender, somewhat angular an'd jroored, simple, sometimes two or throo branches or stems from the root, often asarly smooth. Radical leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches Ion?, and about an inch wide, ob- avate-oblong, or spatulale, nearly emire '.stem leaves 1 to 2 inches lone, ar:d about half an inch wide, lance-oblong, upper ones smaller, acute, and denticulate. Ra- ceme 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, slender. Pedicels about one fourth of an inch Ioef. wilh each a lance-linear denticulate bract ;;t iase, longer than the pedicel. Calyx smoothish at base. Corolla pale blue, smallish. Hab. Fields, meadows, and woodlands : frequent. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug.—Oct. 2. L. rr rekula, AIx. Pubescent; stem erect, simple ; leaves sessile, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, obscurely crenate-denticulate ; raceme spiked, rather secund, leafy at base; calyx hirsute at base, with lanceolate ciliate segments as long as the tube of the corolla. Berk. Bot. p. 215. PuarRULENT, on Downt-pubescest Lobelia. Rjot perennial.i Stem about 2 feet high, nearly terete. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lor j and half an inch to an inch wide, varying from obovate to oblong-oval, and lance - evate, the upper ones smaller and acute, nearly entire, or slightly repand and cre- nate, clothed with a short and somewhat silky pubescence. Raceme 4 to 6 or 8 in ches long; flowers nearly sessile, with each a small ovate-lanceolate serrate-tooth- ed leaf at base. Calyx covered with bristly hairs at base. Corolla bright blue! sometimes tinged with purple, rather large. Hab. Moist low grounds: Londongrove: rare. Fl. July. Fr. 06s. This species, which is very rare with us. was detected in 15-7, in the above locality, by William Jackson, Esq. I have also received it from Mr. Jame< Trimble,—who found it growing along creek bottoms, near the Brick Meeting House, in Nottingham, Maryland, adjoining Chester County. 3. L. syphilitica, L. Stem erect, simple, somewhat hirsute; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolato, acute or acuminate, unequally sinuatc-serru- iate, somewhat pilose; raceme leafy; calyx hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 215. SrrniLiTic Lobelia. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular, pilose on the angles. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, somewhat erosely serrate- dentate, sprinkled with appressed hairs. Raceme 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, stout.; pedicels one fjunh to half an inch long, wilh each an ovate-lanceolate ciliate-ser> rulate leaf at base, gradually smaller towards the summit. Calyx-segments short- er than the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acuminate, bristly-ciliate, wilh the mar- gins of the sinuses folded back. Corolla mostly bright blue, sometimes tinged with purpla, and rarely milk white, large. Capsule half superior, ovoid, acute. Seeds ovoid-oblong, scabrous, tawny, or ferruginous. Hub. Swampy grounds,and margins cf rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug.-Sert. Fr. Oct 06s. A Bh->vry plant,—next in baauty, among our native species, to the L. car. eiinalis. It-was t.-rmerly an Indian nostrum; and had such repute, that the Secret PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 155 was purchased of the Aborigines. But when once known, it soon shared the usual fate of purchased Nostrums; and possibly may have been stibjected to Unmerited neglect. 4. L. inflata, L. Stem erect, somewhat paniculately branched, hir- sute ; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate, pilose ; racemes leafy; capsules inflated. Beck, Bot. p. 215. Inflated Lobelia. Vulgo—Eye-bright. Indian Tobacco. Lactescent. Root biennial, Muhl. Eat. (perennial, Ell. annual, Willd. Torr. Bigel.). Stem 9 to 18 inches high, sometimes alate-angular by the decurrence of the leaves, often very hairy ; branches axillary. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches 1-inj, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, more or less ovate, rather acute, une- qually crenate or sinuate-dentate, pilose. Peduncles axillary, one fourth to half aft inch long, roughish pubescent. Corolla pale blue, small. Capsule ovoid, or oval, thin and membranaceous, 10-nerved, reticulately veined, smoothish. Seeds nu- merous, minute, elliptic-oblong, subdiaphanous, rough with ferruginous, reticula- ted ridges, under a lens. Hab. Pastures ; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Aug.—Octo. 06s. This is an acrid plant, possessing active emetic, cathartic, and narcot- ic properties ; and may be used for good or for evil, according to the degree of skill and discretion with which it is employed. It is said to be a prominent article in the Materia Medica ofa modern race of Empirics, who, in some districts of our country, have attained a notoriety, and consequence, which is not very credita- ble to the discernment of the communities in which they flourish. The indiscrim- inate use of any active medicine, is as dangerous as it is preposterous. "Querej- curar toda especie de enfermos y de enfermedades con un mismo medicamento, ne es medicina, sino lo que llaman charlataneria, no solo ridicula en quien la profess, sino dafiosa para quien la usa." 5. L. cahdinalis, L. Stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves subses- sile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally denticulate, minutely roughish-pubescent; raceme somewhat secund, and leafy below ; sta- mens longer than the corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 215. Cardinal Lobelia. Vulgo—Cardinal Flower. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, but often growing in bunches, ato- jular, generally hirsutely pubescent (very smooth, Torr.). Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, tapering at base almost to a petiole, sinuate-denticu- late0, or erosely serrate-dentate, thickly sprinkled with short bristly hairs. Raceme. 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, many-flewered. Flowers large, on hirsute pedicels half an inch to three quarters in length; bracts linear-lanceolate, glandular-denticulate-, longer than the pedicels. Calyx with a short obtusely turbinate tube, and long subulate-linear erect sparingly ciliate segments. Corolla bright crimson; the tube about an inch long; the 3 lobes of the lower lip lance-oblong, acuminate, the tw» lobes of the upper lip much narrower, linear oblong. Stamens one third longer thaR the tube of the corolla; filaments red, partially separated below, flat; anthers jreyish blue, connate, cucullate, with a dense tuft of white hairs on the lower side •f the orifice at apex. Stigma at first within the tube of the anthers, and girt wiA a iense tuft of hairs,—at length protruded, 2-lobed, and naked. Capsule half su- p«r:or, ovoid, acuminate. Seeds very numerous, minute, oblong, scabrous, tawny, •r ferruginous. Hut. SwajBp*, «n« marina of rivulets: frequent. Fi. Jtly-OcJ,-J^. Sept.-Oct. 156 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 06s. This is a superb plant, and worthy of a place in every ornamental garden It is a long time in flower,—commencing to bloom at the base of the raceme and ;r.idually extending to the summit. Vermifuge properties have been ascribed t« this species; but I know not how correctly. Five or six additional species are enu- merated in the TJ. States. 118. CAMPANULA. L. A'utt. Gen. 209. [Latin, Campanula, a little Bell; from the form of the corolla.] Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Corolla mostly campanulate, and 5-cleft, closed at bottom by 5 staminiferous valves. Stigma mostly 3-cleft. Cap- sule 3-(rarely 5-)celled, opening by lateral pores. Iferbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: lactescent; leaves mostly alternate ; flowers fcracteate, axillary, solitary, or fasciculate, sometimes in terminal spikes, or pani- cles. Nat. Ord. 174. Lindl. Campanulacejb. 1. C. amplexicaulis, AIx. Stem mostly simple, erect, angular ; an- gles hispid ; leaves subcordate-reniform, crenate-dentate, concave, am- plexicaul ; flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate. Beck, Bot. p. 213. C. perfoliata. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 915. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 193. Ail. Kew. 1. p, 352. Muhl. Catal. p. 22. Pursh, Am. I. p. 160. Bigel. Bost. p. 85. Lindl. Ency. p. 166. Stem-clasping Campanula. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, rarely branched ; angles hispid witli iproading or somewhat retrorse bristles. Leaves half an inch to three-quarters in length, and nearly an inch wide, closely amplexicaul; upper surface concave and nearly smooth; under surface prominently veined; somewhat hispid on the veins, and ciliate on the margin. Flowers closely sessile, 1 to 3 or 4 in the axil of each leaf. Calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with one or tw» bristles at apex, somewhat spreading, sparingly ciliate. Corolla bluish purple; lobes ovate. Stamens scarcely half as long as the corolla ; filaments dilated at base, forming a kind of connivent valves. Capsule oblong, angular, crowned with the persistent calyx-segments, 3-celled, opening on the sides by 3 oblong valves, keeled within, which are situated over the dissepiments, detach themselves below, and become re volute outward and upward. Seeds numerous, minute, lenticular, reddish brown, smooth and shining. Hab. Pastures, and grain-fields: common. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. Dr. Torrey mentions a small slender variety, with apetalous flowers, and 3-cleft calyx, which I have not observed here, 2. C. americana, L. Stem erect, sometimes branched, smoothish, or pilose ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, uncinately serrate, membranaceous, narrowed at base, the lower ones often subcordate, with ciliate petioles ; flowers subsolitary, nearly sessile, in a terminal leafy raceme ; corolla subrotate ; style exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 213. C. acuminata. Mx. Am. l.p. 108. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 114. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 262. Also, Pers. Syn. I. p. 190. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 159. ATutt. Gen. l./>,136. Torr. Fl. 1 p. 237. Ejusd. Comp. p. 112. Eat. Man. p. 65. American Campanula. Root perennial 1 (biennial, Muhl. annual, Willd.). Stem 2 to 3 feet high, oftem kras.ched,and considerably pilose. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and an iuch to an PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 157 inch and half wide ; those on the stem much narrowed and tapering at base, form- ing a kind of winged petiole near an inch long, smoothish, bristly on the nerve- beneath, the margin somewhat ciliate, the serratures mucronate, and a little un- cinate. Flowers rather distant, in a long terminal raceme, which is leafy below, and often with 2 or 3 flowers in the axil ofa leaf; pedicels short, clavate, with sub- ulate-linear bracts at base. Calyx-segments subulate, spreading. Corolla pale purplish blue, spreading ; lobes lance-oblong, acute. Stamens shorter than the co- rolla ; filaments much dilated below, and pubescent on the margin. Style much exserted, near 3-fourths of an inch long. Hab. Moist shaded grounds ; Brandywine ; Great Valley : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. 3. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem slender, flaccid, much branched above, acutely subtriangular; angles, with the margin and midrib of the leaves, retrorsely aculeate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, remotely cren- ate-serrate, smooth above; peduncles terminal, filiform, flexuose. Beck, Bot. p. 213. C. flexuosa? AIx. Am. l.p. 109. Pers. Syn. l.p. 188. C. erinoides. Willd? Sp. 1. p. 917. Aluhl. Catal.p. 22. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 136. Ell.Sk. l.p. 263. Bigel. Bost. p. 85. Eat. Alan. p. 65. Aparine-like Campanula. Root annual ? (perennial 1 Ell.). Stem 12 to 18 inches long, weak and straggling, supported by other plants; branches spreading. Leaves half an inch to an inch and half long, and a sixteenth to one third of an inch wide, sometimes nearly elliptic-lanceolate, sessile. Peduncles half an inch to an inch or more in length, very slender, solitary. Flowers small, nodding. Calyx-segments lance-ovate, acute. Corolla whitish with purple veins, campanulate ; lobes lance-ovate. Filar ments hairy, half the length of the style. Style about as long as the corolla. Hab. Swamps, and wet thickets: frequent. Fl. July. FY. Obs. TheC flexuosa, Mx. has been supposed to be the same with our plant; but if so, it is very badly described. Two or three other species are enumerated in the TJ. States ; of which, possibly, C. rotundifolia may yet be found in the northern side of this County. I have seen it in abundance, at Easton, on the Delaware. 119. DIERV ILL A. Tournef. A'utt. Gen. 215. [Dedicated to M. Dierville ; a French Surgeon, who introduced it into Europe.J Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, bibracteate at base. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. Stamens somewhat exserted. Stigma capitate. Capsule not crowned with the calyx, oblong, acute, I-celled, many-seeded. Shrubby: erect; leaves opposite; peduncles axillary and terminal, bracteate, tften dichotomous. Nat. Ord. 191. Lindl. Caprifoliaceje. 1. D. canadensis, Willd. Leaves ovate, or lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, on short petioles; peduncles subterminal, few-flowered. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 330. D. Tourneforti. Mx. Am. 1. p. 107. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 139. Torr.. Fl. 1. p. 238. Ejusd. Comp. p. 113. Beck, Bot. p. 157. D. humilis. Pers. Syn. l.p.214. Lindl. Ency. p. 170. D. lutea. Pursh, Am. l.p. 162. Lonicera Diervilla. Alarsh. Arbust.p. 81. Willd. Sp. l.p. 989. Ail. Kew. l.p. 380. tvANASIAN DlERTILLA. 14 153 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Pool creeping. Stem 2 to 3 feet high; branchos smooth, often slighlly quadran- gular. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 and an half inches wide, slighlly pi- f.jse on the midrib, and ciliate on the margin; petioles one fourth to half an inch Tong. Peduncles in the axils of the superior leaves, half an inch to near an inch long, 2 to 3-flowered, bracteate at the base of ihe pedicels. Calyx ventricose be- low, with 2 minute subulate bracts at base ; segments subulate, less than half the length of the corolla. Corolla greenish yellow, slightly pubescent; lobts (3, DC. and Hook ), oblong, unequal; throat somewhat dilated, pilose w ilhin. Style longer than the stamens, pilose below. Capsule contracted above, 1 celled, DC. Hotk. fl-Cfcllcd, Nutt. Torr.). Seeds minute. Hab. Moist, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. Obs. This neat lillle shrub occurs more frequently than I formerly supposed. Ii is ihe only species in ths TJ. States. ■j- -j- Fruit a Berry. 120. LONICERA. L. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 330. [DedicaUd to Adam Lonicer ; a German Botanist.] Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, elongated, subcampanulate, or fun- nel-form ; limb 5-cleft, mostly irregular. Stamens exserted. Style filiform ; stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled ; cells few-seeded. Seeds crustaceous. Shrubby: mostly with twining stems; leaves opposite, often connate at base; flowers sessile, vsrticillate, axillary, or in terminal heads. Nat. Ord. 191. Lindl. Gaprifoeiaceje. h L. parviplora, Lam. Glabrous; branches somewhat volubile; leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate, large, lower ones subconnate; flowers in terminal verticillate peduncu- late heads ; corolla somewhat ringent; tube short, gibbous at base ; fil- aments bearded. Beck, Bot. p. 158. L. dioica. Willd. Sp. l.p. 983. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 377. Muhl. Catal. p. 23. Caprifolium bracteosum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 105. G. parviflorum. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 161. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 138. Ell. Sk. l.p. 272. G. dioicum. Lindl. Ency. p. 170. Small-flowered Lonicera. Vulgo—Wild Honeysuckle. StemS to 8 or 10 feet long, somewhat twining, terete,ash colored. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and a half inches wide, varying from ovate to oblong and obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, very glaucous beneath, all sessile and more or l'ess connate. Flowers generally in single terminal heads, of 2 or 3 verticils of 6 to 3 flowers each, on a common peduncle about an inch long (sometimes the head ¥a nearly sessile). Corolla yellowish, with strong tinges of purple externally (yel- Esw, Torr.); the tube about half an inch long, conspicuously gibbous near the bast an the lower side, kairy within, the gibbous portion lined with small glandular tu- bercles; the lower lip of 1 elliptic-oblong obtuse reflexed lobe, the upper of 4 ob- long obtuse recurved lobes. Stamens somewhat exserted, and hairy at base. Style a little longer than the stamens. Berries reddish orange color when mature. Seeds compressed, suborbicular, coated wilh a tawny scabrous-punctate sh«ll. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock; rare. Fl. May. Fr. July. Ob% ffellected by •• Townsenb4 Esq. in 1989. PSXTAXBRIA MOxeeYxiA 159 2. L. bbata 1 A.'t. Stem volubile, climbing; leaves sub-perennial, ebovate, ovate and oval, glaucous and reticulately veined beneath, the upper pairs mostly connate-perfoliate, lower ones distinct; flowers in subterminal and terminal sessile verticils ; corolla ringent; tube long, not gibbous at base ; filaments smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 158. L. virginiana ? Alarsh. Arbust. p. 80. Caprifolium gratum 1 Pursh, Am. I. p. 161. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 138. Ell. Sk. l.p. 272. Lindl. Ency. p. 170. Grateful, on agreeable Lonicera. Vulgo—Wild Honeysuckle. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, branching and twining, trailing unless supported ; the y-wngbranches often quite pilose. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and an inch la an inch and half wide, mos'ly opposite (mostly in 3's, Willd.), rather obtuse, of- ten slightly emarginate ; two or 3 of the upper pairs connate, the inferior ones dis- tinct, sossile, or often on short petioles. Flowers in verticils of about 6, in the ax- ils of the two or three upper pairs of connate leaves. C< rolla externally red or fnirplish, the limb at first nearly white, soon becoming tawny yellow ; the tube an inch or more in length, lapering to the base, smooth within. Stamens exserted. Style about as long as the stamens. Berries orange red when mature. Kab. Moist rocky woodlands; Ridley creek; Brandywine : rare. Fl. May. FY. July. 06s. This agreos so nearly with the description of L. grata, that I suppose it to Is that species. It was found along Ridley creek, by Mr. Geo. V-, . Hall, in 1831 i and also along the Brandywine, above the forks, in 183o, by .1 ht. Rutter, Eso In warm situations, the leaf buds are very open and loose, and young leaves are often expanded, during the winter. Our plant has much general resemblance to the eommon cultivated Honeysuckle (L. peri lymenum), and would be quite ornamen- tal for arbours and portic s ; but the flowers have almost too strong an odor to be r°HV»7 agreeable. F"—-rcc'~,.-> have always been favorite plants; e»gd ;h,e great English Bard thus beautifully alludts to them:— "And bid her steal into the pleached bower, "Where Honeysuckles, ripen'd by the sun, "Forbid the sun to enter;—like favorites, "Made proud by Princes, that advance their pride "Against that.power that bred it."— Much ado about Nothing. Act. 3 Sc. 1. Fmuf or five additional species of this interesting genus have been found in the V. States. 121. TRIOSTEUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 216. [Greek, Treis, three, and Osteon, a bone ; in reference to its three bony seeds ] Calyx 5-parted; segments lance-line.ir, about as long as the corolla. Corolla tubulai, subequally 5-lobed, gibbous at base. Stamens inclu- ded. Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded, crowned by the ca- lyx-segments. Herbaceous, rarely suffruticose: stem simple ; leaves oppposite, subconnatc ; flnvers axillary, subsessile, bracteate. JVai. Ord. 191. Lindl. CapripoliacE"^;. I. T. perfoliatum, L. Leaves lance-oval, or spatulate-ovate, acu- minate, entire, abruptly narrowed at base, connate, pubescent beneath ; axils 1 to 3-flowered ; flowers sessile, dark purple. Beck, Bot. p. 157. T. majus. AIx. Am. l.p. 107. Perfoliate TriostKum. Vulge—Horfe Gentian. Wild Coffee. 160 PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Root perennial, laige. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, pubescent, often hirsute, some- what viscid when young. Leaves 4 to 6 or 7 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, often narrowed almost to a petiole at base, but always more or less connate, softly pubescent beneath, the upper surface sprinkled wilh hairs, and roughish-pubes- ceDt on the'midrib and nerves, margin ciliate-pubescent. Flowers subverticillatCj 1,2, or 3 in the opposite'axils, each with 1 or 2 linear bracts at base. Corolla dark brownish purple, about half an inch long, viscid-pubescent; lobes rounded; the gibbous portion of the tube glandular-pulverulent within. Filaments bearded. Style as long as the corolla, hairy below ; stigma thick, somewhat lobed. Berry oval, pubescent, rather dry, orange color when mature (dark purple, Pursh, Ell.). Hab. Rich, rocky wooodlands: fence-rows,&c. frequent. Fl. May-June. Fr. Sept. 06s. The root of this plant is reputed to be medicinal, as an emetic and cathar- tic. It was formerly a favorite medicine—almost a Panacea—with the aboriginal Doctors of this County. There is one other species in the TJ. Stales,—viz. T. an. gustifolium; which, although it has not yet been detected in Chester County, most probably will be. I have received a specimen of it, collected near the Brick Meet- ing House, just within the Maryland line, by my friend Mr. James Thimble. b. Corolla peniapetalous : Fruit a Berry. 122. RIBES. L. ATutt. Gen. 217. [An ancient Arabic name; of uncertain meaning.] Calyx campanulate, or tubular, 5-cleft; segments more or less colored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamens in the throat of the calyx. Style 2 to 4-cleft. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the flower, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seeded. Shrubby: unarmed, or aculeate ; leaves alternate, lobed ; flowers mostly in ax- illary racemes, bracteate. Nat. Ord. 45. Lindl.t <3rossulace.e. * Unarmed. 1. R. floridujh, UHcrit. Leaves acutely 3-lobed, glandular-punc- tate on both sides; petioles longer than the leaves ; racemes pendulouSj retrorsely villose ; calyx tubular ; bracts longer than the pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 136. R. nigrum pennsylvanicum. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 132. R. recurvatum. Afx. Am. 1. p. 109. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 251. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 140. Also, Pursh, Am. l.p. 164. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 482. Also, R. pennsylvanicum. Arutt. I. c. Pers. I. c. Flowery Ribes. Vulgo— Wild Currant. Pennsylva. Black Currant. Stems several, 3 to 4 feet high, slender, bark ash colored with a dark ground, branches often recurved. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in length, and as wide as long, with 3 spreading acute lobes, sometimes with 2 indistinct additional lobes near the base, dentate-serrate, often somewhat cordate, pubescent beneath, both surfaces sprink- led with yellow resinous dots; petioles often membranaceously margined towards the base, and fringed with pubescent cilise. Racemes about 3 inches long, clothed with a soft retrorse pubescence; flowers numerous, rather large, many of them abortive ; bracts lance-linear, pubescent. Calyx tubular campanulate, about one- third of an inch long, half 5-cleft; segments obovate-oblong. Petals pale greenish yellow, oblong, shorter than the calyx-segments. Style the length of the calyx. Berries oblong, or roundish-ovoid, nearly black when mature. Hab. Sandy banks ; roadsides ; borders of woods: frequent. Fl. May. FY. July. 06s. This has much resemblance to the common Black Currant of the gardens . the fruit, however, is inferior in size and quality, and usually but few berries on a raceme come to perfection. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 161 2, R. nigrux, L. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, glandular-punctate beneath,- petioles shorter than the leaves ; racemes lax, pilose, with a distinct peduncle at base; calyx tubular-campanulate,- bracts often shorter than the pedicels. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 481. Black. Ribes. Vulgo—Black Currant. Gall.- Cassis. Germ.-Schwarze Johannisbeerc. Hisp.-jf?/ies negfa. Stems numerous, 3 to 5 feet high, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly eis wide as lung, often somewhat o-lobed, dentate-serrate, pubescent beneath, oiler- ous when bruised, slightly viscid while young ; the yellow resinous dots rare on the upper surface, numerous beneath. Racemes somewhat pendulous, clothed with a spreading pubescence, generally with a distinct single flotcercd'peduncle at base; bracts subulate, nearly as long and sometimes longer than the pedicels {much shorter, DC.). Petals yellowish-green {sometimes changed into stamens. Wither- ing.). Berries roundish-ovoid, nearly black when mature. Hab. Gardens : not common. Fl. April. Fr. June—July. Obs. This is but seldom cultivated; and chiefly for the sake of the jelly affi/ried by the ripe fruit,—which is a popular and useful remedy for sore throats, colds, 4'c: 3. R. rubrum, L. Leaves obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, smooth above, pu- bescent beneath ; petioles as long as the leaves ; racemes nodding. nearly smooth ; calyx short, and spreading nearly flat ,• bracts much shorter than the pedicels. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 481. Red Ribes. Vulgo—Bed Currant. Gall. Groseillier rouge. Ger. Gemeine Johannisbeerc. Hisp. Ribes roja. Stems numerous, 2 to ifeet high, slender. Leaves I to 2 and a half inches long, and rather wider than long, the outline somewhat pentagonal, unequally inciseee- dentate, the teeth rather obtuse, or with a very short abrupt acumination. Racemes spreading, or nodding ; bracts very short, ovate. Calyx short, subcampannlate, Expanded nearly flat; segments obovate, rounded. Petals greenish yellow, small; somewhat obcordate, or cuneate and emarginate. Stigmas 2. Berries globost. red when mature,—rarely white, or pearl color. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. April. Fr. June—July. Obs. Very generally cultivated for its pleasant acid fruit,—from winch, ifi'licj? vixUure, all housewives, ycleped " notable," make a tolerable domestic wine, anil jfrepare a delicious jelly for the table. Tltefull groan green berries, edsOjtre mjtch used by the pastry cook. * * Aculeate. 4, R. ITva-crispa, L. Leaves obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat villo'sc beneath, and on the petiole ; peduncles mostly 1-fowered, bracteate »• style and ovary villose ; berry hairy, or smooth. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 47$. It. Grossularia. Florul. Cestr. p. 124. Also, Willd. Sp. 1. p. 116*- Pers. Syn. 1. p. 252. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 42. Lindl. Ency. p. 190. Vulgo— Goose-berry. &ol\.-Vrai Groseillier. Germ.-Die Stachelbeere. Hisp.-XJva espins: Stem 2 to 3 feel high, diffusely branching, prickly. Leaves 3-fourihs of an hu.ii t» fto inch and a half long, and as wide as long, the outline rounded, incisely lobefl and tttnttcte, teeth rather obtuse; petioles much shorter Ihtm the lantSffrerpmCtlg 162 pextandria moxogyxia margined, aiul quite villose. Peduncles solitary, or in pairs, about one-third of an inch long,pilose, often with one or two minute ovate bracts near the middle. Calyx campanulate; segments oblong, obtuse, at length reflexed, often purplish. Petals pale greenish yellow, oblong, rounded at apex, shorter than the calyx-segments. Berries solitary, pendulous, large {half an inch lo near aninch in diameter), oval, greenish amber color when mature. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. July. Obs. There appears to be several varieties of this plant—win-h is cultivates, for its fine fruit. It rarely succeeds well, with -us;—partly, no doubt, owing to the climate,—andpartly, perhaps, for want of skill and care in the -management. The young fruit is apt to become covered with a russet kind of mould, which causes it to blight; and the bushes generally are prrone to send up too many suckers from the root. My friend, Mr. S. R. Gummere, of Burlington, N. J. w.lio is a Botanist, and a very successful Horticulturist, informs me that this last mentioned evil may be prevented, by carefully re-moving the buds from that portion of the cuttings {when they are planted,) which is inserted in the groui.d. Seventeen or eighteen additional species are enumerated as natives of the U. States; of which the R- aureum, or Missouri Currant, is much cultivated, and greatly admired, for the beauty and spicy fragrance of its flowers. ES. Flowers incomplete, a. Ovary superior. 123. ANYCHIA. Mx. DC. Prodr. 3.p. 369. £Greek, Onyx, onychos, a finger nail; from its supposed virtue in curing whitlows.'] Calyx 5-parted; segments oblong, connivent, subsaccate and callous at apex. Corolla 0. Stamens 3 to 5. Style short; stigmas 2, sub- capitate. Capsule indehiscent, utricular, 1-seeded, embraced by the persistent calyx. Herbaceous : dichotomously branching; leaves mostly opposite, with scarious stipules ; flowers minute, solitary and dichotomal, or in small terminal fascicles. Nat. Ord. 150. Lindl. Illecebre^!. 1. A. dichotoma, AIx. Stem erect, or spreading, dichotomously branched ; leaves subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, cuneate at basej roughish punctate; terminal flowers sub-fasciculate. Beck, Bot. p. 131. A. canadensis. Ell. Sk. I. p. 307. Hook. Am. l.p. 226. Queria canadensis. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 494. Pers. Syn. I. p. 112. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 185. Aluhl. Catal. p. 15. Arutt. Gen. 1. p. 158. Bart. Phil. l.p. 74. Bigel. Bost.p. 99. Florul. Cestr. p. 17. Eat. Man. p. 295, Dichotomous Anxchia. Vulgo—Forked Chickweed. Root annual (perennial, Willd. Muhl. Ell.). Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, te'- rete, slender, generally smoothish, sometimes retrorsely pubescent, often purple,, diffusely branched, a little tumid al the bifurcations; branches filiform. Leaves ene fourth to near three fourths of an inch long, and one sixteenth to one quarter sf an inch wide, varying from lance-linear to elliptic-oblong and oblanceolate, op- posite, olten single at the branches, with 4 small ovate-lanceolate acuminate white 3kinny stipules at base. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in the forks of the branches, or two or three together, terminal and subfasciculate, on very short' pedicels, wilh minute scarious bracts Calyx-segments green, with white mar- jius, mostly gibbous at apex, eoaieiimcs flat. Stamens 3, rarely 6. Nutt. shorten PEXTAXDRIA MONOGYMA 163 than the calyx. Style short; stigmas2, diverging, or recurved. Capsule, or Utri- cle, rough, minutely verrucose. Seed subreniform-globose, brown, smooth and shining, Hab. Dry hilly woodlands: common. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug.—October. 06s. This plant is variable in its pubescence, the size of ihe stipules,and some other features. The leaves at first are pellucid-punctate ; but they are finally Covered with rough ferruginous dots. Nuttall and De CandMe enumerate a sec- ond species in the U. States, as the genus now stands: but Dr. Torrey isprobabty more correct in reducing it to a variety of the foregoing. b. Ovary inferior. 124. THESIUM. L. Gen. PI. 410, [A name adopted from the ancient Greek writers ; derivation obscure.] Perianth tubular-campanulate, mostly 5-cleft; segments colored. Sta- inens opposite to, and inserted at the base of, the perianth-segments; anthers villose externally. Capsule indehiscent, nut-like, 1-seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth. Herbaceous, or suffruticose : leaves simple, alternate ; flowers variously dispos- ed,—in the American species, in a terminal corymbulose panicle. Nat. Ord. 64. Lindl. Santalace'e. 1. T. umbellatum, L. Leaves lance-ovate, or oblong, subsessile, entire, smooth ; flowers in small corymbose-paniculate umbels. Beck, Bot. p. 308. T. corymbulosum. AIx. Am. l.p. 112. Comandra umbellata. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 157. Bart. Phil. l.p. 128. Florul. Cestr. p. 62. Umbellate Thesium. Vulgo—Bastard Toad-flax. Root perennial, somewhat ligneous, creeping horizontally. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, smoothish, striate, or slightly grooved, often branched near the summit. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and one third to half an inch wide, ra- ther obtuse, sometimes acute, or mucronate, sessile, or often narrowed to a very short petiole, yellowish green, and somewhat glaucous. Flowers in small umbels., or fascicles, of 3 to 5, with involucrate bracts it base, the whole forming a corym- bose panicle. Perianth adhering to or lined with a fleshy disk, with 5 obtust gland-like teeth alternating with the segments; segments lance-ovate, acute, white. Anthers attached to the segments of the perianth by a tuft of yellow fila- ments. Style shorter than the perianth, about equalling the stamens; stigma simple. Capsule roundish, or sub-turbinate, angular, not opening, brittle, coated with the base of the perianth. JSTa6. Dry sterile rocky banks: frequent, Fl. June. FY. September. 06s. The only species of the genus in the TJ. States. 125. NYSSA. L. ATutt. Gen. 788. [A name of obscure derivation.] Dioicously Polygamous: Staminate Fl. Calyx 5-parted. dt rolla 0, Stamens 5 to 10 or 12, inserted round a peltate gland-like disk.. Pistillate Fl. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 0. Stamens 5, or wanting. Style simple, mostly revolute. Drupe 1-seeded; nut •vgl, striate. 164 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA Trees: leaves alternate, entire, petiolate ; flowers axillary, solitary, or iu ^etfuii- culate clusters, often dioicous ; drupe succulent. Nat. Ord 64. Lindl. SaStala" 0EJB. 1. X. itultiplora, Walt. Leaves oval, and obovate, acute at each enii, often acuminate, very entire, the petiole midrib and margin villose; flow- ers dioicous; fertile peduncles mostly 3-flowercd. Beck, Bot. p. 307. X- sylvatica. Atarsh. Arbust. p. 97. Alx.f Sylva. 3. p. 33. Icon, frrf. 110. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 193. Florul. Cestr. p.^X. X. villosa. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1112. ATx. Am. 2. p. 258. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 479. Aluhl. Catal. p. 96. Pursh, Am. l.p. 177. ATutt. Gen.2. p. 23«. Bigel. Bost. p. 380. Torr. Comp.p. 372. Lindl. Ency. p. 670. X. integrifolia. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 614, Mixi-sioweeii) Ntssa. Vulgo—Sour Gum. Black Gum. Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, sometimes near 2 feet in diameter at base ; branch- es numerous, horizontal and often a little depending. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 lo 2 inches wide, varying from lanceolate to oval and cbovate, dark green and shining on the upper surface, paler and pubescent beneath, the margin villose- eiliate ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, often margined, conspicuously villose- ciliatfl ; when old, nearly naked. Staminate flowers pedicellate, 2 or 3 to 5 or Gin an open cluster, on a slender pubescent common peduncle about an inch Ion; Pistillate flowers sessile, mostly 3 in a dense involucrate cluster (sometimes 2, or I), on a clavate pubescent common peduncle, at first about half an inch, finally an inch to an inch and half, long. Drupe elliptic, near half an inch long, bluish black when mature,—rarely more than 2 perfected, and often but one, on a common pe- duncle. Hab. Moist low grounds; woodlands: frequent. Ft. May—June. Fr. Sept. 06s. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably interlocked, so as to render it very difficult to split; on which account it is much used for making naves, or hubs, for carriage wheels,—and also hatter's blocks. The younger trees, whea growing solitary, have much symmetry—affording a fine shade ; and in autumn tit leaves add greatly to the picturesque appearance of the country, by changing IS a bright crimson color. Four other species are enumerated in the TJ. Stales. [Prinos verlicillatus. Hexandria Monogynia ] [Acer rubrum, and A. Negundo. Octandria Monogynia.] [Rhododendron nudiflorum, and R. viscosum. Decandria Monogynlt-i ^Cassia nictitans. Diadelphia Decandria.^ Order 3. Digynia. A. Ovary Superior. § 1, Flowers complete; a,. Corolla monopetalous. -j- Fruit a Capsule. 126. GENTIANA. L. A'utt. Gen. 248. [Ijjjunei after Gentius, a king of Illyria; who, it is said, first used it as a WediciAef"! Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular-campanulate, «r fuaael-form; limb 4 or 5-cleft; lobes spreading, erect, or connivent, frmged, or entire, sometimes with intermediate plaits. Stamtjit 4 tft 5, in.ciuiej, Styles very short. Capsule 2-vaIveii, 1-celled. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 165 Herbaceous : leaves opposite, entire, sessile and subconnate; flowers axillary, Oj terminal, solitary, or fasciculate. Nat. Ord. IDT. Lindl. Gentiance. 1. G. Saponaria, L. Stem terete; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute; flow- ers axillary and terminal,fasciculate, terminal cluster verticillate-capitate; calyx-segments ovate, shorter than the tube; corolla ventricose, limb somewhat 10-cleft, plicate, connivent, exterior lobes very obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 239. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 79. Not] of AIx. Soap-wort Gentiana. Vulgo—Gentian, Soap-wort Gentian. Root perennial. Stem I to 2 feet high, simple, erect, smooth. Leaves about 3 inches long, and an inch wide, closely sessile, and subconnate by a sheathing membrane, 3-nerved, very smooth, scabrous on the margin. Flowers large, ses- sile, principally in a dense terminal verticillate fascicle, wilh bract-like leaves at base; those below axillary, or in few-flowered and often pedunculate fascicles. Calyx 5-cleft; tube about half an inch long; segments lancc-ovate, acuminate, mi- nutely ciliate, half the length of ihe tube. Corolla bright blue, paler or nearly white in the folds, about 2 inches long, swelling above the middle, but contracted or plaited, and nearly closed, at summit; outer lobes very short, obtuse, inner ones plicate, lacerate-serrate. Stamens much shorter than the corolla; filaments broad, lanceolate; anthers erect, sagittate. Stigmas lance-oblong, diverging, or recurved. Capsule oblong, acuminate, tapering at base, covered with the marces- ccnt corolla. Seeds numerous, margined,—or rather imbedded in a flat ovate-lan- ceolate reticulate-striate spongy arillus-like envelope. Hab. Low grounds; margins of swampy rivulets : frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Nov. 06s. A handsome plant. The root, as in all the genus, is bitter and tonic. 2. G. ocuroleucA; Froelich. Siem >uua.„^\,),\\,\^;zz lanceolate,ellip- tic, and obovate, acute, or obtuse; flowers mostly in terminal stjubto* sile fascicles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube; corolla campanulate-vcntricose, limb somewhat 10-cleft and plicate, ex- terior lobes ovate, acute. Beck, Bot. p. 239. G. Saponaria. AIx! Am. l.p. 176. Not of Linn. Also ? G. villosa. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1338. OCHROLEUCOUS, OR YeLLOWISH-WHITE GeNTIANA. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, simple, erect, slightly ridged, or analed, by the decurrence of the leaves ; angles minutely scabrous. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from lanceolate and acute, lo elliptic, obovate, and obtuse, indistinctly 3-nerved, subcoriaceous, smooth. Flowers mostly in a terminal bracteate fascicle, smaller lhan the prece- ding. Calyx 5 cleft; tubs about half an inch long; segments linear-lanceolate, about 3 f iurths of an inch long. Corolla yellowish white, tinged with pale green, and sometimes purplish blue, about an inch and a half long, subcampanulate; outer lobes ovate, acute, entire, inner ones plicate, serrate-dentate. Stamens one third shorter than the corolla; filaments flat, lanceolate ; anthers erect, sagittate. Stig- mas lance-linear, elongated, erect. Capsule lance-oblong, acute, striate, or ru- gosoly grooved, when young. Seeds flat, lance-ovate, margined. Hab. Fields and woodlands : Londongrove: not common. Fl. Sept. Fr. Novem, 06s. This species, which is somew hat rare in Chester County, was detected by Dr. Ezra Michener, in 1823. It has alsi been found on the Mica-slate hills, North of West Chester, by Mr. Joshua HoorES, and John Rutter, Esq. I have received a specimen from the District of Columbia, from my friend Cr. Brbretom, ef ihe United States Army, with coriaceous lance-linear leaves, the margins and 186 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA als i the calyx-segmsnts, minutely serrulate-ciliate. Dr. B. sent it under the name sf G. Saponaria. I also have it from Prof. Short, of Kentucky, with lanceolate coriaceous leaves, the margins entire and somewhat revolule. These varieties, however, are all clearly referable toG. ochroleuca. 3. G. crinita, Froelich. Stem terete, branched ; branches elonga- ted, 1-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; calyx quadrangular, 4-cleft; corolla 4-cleft, lobes cuncate-obovate, incised-ciliate ; stamens 4. Beck^ Bot. p. 240. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 80. Haired, or Fringed Gextiana. J'ulgo—Fringed Gentian. Rjot biennial ? Stem I to 2 feet high, erect, terete, smooth,branched; branches opposite, axillary, erect, 4 angled, and slightly winged. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, very smooth, closely sessile, anl rounded, or subcordate, at base, the lower ones sometimes oblanceolate. Fiote crs large, on long naked peduncles, or rather terminating the branches. Calyx subcampanulate, about half as long as the corolla, acutely 4-angled, the angled winged; 2 of the segments broader, ovate; the other two a little longer, lanceolate. Corolla bright blue, about 2 inches long, subcampanulate ; lobes a little spreading, beautifully fringed around the summit and upper part of the sides,- the tube with 4 brown glandular spots at base. Stamens half the length of the corolla; filaments broad, lanceolate ; anthers incumbent. Ovary' acuminated by the short united s'.yles; stigmas compressed, roundish-ovate, mostly erect. Capsule lance-oblong, tapering to a pedicel at base. Seeds oblong, brownish, hispid, or echinate. Hab. Hilly open woodlands: old fields: frequent. Fl. Sept.—Octo. FY. Nov. 06s. This is one of our most beautiful autumnal flowering plants. Ii is often se late that many of the fii>wm» »•■» ""-""tsn *"•! destroyed by the frost. Au- tiio.-' -jnerally describe it as a biennial. Eaton says perennial. T have not baft an opportunity to verify the fact; but I have a suspicion that it is an annual. Sev- en or eight additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 127. CUSCTJTA. I. A'utt. Gen. Append. [A name of obscure derivation, and uncertain meaning.] Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla subglobose-campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft, mostly with as many scales at base opposite the clefts, marcesccnt. Sta- mens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla at the clefts. Capsule circumscis- std, or opening all round, at base, 2-cdied; cells 2-sceded. Herbaceous : parasitic ; stem filiform, leafless, twining against the snn: floweTs clustored. Nat. Ord. 199. Lindl. Convolvulace*. 1. C. Americana,/.. Flowers pedunculate, in subumbellate clusters, 5-cleft; styles erect; stigmas capitate. Beck, Bot. p. 249. American Cuscuta. Vulgo—Dodder. Love-vine. Annual. Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet long, slender, fleshy, smooth, orange-colored. branching, leafless, or with mare minute scales, twining round other plants, and attaching itself by radicating processes, or tubercles,—when it dies at the root, anfl 1 ses its direct connection with the earth. Flowers on short peduncles, in numer- ous dense subumbellate racemes. Calyx-segments ovate, obtuse. Corolla yellow- ish white, subcampanulate; lobes lance-ovale, rather acute and spreadin". S-.ales ainateto the base of the corolla below ihe stamens, oblong, laciniate, or fringed ob the margin. S'.amcns alternate with, and shorter than the] lobes of the;coroll«. S'jhis jrect, a little disrant, as l?.ng a-s the conslla; stigmas Caritate. " Capsule PENTAXDKIA DIGYXIA 167 rsundish ovoid, about one eighth of an inch in diameter. Seeds rather large, round- ish, concave on one side, light brown, roughish-tuberculate, under a lens. Hab. Moist low grounds: along rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Oclo. 06s. This singular parasite seizes upon any herbaceous plant which may be within its reach;—but it is most usually found in localities where the In pallet,.-, Zycopus, Bcehmeria, and Mentha viridis, occur. lis filiform naked stems have some resemblance to brass, or copper wire, and twine constantly against the ap^ farent course of the sun,—or West South East. 2. C. eurot^a 7 L. Flowers sessile, in dense capitate clusters, 4 »r 5-cleft; stamens 4 or 5 ; styles divaricate ; stigmas acute. Beck, Bot. p. 250. European Cuscuta. Vulgc—Flax-vine. Dodder. Devil's guts. Gallice—Fil de terrc Germanice—Die Flachsseide. Annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, filiform, smooth, leafless, twining, reddish orange color. Flowers in small dense heads. Calyx-segments 4 or 5, ovate, rath- er acute. Corolla yellowish white, or pale orange color, subglobcse-urceolale, 4 or 5-cleft; lobes ovate, acute, somewhat spreading. Scales adnate to the corolla be- low the stamens, short, truncate, crenate-laciniate, (without scales at the base of ihe stamens, Torr.). Styles diverging; stigmas acute. Capsule deprcssed-jle- fcose. Seeds reddish brown, distinctly scabrous, almost muricate, under a lens. Hab. Cultivated grounds : chiefly among Flax: not common. Fl. June. Fl. July. 06s. This foreigner has always passed, here, for C. europaa; but upon exami- nation it seems to agree rather better with ihe description of C Epithymum. It is certainly often furnished with the scales below the stamens It was formerly frequent, and very injurious to Flax crops,—often entangling and spoiling whol« lots of it: but since the culture of flax has declined, it is becoming rare. No other species are known in the TJ. States. j- -j- Fruit a Follicle: often in pairs. 128. APOCYNUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 238. [Greek, Apo, far from, Kyon, a dog; being supposed destructive of that animal.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens included ; mnthers sagittate, connivent, cohering to the stigmas by the middle ; filaments short, inserted on the corolla near its base, and alternating with 5 ovate tooth-like glands. Ovaries 2 ; styles obsolete ; stigmas connate, thickish, flatted, acute at apex. Follicles long, sub-linear. Seeds linear, comose. Herbaceous, orfrufescent: lactescent; leaves opposite, entire; flowers subcy- i»ose,or paniculate, terminal, or axillary. Nat. Ord. 196. Lindl. Apocyne.e. I. A. andros^mifolium, L. Leaves ovate; cymes few-flowered; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx; limb spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 233. Andros^mum-leaved Apocynum. Vulgo—Dog's-bane. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, herbaceous, smooth, purple, erect, with spreading branches. Leave* 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wid«, mostly ovate, acute, raucronate, with the base obtuse or rounded, smooth rtove, generally more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles about one fourth of urn »ch long. Flatters cymose; Cymes mostly terminal, rather few-flowered; pedicels 168 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA with subulate bracts at base. Calyx-segments lance-ovate, acute, about half as long as the tube of the corolla. Corolla pale red, or reddish white with purple stripes, campanulate, with 5 ovate acuminate membranaceous scales adnate to the inner surface of the tube, near ihe base, with the points free ; limb spreading ; lobes lan- ce-ovate, rather acute, recurved. Ovaries distinct, surrounded at base' by 5 ovate rather obluse flatted tooth-like glands ; stigmas united into one, large, fleshy anJ dilated. Follicles about 4 inches long, terete, slender, smooth, attenuated at apex. Seeds imbricated, about one fourth of an inch long, brown, linear, very narrow* Somewhat compressed, acute at base, truncate at apex, crowned with a long white silky pappus. Hab. Borders of woods ; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is commonly described as having the leaves smooth on both sides,; but I have rarely found them so. They are sometimes quite hoary-pubescent be- neath,—and somewhat variable also in form. 2. A. cannabinum, L. Leaves lanceolate, or lance-oblong, acute at each end ; cymes paniculate, many-flowered ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla; limb erect. Beck, Bot. p. 234. Hemp Apocynum. Vulgo—Indian Hemp. Root perennial. Stem 2to 4 feet high, herbaceous, erect, smooth, purple,a little glaucous, with rather erect branches. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and half an inch to an inch, or inch and half wide, varying from ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, and linear-oblong, acute, or conspicuously mucronate, mostly acute at base, smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles one fourth to half an inch long. Flowers numerous, rather smaller than the preceding; cymes somewhat panicu- late, one frequently dichotomal near the summit; pedicels with lance-linear brads at base. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute about as long as the tube of the corol- la. Corolla mostly greenish white (sometimes tinged with red), campanulate; limb erect; lobes rather obtuse. Follicles about as long as the preceding, but mor« slender. Hab. Borders of woodlands; Mica-slate hills : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo. 06s, There seems to be several varieties which may be referable to this species, *nd some which appear to be almost intermediate between it and the preceding. In some instances the leaves are quite smooth on both sides,—though they are gener- ally pubescent beneath. Ihave been much puzzled by some of our specimens, un- der the impression that the A. pubescens, Br might be among them ; but I cannot find characters enough for more than two species. The bark of this is said to af" ford a strong fibre, like that of Hemp. One or two additional species have bee« enumerated in the TJ. States. 129. ASCLEPIAS. L. A'utt. Gen. 243. [The Greek name of Jdsculapius ; to whom this genus is dedicated.] Qalyx much smaller than the corolla, 5-parted; segments lanceolate. Corolla 5-parted ; lobes lance-oblong, reflexed. Lepanthium (Nec- tary, L.) 5-parted ; segments erect, somewhat cucullate, each mostly with an internal subulate incurved process, or little horn. Antheridi-. urn (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, pyramidal, truncate, 5-lobed, •r opening on the winged angles by 5 longitudinal fissures. Pollin- ia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs, compressed, pyriform, pendulous itn the cells of the anthers. Ovaries 2, concealed in the tube of the lepanthium, 1 of them mostly abortive. Follicles muricate. or unarm' ei. Seeds compressed, margined, imbricated, comose. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 169 Herbaceous, or fruticost: mostly lactescent; leaves entire, opposite, rerticillatej ov scattered ; peduncles terminal, and axillary ; flowers in umbels. Nat. Ord. 195. . Lindl. ASCLBPIADE.B. $ 1. Lepanthium with horns, -jr Leaves opposite. * Follicles muricate% 1. A. striaca, L. Stem subsimple ; leaves lance-oblong, acute, peti- olate, tomentose beneath; umbels subterminal, somewhat nodding; segments of the lepanthium bidentate on the margin. Beck, Bot. p. 235. Syrian Asclepias. Vulgb—Silk-weed. Wild Cotton. Swallow-wort. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, erect, mostly simple, smoothish. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long ind about 3 inches wide, acute, or with a small acumination, nearly smooth above, whitish tomentose beneath ; petioles about half an inch long. Umbels 2 to 4, axil- lary near the summit of the stem; common peduncles 2 to 3 inches long, stout, pu- bescent ; pedicels a» inch to an inch and half long, pubescent, with villose lance- linear bracts at base. Flowers numerous, large, 6weet-scented. Corolla pale greenish purple. Lepanthium, A'utt. (Nectary, L. Stamineal crown, Br. Ell. Torr. fcc.) adnate at base to the filaments, forming with them a short tube ; segments whitish, fleshy, obtuse, with an acute membranaceous tooth on each inflexed mar- gin; horns acute, exserted. Antheridium, Nutt. (connate, or syngenesious mass •f anthers,) somewhat pyramidal, depressed-truncate, 5-angled, separable into 5 aalherold lobes; each lobe with reflected wing-like ri^id margins, adapted to the adjoining ones so as to appear cleft, or with a fissure in the projecting angles,—and terminating at apex in an ovate incurved scarious cusp; fo6es2-celled ; cells open at summit, each containing a yellow waxy compressed py riform pollen mass, pen- dulous in pairs from a small black shining lance-ovoid sulcate tubercle at the apex #f the fissure,—and so connected that each pair, suspended by filiform geniculate •tipes, occupy the contiguous cells of distinct lobes. Ovaries distinct, tapering into short flexuose styles; stigmas obscurely lobed. Follicles 3 to 5 inches long, and an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, erect on deflected pedicels, ventri- cose, acuminate, tomentose, armed with flexible spine-like points about one third •fan inch long. Seeds imbricated, flat, ovate, or pyriform, with a winged margin, crowned with a tuft of long white silky hairs. Hab. Low grounds, along streams ; road sides.- frequent. FZ. June-July. FY. Sept. 06s. Much of the detailed description, given above, will apply to the whole ge- »us. All our species of Asclepias have herbaceous stems, and perennial roots. A very large proportion of the^otcers are abortive ; few of the umbels perfecting More than one or two follicles,—and many of them not one. This is a stout coarse species,—not very common in this vicinity; but abundant in many localities,—par- ticularly on the flats along large streams. It is said that the Turions, or young •hoots, have been used as a substitute for Asparagus; and that Sugar has been • btained from the expressed juice of the flowers. * * Follicles unarmed, or not muricate. 2. A. amo3na, L. Stem somewhat branched at summit, marked with two longitudinal pubescent lines ; leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, er often •btuse, mucronate, pubescent beneath; umbels terminal, erect; segments •f the lepanthium entire on the margin ; horns gibbous, much incurved, subulate at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 235. A. purpurascens. Florul. Cestr.p. 32, Not? of Linn, and others. Plia«in» Asclipiai. lb 1'0 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA Stem 2 to J feet high, erect, somewhat corymbosely branched above, smooihisti, t«*stly with 2 conspicuous pubescent lines. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and about 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, acute, or often rounded at a} ex and mucronate, or wilh a minute abrupt acumination, smoothish above, tomentose-pubescent beneath «i' -i i ;i the margin ;petioles one fourth to half an inch long. Umbels numerous, terminating the branches; common peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, wilh densely pu- ••■scent lines ; pedicels near an inch long, often pubescent in lines- with subulate bracts at base. Corolla deep purple. Lepanthium pale red; segments ovate-ob- lon?, obtuse, «bscurely hastate at base, twice as long as the anlheridium, margin entire ; horns curved nearly at right angles, somewhat gibbous at the curve, apex »ory acute, exserted. Angles or wings of the antheridium prominent, acute, or triangularly produced. Follicles 4 or 5 inches long, and about 3 fourths of an int « in diameter, somewhat ventricose, with a slender acumination, pubescent. k\tb. Fence-rows; old fields : frequent. Fl. June—July. F-. Aug.—Sept. f')bs. I am now satisfied that this is the plant which, at the suggestion of Mr. S.-hwcinilz, was called A.pwpurascens, in my Catalogue,—a species with which I am unacquainted ; if, indeed, it be distinct from the present one. 3. A. obtusifolia, AIx. Stem simple; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, sessile, subcordate and amplexicaul, undulate, smooth, glaucous be- neath ; umbel terminal, long-pedunculate, mostly solitary ; segments of the lepanthium truncate, dentate at summit; horns falcate. Beck, Bot. p. 236. Obtuse-leaved Asclepias. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves 4 or 5 inches long, and 2 to 3 inch- i 3 wide, sometimes rather acute, generally obtuse or rounded at apex, and often emarginate, mucronate, undulate on the margin, closely sessile and somewhat cordate or auriculate at base. Umbel terminatingxthe stem, on a naked peduncle [\ or 8 inches long, many-flowered; pedicels about an inch long, slender, sulcate, pubescent on one side, with lance-linear ciliate bracts at base. Corolla greenish purple. Lepanthium purple ; segments dilated, the margins infolded, entire, with *duplicature, or adnate scale, near Ihe base, the apex truncate, somewhat 5-tooth- ed, the two lateral teeth lanceolate, acuminate ; horns longer than tho segments, laterally compressed, incurved or falcate, acuminate, often obscurely dentate on 'lie baek of the curve. Follicles 4 or 5 inches long, and about 3 fourths of an inch in diameter, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish. Hab. Dry hills ; Mica-slate range: not common. Fl. June-July. FY. Aug.-Sept. 06s. This species is not often to be met with, except on our Mica-slate hills — where it is pretty frequent. Itis very common among the Pines of New Jersev ■ sat not generally of so large a growth as with us. 4. A. variegata,/,. Stem subsimple; leaves ovate, or oval, petio- late, smooth; umbels subterminal, on rather short peduncles; peduncles »nd pedicels tomentose ; segments of the lepanthium roundish ; horns broad-falcate. Beck, Bot. p. 236. A. hybrida. AIx. Am. I. p. 115. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 275. Variegated Asclepias. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, often with a short divaricate or horizontal branck at summit, somewhat pubescent in lines. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and from 3 to 3 and a half inches wide, varying from ovate to oval and obovate, mostly rather acute, and mucronate, the lower ones sometimes rounded and emarginate. ssmewhat glaucous beneath, slightly pubescent on the midrib amd margin ; petioles PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 171 half an inch to 3 quarters in length. Umbels 1 to 3 or 4, rather dense-flowered; romnjn peduncles half an inch to an inch and half long, often corymbose; pedi- cels half an inch i;> 3 quarters long, koary-pubescent, with minute setaceous bracts at bas-\ Corolla greenish externally, white within, with a tinge of purple at base. Lepanthium white, purple at base ; segments roundish-ovate, a little contracted at \-Aic, tho infjpie.l iu;n-.Jn l.vsjly plicate ; horns flat, broad, falcate or almost lun- «':1' with an abrupt sien.lar acuminati m. Antheridium variegated, purple and white. Full::Us 4 to 5 inches Ion,., and near 3 quarters of an inch in diameter, lan- ceolate, acuminate, pubessent. L'ab. Hilly woodlands; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. June-July. Fr. Septem. 06s. This is a hanisims plant,—worthy of a place in the flower garden,—as, in lead; are most of the species. 5. A. rtiTTo-. *,rc oides,iyore. Stem simple; leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, petiolate, smooth above, paler and somewhat pubescent be- neath ; umbels loose, mostly lateral, on long peduncles; segments of the l?panthium truncate, the inflexed margins bidentate at summit; horns much exserted, subfalcate. Beck, Bot. p. 235. A. exaltata (acuminata). Muhl. Catal. p. 28. Phytolacca-like Asclepias. Vulgo—Poke-leaved Swallow-wort. S. e.\>i j U4 fjet high, ralhor slsnder, striate, somewhat pubescent in lines. Leaves to 9 inches long, and 3 to 4 or 5 inches wide, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at f-.sh end; petioles about half an inch long. Umbels mostly lateral, sometimes ter- minal a! si, rather lax ; common peduncles 2 to 3 inches long, pubescent on one •i le ,- p:.:.cels an inch to an inch and half long, slender, flaccid, pubescent, with jobubile-linear bracts at base. Corolla greenish white. Lepanthium whitish, with a lingo of purple at ba^ ; segments thin and membranous, truncate, obscurely re- pan:l-t'othed, toe margins f>lded in, with two acute teeth at the summit of each imrgin, the-onier one larger; horns longer than the segments,linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly incurved. Antheridium whitish, tinged with purple; the an- ;l?s or wings ohtus-ly produced at base. Tubercle connecting the pollen masses rather lir.-e, ovate, narrowed and notched at base, with a central groove in front, purplish black, s'li.iing. Follicles 4 to 6 inches long, and 3-fjurlhs of an indi in dia neter, binceolate, acuminate, minutely pubescent. fl.i'i. Birmingham ,J Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. June— July. Fr. Sept. Obs Akhiugh ml very common, this fine species is more frequent than I Or- morly supposed. The bavts have a striking resemblance to those of Phytolacca. 0. A. la ukifolta.. AIx. Stem simple ; leaves ovate-!a*ceo!ate, acumi- nate'y tape ring towards the apex, very acute, subcordate, or often round- od at b .se, sabsassile, somewhat distant, smooth; umbels on long ped- uncles, mostly tarmina'.; s-g.nsnts of the lepanthium rather acute, ob- tusely siiua'e-b'dmtate o.i the margin ; hor.is scarcely as long as the s.-nr.r.en-E. Beck. Bot. p. 23S A. periplocccfoiia. A'ltt. Gen. 1. p. 167. Eat. Alan. p. 32. . llso, A. acuminata, Pursh, .In. l.p. 182. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 283. Ejusd. Comp. p. 128. Bzck,Bot, p. 236. j , V C ftUS-LEAVED As.;LEPI.VS. Roots, rounded tuber, Nutt. S'e:n 1 and-a half to 2 feet high, erect, slenc!cr_ s.n > uli, with a pubescent line on oni side. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and one to io-.'i.-s wid.5, in distant p:-:i:-3, romarkably tapering to a point, smooth on both 172 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA sides, scabrous-ciliate on the margin, subsessile, or]on petioles scarcely 1 fourth i»f an inch long, the upper ones often quite sessile. Umbel mostly solitary and ter- minal, sometimes 1 or 2 additional, subterminal; common peduncle 2 lo 3 inches long, pubescent on one side;pedicels about an inch long, pubescent on one sio>, with subulate bracts at base. Corolla yellowish green externally, purple within. Lepanthium purple, tinged with greenish orange ; segments lance-oblong, abruptly narrowed at base, nearly as long as the corolla, the infolded margin with an obtuse tooth on each side near the base; horns subterete, gradually tapering to a point, slighlly incurved, nearly as long as the segments. Follicles 3 to4 inches long, and 2 thirds of an inch in diameter, ventricose, acuminate, nearly smooth. Hab. N. Valley hill, near Gunkle's, & Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept. OAs. This neat pretty species is quite rare with us; and has only been fjund ia the above locality,—where it was collected by D. Tcwnsend, Esq. in 1830. 7. A. ixcarnata, L. Stem branched above ; leaves lanceolate, smooth- ish, or tomentose-pubescent, on short petioles ; umbels numerous, ter- minal and subterminal, erect, generally in oposite pairs ; segments of the lepanthium entire ; horns subulate, exerted. Beck, Bot. p. 235. A. pulchra. Bigel. Bost. p. 103. Also, Willd. Sp. l.p. 1267. Muhl. Catal. p. 28. Bart. Phil. I. p. 132, Lindl. Ency. p. 198. Eat. Alan. p. 32. Plesh-colored Asclepias. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, erect, with alternate or opposite axillaryupright and somewhat corymbose branches towards the summit, smoothish with pubescent lines, or coarsely tomentose-pubescent. Leavcs3to Cinches long, and half an inch to an inch or inch and half wide, very acute, often obtuse and almost truneatr at base, smoothish, or.hairy ; petioles one fourth to half an inch long Um- bels rather small, numarous, and chiefly terminal ; common peduncles 1 lo 2 inches long, pubescent, often densely so ; pedicels half an inch to 3 quarters in length, pu- bescent, with lance-linear ciliate-pubescent caducous bracts at base. Calyx-seg- ments lanceolate, pilose. Corolla bright purple ; lobes lanceolate, often minutely emarginate. Lepanthium palish purple, or flesh colored; tube somewhat elonga- ted ; segments oblong-ovate, obtuse, about as long as the antheridium ; horns long- er than the segments, slightly incurved. Follicles about 3 inches long, and half an inch in diameter, ventricose, acuminate, pubescent. Hab. Moist low grounds, and swamps: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.—Oct. 06s. This varies much in the degree of pubescence, and likewise in the bright- nsss or intensity of its purple flowers; but I can perceive nothing to authorize a specific distinction. 8. A. Q.UADR1F0LIA, Jacq. Stem simple ; leaves lance-ovate, acumi- nate, smooth, petiolate, 4 larger ones in a verticil near the middle of the stem; umbels terminal, erect, loose ; segments of the lepanthium long, bidentate on the margin ; horns short, scarcely exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 336. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 43. Four-leaved Asclepias. Root horizontal, oblong, yellowish. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 foel high, erect, slan- der, smooth, with a pubescent line. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inchi-s wide, the upper and lower ones opposite, the middle ones cruciate, or in a verticil of 4, all thin and membranaceous, palor beneath, somewhat pilose on the midrib nerves and margin; petioles one fourth to half an inch long, slightly ciliate, and winged by the decurrence of the leaves. Umbels mostly 2, sometimes solitary; PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 173 cenmon pedunJes 1 to 2 or 3 inches loner, (when elongated, often bearing a pair of ? mill lanceolate 1 avis), slender, pubescent;pedicels about an inch long, flaccid. M '.ibescent on one side, with minute subulate'caducous bracts Tit base. Cahjx-ct -- msxls ovale-lance"hue, smooth, one of them sometimes setaceous. Corolla white. Lcp:i::thi,im whitish, with a tinge of,purple at base; segmonts linear-oblong, obtuse, mare than tvtice as long as the antheridium, the infixed martin with an acute t-'i.th on each side near the base ; horns subfalcate, ab ut half as long as the seg- ments. Follicles 3 lo 5 inches long, and about one f.-urlh of an inch in diameter, 1- nee-linear, acuminate, smooth. Hab. Rich woodlands, and fence-rows: frequent. Ft. May—June. Fr. Aug. ■j" \ Leaves vertici lute, or alternate. ?V A. vERTicrLLATA, L. Stem subsimple,pubescent in lilies ; leaves narrow-linear, revolutc or reflexed on the margin, smoothish, mostly verticillate, se.-si!c ; umbels terminal and axillary ; tube of the iepai:thium conspicuous, segments short, very oltusc, with a toot'- at the summit of each margin ; horns falcate, much exser.ed. Beck, Lot. p. 2 j6. \ EIITICILLATE AsCLT.PIAS. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, nearly erect, sometimes decumbent at base, slender, mark- ' '. with several pubescent lines. Leaves about 2 inches long, and scarcely>a line wide, abruptly acute, the margins revolute, or often flatly f. lded back, m< stly ver- ticillate, rather crowded UjIow, sometimes in semiverticils, or opposite, near the ' summit of the stem. Umbels several, rather small, termini and subterminal, of- ten v.-rticillate in the uppei axils; common peduncles half an inch to an inch long, s'jnder, pubescent on one side ; pedicels about half an inch long, pubescent, with subulate-linear bra"ts at base. Flowers small. Corolla greenish white, with tin- S os of purple. Lepanthium white; tube elongated; segments scarcely as long as the antheridium, a little spreading, broad and obtuse, each margin extended inte an acute tooth at summit; horns about twice as long as the segments, incurved. Antheridium cinereous, or greyish white, with tinges of green. Follicles about 2 inches long, and one fourth of.an inch in diameter, somewhat ventricose, acumi- nate, smooth. Hab. Sterile hills ; Serpentine ridge .-frequent. Fl. .Tidy. Fr. Sept. 06s. This species is pretty much confined to the sterile banks of Serpentine rock,—where it is quite plentiful. 10. A. tubf.rosa, L. Hirsute ; not lactescent; stem erect, oblique, or decumbent, with spreading'branches ; leaves lance-oblong, mostly alter- nate, subsr-sv.le ; umbels numerous, terminal ami axillary, often forming corymbs; segments of the lepanthium obtusely bidentate on the margin. Bi'ck, Bot. p. 237. Also, A. ikeumbens. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1268. Pers. Syn. l.p. 276. Tuberous Asclepias. Vulgo—Pleurisy-root. Butterfly-weed. Whole plant mostly very hairy, i?oo£ large, tuberous. S'em about 2 feet 1 i ±h, {•ene rally more or less oblique ; branches spreading, and often recurv_e. Leaves 2 to 1 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, mostly alternate, sometime opposite, varying from lance-linear to oblong and oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, ebscuivl y mucronate, mostly obtuse at base ; petioles very sh >rt. Umbels often co- rymbosely arranged on the curved branches, on common peduncles generally half an inch to an inch long, sometimes nearly or quite sessile; pedicels about 3fourths 174 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA of an inch long, with subulate bracts at base. Corolla greenish orange. LepuMhv urn bright orange-color ; segments erect, lance-oblong, distinct, abruptly and acute- ly narrowed at base, twice as long as the antheridium, the infolded margin with an obtuse tooth on each side near the base ; horns subttrete, tapering gradually to a point, slightly incurved, nearly as long as the segments. Antheridium greyish or- ange, tinged with green. Follicles about 4 inches long, and half an inch to three quarters in diameter, somewhat ventricose, acuminate, tomentose-pubescent. Sab. Sandy old fields; along fence-rows : trequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept.-Oct. 06«. The A. decumbens, Willd. is very properly, I think, reduced to a variety Of this. The root is possessed of some medicinal properties; and has been quite 'popular as a remedy for Pleurisy, Bysentery, &c but it is not much attended to, of late. This is the only species, with us, which is not lactescent. § 2. Lepanthium without horns : Leaves opposite : Follicles unarmed. 11. A. tiridiflora, Baf var. obovata, Torr. Stem simple, tomen- tose ; leaves oval, ovate, and obovate, tomentose-pubescent on both sides, »n very short petioles ; umbels subterminal, solitary, subsessile, nodding. Beck, Bot. p. 237. A. nutans. Aluhl. Catal. p. 28. Acerates viridiflora. Eat. Alan. p. 2. Green-flowered Asclepias. Stem I to 2 feet high, erect, tomentose-pubescent. LcavesZ to 3inches long, and 1 to 2and ahalf inches wide, varying from ovate to oval, roundish, and obovate, of- ten conspicuously emarginate, mucronate, thick and coriaceous ; petioles scarcely one f mrth of an inch long. Umbels 2 to 3 or 4, axillary, subterminal. Eubglobose, dense-flowered, cernuous, on very short thick peduncles; pedicels about half a a inch long, villose, with linear-lanceolate tomentose bracts at base. Corolla pale green. Lepanthium greenish white ; segments without horns, distinct, lance-ob- long, obtuse, erect, a little shorter than the antheridium, the margin with a mem- branaceous rather oblique and obtuse tooth, which seems to be adnate to it on eaci Side, near the base,—each segment alternating with a small spatulate process op- posite the base of the angles or wings of the antheridium. Follicles 3 or 4 inchei long, and about 3 fourths of an inch in diameter, ventricose, acuminate, tomentose - pubescent. Hab. Great Valley ; limestone bank, near Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept 06s. This plant differs in some striking characters from its congeners; but its general resemblance is so strong, that it can hardly make more than a sub-genus. It is rare in this County,—having only been found, as yet, in the above locality. The var. lanceolata, Torr. I have seen at Easton, Penna. growing also on lime- stone banks. Eight or nine additional species have been enumerated in the W Stales. |>. Corolla pentapetalous, 130. HEIICHERA. L. ATutt. Gen. 252. [Named in honor of John Henry Heucher; a German Botanist.^ Calyx persistent, mostly 5-cleft. Petals small, inserted on the caly* at the clefts. Styles 2, tistinct, long, persistent. Capsule birostrat* adnate to the calyx below, opening between the beaks, 1-celled, many- Bieeded. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 175 Herbaceous: leaves radical, on long petioles, palmatc-nsrved, sub-lobed, ilea. late; scape mostly leafless; flowers in a terminal paniculate bractiv.ts raceme. yat. Ord. 3S. Lindl. Saxifrages. 1. H. americana, L. Viscid-pubescent, somewhat scabrous ; leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 7-lobcd, cren tte-dentate, teeth dilated, mu- oronate; raceme thyrsoid, elongated; peduncles di- or tri-chotomous, divaricate ; calyx short, obtuse ; petals lance-obovate, scarcely as lon« as the calyx ; stamens much exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 139. H. cortusa. AIx. Am. 1'. p. 171. H. viscida. Pursh, Am. l.p. 187, American Heuchera. Vulgo—Alum-root. American Sanicir. Root perennial. Leaves all radical, 1 to 4 inches in length,and as wide as lon,xi somewhat hispklly pilose ; petioles 2 to 8 or 10 inches long. Sape erect 2 to 4 feet high, (often 2 or 3 from the same root,) somewhat scabrous and glandular-hif pid. Raceme 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, thyrsoid, or paniculate, glandular-pubes- cent ; peduncles half an inch to an inch or more in length, dichotomous or cf en subdivided in threes; bracts subulate, ciliate. Calyx subturbinate, often more than 5-cleft; segments obtuse. Petals whitish, with a tinge of purple, very small, lance-obovate, or spatulate. alternating with and rather shorter than the calt-*.- segmea's. Siamens unequal, at first short, finally much longer than the calyx inserted on the calyx opposite the segments. Styles nearly as long as the stamens., at length diverging. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, birostrate wilh the persistent stylos., 1-celled, opening between the beaks. Seeds small, oblong, nearly black, mui icate, cr hispid. Hab. Rich woodlands; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. May—June. FY. Aug. 06s. The root of this is considerably astringent; and is one of the Indian reme- dies reputed to cure cancers, and other ill-conditioned ulcers. It is doubtless of some value, if properly employed. Seven other species are enumerated in North America, by De Candolle, Hooker, and Eaton,—of which 3 or 4 have been found ia the TJ. States. I have received some very large specimens, which are not well determined, from my friend Prof. Short, of Kentucky. § 2. Flowers incomplete. 131. CHENOPODIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 284. [Greek, Chen, chenos, a Guose, & Pous, podos, a foot; from Ihe form of the leaves^ Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, persistent, embracing the fruit, but not adhering to it. Corolla 0. Styles very short, united at base ; stig- mas mostly obtuse. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed 1, vertically depressed, lenticular. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves mostly alternate, without stipules; flowsfts glomerate, racemose, or subpaniculate; fruit utricular. Nat. Ord. 153. Lindl. OHENOPODEjB. I. C. ambrosioides, L. Leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate; ra- cemes simple, axillary, leafy. Beck, Bot. p. 296. Ambrosia-like Chenopodiuw. Whole plant yellowish green. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular Ab- ridged, slightly pubescent, much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and oa« fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, acute at each end; those on the stem oblonj- fanceolate, repand-dentate, petiolate ; those on the branches and racemes lanet- lin»ar, motUj satirs, suttessile, Flvmert in iatsrnrpwd ssssils clusters, en slen-. 176 pentandhia digvxia rter axillary leafy branches. Stamens Inzer than the calyx. Seed small, sub *'■:■<:, dark purplish brown, smooth and shining, enclosed in a thin membranace- ous sac, or utricle. Hab. Roadsides; Kimberton; G. Valley : not common Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Oct. 06s. All our Chenopodiunis are believed to be introduced—at least into this re- j.ijn. They are a homely family ; and regarded rath-Tas weeds. This species hi..« a crons persistent odor, very similar to that of the worm-seed oil of the shors ;-- an-1, I think, is frequently mistaken f >r the real 0. anlhclminticum. I: is by uf. means common, as yet, in Chester County. 2. C. album, Z.. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, erosc-dentate, entire at bnse, the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; racemes branched, somewhat leafy. Beck, Bot. p. 296. Also, C. viride. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1303. Pers. Syn. l.p. 294. Mvhl. Catal. p. 28. White Ciiknopodium. Vulgo—Lamb's Quarter. Goose-foot. Gallics—Anserine blanche. Germanice—Der Gaenscfuss. Root annual." Stem 3 to 5 or G feet high, angular, often striped with green and yellow, sometimes purplish, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch lo 2 inches wide (lower ones often larger), lance-ovate, somewhat rhomboid acute, unequally toothed, entire and more or less tapering at base, covered with minute, flat or cup-like, white scales, especially on the under surface, which give them » slaucous or mealy appearance ; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, entire ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long^ Flowers in clusters, pulverulent; racemes branched, the terminal ones often forming a large panicle, and nearly leafless. Calyx depressed, "-angled by the prominent keels of the incurved segments. Seed dark purple, or nearly black, lenticular, slighlly cochleate, or with a small notch on one side, imooth and shining. Hab. Gardens ; yards, and waste places: common. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Oct. 06s. The C viride, L. with greener leaves, is properly reduced to a variety of this. It is also frequent, here. This is a rank troublesome weed in our gardens, wood-yards, &c. The young plants are sometimes cooked, as greens, in the spring. 3. C. rhombieolium 1 Muhl. Leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, sin- uate-dentate ; upper ones lanceolate, dentate, cuneate at base; ra- cemes axillary, erect, mostly leafless; bracts minute, incurved. Beck, Bot. p. 295. RilOM BUS-LEAVED Chenopodium. Plant yellowish green. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, stri| c'i with deepei green, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and a half wide at base, acutely sinuate-toothed; petioles half an inch loan inch long. Flowers small, in interrupted, oblong, or capitate clusters, o» slender axillary and mostly leafless branches, often with minute incurved bracts at the base of the clusters; racemes generally longer than the petioles (shorter, Torr.) Hab. Great Valley; White Horse Tavern: rare. Fl. June—July. Fr. Obs- I am not quite certain of this species; but it agrees pretty well with a spe- cimen received, by that name, from Mr. Schweinitx. It was collected in the abovf Iscali'y in 1829, by D. Townsend,Esq. I have not seen the mature fruit. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 1 / / i. C. ANTHSLaiiNTicuir, L. Leaves lance-oblong, acute, dentate ; racemes axillary and terminal, long, slender, leafless. Beck, Bot.p. 296. Worn-destroying Chexopodium. Vulgo—"Worm-seed. Plant pale green. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular, grooved, branched Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide,repand- dentate, sometimes rather incised-dentate, cuneate at base, sprinkled with resin- uus dots beneath ; petioles one fourth to three fourths of an inch long. Flowers in long slender interrupted naked racemes, cr spikes; clusters small. Calyx smocth- i'sh, green. Stamens longer than the calyx Styles 3, united at base. iifa6. Roadsides; Boot-tavern; gardens: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.—October. 06s. This is quite rare, here,—and scarcely naturalized; but is sometimes to be met with, in and about gardens. Mr. Elliott seems to consider it indigenous, in the South. The plant.has'a strong disagreeable odor; and yields the well known worm-seel oil,—a. valuable and powerful vermifuge. 5. C. Botrts, I. Leaves oblong, sinuate-lobrd ; racemes axillary and terminal, paniculate, leafless. Beck, Bot. p. 296. Vulgo—Jerusalem Oak. Feather-Geranium. Ro.it annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, pubescent; pubescence minutely glandular, and somewhat vise id. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch t« an. inch wide, pinnatifid sinuate, b bes dentate, upper leaves gradually smaller, sinuate-dentate; petioles one fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long. Flowers in nu- merous rather short axillary branching glandular-pubescent racemes, the whole resembling a long slender leafy j anicle ; usually a single sessile flower in the forks cf the peduncles. Seed small, subcochleaie,dark purplish brown. Hab. Roadsides; North Valley Hill: rare. Fl July—Aug. Fr. Sept.—Oct. Obs. This was collected, in the above locality, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes,—and it tssometimes to be met wilh in gardens ; but is quite rare. It is a fragrant plant; but:, unlike the C. arnbrosioides, the odor is dissipated in drying. Mr. Nuttull lays it is indigenous on the banks of the Missouri and Mississippi. 6. G. htbridum, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, angularly tooth- ed ; racemes terminal and axillary, large, loosely paniculate, leafless, with the branches divaricate. Beck, Bot. p. 296. Hybrid Chenop«diu>t. Root annual, Siemlto 3 feet high (fiequcntlyC feet,Bart.), rather slender, angu- lar and striate, smooth, somewhat branched. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, conspicuously acuminate, coarsely sinuate-loothed, or angled, roun- ded or often cordate at base, thin and membranaceous, smoothish, bright green; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers paniculate, the subdivisions cymose; terminal panicle long and loose, with divaricale branches. Seed rather large, dark purple, or nearly black, lenticular, somewhat cochleate, or with a notch on one side, slight- ly striate and punctate, shining. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Obs. This is a rare species, with us. It was collected in the above locality by D. TowNS3Nn ''sq. in 1830. The larger leaves resemble those of the Maple, in form; and the plant is called, in England, Maple-leaved Goose-foot. Five cr six addition- al species have been enumerated in the TJ. States ; but the foregoing, I believe, are all 'lrat have yet been detected in Chester County. 178 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 132. BETA. L. Gen, PI, 436. [Celtic, Bell, red : or from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B 'Beta) ] Calyx 5 parted, persistent, adhering to the base of the fruit. Corolla 0. Styles very short, distinct, erect; stigmas acute. Seed 1, subreni- form-cochleate, imbedded in the capsular base of the calyx. Herbaceous: stem sukate-an.-led; b avos alio mate ; (lowers glomerate, in spikt.r or paniculata rac-jaioa. Nal. OrJ. 153. Lindl. Ciisnopqiie.'e. 1. B. vuloaris, L. Lowir leaves ovate; flowers in dense sessile r.xil'ary clusters. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 13C8. Common Beta. Vulgd—Beet. Garden Beet. Gallice—Bette-rave. Germ.— Gemeiner Alangold. Hisp.—Ace'ga. Root biennial, fleshy, I urge (.sometimes 3or Ainches in diameter, and more thou afoot long), terete, tapering dcirmi'crc's.dcip it: rplc, crylhwish. f.itra2to4/Vv.rt- zel, or Scarcity root, was brought into notice a few years ago, as a desirable crip for feeding Sock : but it did not take, with our Farmers,—and is scarcely entitled to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. There are no native speciis in the (.'. Suites. 133. UI.MUS. I. A'utt. Gen. 287. [An ancient Latin name; of obscure ctymoU.gy.] Calyx small, campanulate, f> to 8-cIeft. Corolla 0. Stamens 5 to 8. Samara l-cellcd, 1-seeded, flat; margin broad, membranaceous. Trees, or shrubs: with allernate simple deciduous leaves and stipules; flowers f,iscioulats. Nat. Ord. 79. Lindl. Ulmace^e. 1. IJ. americana, L. Leaves smooth above, very unequal atbr.se, serratures uncinately acuminate; flowers conspicuously pedicellate, in loose fascicles ; samara oval, densely vilkse-ciliate on the margin. Feck, Hoi. p. 333. Icon, Alx.f. Sylva. 3. tab. 126. Not of Alarshalt. U. mollifolia. Alursh. Arbust. p. 155. American UiTft-f.. Vu'gc—White Elm. V>Teeping Elm. Siem40 to CO or 80 feet high, and sometimes 2 lo 3 foet in diameter ; branch- es long and rather pendulous. Leaves 3 to 5 inches in length, and 2 to 3 iuch< ► wide, ovat.-, acuminate, somewhat chubly rrrrnie, remark ally unequal at base, PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 179 i.u.oth on the upper surface, pubescent beneath; petioles one fourth to half an incVi tong, smoothish. Stipules smooth. Fltwers in loose lateral fascicles ; pedicels articulated, filiform, about half an inch long. Calyx somewhat obliquely truncate, about 8-cleft, smoothish ; tube green ; segments purplish brown, short, rounded- Stamens moBtly 8, exserted. Styles pubescent, nearly white. Samara about half an inch long, and one third of an inch wide, reticulalely veined, smooth, oval, ta- pering to a pedicel at base, emarginate, or bifid at apex between the two styles, which are adnate to the membranous wing; segments incurved so as to leave an apparent foramen through the wing ; margin densely fringed wilh soft white hairs. Hab. Brandywine, near Hillsdale Factory . not common. Fl. April. F>: Juno. 06s. I have met with this species only in the above locality,—where it attains .i large size. 2. U. FULVA,,Mr. Leaves very scabrous above, rather unequal and often somewhat cordate at base ; bud* clothed with a fulvous tomentum ; flow- ers in dense subsessile fascicles ; samara orbicular, naked on the margin. Beck, Bot.p.333. TJ. americana. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 156. Not of Linn. TJ. aspera. Aluhl. Catal. p. 29. U. rubra. Mx.f. Sylva. 3. p. 89. Icon, tab. 123. i'iwsi Ulmus. Vulgo—Slippery Elm. Red Elm. Stem20 to 30 or 40 feet high; branches virgate. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 'and 2 to 3 inches wide, lance-oval, often obovate-oblong, conspicuously acuminate, dou- bly serrate, the upper surface remarkably scabrous, tomentose-pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves and midrib; petioles about 1 third of an inch long, pu bescent. Stipules pilose. Floicers on short pedicels, numerous, in dense lateral clusters. Calyx about 7-cleft; segments obtuse, clothed and ciliate with a reddish tawny pubescence. Stamens often 7, much exserted ; anthers dark purple. Styles llandular-pubescent, purple. Samara orbicular, about half an inch in diameter, radiately veined, pubescent in the centre, on a slender pedicel as long as the calyx; margin smooth, cleft at apex between the styles; segments acuminate by the per- listent adnate styles, and so incurved and overlapped as to give the margin the appearance of being entire at apex. Hab. Rich low grounds: fence-rows: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06s. The inner bark of this species contains a large portion of mucilage, which is occasionally used, in popular practice, as a remedy for Dysentery,—and is pro- hably as good as any other mucilage. During the late war, it is said the military, •n the Canada fromier, found it to be a nutritious and grateful food for their horses, in times of scarcity of forage. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 134, CELTIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 289. [An ancient name of the Lotus: applied to this genus.] Monoicouslx Polygamous: Staminate Fl. Calyx 6-parted. Cor- »l!a 0. Stamens 6 (ATutt.). Perfect Fl. Calyx deeply 5-parted. C'»- rolla 0. Stigmas subulate, elongated, spreading ; styles short, con- mate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Trees, or shrubs: leaves alternate, simple, mostly oblique at base; flowers axil- lary. Ntit. Ord. 79. Lindl. Ulmace.e. 180 PEXTANDRIA BlGYNIA 1. C. occidentals, L. Leaves obliquely ovate, acuminate; flowers subsolitary ; fruit brownish orange-color. Beck, Bot. p. 334. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva. 3. tab 114. Westers Celtis. Vulgo—Nettle tree. Sugar-berry. Stem 8 to 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, acuminate, serrate, entire at base, but oblique and rather unequal, more or less scabrous on the upper surface, somewhat pilose beneath, at length coriaceous; petioles about 1 third of an inch long, pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary, or sometimes in pairs (lower ones often in threes, Torr.); pedicels half an inch to 3 quarters in length. Calyx dull greenish yellow; segments lance-oblong. Ovary smooth, with a tomentose ring at base, beaked by the short thick style (or connate ityles). Stigmas densely pubescent, long, diverging or divaricate, the points of- ten incurved. Drupe globose, about 1 third of an inch in diameter, yellowish brown, •r brownish orange-color when mature (purple, Ell.), minutely punctate; pulpy coal thin, sweetish tasted. Hab. Great Valley .-Brook's Mill: rare. Fl. May. Fr. September. 06s. This agrees so well with Michaux's figure, that I presume it is ths same plant: But, with us, it is rather a large shrub, than a tree. It very much resem- bles, moreover, some small specimens which I collected on the Potomac, above Georgetown,—which Mr. Sthweinitz pronounced to be C. pumila; and hence 1 have been led to suppose that Muhlenberg was correct, in making C. pumila a va riety of C. occidentalis. 2. C. crassteolia ? Lam. Leaves obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, unequal and subcordate at base; flowers often in pairs; fruit black! Beck, Bot. p. 334. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 3. tab. 115. C. cordata. Pers. Syn. l.p. 292. Thick-Leaved Celtis. Vulgo—Hoop Ash, Hack berry. Stem 30 to 50 feet high, arid 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. and 2 to near 3 inches wide, tapering gradually towards the apex, acuminate, ser- rate, serratures acuminate and somewhat uncinate, base somewhat cordate, pubes- cent-ciliate, unequal, or 1 lobe much produced, pilose on the nerves beneath, upper surface sparingly pilose, and thickly covered with minute grey glandular dots ; piiiijli7 half an inch to two thirds of an inch long, nearly smooth. £Flowers often in pairs on a common peduncle. Fruit round, about as large as a pea, black whes mature. Mx.f~\ Hab. Great Valley : near the Warren tavern: rare. Fl. F?-. ©6«. This is a rare tree with us,—and has only been found, as yet, in lh« above Ideality. I am indebted for a knowledge of it to Mr. Joshua Hoopes, who detect- ed it in 1828. I have not had an opporiunity to observe either the flowers or fruit. There is evidently some confusion respecting these two species. Dr. Torrey says tkis is smaller than the preceding, and scarcely distinct from it: But ours i* greatly larger; and if the fruit be black, as Michaux says, I think it must be spe- cifically different. I have no doubt it is the plant intended by Michaux,— as the leaves correspond exactly with his plate ; though they are smoother, and actually thinner than the full grown leaves of C. occidentalis. One or two additional spettes hare feeeh enumerated in the U. State*. PENTAXOItIA DIGYNIA l8i JB- Of ary inferior: Corolla pentapetalous: Fioweesis wmbels.* a,. Umbels simple, -j- Fruit succulent, or carnose. 135. PANAX. L. A'utt. Gen. 254. [.Gr. Pan, all, & Akos, a remedy ; an imaginary panacea, or universal medicine.-] Dioicously Polygamous: Staminate Fl. Calyx small, turbinate ; limb nearly entire. Perfect Fl. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the Umb short, obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals alternate with the teeth of the calyx. Stamens inserted under the margin of the epigynous disk, alternating with the petals. Styles 2 or 3 (rarely 1), Fruit a fleshy, or subcoriaccous berry, 2 or 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Herbaceous, or fruticose: stem of the herbaceous species simple, terminating verticillately in three compound leaves, with a solitary central pedunculate um- bel . Nat. Ord. 1. Lindl. Akaliace.e. 1. P. q.uinq.uefoliu-11, L. Root fusiform, subramose ; leaflets quinate- digitate, obovate, acuminate, petiolate ; peduncle of the umbel rather shorter than the common petioles ; styles 2 ; fruit succulent, 2-seeded. Beck, Bot. p. 152. Five-leaved Panax. Vulgo—Ginseng. » The plants of this division, with the exception of Panax (and even that is very nearly related), constitute a perfectly natural assemblage. Nat. Ord. 2. Lindl. Um- bellifer.5:. They are mostly herbaceous ; the stems fistular, and often furrowed; the leaves alternate, sometimes simple, but generally compound, or much dissect- rd,—with the petioles dilated and sheathing at base; the flowers arranged in um- bels, or on numerous footstalks which arise from a common centre, like the rays of an umbrella. These umbels are either simple, or compound. In the simple um- bel, each ray, or footstalk, supports and terminates in a single flower;—whereas., in the compound umbel, each primary ray sustains a small secondary umbel at its summit. The primary divisions of a compound umbel constitute what has been called the universal umbel, and the secondary divisions have been denominated the partial umbels; or they maybe distinguished by the simple terms of umbel, and umbellets. At the base of each, is frequently a verticil of leaves, or bracts, called an involucre; formerly designated by the names of universal and partial involu- cres. For convenient distinction, the bracts at the base of the universal umbel are now simply termed involucre ; and those at the base of the partial umbels, or umbellets, are called involucels. Each flower has the calyx superior (or rather the tube is adnate to the ovary), 5-toothed, or entire ; petals 5, alternate with the teeth of the calyx, and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk which crowns the ovary; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, and consequently opposite the teeth •f the calyx; styles 2, distinct, simple, often persistent, and finally more or lesi diverging; fruit consisting of 2 single-sueded indehiscent carpels (mericarpia, DC.) eventually separating, each with its style, from a common axis, or slender bipar- tite central column (carpophorum, DC.\ to which they adhere by their face, or commissure, near the apex, and are for a time suspended. Each carpel is marked longitudinally by rj'6s, or ridges; of which there are 5 more or less conspicuous, called primary,—and sometimes 4 others, alternating with them, which are called secondary. The ribs are separated by channels, or interstices, below which, with- in the coat of the carpels, are often linear receptacles cf aromatic colored oily matter, called vitta, or fillets. These n'6s and vitta,, together with the form, or manner of compression, of the fruit, afford important aid in determining the gen- eric character of the umbelliferous plants,—a point which is apt to be somewhat difficult in all highly natural grotipcs. 182 PEXTAXBR1A DIGYXIA Root perennial, 3to 6 inches long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch indiameter, often forked downwards, whitish, transversely rugose. Stem 9 to 18inches high, herbaceous, mostly angular and sulcate, smooth, pale green tinged wilh purplish brown, divided at summit into 3 (or rarely 4) spreading petioles, with an erect pe- duncle in the centre. Common petioles 3 to 4 inches long; partial petioles unequal, 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long. Leaflets mostly 5 (sometimes 6 or 7), unequal m size, glabrous, thin and membranous, with a few scattered subulate scarious bristles on the midrib and nerves; the three principal leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, obovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, the lateral ones wuch smaller, oval, or often rather obliquely ovate. Common peduncle nearly as 'long as the common petioles, a little tumid at base Umbel many-flowered; the ventral flowers often abortive ; pediels one third to half an inch long, with lance- Vlnear acute denticulate involucre-like bracts at base. Calyx wilh 5 short broad- iivate acute teeth, often with a subulate "bract at base. Petals yellowish green, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse. Stamens a little longer than the petals. Styles 2,, shorter than the stamens, erect, at length diverging. Ovary compressed, cordate- avate, or somewhat gibbous at base on each side. FYuit a succulent or fleshy kind »f berry, somewhat compressed, broad-cordate and very obtuse, or rather reni- f-Jrm, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth and styles, smooth, bright crimson when mature. [.Seeds 2, semicircular. Torr. Bigel.] Hab. Rich woodlands ; Forks of Brandy wine ; G. Valley: rare. Fl. July. F>. Sept. 06s. The root of this plant is slightly stimulant, and not unpleasantly aromat- xc-. Its celebrity, as an article of commerce with the Chinese, has been great; and its real value, as a medicament, has been extravagantly over-rated by the good pee - pie of the celestial empire. 2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose; leaflets ternate, or quinate, lance-oblong, subsessile ; peduncle of the umbel longer than the com- mon petioles; flowers mostly dioicous ; styles mostly 3 ; fruit subcoria- ceous, 3-seeded, Beck, Bot. p. 152. Three-leaved Panax. Vulgo—Dwarf Ginseng. Root perennial, a globose tuber about half an inch in diameter, rather deep in the ground. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, slender, minutely grooved, or striate smooth, mostly ofa tawny purple color, divided at summit into 3 petioles half an inch to an inch long. Leaflets generally 3, but not unfrequently 5, ujrequal,[haH" an inch to 2 inches long, and one fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, lance-oblong, rather acute, sharply serrate, somewhat cuneate at base, nearly sessile, glabrous, •fton with minute cartilaginous bristles on the midrib and nerves above. Com- mon peduncle 1 to 2 inches long. Staminate umbel many-flowered, whitish; pedi- cels filiform, about one fourth of an inch long, with greenish white subulate bract* at base shorter than the pedicels. Flowers small. Calyx turbinate, truncate, ob- scurely dentate, white. Petals white, oblong-oval, obtuse. Stamens rather long- er than the petals. Style I. Ovary abortive. Pistillate umbel (sometimes per- !,'ect) fewer-flowered; pedicels shorter than in the staminate, with lance-linear in- v.olucrate bracts at base as long as the pedicels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals 5 Shone ? Torr.), white, oblong-oval, obtuse, caducous in the pistillate flowers (some- times wanting *) remaining longer on the perfect ones. Stamens when pres- ent longer than the petals. Styles 3, diverging, shorter than the petals. Ovary Srtgonous, somewhat urceolate, greenish. Fruit subcoriaceous, rugose, trigonous- • void, trisulcate and somewhat 3-lobed, pale greenish yellow when mature. Seed* 9, •void, acute at apex, slightly incurved, rugose-pitted, brownish yellow. Aft JM'St shade* grounds; along rivulets: frequent. Fl. April Fr. May. I PEXTAXDRIA BIfeYNIA 188 06s. Tiiis species is generally dioicous; but I have seen several specimens where the fertile flowers viere perfect,—in which cases the petals were compara lively large, and the ovaries not quite so urceolate, as in the merely pistillate ones- These two are the only species hitherto known in the U. States. Prof. Hooker de- scribes a third, (P. horridum—large, shrubby, and prickly,) which grows west ef the Rocky Mountains; and may yet, perhaps, be found within the limits of the trnion. f j Fruit dry:—twin carpels. True Umhellieehje, Sub-Ord. 1. Seed with the face flat, or plane. Orthospermje. DC. 1. Hvdrocotyle Tribe. Fr;«7 laterally compressed. Carpels convex or acute • ri the back. Hydrocotyleje. DC. 136. HYDROCOTYLE. L. A'utt. Gen. 255. [Gr. Hydor, water, & Kotyle.a. tap; in allusion, perhaps, to the form of the leaves!] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals ovate, acute, entire, with the apex straight. Fruit suborbicular, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs ; the middle and lateral ribs often obsolete, the in- termediate ones arched; without vittx. Involucre minute, few-leaved. 1. H. americana, L. Glabrous ; leaves reniform-orbicular, obscure- ly 7 or 9 lobed, doubly crenate, 9-nerved ; umbels few-flowered, subses- sile, opposite the petioles. Beck, Bot. p. 140. American Hydrocotyle. Vulgo—American Marsh Pennywort. Root perennial, tuberous, Mx. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, very slender, procum- bent, angularly flexuose. or geniculate, compressed, nerved, with long filiform »tolones, or runners, branching from the axils of the leaves. Leaves nearly or- bicular, about an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, rather wider than long, pale green, thin and membranaceous, somewhat crenately lobed, divided to the petiole at base; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, compressed, nerved, resembling the item, often with a lew white scarious bristles near the leaf. Umbels or glomerules 2 or 3 to 6 flowered, nearly sessile, at the axils, or joints, but opposite the petioles,, with a very minute few-leaved involucre. Flowers small. Petals greenish white. Fruit orbicular-ovate. i7a6. Swamps, and moist shaded places : frequent. Fl. July. F-. Sept. 06s. Four additional species (as the genus is now constituted by De Candolfe*) ftave been found in the TJ. States;—of which, probably, the H. umbellata may yet lie found along the Schuylkill, in this County,—as I have seen it in abundance at the village of Manayunk. b* Umbels imperfectly compound. •3.* Sanicula Tribe. Fruit ovokl-jlobose. Sanicule.®. DC. 137. SANICULA. L. ATutt. Gen. 258. [Latin, Sanare, to heal; from its supposed virtue in healing wounds.] Monoicously Poltgamous : Staminate Fl, pedicellate. Calyx smooth, with 5 segments. Perfect Fl. sessile. Calyx echinate at * I retain, for the sake of correspondence, the numbers of the Tribes, as arjan^- e'd by Prof. De Candolle. We have no plants, here, belonging to his 2nd, 8th, (Mi, !Oth and 11th Tribes. 134 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYNIA base; segments persistent. Petals with long acute points, inflexeil so as to appear obcordate. Fruit subg lobose. Carpels without ribs., [with many vittx, D C] densely clothed with hooked prickles. Um- bels few-rayed, unequal. Umbellets capitate. Involucre few-leaved; leaves often divided. Involucels many-leaved, small. 1. S. MARiLANnicA, LP Leaves digitately dissected, the lower ones on long petioles ; segments oblong-lanceolate, incised-serrate, mostly petiolate, the lateral ones deeply divided ; staminate flowers on longish pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 141. Also ? S. canadensis, of Authors. Maryland Sanicula. Vulgo—Black Snake-root. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branched above, grooved, smooth. Leaves 3-parted to the base, with the lateral segments deeply 2-parted ; segments 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, varying from lanceolate to oblong, oblanceolate, and cuneate-obovate, sometimes lobed at apex, mostly acute, narrowed to a petiole at base, smooth, deeply incised-serrate, serratures cuspidate; radical leaves often large, wilh something ofa pedate character, on petioles from 6 inches to a foot or more in length. Umbels wilh few unequal rays ; sometimes only a solitary ray, or peduncle, 2 to 4 inches long. Umbellets capitate, one third to half an inch in diameter. Staminate flowers numerous, on pedicels about one fourth of an inch long. Perfect flowers few, sessile, in the centre of ihe umbellet. Calyx-segments lance-ovate,—sometimes narrow-lanceo- late, longer, and pungently cuspidate. Petals white, (sometimes yellow !) acumi- nate, the apex closely inflexed, appearing emarginate, or obcordate. Fruit cover- ed with hooked bristles, which are tun.id or dilated at baSe. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: common. Fl. June—July. Fr. Aug.—Sept. 06s. I have frequently met wilh specimens in our low grounds, agreeing very closely with this,—except that the petals are ytllow, the calyx-segments rather shorter and less cuspidate, and;the plant, generally, more of a yellowish green. If only a variety, it is a remarkable one; for flowers rarely varyr between white and yellow. We have, also, what I believe to:be the var. canadensis, Torr. which- Prof. Hooker thinks is not entitled even to that distinction: But I find it so constant- ly distinct, that I cannot help considering it a well marked variety. It has much more the habit of S. europcea, than our common one. It seldom exceeds a fool in height; the radical leaves wilh a somewhat pentagonal outline, much smaller than the preceding, and on comparatively short petioles; the segments mostly ob- liquely ovate, sometimes cuneate at base, sessile, and generally glaucous. The umbellets are smaller than in the common variety ; the sterile flowers are fewer and on shorter pedicels. Prof. De Cundolle gives them, doubtingly, as distinct species,—though I think the characters are a little blended in his description ; and it seems to me that the names, alss>, are transposed. With whom the mistake lies 1 cannot say; but I am'satisfied that what we here call S. marilandica is the S. canadensis, DC. and e contra. No other species are known in the U. States*— tisugh Prof. Hooker enumerates three others in British America. PBNTANDRIA DIGYNIA 185 C. Umbels perfectly compound. ■f Fruit with primary ribs only. 4 Ammi Tribe. Fruit laterally compressed or didymous. Ammine^. DC. 138. CICUTA. L. A'utt. Gen. 276. [A Latin name for the hollow stem, or internodes, of plants; applied to this genus.] Calyx with 5 acuminate segments. Petals roundish-obcordate, acu- minate, with the point inflexed. Fruit roundish, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Channels with single vittx, which in the dry fruit till them »s high as the ribs. Commissure with 2 vittx. I.ivolucre 0, or few- leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 1. C. ?iaculata, L. Stem spotted; lower leaves triternate and quin- nte; upper ones sub-biternate ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate- ly serrate ; umbels terminal and axillary. Beck, Bot. p. 142. Spotted Cicuta. Vulgo—Spotted Cowbane. Water Hemlock. Root perennial, with thick oblong fleshy fibres. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branch- ing, nearly terete, smooth, striate with green and purple, or yellowish brown,— lornetimes entirely purple—or, when growing in the shade, green. Leaves smooth; the lower ones on longish petieles, triternately dissected, with the terminal divi- sions mosily in fives; segments, «r leaflets, 2 to 3 inches long, lanceolate, some- times rather ovale-lanceolate, penninerved, the nerves running to the notches of fhe serratures instead of the points; petioles often with a membranaceous margin produced into 2 lobes at summit. Umbels spreading; rays slender. Involucre mostly 0, sometimes 1 or 2 linear leaves. Involucels of 5 or 6 small lance-linear denticulate leaves Calyx-segments rather conspicuous. Petals white. Fruit nearly round; sides compressed ; re'6s flat, or obtuse, yellowish brown ; interstices reddish brown, or dark purple, filled with an aromatic oily matter. Seed ovoid, flatted and slightly keeled in front, greyish green. Hab. Low swampy grounds; margins of rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. The maXure fruit of this is highly aromatic,—the odor something between tiat of anise-seed and the kernels of the black walnut. The root is an active poi- son ; and numerous lives have been lost, for want of sufficient Botanical knowledge to distinguish the plant from the Osmorhiza, or Sweet Cicely. The herb is also de- structive to Cattle, when eaten by them. There is one other species in the W *'M S. 139. ZIZIA. Koch. DC. Prodr. 4, p. 99. [Greek, Zizanion, a troublesome weed, ex Eat. sed qu ?] Calyx with the limb 5-toothed, or obsolete. Petals elliptic, keeled, with a long tapering inflexed acumination. Fruit roundish, or oval, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 prominent nearly equal ribs,, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Channels with single vim. Commissure with 2 vittx. Involucre 0. Involucels few-leaved. \. Z. aurea? Koch. Leaves biternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, »r •vate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, tapering at base; involucels unilateral^ about 3-leaved. Beck, Bot. p. 143. 16* 186 PEXTAXDRIA DISYNIA Smyrnium aureum. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1468. AIx. Am. 1. p. 181. Pex>,. Syn. l.p. 322. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 158. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. Pursh, Am. l.p. 196. Ell. Sk. l.p. 359. Bigel. Bost. p. 113. Florul. Cestr. p. 36. Lindl. Ency. p. 216. Thaspium aureum. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 196. Sison aureus. Torr. Fl. I. p. 305. Ejusd. Comp. p. 134. Golden Zizia. Vulgo—Golden Alexanders. /Joo^perennial. Stem 18inches to 2 feet high, somewhat branched above; angu- lar, sulcate, smooth. Leaves biternate ; the radical ones on petioles 6 to 9 inches long; leaflets, or segments, 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wideo nearly equally serrate, smooth, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal ones petiolate, (!ie middle terminal one 3-parted. Umbels generally opposite the leaves; rays •bout an inch long. Involucels of 3 or 4 lance-linear leaves, somewhat united at feasc,about as long as the rays of the umbellets. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals ibright yellow. [Fruit elliptic. Carpels with 3 winged rib's on the back. Torr.'i Hab. Woodlands; Bath, near West Chester : not common. Fl. May—June. Fr. 06s. I find, on closer investigation, that I have been in the habit of mistaking Tli&spium barbinode, Nutt. for this plant: But I have a specimen in flower, from Jhe above locality, which appears to agree pretty well with the descriptions of Z. aurea. The fruit I have not seen. 2. Z. cohdata, Koch. Radicalleavessimple, cordate, crenate-dentate, en long petioles ; stem leaves ternate, subsessile, the leaflets ovate, ser- rate, petiolate; involucels small, of 1, 2 or 3 leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 143, Thapsia trifoliata 1 Willd. Sp. l.p. 1465. Pers. Syn. l.p. 322. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 156. Not of Torr. Smyrnium cordatum. AIx. Am. I. p. 170. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 196. Ell. Sk. l.p. 359. Torr. Fl. I. p. 307. Ejusd. Comp. p. 134. Florul. Cestr.p. 36. Lindl. Ency.p. 216. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 322. S. trifoliatum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 195. Bart. Phil. l.p. 146. Also {fide DC. sed qu ?), Sison trifoliatum. Mx. Am. I, p. 168. Aluhl? Catal. p. 31. Pursh? Am. l.p. 194. Ell? Sk. l.p. 356. Cordate Zizia. Vulgo—Heart-leaved Alexanders. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched above, striate, or slightly sulcate, smooth (sometimes pubescent). Radical leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, smooth, somewhat glaucous beneath ; petioles 3 to 9 inches long, striate-grooved, smooth, or occasionally quite pubescent. Stem leaves ternate, or 3-parted ; lower ones on short petioles, upper ones sessile. Umbels on peduncles 2 to 6 inches long, terminal and axillary ; rays 7 to 10 or 11, unequal, half an inch to an inch and half long, sulcate. Involucels of 2 or 3 small lanceolate leaves. Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals always yellow (white, sometimesyel- low, Ell). Fruit roundish-ovate; sides compressed. Carpels with 3 conspicuous equal n'6s on the back, the 2 marginal ones not so prominent; interstices convex greenish brown. JIab. Woodlands; borders of thickets: common. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This plant is generally smooth, except sometimes a pubescent ring at the joints; but I have specimens in which the lower part of the stem, the petioles of the radical leaves, and the nerves on their upper surface, are densely covered with a short pubescence. I have never seen the flowers white ; and think Mr. Elliott Ts probably mistaken in that particular. Red and blue flowers often vary Tnt* wn'i'te; but yellow ones scarcely ever. PliXTANDiitA DIGYXIA 187 3. Z. ixtegerrima, DC. Leaves bitcrnate, somewhat glaucous; leaflets oblong-ovate, very entire ; umbel with slender elongated ravs; involucels very minute, often 1-leaved. Beck, Bot. p. 143. Smyrnium integerrimum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1468. AIx. Am. I. p. 171. Pers. Syn. l.p. 322. Ait. Kew. 2. />. 158. Aluhl. Catal. p. 32. Fursh, Am. l.p. 196. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 195. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 146. Ell. Sk. l.p. 360. Lindl. Ency. p. 216. Sison integerrimus. Torr. Fl. I. p. 305. f'.jusd. Comp.p. 134. Very entire Zizia. Whole plant glabrous. Root perennial. Stem IS inches to 2 feet hi^h, slightly branched above, (sometimes branching from the base), striate, purplish vviu-n young. Radical leaves often somewhat triternate, on longish petioles, which are dilated and purple at base ; stem leaves biternate, petiolate ; common petioles dila- ted, membranous, striate, or ribbed, purplish. Leaflets, or segments, an inch to an inch and a half long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide,varying from obbng-e vate to oval and cuneate obovate, mucronate, often oblique at base, ternate on a com- mon petiole; the terminal segments mostly 3-parted, petiolate, the lateral ones ses. sile, or subsessile. Umbels mostly terminal, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long ; rays unequal, 1 to 3 inches long, slender, almost filiform, slighlly angular, spreading' Some of them often divaricate. Involucels minute, subulate, 1, 2or31eaved (some- times wanting 1). Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals yellow. Fruit suborbicular., apex often oblique , sides compressed. Carpels striate, dark brown, wilh the re'6s rather inconspicuous. Hab. Mica-slate hills; Black Rock : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. First collected in this County, in 1828, by Mr. Joshua Hoofes. The fore- going are all the known species of the genus, as now established. 140. APIUM. L. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 100. [Supposed, by De Theis,to be from the Celtic, Apon, water; its place »f growth.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, with a small inflexed apex. Fruit roundish, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Channels with single vittse, the outer ones often with 2 or 3 vittx. Axis undivided. Involucre 0. Involucels 0. I. A. graveolens, L. var. dulce, DC. Lower leaves pinnately dis- sected, on very long petioles ; upper ones 3-parted, with the segments .cuneate, lobed and incised-dentate at apex. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 101. Strong-scented Apium, Vulgo—Celery. Gallice- CeUri. Germanice-Der Celeri. Hisp&mce-Apio hortense. Whole plant glabrous. Root biennial, fusiform, ihickish, fleshy. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching, sulcate. Radical leaves with broad cuneate incisely-lobed - segments ; petioles stout, succulent, channelled, 6 inches to afoot or more hi length, and of ten purplish, unless artificially blanched by being covered. Stem leaves on short petioles; segments cuneate, more or less incised. Umbels terminal, and ax- illary, the axillary ones of ten subsessile; rays unequal, spreading. The umbels often appear to be decompound or proliferous,—some of the long rays bearing compound umbels. Petals greenish white. Fruit nearly orbicular; Styles sftott, diverging, or recurved. Hafc. tfetrdem: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 188 PENTANDRIA DIGYXIA Obs. This is much cultivated for the sake of the succulent spicy petioles of the ,« Hal leans, which are used as a salad: But in order to be rendered palatable (hey require to be blanched, or subjected to what is called etiolation, by the exclusion *f light. The var. rapaceum, DC. with a roundish root, is sometimes cultivated. 'Flttre ate no native species in the U. States. 141. PETROSELINUM. Hoffm. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 102. [G-reek, Petra, a stone, and Selinum; Stone Selinum; from its native habitat.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals roundish, incurved, scarcely emarginate, with a narrow inflexed apex. Fruit ovate, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Channels with single vittx. Commissure with 2 vittx. Axis bipartite. Involucre few-leaved, Involucels many-leaved. 1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Leaves decompound ; segments of the low- er ones cuneate-ovate, trifid, and incised-dentale, of the upper ones linear-lanceolate, nearly entire ; involucels subulate. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 102. Apium Petroselinum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1475. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 324. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 161. Florul. Cestr. p. 119. Lindl. Ency. p. 216. Eat. Man. p. 22. Common Petroselinum. Vulgo—Parsley. Gallice—Persil. Germanice—Die Petersilie. Hispanice—Perexil. Root biennial, fusiform, fleshy. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat angular, stri- ate with green and yellowish stripes, branched, smooth. Leaves smooth, and shi- ning green; lower ones much dissected, terminal segments 3-parted; upper ones mostly 3-parted, with narrow segments. Umbels terminal and axillary, peduncu- late. Involucre often cf a single leaf, sometimes 2 or 3, linear or subulate. Inv»- lucels of 5 or 6 short subulate leaves. Petals greenish white. Fruit ovate; stylet short, recurved. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. The leaves are much used as a pot-herb, in soups, ire. The root is a pop- ular diuretic. The var. crispum, or curled Parsley, with the lower leaves broader. and corled on the margin, is also frequent in gardens. There are no native spe- cies in the U. States. 142. CARUM. L. DC. Prodr. 4.p. 114. [Said to be derived from Caria; the native country of the plant.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals regular, obovate, emarginate. with an inflexed apex. Fruit oval, or ovate-oblong, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 equal ribs, of which the lateral ones are margi- nal. Channels with single vittx. Commissure flat, with 2 vittx. Involucre and Involucels various, sometimes 0. 1. C, Cartji, L. Leaves multifid, somewhat bipinnatifid ; segments linear; involucre l-leaved, or 0,- involucels0. DC. Prodr.4.p. 115. Carian Carum. Vulgo—Common Caraway, ©allice—Carvi. Germanice-Gemeiner Kin.nel. 'Risp.-Alcarave'm. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA i£9 Root biennial? (perennial, DC), fusiform. Stem a6o>// 2feet high, striate, smooth, branched. Radical leaves rather large, much dissected; segments nam u, acute; petioles 4 to 8 inches long, dilated at base. Stem leaves multifid; segments, id form ; petioles an inch to an inch and'half long, dilated, nerved, scarious on the margin. Umbels terminal and'axillary, on peduncles 2 lo 5 inches long. Inv»lu- cre qf 1 leaf, filiform, or sometimes lanceolate, and membranaceous, often wanting. Petals white. Fruit oblong, or elliptic, often oblique at apex. Styles short, mostly reflexed. Hab. Gardens: not common. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. Sometimes cultivated for its highly aromatic fruit; whichis used togive m flavor to cakes, and other articles, in domestic economy. Titers are no native species in the U. States. 143. CRYPTOT.^NIA. DC. Prodr. 4, p. 118. [Gr. IZtyptos, hidden, and Tainia, a fillet; the vitta being concealed in the carpels J Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obovate, slightly emarginate, with a narrow inflexed apex. Fruit linear-oblong, compressed at the sides ; styles erect, enlarged at base. Carpels with 5 equal obtuse ribs, of which the lateral ones are a little distant from the margin. Vittx several, visible only in a transverse section of the carpels. In- volucre 0, Involucels few-leaved. I. C. canadensis, DC. Leaves ternate, petiolate, smooth; leaflets rhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly and acutely incised-serrate, subsessile ; umbels terminal and axillary, irregular, somewhat in pairs; fruit beak- ed by the persistent styles. Beck, Bot. p. 144. Sison canadense. Willd. Sp. I p. 1436. AIx. Am. l.p. 168. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 145. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. Bigel. Bost. p. 114. Chserophyllum canadense. Pers. Syn. l.p. 320. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 195. Ell. Sk. l.p. 358. Lindl. Ency. p. 210. Myrrhis canadensis. Arutt. Gen. 1. p. 192. Bart. Phil. l.p. 141. Torr. Fl. I. p. 310. Ejusd. Comp. p. 136. Florul. Cestr. p. 35. Uraspermum canadense. Eat. Alan, p. 377. Canadian Ckyptotjenia. Vulgo—Hone-wort. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous, /S7eOTabout2 feet high, slightly grooved, er striate, smooth, branched above. Leaves ternate, sometimes quinate by 2 addition- al smaller leaflets ; lower petioles long (6 or 8 inches); upper ones gradually short- er until nearly sessile at summit, dilated, scarious on the margin. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and an half inches wide, varying from rhomboid-ovate tn lanceolate, nearly sessile, acutely serrate to the very petiole ; the lateral oneB gen- erally oblique at base, and often partially divided. Umbels terminal, and from the axis of the upper leaves; rays rather erect and very unequal, so as to appear somewhat paniculate. Involucels of 2 or 3 small subulate leaves. Petals white. Fruit about 1 fourth of an inch in length, oblong, sub-linear, a little inclined to el- liptic, crowned with the subulate styles, not tapering at base. Catpels smooth, with 5 linear rather flattish ribs, of a pale yellowish green; interstices dark brown, itriate. Hab. Woodlands, and shaded places: frequent. Fl. June—Sept. Fi-. 'a tig-— Oct; Obs. The only species of the genus in the U. States. 190 PENTANDIIIA OIGYNIA 144. SITJM". L. ATutt. Gen. 271. [Supposed from the Celtic, Siw, water; its usual place of growth.] Calyx with the limb obsolete, or 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, with' an inflexed apex. Fruit suborbicular, compressed at the sides; styles diverging, minutely capitate at apex, crowning the fruit by their depres- sed disk-like base. Carpels with 5 equal prominent rather obtuse ribs^ •f which the lateral ones are marginal, or sometimes a little distant. Channels and Commissure with numerous vittx. Involucre mostly many-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 1. S. latifolium, L. Stem sulcate-angled; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, equally serrate, somevimes pinnatifid, unequal at base, sessile, the terminal one petiolate ; involu- cre many-leaved. Beck, Bot. p. 144. Broad-leaved Siu:.r. Vulgo—Water-Parsnep. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout (half an inch to throe quarters in diameter), angular, with broad channels, striate, smooth, yellowish green, much branched. Leaves pseudo-pinnate, the early or lower ones sometimes laciniate, or multifid, especially when submersed. Leaflets in 3 to 6 pairs, with u terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, and one fojrth of an inch to an inch wide, varying from linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an acme point, acute- ly serrate, the terminal one sometimes partially 3 lobed at apex, and on a peliol« ab»ut half an inch long. Umbels spreading; rays numerous, unequal, half an inch to an inch or inch and a half long, sulcate-angled. Involucre of 6 or 8 leaves, one fourth to half an inch long, lanceolate, entire, or often laciniate-toothed near the apex. Involucels of 5 to 8 or 10 short lanceolate leaves. Calyx-teeth obsolete (elongated, DC. Hook.). Petals white. Fruit roundish oval, conspicuously crown- ed, whilst young, with the broad thick yellowish base of the styles (stylopodium, DC). Carpels inclining to separate in the middle ; rt'6s 5, prominent, the lateral •nes marginal; interstices dark brown, striate-grooved. Hab. Swamps ; margins of streams; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. July. FY. Sept, 06s. The S. lineare, Mx. Nutt. and Tbrr. (which according to Nuttall, is alss the S. tenuifolium, Muhl.—and the S. lemgifolium, Pursh, sed qu 1—not of Florul. Cestr.) has beon found along the Girard Canal, on the North-Eastern side of the County; but is quite rare. Its long narrow lance-linear leaflets, which are some- times almost filiform, and the serratures rather remote, give it a strikingly differ- ent appearance from the preceding. But those features are variable; and upon the best examinalion I could make, I came to the conclusion, with Professors Torrey and Hooker, that it is only a variety of S. latifolium. It is doubtful whether any other species, as the genus is now constituled, occurs in the U. States. 145. BUPLEURUM. Tournef. DC. Prodr. 4.p. 127. [Greek, Bous, an Ox, and Pleuron, a rib; but the application is obscure.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, involute, witW a short broadish retuse apex. Fruit ovate-oblong, compressed at the sides, crowned with the broad depressed base of the styles. Carpels with 5 equal ribs, which are either winged, filiform and acute, or obso- lete; the lateral ribs marginal. Channels with or without vittx. Involucre various, sometimes 0. Involucels various. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYNIA 191 1. B. rotunbipoliut, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate.; involucre none; involucels of 5 ovate mucronate leaflets; fruit with very slender ribs; channels smooth, mostly without vittae. Beck, Bot f. 145. Round-leaved Bcpleurum. Vulgo—Modesty. Thorough-wax. Gallice—Percefeuille. Germanice—Das Hasenorlein. Hisp. Bupler*. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete, striate-grooved, smooth, branchin* heaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, mostly ovate rather acute, mucronate, rounded at base, very entire, smooth, glaucous beneath, the nerves radiating from the stem, which perforates the leaves at about one fourth their length from the base. Umbels terminal, spreading, 5 to 9-rayed ; rays une- qual, one fourth to half an inch long. Involucels 5-leaved, or rather deeplr 5-part- ed ; segments ovate, mucronate, or with a short acumination, 5-nerved, longer than the involucels. Petals greenish yellow. Fruit ovate-oblong, crowned with tie broad disk-like base of the styles (styiopodium, DC.) whichhasashining waxy ap- pearance. Carpels wilh 5 minute filiform ri'6s ; interstices greenish brown, striate- ijrooved. Hab. Gardens, and waste grounds: not common. Fl. June-Aug. FY. Aug.-Oct. 06s. This foreigner is not very common; but is becoming naturalized about •^rdens, in several neighborhoods. There are no native species, and this is th« only one which has appeared in the U. States. 5. Seseli Tribe. Fruit roundish on a transverse section. Seseline-E. DC 146. FCENICULUM. Adans. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 142. [Latia; diminutive of Foznum, Hay; from a supposed resemblance in its odor.] Calyx with the limb obsolete, a little tumid. Petals oval, entire, i»- volute, with a broadish refuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, somewhat compressed at the sides, subterete on a transverse section, crowned witk the conic base of the styles. Carpels with 5 obtus? keeled ribs, ef which the lateral ones are marginal, and often a little broader. Chan- nels with single vittx. Commissure with 2 vittx. Involucre 0. In- volucels 0. 1. F. tulgare, Gtprtn. Stem terete at base; leaves biternately dissected; segments linear-subulate, elongated. DC. 1. c. Anethum Fceniculum. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1469. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 328. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 159. Florul. Cestr. p. 119. Lindl. Ency. p. 218. Eat. Man. p. 21. Common Fctniculum. Vulgo—Fennel. Garden Fennel. Gallice"—Fenouil. Germanice—Der Fenchel. Hispanice—Binojt. Root perennial^ (biennial, DC). Stem 4 tohfeet high, branching,terete, striate- gerooved, smooth, purplish green, somewhat glaucous. Leaves large, finely ami, somewhat biternately dissected, smooth; segments aw inch to aninch and half long, 3-ibulale-linctr, almost filiform, subdivisions often dichotomous; cimmon petiole tauch dilated, sheathing, produced into two marginal lobes at summit. Umbels n,tny-rayed (15 to 25 or 30), spreading; rays unequal, 1 to 3 or finches long, groov- ed. Petals yellow. Fruit elliptic, or ovate-oblong; styles short, reflexed, somewhat oitpitateat apex, the base enlarged, conical, crowning (he fruit. Carpels semi-te- rete, striately ribbed and grooved. MaV Qsrdens-frequent, Fl. July. ?v. September. 192 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA Obs. Trie whole plant is highly aromatic. It is chiefly cultivated for its fruit ( which is often used in domestic economy ; and sometimes smoked, like tobacco, as m remedy for clolic. The F. clulce, or Sweet Fennel, is also sometimes, though rare- ly, to be met with in the gardens. There are no native species in the U. Slates. 147. THASPIUM. ATutt. Gen. 282. [So named, "from the isle of 7'iiaspia" (Thapsos 7). NuttallA. Calyx with the limb 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, with a long tapering inflexed acumination. Fruit subelliptic, noi compressed at the side*. Carpels with 5 unequal ribs, of which 3 or 4 are winged ; the lateral ones winged and marginal. Channels striate, with single vittx. Com- missure with 2 vittx. Involucre mostly 0. Involucels unilateral, about 3-leaved. 1. T. Barbinode, A'uH. Stem sulcate-angled, smooth, pubescent at the nodes ; lower leaves somewhat triternate; upper ones biternate, and ternate ; leaflets cuneate-ovate, acute, unequally incised-serrate, en- tire at base. Beck, Bot. p. 146. Ligusticum Barbinode. Afx. Am. 1. p. 167. Pers. Syn. I. p. 315. Pursh, Am. l.p. 193. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 352. Smyrnium Barbinode. Aluhl. Catal. p. 32. Thapsia trifbliata. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 317. Ejusd. Comp. p. 138. Not? »f Willd. Node-bearded Thaspium. Vulgo—Meadow Parsnep. Plant yellowish green. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, somewhat branched, angular, sulcate, striate, smooth, with a short rather coarse and dense pubescence at the joints, and base of the petioles. Leaves mostly biternale, smooth; the uppermost ones opposite, and often ternate, the lower or radical ones sometimes triternate ; segments or leaflets 1 to 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch t» an inch and half wide, deeply incised-serrate, a little scabrous on the margin, and aerves above, the lateral ones sometimes 2-parted, frequently obtuse and unequal at base, the middle or terminal one often 3-parted, cuneate at base. Umbels ter" minal and dich'tornal; rays unequal, half an inch to an inch long, sulcate-angled, pubescent at the base, or common centre. Involucre mostly 0, sometimes 1 or 2 lance-linear leaves. Involucels of 3 or 4 subulate-linear leaves a little longer tha* the rays of the umbellets Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Petals deep yellow. Styles ICliform, erect, twice as long as the petals. Fruit elliptical, one fourth of an inch fong; rt'6s unequal; the outer carpel with 4 winged ribs, the dorsal or central one «M winged; the inner carpel with 3 winged ribs (viz. the dorsal and 2 marginal • nes), the intermediate ones not winged; interstices dark brown. Seed linear-ellip- tic, plano-convex, somewhat ribbed. Hab. Borders of woodlands; meadows, &c. frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. 06*. The oily matter, in the vitta of the fruit, has a strongly camphorated ar- omatic odor, as remarked by Mr. Nuttall. This plant, through inadvertence, has heretofore generally passed for Zizia aurea, (Smyrnium aureum, L.) with our •kester County Botanists; but its characters are detailed by Mr. Nuttall with hi* ssual accuracy and fidelity,—and cannot be mistaken, on a careful examination. T;W« other species, as the genus is now constituted, occur in the U. States,— •f wlic-k, probably, T. atropurpureum may yet be found along the Schuylkill, within At limits ef this County. PESlTANDRIA DIGYiNTA 193 £ Angelica Tribe. FYuit dorsally compressed, with a double wing on each f;de. ANGELICEiE. DC. 148. ANGELICA. L. A'utt. Gen. 270. [Latin; "ab angelicd virtute;" from its supposed extraordinary virtues.] Calyx with the limb 5-toothed, or obsolete. Petals oval, or elliptic- lanceolate, with an incurved, or straight acumination. Fruit elliptic, compressed on the back, 2-winged on the margin. Carpels with 3 elevated approximate dorsal ribs, and 2 lateral ones dilated into the marginal wings. Channels with single vittx. Commissnire with 2 to 4 vittx, and a central longitudinal groove. Involucre 0, or few- leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 1. A. triq.uinata, AIx. Stem striate, hoary-pubescent at summit; leaves pseudo-bipinnate, the divisions often quinate; leaflets ovate- oblong, equally serrate; umbels spreading, and, with the peduncles, tomentose-pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 147. Not of Bigel. A. hirsuta triquinata. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. Also, Ferula villosa. Pursh, Am. l.p. 192. excluding the synonym. TniauiNATE Angelica. Root perennial. Steml to 4_or 5 feet high, and 1 fourth to half an inch in diam- eter, simple,erect, terete, striate, smoothish and purple below, pubescent or whit- ish-villose at summit. Lower leaves somewhat triternately compounded, on naked petioles 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, with an inch or two of the base dilated and embra* cing the stem. Upper, or stem leaves, mostly bipinnately dissected, with the di- visions in threes, fives, or sevens ; the petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and about half an inch wide,—dilated nearly in their whole length. Leaflets, or segments, 1 to 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, mostly ovate-oblong, rather acute, a little oblique at base, sessile, or on short petioles, smooth and some- what coriaceous; the terminal one oval, lance-ovate, or subrhomboid, generally cuneate at base, sessile, or often tapering to a petiole. Umbels 3 or 4, terminal and subterminal, on somewhat corymbose, sulcate, pubescent peduncles; the lat» eral peduncles with a sublanceolate bract, or rather the membranous petiole of an abortive leaf, at base; rays spreading, unequal, 1 to 2inches long, sulcate, densely clothed with a white tomentose pubesconce. Involucre 0. Involucels of 6 to 10 unequal subulate-linear and often unilateral leaves, finally rather shorter than the rays of the umbellets. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Petals white, roundish ovate, with a long subulate inflexed acumination. Fruit elliptic-oblong, pubescent, crowned with the thick subconic base of the diverging or reflexed styles. Carpels with 3 approximated prominent almost winged dorsal rj'6s, the two lateral ones dilated into a broad margin. Commissure with 3 longitudinal grooves, in the ma- ture fruit, and 4 ? vitta. (2, DC). Hab. Borders of woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept.-Oct. 06s. This is unquestionably, I think, the A- triquinata of all the American Bo- tanists, exceptDr. Bigelow,—who considers the following species to be Michaux's plant: But it seems to me, that the observation of Michaux,—"pedunculo pedicel- lisque minutissima pube subcandicantibus,"—applies better to this species, than fe the following. 2. A. atropurpurea, L. Stem sulcate-striate, smooth, dark .purple; leaves pseudo-bipinnate, the divisions ternate aid qu;i ate; leaflets lance-ovate, acute, unequally incised-serrate, sub-.obed, the ou'ermost 17 104 PEXTAXDRIA U1GYNIA pair confluent at base, the terminal one sessile, or subpetiolate; umbels globose, and, with the peduncles, smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 147. A/triquinata. Bigel. Bost. p. 110. Dark purple Angelica. Root perennial. Sicm4 to 6feet high, and 1 to 2, sometimes nearly 3, inches in diameter at base, somewhat branching above, terete, striately grooved, smooth throughout and dark purple, with something of a glaucous mealiness. Lower leaves large, and somewhat triternately compounded. Upper, or stern leaves, most- ly biternate, on very broad inflated petioles (1 to 2 inches wide). Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 and a half inches wide, lance-ovale, or oblong-ovate, acute, eften somewhat acuminate, unequal at base, smooth, thin and rather membranace- ous, paler or slightly glaucous beneath, generally sessile, the lateral ones often with a large lobe; the outermost pair completely united at base and decurrent on the aommon petiole; the terminal odd one broad ovate, acute, often somewhat 3-lob- ed, abruptly narrowed at base, sessile, or often tapering to a short petiole,—some- times the 3 terminal leaflets are completely confluent at base. Umbels large, at length globose, 6 to 10 or 12 inches in diameter,—or the rays 3 to 5 or 6 inches long,— sometimes a large central ray over-topping the others; rays striate-sulcate, with acute ridges, which are minutely scabrous on the edges. Involucre 0. Umbellets globose, I to 2 inches in diameter; rays minutely scabrous. Involucels subulate- filiform, much shorter than the rays of the umbellets,—the leaves often near the middle of the rays, instead of at the base. Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals greenish white, oval, wilh a subulate acumination which is inflexed, or sometimes only incurved. Fruit broad-elliptic, smooth, crowned with the depressed dilated base of the erect or diverging styles. Carpels with 3 prominent approximated dor- sal ribs, the 2 lateral ones dilated into a thickish margin. Commissure wilh a central longitudinal groove, and 2 vitta. Hab. Moist low grounds; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. The very respectable Author of the Florula Bostoniensis (Dr. Bigelow,) contends that this is not Ihe A. airopurpurea, of Linnaus. It would ill become me to undertake to decide the question; but, as the American Botanists generally, have united in so considering it,—and Professors De Candolle and Hooker having concurred with them,—I have not hesitated in adhering to the name. This is one «f the largest of our umbellifera. The whole plant has a heavy disagreeable odor, when bruised. The root is said to be poisonous. One other species, of somewhat doubtful character, has been enumerated in the U. States. 7. Peucedanum Tribe. Fruit dorsally compressed, dilated at the margin ints an apparently single even wing (though formed of 2 margins), not thickened at ihe edge. Peucedane^. DC. 149. ARCHEMORA. DC. Prodr. A:.p. 188. [^Jamen fantasticum ex Arehemoro,qui juxta mythologiam Apio ingesto obiit DC] Calyx with the limb 5-toothed. Petals orbicular-ovate, with a taper- ing inflexed acumination. Fruit subelliptic, compressed on the back, lattish, er lenticular, with a prominent and apparently entire or simple margin. Carpels with 5 equidistant obtuse ribs, the 2 lateral ones dilated into a winged margin. Channels filled with single vittx. tvmrnissure with 2 vittx. Involucre 0, or few-leaxed. Involucels »a»y-leaved. PEXTAXDRIA DIGVNIA 195 1. A. Ric-iDA,i>c7, Stem rigid, striate; leaves pseudo-pinnate, smooth; leaflets 3 lo 5 pairs with a terminal odd one, oblong-lanceolate, very entire, or remote!v and sparingly incisc-i-dentate near the ape:-:, sesoiie; umbels spreading, terminal and subterminal, smooth, on long pedun- cles. Beck, Bot. p. 148. Also? A. tricuspidata. DC. Prodr. 4./». 188. Sium rigidius. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1433. Pers. Syn. l.p. 316. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 145. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. Pursh, Am. l.p. 194. Ell. Sk. l.p. 353. r\ rigidum. Lindl. Ency. p. 21G. S. longifolium. Florul. Cestr. p. 34. not of Pursh. Also ? S. tricuspidatum. Ell. Sk. l.p. 354. Sison marginatum. AIx. Am. l.p. 168. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 317. Afuhl. Catal. p, 34. Pursh, Am. l.p. 194. CEnanthe rigiua. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 189. Bart. Phil. l.p. 142. Eat. Alan. p. 237. Pastiu-ca rigida. Torr. Fl. l.p. 314. Ejusd. Comp.p. 137. Rigid, or stiff Archemora. Vulgo—Cow-bane. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, erect, rigid, terete, striate, smooth, slightly branched at summit. Leaves all simply pseudo-pinnate ;petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches long, channelled and somewhat margined. Leaflets usually in-3 •r 4 pairs, with a terminal odd one, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and one fourth to half an inch, and sometimes 3 quarters, in width, varying from linear-lanceolate to lancc-obloiig, and cuneale-oblanceolate, often a little falcate, acute, sessile, some- what rigid, circumscribed by a narrow whitish slightly scabrous margin, sometimes ,\.ry entire, often with 1 to 3 or 4 longish acute incised teeth on each side near the apex (frequently more teeth on one side than on the other),—and occasionally the leaflets are so deeply incised as to appear laciniate. Umbels about 3, on rather long sulcate-s'.riale. peduncles ; rays slender, 1 to 2 inches long. InvJucre mostly 8, sometimes of 2or31anee-linear leaves. Involucels of (j or 8 linear-subulate leaves, shorterthan ihe rays of the umbellets. Calyx wilho acute teeth,or sometimes ob- solete ? Petals while, apparently emarginate, or obcordate, by the inflexion of the apex. Fruit elliptic-ovate, wilh convex acute and apparently simple margins, moderately compressed and convex on the back (flat, Nutt. much compressed, Torr.), crowned with the dilated subconic base of ihe short diverging styles. Car- pels with 5 asarly equal flattish equidistant greenish ribs, the lateral ones dilated fnto a suberose marginal wing wilh a thin edge ; interstices convex, dark purple. Commissure, or face, a little concave, lined with a whitish suberose coat. Seed elliptic, acule at each end, plano-convex, ribbed on the back. Hab. Low, swampy grounds : frequent. Fl. Aug. FY. Sept.—Octo. 06s. This plant is believed to be an active poison,—particularly to horned cat. tie, when eaten by them; and therefore ought to be eradicated from all pastures. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 150. PASTINACA. L. ATutt. Gen. 267. [Latin, Pastus, a repast, or nourishment; from the use made of the root] Calyx with the limb obsolete, or minutely denticulate. Petals round- ish-ovate, involute, with a broadish retuse incurved apex. Fruit oval, flatly compressed on the back, with a dilated flat margin. Carpels with 3 very slender ribs; 3 of them dorsal, and equidistant; the 2 196 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYNIA lateral ones remote, contiguous to the dilated margin. Channels with single, conspicuous vittx. Commissure with 2 or more vittx. Vitt-s mostly linear. Seed flat. Involucre mostly 0. Involucels 0, or i'cvv- leaved. I. P. sativa, L. Stem sulcate, smooth ,- leaves pseudo-pinnate, mi- nutely pubescent; leaflets ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, incised-den- tate, sub-lobed, sessile, the terminal one 3-lobed, and petiolate,- um- bels large, spreading ; fruit oval, emarginate, often somewhat ob- cordate. Beck, Bot. p, 148. Common Pastinaca. Vulgo—Parsnep. Garden Parsnep. Gall.—Panais potager. Germ.—Die Pastinake. Hisp.— Chirivia. Plant yelloieish green. Root biennial, fusiform, fleshy, large (often 2 /o3 inches indiameler, andmorelhan afoot long). Stem 3 to5 feet high, and half an inch t» an inch in diameter, somewhat branching above. Leaves somewhat shining, but minutely pubescent mi the nerves, and under surface. Leaflets in 3 or 4 sessile pairs, 2 lo 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, the terminal one 2 to 3 inches in length, and as wide as long, on a petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Umbels nearly level on the top ; rays numerous, 1to\ inches long. Involucre 0, or very small. Involu- cels 0, or frequently a few subulate leaves. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals deep yellow. Fruit very flatly compressed on the back, crowned wilh the depressed pel- tate base of the short diverging styles. Carpels with filiform ribs; interstice! greenish yellow, mostly with single dark purple vittse in the centre. Commissure mostly with 2 viltse, often with 1 or 2 additional imperfect ones. VilUe generally linear, sometimes a little clavate. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. ¥\. June—Aug. Tr. Aug.—Oclo. Obs. Generally cultivated for its fine esculent root,- of which there is a superior variety, called Guernsey Parsnep. This plant has strayed from the gardens,and become partially naturalized in many places,—making rather a troublesome weed. Tiiere are no native species,as the genus is at present established, in the U. Stales. 151. ITERACLEUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 264. [Dedicated to Hercules; who, it is pretended,Jhad some knowledge of Botany.] Calyx with the limb obsolete, or 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed acumination; the outer ones often radiate, large, and bifid. Fruit elliptic, or obovate, much compressed on the back, with a dilated flat margin. Carpels with 5 slender ribs ; 3 of them dorsal, and equi- distant; the 2 lateral ones remote, contiguous to the dilated margin. Channels v.ith single vittx. Commissure with 2 vittx. Vittoe mostly clavate. Seed flat. Involucre mostly few-leaved, caducous. Involu-. eels many-leaved. 1. H. lanati:v, AIx. S(cm sulcate and striate, pubescent; leaves ternate, petiolate, villose-pubescent beneath ; leaflets broad, somewhat palmate-iobed, subcordate at base, on villose petioles; fruit oval, or obovate. Beck, Bot. p. 149. Woolly Heracleum. Vulgo—Cow Parsnep. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 in- ches in diameter at base, branched above, sulcate, with the ridges and furrows sti iate, pubescent. Leaves very large, trifoliate ; the common petiole dilated into a PEXTAXDRIA DIGYN1A 197 broad sheathing nerved greenish-white membrane^ 2 to 3 inches wide, densely vil- lose on the margin. Leaflets 4 to 10 or 12 inches in length, and as wide as long, more or less cordate and sometimes unequal at base, palmately expanding towards the apex into unequal lobes, ihe middle one often 3-lobed ; lobes acuminate, une- qually sub-lobed, and somewhat crenate-serrate, the upper surface sprinkled with short hairs, the under side tomentose-pubescent, and villose along the nerves; pjtioles 1 to 4 inches long. Umbels spreading, very large (sometimes afoot or more in breadth); rays numerous, 2 to 6 inches long, sulcate-striate, tomentose on one side. Involucre of 2 or 3 lance-oblong membranous villose leaves, which most- ly soon fall off. Involucels of 6 or 8 leaves, which are lanceolate, with a long slen- der acumination, sometimes longer, but generally shorter, than the rays of the um- bellets. Calyx-teeth often obsolete, sometimes (especially in rayed flowers) con- spicuous, ovate and acuminate. Petals white, obcordate, or oval and emarginate, wilh a tapering inflexed acumination (sometimes the acumination is not inflexed): the exterior flowers are generally radiateby the enlargement of the outer petals,— the lobes each side of the inflexed point being monstrously produced, giving the petals the appearance of being deeply bifid ; these lobes are 1 sixth to 1 third of an inch in length, oblong, obtuse, mostly unequal, and striately veined. Fruit oval and often emarginate, or obcordate-oval, much compressed on the back, crowned with the dilated conical base of the diverging styles. Carpels with filiform 7-i;'6s; interstices greenish, with single purple vitta in the centre. Commissure with 2 vittx. Vitta all shorter than the fruit, inversely clavate. Seed a little convex ex- ternally, flat and keeled on the inner face, ovate, mucronate, pendulous by a short filament at the apex. Hab. Low grounds; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May—June. FY. July—Aug. 06s. This is the tallest of our umbelliferous plants; although the stem is not ijuite so stout as that of Angelica atropurpurca. It is said the young stems of the Ilera.'leum are used as a potherb, by some of Ihe Aborigines. It is the only ascer- tained species of the genus, in the U. States. ■j- "f Fruit with primary and secondary ribs. 12. Daucus Tribe. Fruit somewhat dorsally cempressed, or subterete on a trans- verse section; ihe 5primary ribs filiform, bristly, the 2 lateral ones on the com- tniss.re, or inner face of the carpels; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent, dila- ted iatoprickles, which are distinct, or united into a wing at base. Davcixeje. DC 152. DAUCUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 259. \_Daukos, the ancient Greek name of the Carrot.] Calyx with the limb 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed acumination ; the outer ones oPen radiate, obcordate, or bifid. Fruit ovoid-oblong, somewhat compressed on the back. Carpels with the 5 primary ribs filiform and minutely bristly ; the 3 intermediate ones dorsal, the 2 lateral ones «n the commissure ; the 4 secondary ribs equal, prominently winged, each pectinately divided into a single row of prickles. Channels with single vittx, under the secondary ribs. Involucre many-leaved ; leaves pinnatifid. Involucels many- leaved ; leaves entire, or trifid. 1. D. carota, L. Stemhispid ; leaves bi- or tripinnate ; leaflets pinna- tifid, segments lanceolate, cuspidate ; umbel finally concave ; prickles equal to the diameter of the oblong-oval fruit. Beck, Bot. p. 149. Vulgo-— Carrot. Wild Carrot. 17* 198 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA Gallice—Carotte. Germanice—Die Moehre. Hisp.—Zanahtfria, Root biennial, fusiform, yellowish. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terete, striate-sulcate, hispid, branching. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, hispidly pilose; leaflets half an inch to an inch long, much incised, or pinnatifid, the segments cuspidate, and bristly-ciliate. Umbels on long peduncles, or naked branches, at first nearly flat, or a little convex, concave when in fruit. Involucre many-leaved ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, nearly as long as the umbel; segments linear-subulate, scabrous-cili' ate. Involucels many-leaved ; leaves linear-subulate, often trifid, scarious and cili- ate on the margin, about as long as the rays of the umbellets. Petals white, or often ochroleucous, occasionally with tinges of purple, the outer ones larger. Ovary hirsute. FYuit oblong-oval, crowned with the thickish depressed base of the diverging styles. Carpels with the primary ribs very slender, ciliate with mi- nute bristles, 2 of them on the commissure; the secondary ribs winged, cleft into prickles, which are somewhat barbed. Hub. Pastures, road-sides, and'gardens: frequent. Fl. July-Sept. Fr. Sept.-Octo. 06s. The var. sativa, DC. or hortensis,Lindl. (common Garden Carrol) with a large, fleshy, yellow, or reddish orange-colored root, is often cultivated in gal- dens, as a culinary vegetable, for soups, &c. In Europe it is much esteemed as a food for milch cows, and other stock ; but in this country the root culture, for such objects, is not much attended to. The wild variety is extensively naturalized amongst us ; and is becoming quite a nuisance on our farms, where the proprietors are careless and slovenly. The root and seeds are said to be actively diuretic, and are quite popular as a remedy for calculous complaints. One other species is enu- merated ia the U. States. $u3-0rd. II. Seed inflexed at the margin, or with a longitudinal groove on the face. Cajipilosperm2e, DC. Fruit with primary ribs only. 15. Scandix Tribe. Fruit laterally compressed or contracted, elongated, gen- erally beaked. Scandicinejb. DC. 153. CH.^EROPHYLLIIM. L. A'utt. Gen. 279. [Gr. Chairo, to rejoice, and Phyllon, a leaf; the leaves having an agreeable odor.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals ovate, or obovate, entire, or emarginate, mucronate, or with a small inflexed acumination. Fruit linear-oblong, scarcely beaked, contracted at the sides. Carpels with § obtuse equal smooth ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal; the commissure with a deep longitudinal groove. Channels wish single vittx. Seed terete-convex, sulcate on the face. Involucre 0, •r few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 1. C. procumrens, Lam. Stem somewhat procumbent, more or less pilose ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, segments lance-oblong, ra- ther obtuse ; umbels opposite the leaves, 2 to 3-rayed; involucre 0 ; umbellets 3 to 5-rayed ; involucels of 4 or 5 ovate-oblong ciliate leaves; fruit prismatic, smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 149. Scandix procumbens. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 1452. Ait. Kew. 2. p 152. AIM. Catal. p. 31. Myrrhis procumbens. Torr. Fl. l.p. 309. Ejusd. Comp. p. 135. Fit- rul. Cestr. p. 139. Uraspermum procumbens. Eat. Alan. p. 377. Pjocumbiht CH^noniTLLu m. Vulgo—Wild Chervil. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 199 Soot annual. Stein 6 to lo inches long, slender, oblique or procumbent, often nearly erect, branching, sulcate and striate, mostly pilose, especially when young, sometimes nearly smooth. Leaves bipinnately decompound; petioles pilose, ihe dilated base densely fringed with long white hairs. Leaflets pinnatifid; segments mostly obtuse, obscurely mucronate, more or less bristly-ciliate. Umbels termi- nal, or lateral and opposite the leaves, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long; rays gen- erally 3 (sometimes 2, and even 1). Involucre 0. Involucels shorter than the rays of the umbellets. Petals white, oval, or ovate, mucronate, incurved, or often straight. Fruit dark brown, 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, nearly linear, slightly beaked, or crowned with the conic base of the styles. Carpels with 5 flat- tish or obtuse n'6s; interstices convex, reddish brown. Commissure incurved, or furrowed by a deep grove (with 2 vitta within the marginal ribs ?). Hab. Moist shaded grounds; Brandywine : not common. Fl. April-May. Fr. June. 06s. This plant is by no means common; but I have observed it in abundance about the east end of Wistar's bridge, on the bank of the Brandywine. I have re- ceived specimens from Prof. Short, of Kentucky, wilh the fruit ovate-oblong, and not at all beaked,—which I suppose to be the var. Boscii, of De Candolle. Xo oth- er species, as the genus is now constituted, is known in the U. States. 154. OSMORHIZA. Raf. DC. Prodr. 4.p. 232. [Greek, Osme, or Osmos, odor, and Rhiza, root; from its sweet or fragrant root.] Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obovate, somewhat emarginate, with a very slender inflexed acumination. Fruit linear-oblanceolate, angular, elongated, attenuated at base, contracted at the sides. Car- pels with 5 rather acute subsulcate bristly ribs, of which the lateral ones are marginal; the commissure with a deep groove. Channels flat, without vittx. Seed much shorter than the pericarpial tube of the calyx, terete, with the margin involute. Involucre 2 to 4-lcaved. Involucels about 5-leaved. 1. O. longisttlis, DC. Stem mostly dark purple, hoary-pubescent; leaves biternate, somewhat hairy; leaflets incised-serrate ; styles elon- gated, subulate-filiform, erect, or finally somewhat diverging; fruit clavate. Beck, Bot. p. 150. Icon, Hook. Am. 1. tab. 96. Scandix dulcis. Aluhl. Catal. p. 31. Chsrophyllum Claytoni. Pursh? Am. l.p. 195. Not? of Pers. Ell. nor Lindl. Uraspermum Claytoni. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 193. Bart.Phil. l.p. 144. Bigel. Bost. p. 112. Florul. Cestr. p. 36. Eat. Alan. p. 377. Myrrhis longistylis. Torr.Fl. l.p. 310. Ejusd. Comp.p. 135. Long-stiled Osmorhiza. Vulgo—Sweet Cicely. Root perennial, fusiform, or branching, subcarnose, with a sweet anisate flavor. 'Stem 2 to 3 feet high, solid with pith, branching, somewhat ribbed, or striate, dark purple, thickly clothed with canescent and slightly curled hairs (rarely smooth), the branches often smoothish; stem sometimes branching from the root; radical leaves lor 2, on pubescent purple common petioles 9 to 12 inches in length. Leaves mostly biternate; petioles subtomentose-pubescent, especially at the base and sub- divisions; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, incised-serrate, sprinkled with hairs above, ■hinin" beneath, yet hairy on the midrib, nerves, and margin. Umbels mostly in pairs, or terminating the forked extremities of the stem and branches, sometimes axillary, on peduncles 2 or 3 lo 6 inches long; reys 3 to 5 (usually 4), 1 to 3 inches 200 PEXTAXDRIA DIGYXIA 1 eng. with one or two short abortive ones, spreading, often nearly divaricate when in fruit. Involu-re of 1 or 2 to 4 small lanceolate deciduous leaves. Umbellets of 2 to 5 or 6 spreading rays Involucels mostly of 5 lance-oblong acuminate ciliate |>rsis>eniand finally reflexed leaves. Petals white, obovate, emarginate, cr of- ten apparently a little bifid, with a very acute slender inflexed point. I'Yuit dark er. en or blackish, about half an inch long, clavate, or oblanceolate, often curved, Crowned by the conic base of the styles, and tapering at base to a brislly cauda, or stipe, about two thirds as long as the fruit. Styles about equal in length to the young ovary, or to the longest diameter of the mature fruit. Carpels wilh the ri'6s Slightly sulcate, armed with acute appressed bristles; interstices flat, shining, punctato under a lens. Hab. Rich, moist, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. FY. Aug. 06s. Remarkable for the pleasant flavor of the root,—which resembles that Of Aniseed, or Sweet Fennel. 2. O. brevisttlis, DC. Stem pale green, smoothish below; leaves biternate, hairy ; leaflets pinnatifidly incised ; styles short, conical, ap- proximate ; fruit subclavate. Beck, Bot. p. 150. Icon, Hook. Am. 1. tab. 97. Myrrhis Claytoni. Mx? Am. l.p. 170. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 309. Ejusd. Comp. p. 135. Chaerophyllum Claytoni? Pers. Syn. I. p. 320. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 358. Lindl. Ency. p. 210. Not ? of Pursh. Uraspermum hirsutum. Bigel. Bost. p. 112. Eat. Alan. p. 377. Short-styled Osmorhiza. Root perennial, branching,—of a sweetish, mawkish taste,—and not the pleasant anisate flavor of ihe preceding. It more resembles that of Aralia nudicaulis, as Dr. Bigelow remarks. Stem about 2 feet high, mostly fistular, branching, striate, pale green, smooth below, pilose above, especially at the base of the branches, and the margins of the sheathing petioles; stem often branching from ihe root; radical leaves 1 or 2, on smooth green common petioles 9 to 12 inches in length. Leaves biternately decompound ; petioles and leaflets pilosa wilh longer and straighter hairs lhanin the preceding species; the leaflets generally larger (smaller, Hook.), more membranaceous, and more deeply incised, often pinnatifid. Umbels nearly as in the preceding,—but the rays rather longer, and the involucels not quite s* large. Petals white. Fruil somewhat clavate, or nearly lance-oblong, crowned with the conical base of the very short parallel conic styles, and attenuated below to a slender stipe, or cauda, which is clothed wilh appressed bristles. Hab. Rich, moist, low grounds; Cheyney Jefferis' old dam: rare. FT.. May. Fr. Aug. 06s. This certainly has a strong general resemblance to the foregoing,—but is by no means so common, in this vicinity;—nor have they yet been found growing in company. It was first observed, here, in 183-, by Ai-.Cheynev Hannum. Ths distinctive characters of the two species are obvious enough, when the attention is directed to them (which appears first to have been done by Dr. Paine, of Geneva, N. Y.); but they ar.- s blended, in the descriptions of Auth is, that il is not easy to disentangle them, and settle the synonyms, vv ;th the aid of mv friend Mr. Josh. rA Hoopes, who collected several fine specimens of each, I have endeavored te give the distinguishing characteristics, as they appear in the Chester County plants The difference in the taste of the roo. is quite striking ; and my observa- tions agree better with it. Bigelow's, than with those of Dr. Torrey. j\o other species are known, in the U. States. PEXTAXDRIA DIGYNIA 201 lo. SaiYRsiuai Tribe. FYuit turgid, laterally contracted. Smvkneje. DC. 155. CONIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 261. [An ancient name, of rather obscure Etymology. See Rees' Cyclop^xd.} Calyx with the limb obsolete. Petals obcordate, with a short iuflexeS acumination. Fruit ovate, compressed at the sides. Carpels with 5 prominent equal ribs, undulate-crenulate when immature, the lateral ones marginal. Channels striate, without vittx. Seed with a deep narrow groove on the face. Involucre few-leaved. Involucels dimi- diate, or unilateral, about 3-leavcd. 1. C. jiAcrLArcx. i. Stem glabrous, spotted ; leaves pseudo-tripin- nate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid, with acute and often incised seg- ments ; leaves of the involucels lanceolate, shorter than the umbellets. Beck, Bot. p. 150. Spotted Conium. Vulgo—Common Hemlock. Gallice-Cigue. ordinaire. Germanice-Dei Schierling. Hisp.-Ceguda. Root biennial, fusiform, often forked downwards, whitish and fleshy. Stem 2 to *. feet (in some rich spots more than 8 feet) high, branched, fistular, terete, some- what sulcale, striate with green and yellow, often spotted with dark purple. Leaves tripinnately decompound ; common petioles dilated, nerved, with scarious margins; leaflets incised-pinnatifid, smooth. Umbels many-rayed, spreading. Involucre 2 to 5 leaved, mostly reflexed; leaves lanceolate, often with a long acumination. Um- bellets of numerojs spreading rays. Involucels halved, or unilateral, of 3 or 4 lin- ear-lanceolate acuminate leaves. Petals white. Fruit ovate, somewhat gibbous, compressed at the sides, crowned with the dilated base of the diverging styles. Carpels with the ribs wavy, especially while young; the faces inclining to separate between the apex and base, when mature.- interstices flattish, striate, roughish; brown.. Hab. Rich grounds; among rubbish : not common. Fl. June—July. Fr- Sept. 06s. This foreigner is naturalized in some localities ; but is not common. It is slmewhat plentiful about G. Matlack's (late Hayman's), en the Philadelphia road. The plant, when bruised, has a heavy disagreeable odor. It is a powerful narcot. ic; and the extract was formerly celebrated as a remedy for scrophulous diseases. The green herb is sometimes employed, in popular practice, in the form of cata- plasm, for painful ill-conditioned ulcers. The root is said not to be poisonous. No »ther species is known in the U. States. Scb-Orb. III. Seed with the base and apex of the face curved in- ward. Ccelospermje. I) C. 17. CoRiANnRUM Tribe. Fruit globose; ihe primary and secondary ribs wingless. aad often scarcely distinct. Coriandreje. DC. 156. CORIANDRUM. /,. DC. Prodr. 4. p. 250. [Greek, Koris, a bug; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.] Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth conspicuous, acute, unequal, persistent. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed acumination; the outer ones radiate, bifid. Fruit globose. Carpels cohering, scarcely separating, each with 5 un- dulate depressed primary ribs, of which the lateral ones are placed in front of an accessory margin ; the 4 secondary ribs more prominent. 202 PEXTANDRIA TRIGYX1A keeled. Channels without vitta. Commissure with 2 vittx. See'd concave on the face, covered with a loose membrane. Involucre 1- leaved, or 0. Involucels dimidiate, er unilateral, about 3-leaved. 1. C. sativum,L. Leaves pseudo-bipinnate ; segments of the lower tnes broad-cuneate, incised-dentate, of the upper ones narrow, and linear ; carpels hemispherical. DC. 1. c. Comjion CoiiiANDRusr. Vulgo—Coriander. Galllce-Coriandre. Germanice-_Der Koriander. Hispanice-C7'.;nfr«. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2feet high, rather slender, striate, smooth, a Utile bran'li- ed at summit. Leaves smooth; segments of the lower ones broad, with a round- ed outline at apex, sub-lobed and incised toothed, cuneate at base; upper ones much disserted, wilh the segments linear. Umbels spreading, 3 to 'o-rayed. Invo- lucre of 1 subulate leaf, somcti,:ies 0. Umbellets of numerous short unequal rays, several of them abortive. I.ivoluculs of about 3 unilateral subulate leaves, as long as the rays of the umbellets. Calyx wilh o acute teeth, 2 or 3 of them larger. Pe- tals white, with a tinge of purple ; the outer ones enlarged, bifid, or '2-lobed. Fruit roundish-ovoid, mucronate by the conical base if the styles. Carpels very concave an the face, cohering by their margins, so as to form, ujmarcnlly, asimple globose fruit. Commissure with 2 linear-lanceolate villae in a loose membrane en the face of the seed. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr August—September. Obs. Tliis is occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruit,—tc/n'cA is often used by the pastry Cook, and the Confectioner,—and also to impart a flavor to tinc- tures, Src. It is the only ascertained species cf the genus. [Polygonum erectum. P. virginianum, and P. amphibium. Octandria Trigynia.~] ©iMiey 8. Trigynla. a,. Ovary inferior: Corolla monopstalous, 157. VIBURNUM. /,. A'utt. Gen. 290. [A name borrowed from the Latin Classics ; Etymology obscure ] Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, sub- campanulate, or tubular ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens equal, longer than tbe corolla. Stigmas mostly sessile. Berry (or rather Drupe) oval, •r subglobose, by abortion 1-sceded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Seed compressed. Shrubs: branches mostly opposite; leaves simple, opposite, petiolate; flowers cymose, terminal. Nal. Ord. 191. Lindl. CArRjFoi.iACE.E. 1. V. prunifolium, L. Leaves roundish-oval, ovate, or obovate, ob- tuse, or sometimes rather acute, serrulate; petioles margined, even ; cymes sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 156. Plum-leaved Viburnum. Vulgo—Black Haw. Sloe. Sler.i8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched, with numerous lateral spurs, or abor- tive branches; young branches virgate,glabrous, fuscous. Leaves 1 to 2inchts long, and nearly as wide as long, more or less orbicular, varying from ovate to oval and obovate, oblus,:, or with a very short abrupt point, finely serrate, smooth ; petioles one third to half an inch long, with a narrow even margin. Cymes sessile, termi- PENT AX D It 1A TRIG YN I A 203 Bating the short lateral branches, sprcadinj, about 3 inches broad, mostly with 4 principal divisions ; pedicels and flowers wilh minute bracts at base. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Corolla white ; lobes spreading, ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens b nger than the corolla ; filaments subulate; anthers roundish, aidymous, yellow. Stigmas sessile. Drupe oblong-oval, compressed, about half an inch long, and one third of an inch wide, bluish black when mature ; nut oval, much compressed, wilh a thin shell. Seed scabrous-punctate. Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets: frequent. Fl. fllay. Fr October. 06s. The fruit, when mature, is sweetish and esculent. 2. V. Lentaoo, L. Leaves lance-oval, or ovate, conspicuously acu-- minate, acutely dentate-serrate, serratures subuncinate ; petioles with undulate margins; cymes terminal, sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 156. Stem 15 to 20 feet high, branched. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2and a half inches wide, mostly lance-ovate, sometimes broad-ovate, always with a censpicu- eus acumination, slightly decurrent on the petiole, smooth, subcoriaceous, the ser- ratures generally somewhat uncinate ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, most- ly with an undulate margin, and more dilated at base. Cymes sessile, somewhat corymbose, 2 to 3 inches broad, looser or more straggling than the preceding. Co- rolla white. Drupe oval, or obovoid-eblong, somewhat compressed, half an ineh to 3 quarters in length, and one third to half an inch wide, bluish black when mature; nut broad-oval, much compressed. Seed brownish, scabrous-punctate, or rather covered with small honeycomb-like cells. Hab. Chester Creek; "Wynn's meadows: not common. Fl.May. Fr. Oct. 06s. This is generally a larger shrub than the preceding; and although some- what resembling it, is readily distinguished by its leaves. Muhlenberg calls \tPcaf- leaved Virburnum; and in fact, when first observed, here, it was supposed to be the V'. pyrifolium. It was detected on Chester Creek, in 1S32, by D. Townsend, Esq, and has also been found near Downingtown, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes ; but it is rare in this part of the County. It is quite abundant at Wynn's meadows, nearthe source of the Brandywine. The fruit of this is also sweet and esculent, after the action of frost. 3. V. nudum, L. Leaves oblong-oval, or lance-oblong, acute or sub- acuminate, with the margin somewhat revolute and nearly entire, fer- ruginous-punctate beneath; cymes terminal, on naked peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 156. Naked Viburnum. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, slender, branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, anJ I to 2 inches wide, varying from lance-oblong to oval and obovate, slightly acumi- aate, tapering at base, subcoriaceous, entire, or obsoletely repand-toothed, with the margin slightly revolute, smoothish above, with ferruginous nerves and doti beneath;petioles about half an inch long, and, with the peduncles, covered with a ferruginous scaly pubescence. Cymes on naked terminal peduncles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers somewhat crowded. Corolla white. Drupe ovoid, acute at apex, •ne third of an inch long, and one fourth of an inch in diameter, deep blue whe* mature,punctate with whitish scaly dots. Hab. Nsrtli Valley Hill, near Gunkle's Mill: not common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Sept. ©6s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. 4. V. »bntat¥m, L. Leaves orbicular-ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; merres prominent beneath, with pubescent tufts in the axils; cymes 204 PEXTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA terminal, pedunculate ; fruit subglobose. Beck, Bot. p. 156. V. dentatum, var. glabellum. AIx. Am. l.p. 179. var. lucidum. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 167. Dentate Viburnum. Vulgo—Arrow-wood. Stem 8 to 10 or 12 feet high, branched, the young branches slender, straight, and angular. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and generally as wide as long, roundish-ovate, rather acute, often a little cordate at base, sometimes rather lance-ovate and acu- roinnie, smoothish (or often sprinkled with hairs) and shining green above, paler beneath, with the nerves prominent, branching towards the margin of the leaf, slighlly hispid, with tufts of pubescence in the axils, at the midrib ; petioles aboutS fourths of an inch long, and, with the peduncles, tomentose-pubescent with branch- ing or fasciculate hairs. Cymes subumbellate, 2 to 4 inches broad, principal di- visions 5 to 7; common peduncle about 2 inches long. Bra-.ts lance-oblong, cilialej caducous. Calyx-leeth colored, rather acute. Corolla while. Drupe subglobose, mucronate, scarcely one fourth of an inch in diameter, dark blue, or bluish black, when mature. Seed dark purple, roughish-tuberculate, convex and obtusely ridg- ed on one side, with a deep groove on the other, dividing it into 2 lobes,—sometimes with two grooves, and a central ridge. Hab. Low grounds; along rivulets : frequent. Fl. June. FY. September. 06s. The young straight branches, according to Marshall, were formerly rnucn used by the Aborigines, for making their arrows. 5. V. acerifolium, L. Leaves subcordate, 3-lobed, unequally and somewhat angularly dentate-serrate, softly pubescent beneath; petioles without glands, hairy, with filiform-subulate pilose stipules at base ; cymes subumbellate; flowers not radiate ; fruit oval, compressed. Beck, Bot. p. 156. Maple-leaved Viburnum, Vulgo—Arrow-wood. Stem 2 or 3 to 5 feet high,slender, somewhat branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches i> length, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate at base, 3-lobed at apex, lobes acu- minate, the lateral ones shorter, diverging; petioles nearly an inch long, pilose with 2 filiform stipules at base. Cymes 2 to 3 inches broad ; principal divisions 7 or 8; common peduncles about 2 inches long, terminating the stem and branches. fflowers all equal, or not radiate. Calyx-teeth colored. Corolla white, often tin" - ed with red. Drupe broad-oval, compressed, mucronate, one fourth to one third of an inch in length, and nearly as wide as long, black, or purplish black, when ma- ture. Seed reddish brown, compressed, somewhat margined, with 2 obtuse rid°es • n one face, and 2 corresponding broad grooves on the other. Hab. Woodlands: very common. Fl. May—June. FY. September. Obs. This species, as well as the preceding, is known by the common name of Arrsw-wood. The slender stems, when the pith is removed, afford geod/ttse-s/j>/ts for blasting recks ; and are often used for that purpose. Ten additional species j re enemerate4 in the United States. 158. SAMBUCUS. L. ATutt. Gen 291 i *r. Sambuke, a musical instrument; supposed to have been made of this shrub.] Calyx with the limb small, mostly 5-cleft. Corolla subrotate, 5-lobed- lobes •btuse. Stamens equal, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas *tssile. Berry subglobose, scarcely crowned, pulpy, 1-celled, 3 to 5- S*(?Wfft. PEXTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 205 Shrubby, or subherbaceous: leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, or pseudo-pinnate; leaflets serrate, or laciniate, slipular, or glandular, at base; flowers cymose, or thyrsoid, terminal. Nat. Ord. 191. Lindl. Caprifoliace^:. 1. S. canadensis, L. Stem suffruticose; leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets oblong-oval, acuminate, serrate; cymes spreading, 5-parted. Beck, Bot. p. 155, Not of Marshall. S. nigra. Aiarsh. Arbust. p. 141. Not of Linn. Canadian Sambucus. Vulgo—Elder-bush. Common Elder. Root perennial. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, at length shrubby, filled with a large pith, branching ; branches swelled at the joints, the young ones virgate. Leaver pinnate ; leaflets usually in 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long, and I to 2 inches wide, the terminal one often obovate, all acuminate, and sharply ser- rate, on short petiole^, sprinkled with hairs above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath, the nerves pilose on both sides ; stipules often wanting. Cymes spread- ing, 5 to 8 inches broad, terminating the young branches, on peduncles 4 to 6 in- ches long. Calyx-segments sometimes 6 or 7, lance-oblong, rather acute, colored. Corolla white, sometimes 6 or 7-cleft; lobes ovate, spreading, or revolute. Stam- ens sometimes 6 or 7, rather shorter than the corolla. Berries numerous, small, juicy, dark purple, or nearly black, when mature. Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets: common. FA June. FY. August. 06s. This is rather a troublesome plant, on Our farms,—the long roots being very tenacious of life, and inclined to spread extensively along fence-rows, and hedges. The inner bark is a popular ingredient in making ointments, for sores j and an infusion of the bruised leaves is often used, by gardeners, to expel insects From young vines. The ripe berries, according to Mr. Cozzens, afford a delicate re-agent, or chemical test, for detecting acids and alkalies. See Annals of N. V. Lyceum, Vol. I. p. 44. There is one other species in the U. States (S.pubens, Mx.) which I have seen about Mauch Chunk, on the mountains,—with the flowers in thyrsoid panicles,—and bearing scarlet berries, which are mature at the time this species is in flower. K>. Ovary superior : Corolla pentapetalous. 159. RHUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 292. [Greek, Rlioos,—ov Celtic, Rhudd,—-red; from the color of the fruit.] Dioicouslt Polygamous: Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, lance-ovate, spreading. Sterile Fl. Stamens 5, mostly shorter than the petals. Stigmas mostly 3, obtuse, subsessile. Ovary abor- tive. Fertile Fl. Stamens 5, or often 0 ? Stigmas mostly 3, ses- sile, or subsessile. Drupe small, subglobose, nearly dry ; nut bony. Shrubs: sometimes very lactescent; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, or ternate . flowers in racemose or thyrsoid panicles. Nat. Ord. 113. Lindl. Anacardiace*. ■j- Leaves odd-pinnate. * Branches villose. 1. R. ttphina, L. Young branches and petioles densely villose; leaflets in many pairs, lance-oblong acuminate, acutely serrate, some- what pilose beneath ; panicles dense, terminal. Beck, Bot. p. 76. Ttpha-like Rhus. Vulgo—Staghorn Sumach. Lactescent. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, and sometirnss 4 to 6 inches in diame- ter, branched above; branches thick, densely clothed, when young, with a soft velvet-like pubescence. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets in 8 to 12 or 15 pairs with a ter- minal odd one, 2 to 4 inches long and half an inch to an inch wide, regularly and acutely serrate, all except the terminal one sessile and obtuse at base, green and smooth above, glaucous and pubescent beneath, the midrib pilose on both sides; 206 PEXTAXDRIA TRIGYNIA ebmxuonpetiole 1 to 2 feet long, very villose. Flotrers yellowish green, in thyrsoid panicles terminating the young branches, dioicous by abortion. Sterile flowers in larger and rather open panicles. Ovary abortive. Fertile flowers in smaller dense thyrsoid panicles. Stamens 0 ? Ovary densely clothod with a long greyish to- mentose pubescence/which on thefruit becomes a bright purple ; peduncles dense- ly villose. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill; Black Rock : not common. Fl. June. FY. Sept.-Oct. 06s. This species"was observed in Willistown, by Mr. Joshba Hoopes ; but it i's very rare, except along the Schuylkill. It often attains a much larger size than any of our other species; and the fine purple clusters of fruit render the fertile plant qaite an ornamental shrub. * * Branches smooth. 2. R. glabra, L. Young branches and petioles glabrous ; leaflets in many pairs, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate, smooth on both sides ; panicles dense, terminal. Beck, Bot- p. 75. Glabrous Rhus. Vulgo—Common Sumach. Smooth Sumach. Very lactescent. Stem 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branching; young branches stout and thick, with a large pith, somewhat angular and very smooth. Leaves pinnate; leaflets in 10 to 12or 15 pairs with a terminal odd one, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, glabrous, green above, glaucous be- neath, irregularly and somethnes obsoletely serrate, all rather obtuse at base, and all sessile except the terminal one,—which is also often sessile, with a smaller leaflet at its base ; common petiole 9 to 18 inches long, glabrous, often dark purple.. Flowers yellowish green, in thyrsoid panicles terminating the young branches, di- oicous by abortion. Sterileflowers in laeger and rather open panicles, or com- pound thyrsoid'racemes. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute. Stigmas clavate, subsessile. Ovary abortive, in a fleshy peltate crenate-dentate disk, in the bottom of the calyx. Fertile flowers in smaller and more dense panicles. Stamens 0. Stigmas subsessile. Ovary clothed with a short greyish silky villus, which on the fruit becomes a bright purple, and, under a lens, is translucent, or chrystalline in appearance,—containing a sprightly acid; peduncles pubescent. Hab. Sterile old fields ; fence-rows, & thickets: common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. Oct, 06s. This shrub is apt to be abundant in neglected old fields,—and its preva- lence, in arable lands, is strong evidence ofa poor thriftless farmer. The branches and leaves are used in tanning morocco leather. The acid, in the chrystalline pu- bescence of the fruit, is pronounced by Mr. Cozzens(See Ann. N. Y.Lyceum, Vol. l.p. 42-3,) to be the malic,—which, he says, may be obtained pure, with very little trouble, and used for some of the purposes of the citric acid. 3. R. copallina, L. Young branches and petioles downy-pubescent; leaflets in 4 to 6 or 7 pairs, oblong or oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, pi- b»se beneath ; common petiole winged ; panicles dense, terminal. Beck, Bot. p. 75. Copal Rhus. Vulgo—Mountain Sumach. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, branching; young branches rather slender, terete, pu- berulent, somewhat verrucose. Leaves pinnate; leaflets in 3 to 7jpairs (mostly 4 or 5 pairs) with a terminal odd one, 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch or Inch and a quarter wide, subcoriaceous, varying from lance-ovate to oval and »»i8jr»-laiiceolate, acute or somewhat acuminate, sometimes obtuse and cnmrgij PEXTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 2G7 nate, obscurely anfl sparingly crenate-serrate, often very entire, smooth and shi- ning above, pilose beneath, the midrib pubescent on both sides, all sessile except the terminal one ; common petiole 3 lo 6 or 8 inches long, downy-pubescent, with a winged margin which.is contracted at the base of the leaflets, giving the petiole the appearance of being articulated, not winged below the lowest pair of leaflets. Flow- ers yellowish green, in thyrsoid panicles, smaller- than in the preceding species, terminating the young branches, dioicous by abortion. Sterile flowers in rather spreading or open panicles. Calyx-segments ovate. Style short; stigma often simple; ovary abortive, in a small peltate disk. Fertile flowers mostly perfect 1 Stamens short. Stigmas subsessile, clavate. Ovary clothed with a grey pubes- cence which, on the fruit, becomes dark purple, and strongly acid ; peduncles hirsute. Hab. Dry sterile hills; Mica-slate range: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Octobor. 06s. This species is quite abundant on the Mica-slate hills; but it seems to be pretty much confined lothat descriplion of soil. There is a variety, on ihe moun- tains, with coarsely dentate leaves ; and even here, in some instances, the leaves have a few coarse serratures. 4. R. venenata, D C. Young branches and petioles smooth ; leaflets in 4 to 6 pairs, oblong-oval, or lance-obovate, abruptly acuminate, very entire ; c»mmon petiole not winged; panicles loose, slender, subtermi- nal, on long peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 76. R. toxicodendron vernix. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 130. R. vernix. L. and the other Authors quoted in this work. Poisonous Rhus. Vulgo—Poison Sumach. Swamp Sumach. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching above ; young branches terete, smooth, slightly verrucose, or dotted. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets in 3 to 5 or 6 pairs with a terminal odd one, 2 to 3 or 3 and a half inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, very entire and slighlly revolute on the margin, smooth above, somewhat pilose and reticulately veined beneath, all except the terminal one sub- sessile, or tapering at base to a very short petiole; common petiole 4 to 10 or 12 in- ches long, terete, smooth, often becoming purple. Flowers greenish, dioicous by abortion. Panicles slender, racemose, on long peduncles in the aixils of the leaves, near the ends of the young branches ; pedicels pubescent, bracteate. Drupe sub- globose, nearly twice as large as in any of the preceding, dry, smooth, shining, pale yellowish green ; nut suborbicular, compressed, ridged and grooved on the sides; pedicels of the fruit subclavate. Hab. Low grounds; margins of rivulets : not common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 06s. This shrub is not very common, here ; but occurs near West-town School-, and in several localities in the Mica-slate range, along rivulets. Il is very poison- ous to some persons,—though I have never felt the slightest effect from any of the genus. It seems to be now determined that our plant is distinct from the original R. vernix (R. vernicifera, DC), or Varnisli-tree, of Japan. j- ■)- Leaves ternate. 5. R. radicans, L. Stem climbing by radicating processes ; leaflets obliquely ovate, acuminate, entire, or angular-dentate; panicles race- mose, axillary, subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 75. R. toxicodendron radicans. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 131. R. toxicodendron, var. vulgare. AIx. Am. l.p. 183. Pwsh, Am. h p. 2f>5. 208 PEXTAXDRIA TRIGYX1A R. toxicodendron, var. radicans. Torr. Fl. I. p. 324. Ejusd. Comp. p. 140. Lindl. Ency. p. 226. Eat. Alan. p. 303. Radicating Rhus. Vulgo—Poison-vine. Poison-oak. Stem 8 or 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, slender, branching, climbing, and closely adhe- ring to trees, and other objects, by numerous radicating processes. Leaves ternate ; commonpetiole3to 6 inches long, subterete, striate, pubescent. Leaflets3to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide,—the terminal one broad-oval, on a petiole 1 to 2 in- ches long, the lateral ones somewhat rhomboid, or obliquely ovate, on very short. petioles,—all acuminate, abruptly acute at base, entire, or with a few coarse angu- lar teeth, nearly smooth above, somewhat pilose beneath, and ciliate on the margin Flowers yellowish green, dioicous by abortion. Panicles slender, racemose, on short peduncles in the axils of the leaves on the young branches; pedicels pubes- cent, bracteate at base. Drupe subglobose, about the size of the preceding, dry, smooth, shining, pale brown. Hab. Woodlands, and old fence-rows .- frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Sept. 06s. This species is also poisonous to many persons. The R. toxicodendron, which Nuttall considers distinct, and Torrey and others only a variety, I think has not yet been found in Chester County. Three or four additional species are enumerated in ihe U. States. 160. STAPHYLEA. Z. ATutt. Gen. 293. [Greek, Staphyle, a bunch, or cluster; in allusion to its mode of flowering.] Calyx 5-parted, the base within covered by an urceolate disk ; segments oblong, concave, colored. Petals 5, alternating with the calyx-seg- ments. Stamens alternating with the petals. Styles 2 or 3, often uni- ted. Ovary 2 or 3-lobed. Capsule 2 or 3-celled;.cells membranace- ous, inflated, more or less connate, opening internally. Seeds few, subglobose, bony. Shrubs: Leaves opposite, compound, ternate, or odd-pinnate, stipular; flowers in paniculate racemes. Nat. Ord. $7. Lindl. Stafhyleacea-i. 1. S. trieolia, L. Leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petiolate; styles glab- rous ; capsules bladder-like. Beck, Bot. p. 73. S. trifoliata. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 148. Three-leaved Stapiitlea. Vulgo—Bladder-nut. Stem 6 to 12 feet high, with smooth slender branches. Leaves trifoliate, on pu- bescent petioles 2 to 4 inches in length, with 2 lance-linear membranous colored villose caducous stipules at base; leaflets 2to 3 inches long, andl to 2 inches wide, ovate, or oval, acuminate, finely and regularly serrate, often unequal at base, quite pubescent when young, the terminal one on a petiole half an inch to an inch or more in length, the lateral ones subsessile, or on short petioles. Flowers in pen- dulous paniculate racemes, composed of opposite fascicles, terminal and axillary; pedicels bracteate at base. Calyx-segments oblong, connivent. Petals white, spat- ulate-obovate, a little longer than the calyx, ciliate at base. Stamens a little exsert- ed. Styles 3, cohering, smooth, as long as the stamens. Ovary hirsute, conical 3-parted, seated on the fleshy cup-like disk in the bottom of the calyx. Capsule near 2 inches long, and an inch or more in diameter, inflated, trlgonous-obovoid membranous, reticulately veined, mostly 3-lobed at apex; lobes acuminate, mu! cronate, opening on the inner side. Seeds 1 to 3, obovoid, a little gibbous on one side of the hilum, or scar, pale brown/smooth and shining. PEXTANDH1A PENTAGYXIA 209 Hab. Rich moist woodlands; Brandywine: not common. Fl. May. FY. Sept. 06s. The only species in the U. States. [Stellaria media. Decandria Trigyniai} [Hypericum Sarothra. Polyandria Di- Pentagynia:] ©rder 5. PeEitagyiaia. 161. ARALIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 297. [A name of unknown derivation; supposed lo be of Canadian origin.] Calyx with the limb short, 5-toothed, or entire. Petals 5, with the apex free and expanded. Styles spreading, persistent. Ovary infe- rior. Berry mostly 5-celled, and 5-seeded, often torose. Herbaceous, or shrubby: leaves compound; flowers in umbels, or compound umbellate racemes. Nat. Ord. 1. Lindl. Aealiace.e. 1. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem very short, or none ; leaf mostly solita- ry, radical, triquinate ; leaflets ovate, or oblong-oval, acuminate, serrate; scape shorter than the leaf, naked, trifid at summit; umbels 3, on long peduncles, without involucres. Beck, Bot. p. 151. Naked-stem Aralia. Vulgo—Sarsaparilla. Wild Spikenard. Root perennial, creeping, thick, somewhat aromatic. Stem scarcely more than the naked crown of the root, Leaf generally solitary, from the root; petiole erect, 6 to 12 inches long, 3-parted at sumniit,each division or secondary petiole 2to 4 or 5 inches long, usually bearing 5 leaflets ; leaflets odd-pinnate, usually 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide (sometimes nearly twice that size), sessile, or on short petioles, smooth. Scape 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, arising from ihe crown of the root, with sheathing stipules at base, divided at summit into 3 smoothish peduncles about 2 inches long, each bearing a naked many-flowered globose umbel, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. Petals greenish white, oblong, rather obtuse. Stamens longer than the petals. Styles distinct, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the ovary; stigmas small. Berries dark pnrple or purplish black at maturity, torose, when dry and shrunk becoming 6« angled and deeply sulcate. Seeds compressed, oval-oblong, obtuse, obliquely mu- cronate. Hab. Rich, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. Obs. The root of this has a somewhat aromatic but mawkish taste ; and is often used as a substitute for the Sarsaparilla of the shops, in making popular diet-drinks. I consider both the original and the substitute to be very innocent medicines,_ provided ihe symptoms of disease be not urgent! 2. A. racemosa, L. Stem herbaceous, smooth, somewhat divaricate- ly brandling; petioles 3-parted ; divisions ternate and quinate ; leaflets cordate-ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately umbellate; involucres small. Beck, Bot. p. 151. Racemose Aralia. Vulgo—Spikenard. Root perennial, thick, aromatic. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branched; branches somewhat dichotomous, spreading. Leaves ternately and quinately decompound- ed; leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches wide, obliquely cordate- ovate, sprinkled with short hairs, mostly petiolate. Racemes large, paniculate, 210 PENTANDRIA PENTAGYXIA composed of numerous small umbels ; peduncles pubescent, bracteate at base. In. volucres of several short subulate leaves. Calyx with 5 small acute teeth. Petals greenish white, lance-ovale, rather acute. Styles united ; stigmas diverging, or recurved. Berries smaller than in the preceding species, dark purpls when mature. Hab. Rich woodlands; Brandywine hills: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This species is not very common; but is occasionally to be met with in our richest woodlands, It has long been introduced into our gardens, as a medi- cinal plant,—the root and berries being considered stomachic, when used in alco- holic tincture. The habit of taking such medicines, however, is very perilous to the patient, and much "more honored in the breach, than in the observance.'' There are two other species in the U. States;—of which A. spinosa (a stout prick- ly shrub) has been introduced into this County, and is almost naturalized about some farm-houses,—particularly near Marshallton. 162. LINUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 299. [Greek, Linon, or Celtic, Z.Zm; the name for flax, or thread, in those languages ] Calyx mostly of 5 sepals, slightly united at base, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens alternate with the petals, united at base in a hypogynous ring, with intermediate teeth. Styles mostly 5 (rarely 3). Ovary superior. Capsule subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seeds solitary, compressed, ovate. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves entire, without stipules; flowers pedunculate, solitary, somewhat paniculate, or corymbosely racemose ; petals fugacious. Nat. Ord. 139. Lindl. Lineje. 1, L. virginianum, L. Radical leaves opposite, spatulate; stem leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate ; panicle corymbose, racemose, leafy; flowers yellow, on short pedicels ; capsules depressed-globose. Beck, Bot. p. 56. L. virginicum. Pursh, Am. I.p. 210. ATutt. Gen. I. p. 206. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 157. Virginian Linum. Vulgo—Wild Flax. Root perennial) Stem 1 to 2 feet high (often 3 or 4 stems from the same root), slender, slightly angular by the decurrence of the leaves and midribs, smooth, co- rymbosely branched towards the summit, and often with short stolones, or sucker- like branches at the root. Radical leaves about 1 third,of an inch long, opposite, spatulate-obovate, pellucid-punctate ; stem-leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, alternate, sessile, lance-oblong, or ob- lanceolate, acute, smooth, slightly scabrous on the margin. Flowers small, on pe- dicels 1 ©r 2 lines long, racemose on the branches, somewhat secund, being often alternately axillary and opposite the leaves. Sepals lance-ovate, acuminate, keel- ed. Petals pale yellow, obovate. Capsule depressed-globose, with 5 principal valves, and each valve again splitting in two. Hab. Old fields, and open woodlands: frequent; Fl. July. Fr. August. 06s. Authors generally describe the root as annual; but I believe Muhlenberg and Bigelow are more correct, in calling it perennial. 2. L. usitatissimum, L. Leaves lance-linear, very acute ,• panicle loose, corymbose ; flowers blue, on long pedicels; capsules globose, mucronate. Beck, Bot. p. 56. PEXTAXDRIA PENTAGYXIA 211 Most useful, or usual Linum. Vulgo—Flax. Common Flax. Gallice—Lin. Germanice—Gcmeiner Flachs. Hispanice—Lino. Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly solitary, simple, terete, smooth, co- rymbosely branching at summit. Leaves numerous, scattered, an inch to an inch and half long, about a line wide, very acute, often 3-nerved. Flowers large, onpc ■ dicelsaninchto an inch and half long, axillary, or tppcsile the leaves. Sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-nerved. Petals blue, often with a tinge of purple, obo- vate, crenate, 3 times as long as the calyx. Capsule globose, abruptly acuminate, smooth. Seed compressed, lance-ovate, slightly oblique at apex, brown, smooth and shining. Hab. Fields, and lots: not common. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. This valuable plant, once considered so indispensable among the crops of our farmers, is now but little cultivated, here; its linty product being superseded by the cotton of the South. It is a crop which involves a good deal of troublesome labor, mnd, without being profitable, is generally believed to be injurious to the soil) an opinion as old as the time of Virgil,—who says "Urit enim Lini campum seges, uril avenae. Georg. l.Tl. The seeds beside yielding a jnost valuable oil, afford one of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysenteric affections. Two or three other species are enu. merated in the U. States. 163. DROSERA. L. A'utt. Gen. 218. [Greek, Drosos, dew; from the pellucid dew-like glands on the leaves] Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5 or 6, bipartite. Ovary superior. Capsule 1 to 3-celled, 3 to 5 valved, many-seeded. Herbaceous: mostly stemless; leaves alternate, mostly radical, glandular-ciliate i peduncles, when young, circulate. Nat. Ord. 137. Lindl. Droserac£.e. 1. D. rotundifolia, L. Leaves all radical, spreading, suborbicular, fringed with purple cilia, pilose above, abruptly tapering to a long hai- ry petiole ; scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly simple raceme ; seeds arillate. Beck, Bot. p. 42. Round-leaved Drosera. Vulgo— Sun-dew, Ga//.-Rosee du Soleil, Germ.-Der Sonnenthau. Hisp.-Roc'io del Sol. Root perennial 1 (annual, DC). Leaves one fourth to half an inch in length, and as wide as long, nearly orbicular, sometimes rather spatulate, fringed with long purple cilice which are glandular-viscid at apex and dilated at base, glandular-pi- lose above, smoothish beneath, abruptly narrowed to a hairy petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Scape mostly solitary (sometimes 2 or 3 from the same root), 4 to 6 or 8 inch. es high, slender, smooth. Raceme 1 to '2 inches long, terminal, mostly simple (sometimes bifid, rarely trifid), secund, at first circinate, or recurved, finally erect; pedicels short, with minute subulate bracts at base. Calyx segments linear-oblong, obtuse, purplish green, smooth. Petals white, oblong, obtuse, shrivelling on the ovary. Styles 5 to 6, very short; stigmas simple. Capsule oblong, longer than the calyx. [Seeds very numerous, attenuate at each extremity. Torr. Seeds aril- late. DC] Hab. Swamps, in the Mica-Slate range : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Obs. This was first collected, here, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs,—an active and skillful Botanist.—to whom I am indebted for information respecting the locali- ties ofa number of our rarer plants. Two other species are found in the U, States. 212 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. Order 1. jtfonogynia. A- Flowers complete. 164. FLOERKEA. Willd. A'utt. Gen. 337. [^Dedicated to a German Botanist, of the name of Floerke. fide Raf] Calyx 3-parted, persistent. Petals 3, much shorter than the calyx. Ovary superior, 2 er 3-lobed; style scarcely longer than the lobes ; stigma bifid. Akenes, or utricles, mostly twin, roundish-obovoid, tu- berculate. Herbaceous, succulent and tender; leaves alternate, petiolate, pseudo-pinnate ; flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate. Nat. Ord. 72. Lindl.. Sanouisorbe/e 1 1. F. uliginosa, Aluhl. Glabrous; stem terete ; leaves trifid and quinate-pinnatifid, segments lance-oblong, entire. Beck, Bot. p. 19. F. lacustris. Pers. Syn. l.p. 393. F. palustris. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 229. Bart. Phil. l.p. 171. Nectris pinnata. Pursh, Am. l.p. 239, Miry, or Marsh Floehkea. Vulgo—False Mermaid. Plant pale or yellowish green. Root annual, fibrous. Slem4to 10 or 12 inches long, flaccid, erect or decumbent, finally procumbent, nearly simple, Leaves pin- nately dissected; lower ones often 3-parted, upper ones mostly quinate-pinnale; segments half an inch to an inch long, and 1 eighth to 1 fourth of an inch wide, ses- sile, or subsessile, rather acute, with irregularly branching and reticulated nerves, the lateral segments often deeply bifid, sometimes trifid, cuneate at base, and nar- rowed to a short petiole ; common petioles 1 to 3 inches in length. Peduncles axil- lary, recurved or nodding, at first short, finally about an inch long. Calyx deep- ly 3-parted (rarely 4-parted); segments erect, lance-ovate, acuminate. Petals white, lance-oblong, very small, alternate with and scarcely half as long as the Calyx-segments. Stamens shorter than the petals; the alternate filaments dilated at base, or articulated to a flat tooth-like process. Ovary mostly of 2 (sometimes 3) obovoid-oblong lobes. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, and aboat their length; stigma bifid (trifid, Lindl.). FYuit mostly of 2 subglobose akenes, or utricles (sometimes 1), with a subcoriaceous verrucose or tuberculate coat. Hab. Miry, shaded places; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. April-May. FY. May-June 06s. Dr. Torrey, in the appendix to Lindley's Introduction to the Natural Sys- tem of Botany, places this, hesitatingly, in the Nat. Ord. 7. Lindl. HYOROPELTinE-E : But, in Hooker's Botanical Journal, 1834, Mr. Lindley expresses the opinion that it must take its place among, or near, the Sanouisorbe*. It is a tender fugacious plant,—disappearing early in the season. By the last of June, it is difficult to find a vestige of it. No other species has yet been ascertained. 165. TRADESCANTIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 303. [In honor of two English Botanists, Father and Son, named John Tradescant.'} Calyx of 3 sepals, persistent. Petals 3. Filaments villose; the hairs jointed, er moniliform. Ovary superior. Capsule 3-celled, 3- valved, few-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, simple, usually sessile, and sheathing at base. Nat. Ord. 232. Lindl. Comsieline^. HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 213 I. T. virginica, L. Stem erect, sometimes branching ; leaves lance- linear, channelled above, glabrous; flowers in a terminal subum- bellate cluster; calyx pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 376. Icon, Bart, Am. 2. tab. 41. Virginian Tradescantia. Vulgo—Spider-wort. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 to 18 inches high (often in bunches, or seve- ral from the same root), very smooth. Leaves 12 to 18 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, acute, with parallel nerves, amplexicaul at base, slightly cil- iate on the margin. Flowers in a terminal cluster, with a large 2- (rarely 3-)leaved involucre at base, resembling the leaves ;pedicels half an inch to an inch long, pu- bescent,—after flowering, parted into 2 ranks, and deflected, or recurved, on each side, over the base of the involucre. Sepals lance-ovate, rather acute, externally pilose. Petals blue, often tinged with purple, ovate, veined, thin and membrana- ceous, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Stamens shorter than the corolla ;fila- ments densely clothed with blue hairs, which appear beautifully jointed, or monili- form, under a lens; anthers yellow, large, recurved, or crescent-shaped. Style fil- iform, as long as the stamens; stigma capitate. [.Capsule obtusely triangular, 3- celled, 3-valved, covered by the calyx. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell, compressed, an- gular. Torr.] Hab. Moist low grounds; meaiows, &c. frequent. Fl. May—June. FY. Obs. I have not had an opportunity to examine the fruit of this plant; and I think it is very apt to be abortive, in this vicinity. The stem is succulent,and re- markably filled with a slimy mucilage,—probably worthy of notice as an emollient application. One other species is known in the U. States; and Muhlenberg enu- merates a third. 166. LEONTICE. L. DC. Prodr. l.p. 109. [Gr. abridged from Leontopetalon; the leaf resembling the print of a Lion's foot.] Calyx of 3 to 6 sepals, naked externally. Petals 6, unguiculate, with a scale on each claw. Ovary superior, ventricose-obovoid, ob- liquely beaked. Seeds 2 to 4, globose, inserted in the bottom of the capsule, which is ruptured at an early period, and each naked drupe- like seed elevated on its clavate funiculus. Herbaceous: stem apparently branching into petioles at summit; leaves com-- pound, bi- or tri-ternate; peduncles at the subdivisions of the petioles; flowers in paniculate racemes. Nat. Ord. 22. Lindl. Berberibe.e. 1. L. thalictroides, L. Lower leaf triternate, upper one biternate; leaflets oblong-ovate and cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at apex; flowers paniculate; peduncle from the base of the upper petioles. Beck, Bot. p. 17. Caulophyllum thalictroides. AIx. Am. l.p. 205. Icon, tab. 21. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 387. Pursh, Am. l.p. 218. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 210. Bart. Phil. l.p. 160. Ell. Sk. l.p. 411. Florul. Cestr. p. 39. Lindl. Ency. p. 286. Eat. Alan. p. 85, Thalictrum-like Leontice. Vulgo—Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root. Whole plant glabrous, purplish and glaucous when young. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, generally 2-leaved; the lower leaf mostly triternate (bearing 27 leaflets), usually with a common petiole, and the 3 primary divisions long, the upper leaf bilernate (bearing 9 leaflets), without a common petiole; leaf- lets 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, varying from obliquely-ovate to ob 214 HEXANDRIA MOXOGYNIA long and cuneate-obovate, incisely lobed at apex; lobes mostly 3 (sometimes 2, and occasionally a deeper division), lance-ovale, acute or acuminate ; terminal leaflet petiolate, lateral ones sessile, or subsessile. Panicle loose and racemose, on a peduncle 2 to 3 inches long, proceeding from the base of the petioles,—often a sec- ond, smaller panicle, by the side of the principal one ; pedicels half an inch to near an inch long, with small subulate bracts at base. Calyx spreading; sepals 2 or 3 to 6 (sometimes wanting, Torr.), unequal, lauce-oblong. Petals greenish yellow, twice as long as the sepals, obovate-lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, unguiculate, wilh a subreniform viscid scale at the base of each claw. Stamens short. Ovary 2-seed- ed, obovoid, obliquely beaked by the style. Seeds speedily bursting from the young membranous capsule, and, pushing it on one side, become elevated in naked pairs (1 of which is often abortive,) on the erect clavate stipes, or funiculi which attach them to the bottom of the capsule. When mature, the seeds are 1 third of an inch in di- ameter, globose, drupe-like,.and ofa deep blue color. Hab. Rich woodlands; Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. Aug. 06s. This plant,—so remarkable for the structure of the fruit, and the process by which it is developed, (first observed by that distinguished and sagacious Bot- anist, Robert Brown),—was formerly a noted article in the Materia Medica of the Aborigines ; but its virtues, if any, are very little attended to, at present. It is the only species of the genus, in the U. States. 167. PRINOS. L. ATutt. Gen. 308. [Supposed to be from the Greek, Prio, to saw ; in allusion to its serrated leaves] Dioicouslt Polygamous : Calyx small, mostly 6-cleft. Corolla monopetalous, subrotate, mostly 6-parted. Ovary superior. Berry 6-seeded; seeds nuciform. Shrubs: leaves alternate, deciduous, or persistent; pedicels 1-flowered, axillary. Nat. Ord. 166. Lindl. Ilicine^. 1. P. verticillatus, L. Leaves deciduous, oval and obovate, acumi- nate, serrate, pubescent beneath; sterile flowers subumbellate; fertile flowers aggregated. Beck, Bot. p. 230. P. Gronovii. AIx. Am. 2. p. 236. Verticillate Prinos, Vulgo—Black Alder. Winter-berry. Stem 6 to 8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, with prominent nerves beneath; serratures mucronate-, somewhat uncinate ;petioles about half an inch long. Flowers greenish white, di- oicous by abortion. Sterile flowers in pedunculate subumbellate clusters; com. mon peduncle rather longer than the pedicels. Corolla often 5 or 7-parted. Stam' ens often 5, or 7. Ovary abortive. Fertile flowers in smaller clusters than the sterile, mostly perfect? common peduncle very short, or none ; pedicels scarcely 1- fourth of an inch long. Berries globose, 1 fourth of an inch in diameter, in small axillary persistent clusters, appearing somewhat verticillate, bright red whea mature. Hab. Low swampy grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. October. 06s. The bark of this, used in decoction, is a popular remedy for ill-conditioned sores. It is administered both externally and internally; but I believe its virtues are over-rated. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the U. States. uexandria moxogynia 215 B. Flowers incomplete. ft. Perianth corolla-like, f Flowers with a Spathe. 168. PONTEDERIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 315. [In honor of Julius Pantedera, Professor of Botany at Padua.] Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bilabiate ; under side of the tube perforated with 3 longitudinal clefts; the base or lower half calycine, persistent. Stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base, and 3 near the summit, ef the tube. Ovary superior. Utricle muricate, I-seeded. Herbaceous aquatics: leaves chiefly radical, sheathing at base, with parallel veins; flowers mostly m spikes. Nat. Ord. 246. Lindl. Pontedere.e. 1. P. cordata, L. Leaves subradical, sagittate-cordate; flowers ia crowded spikes. Beck, Bot. p. 368. Cordate Pontederia. Vulgo—Pickerel weed. Root perennial, fasciculate. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 4 inehes wide, tapering to the apex, but rather obtuse, entire, sagittate-cordate at base, petiolate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy. Scape 1 to 2 feet long, bearing one leaf,with the base of the petiole tubular and sheathing. Spathe oblong, just below the spike, sheath- ing the stout pubescent peduncle. Flowers sessile, aggregated by twos and threes) in a terminal spike about 3 inches in length. Perianth with the limb bright blue, bilabiate ; upper lip flat, 3-cleft, lobes oblong, one of them with a yellowish spot in the centre; lower lip deeply 3-parted, lobes linear-oblong; tube greenish, calyx- like, curved, pubescent, with 3 gashes, or slits, on the inner curve. Stamens about as long as the perianth. Style shorter than the stamens. Utricle covered by the persistent base of the perianth, with 6 crested undulate ridges. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Sept. 06s. This has only been found along the Schuylkill, in this County,—where it was collected by Mr. John Marshall, in 1829. It is very abundant in the marshes, along the tide waters. One or two other species have been enumerated in the United States; which, however, Dr. Torrey considers as nothing more than varieties. 169. ALLIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 247. [Supposed to be from the Celtic, All; signifying hot, or acrid.J Perianth 6-parted, generally spreading. Filaments sometimes tricus- pidate. Ovary superior. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Spathe membranaceous. Herbaceous: strongly odorous, when bruised; bulbous at the root; leaves fistular, er flat; flowers in a dense terminal umbel, or head; umbel in some species bulbi* ferous. Nat. ord. 247. Lindl. Asphodble£. * Leaves fistular and terete. I. A- vinbale, L. Stem somewhat leafy; umbel often bulbiferous ; filaments alternately tricuspidate. Beck, Bot. p. 363. Vine Allium. Vulgo—Garlic. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic. Gallice—Ail des Vignes. Germanice—Acker Lauch, 216 IIEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Perennial? Bulb ovoid, snail. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, smooth, bearing a few leaves. Leaves 8to 12 or 15 inches long, sheathing at base. Spathe of2 ra- ther small deciduous leaves, acuminate. Umbel globose, about an inch in diameter (emalle^ dense and capitate, when bearing bulbs); pedicels filiform, clavate. Pe- i ianth de$p purple, tinged with green. Stamens exserted ; filaments flatted, the alternate ones deeply trifid, bearing the anther on the middle filiform segment. Capsule trigonous, membranaceous. IIib. Pastures, and cultivated grounds.- common. Fl. June. FY. Aug. 06s. Are not these plants rather biennial, than perennial? It seems to nir that new lateral bulbs are propagated every year, and that the old ones die, after snce sending up a stem, and flowering. This species is anatuialized foreigner; and was formerly so abundant in this County, as to be quite a nuisance. It not only imparted a disgusting flavor to milk, butter, cheese, &.c. but seriously injured our flour, and rendered the manufacture of it difficult. Our best farmers, however, have now nearly subdued it, by the improvement of their land, and a judicious ro- tation of crops. 2. A. ScHceNOPRASUM, L. Scape naked, about as tall as the terete subulate-filiform leaves ; filaments simple. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 81. Vulgo— Chives, or Gives. Gallice—Ciboulette. Germanice—Der Binsen Lauch. Hisp. Cebollino. Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, smooth. Leaves erect, neUrly as long as thescape. Vmbe\subglobose,aboutaninchindiameter. Spathe of 2 ovate membranaceous nerved purplish leaves. Perianth purple, wit/i a tinge of violet. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Hab. Gardens : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Cultivated as a culinary herb ; and often used as a kind of medicinal food, for young poultry. 3. A. Cepa, L. Scape naked, ventricose below, much taller than the subterete leaves ; filaments nearly simple. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 80. Vulgo—Onion. Garden onion. Gallice—Oignon. Germanice—Die Zwiebel. Hispanice—Cebolla. Bulb depressed, orbicular, large (2 to 3 inches in its horizontal diameter). Scape 2 to 3feet high, ventricose towards the base, often an inch or more in diameter in the thickest part, smooth, glaucous. Leaves 6 inches to afoot or more in length. Umbel globose, 2 to 3 inches in diameter; pedicels filiform. Spathe greenish white. Segments of the Perianth lance-oblong, white, with a green keel. Stamens longer than the perianth, the alternate filaments much dilated at base, obscurely trifid, oi obtusely toothed on each side. Seed angular, bluish black, roughish-punctate un- der a lens. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Well known, and extensively cultivated, as an article of food. The ex- pressed juice is apopular remedy for Cynanche trachealis, or Croup. * * Leaves flat. 4. A. sativum, L. Stem leafy below ; umbel capitate, bulbiferous ; filaments alternately trifid. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 68. Common Allium. Vulgo—English Garlic. Gallice—VAil. Germanice—Der Lauch. Hispanice—Ajo. HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 217 Growing in bunches. Bulbs compound, small. Stem 1 to 2/ee/ high, smooth, with erect sheathing leaves on the lower half. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, linear. lanceolate, acute, flat and grass-like, striate, smooth. Spathe of 1 membranaceous leaves, ovate, with a long acumination. Head bearing numerous spathaceous bulbs. Perianth pale purple. Hab. Gardens: frequent, Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Esteemed medicinal, as a vermifuge, ftc. and often cultivated for that object. 8. A. canadense, L. Scape terete, naked, or leafy at base only; umbel capitate, bulbiferous ; filaments simple. Beck, Bot. p. 363. Also? A. striatum. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 222. ATutt. Gen. 1. />,214. Ell. Sk. l.p. 385. Eat. Man. p. 12. Not] of Willd. & Pers. Canadian Allium. Vulgo—Meadow Garlic. Bulb ovoid, small. Scape 12 to 18 inches high, smooth, with a few sheathing lea ves at base. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, nearly linear, rather obtuse, flat above, a little convex beneath, striate, smooth. Spathe of 2 membranaceous nerved ovats acuminate leaves. Umbel bearing both bulbs and flowers; the flowers on slender pedicels half an inch to an inch and half long (often abortive ?). Perianth pal* purple. Stamens about as long as the perianth. Hab. Moist meadows, and flats ; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Aug. ft. A. tricoccum, Ait. Scape subterete, naked ; leaves lance-oblong, broad ; umbel globose ; filaments simple ; seeds solitary. Beck, Bot. p. 363. Three-rerried, or Three-seeded Allium. Bulb oblong-ovoid, acuminate, rather large. Leaves 5 to S inches long, ancTan inch and half to 3 inches wide, often somewhat elliptic-lanceolate, acute, tapering lo a petiole at base, striate-veined, glabrous, becoming membranaceous when dry. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, often a little compressed or ancipital, striate, smooth. Spathe of 2 membranaceous lance-ovate acuminate leaves (1-leaved, Torr.), whitish, with green nerves, deciduous. Umbel globose, an inch and half to 2 inches in diameter; pedicels sulcate, or acutely angled, subclavate. Perianth white. Stamens about as long as the perianth ; filaments dilated at base, ovate-lanceolate, keeled. Style as long as the stamens. Capsule coriaceous, green, obtusely tri- gonous, somewhat 3-lobed; cells 1-seeded. Seeds roundish-obovoid, bluish black, shining, obscurely punctate under a lens. Bab. Moist, shaded grounds ; Brandywine: not common. Fl. June-July. FY. Aug. 06s. This species,—which was first collected here, in 1828, by Dr. Wilmbk Worthington and H. H. Van AmrInge, Esq.—differs remarkably from all our other Alliums ; and has much resemblance to A. ursinum, of Europe. The largo leaves die, and disappear, early in the season—before the flowers are developed. The bulbs emit a fetid disagreeable odor, whilst drying. Three or four additional *pecws are enumerated in the U. Slates. \\ Flowers destitute ofa Spathe. 170. ALETRIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 317. [Greek, Aleiar, meal; the flowers having a pulverulent or mealy appearance.] Perianth tubular, ovoid-oblong, rugose, persistent, adnate to the evary at base ; Umb 6-cleft Stamens inserted at the orifice of the 19 218 HEXANDRIA MOXOGYXIA tube. Ovary superior; style triquetrous, finally 3-parted. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved (3 connate 1-celled capsules 7), opening partially at summit, many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves radical,entire, stellatelyspreading; scape simple; flowers in a terminal raceme, or spike. Nat. Ord. 247. Lindl. Asphodele^:. 1- A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous ; flowera racemose, subsessile ; perianth rugose-muricate. Beck, Bot. p. 364. A. alba, AIx. Am. l.p. 189. Pursh, Am. l.p.226. Mealy Aletris. Vulgo—Star Grass. Colic root. Root perennial, truncated. Leaves spreading on the ground, 3 to 6 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, with parallel nerves, pale yellowish green, and of a dry texture. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, terete, striate, smooth, with several small remote leaves, or bracts. Raceme 6 to 12 or 15 inches long; flowers numer- ous, but not crowded ; pedicels very short, each with 1 or 2 subulate bracts at base scarcely half as long as the flowers. Perianth white, tubular, about 1 third of an inch long, minutely rugose-muricate externally, appearing as if covered with a rough powder; segments short, spreading, thickened and yellowish at the tip. Stamens very short, inserted at the base of the perianth-segments. Ovary ovoid, adnate at base to the perianth, tapering at apex to a triquetrous stylefi united Btyles 1) about as long as the perianth. Capsule coated with the rough persistent perianth, trigonous-ovoid, acuminate, 3-celled (resembling 3 connate capsules), opening at apex, and the persistent style separating into three, but often cohering at summit. Seeds numerous, minute, oblong, reddish, longitudinally striate wilh purple ribs. Hab. Open grassy woodlands; borders of thickets: frequent: Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. The root of this is bitter; and has been used as a remedy for Intermittents. One other species has been enumerated in the U. States; but it seems to be scarce- ly more than a variety. 171. ASPARAGUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 382. [Supposed from the Greek, Asparagos; a young shoot, or Turion. Vide Lexicon.] Perianth 6-parted ; segments linear-oblong, erect. Ovary superior, turbinate; style very short; stigmas 3. Berry 3-celled; cells 2- seeded. Herbaceous, orfruticose : unarmed, or aculeate; leaves mostly fasciculate; flow- ers often solitary, and axillary. Nat. Ord. 247. Lindl. Asphodele^. 1. A. officinalis, L. Unarmed; stem herbaceous, erect, much branched; leaves fasciculate, setaceous and flexible ; peduncles ar- ticulated in the middle. Beck, Bot. p. 363. Officinal Asparagus. Vulgo—Asparagus. Sparrow-grass. Gallice—Asperge. Germanice—Der Spar gel. VHsTtamice-Esparrago. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 3 to 6 feet high ; the turions, or young shoots, at first simple, finally much branched, smooth. Leaves half an inch to an inch or more in length, very narrow, filiform, flat, acute, smooth, in fascicles of 3 to 10 or 12, with minute ovate acuminate scarious stipules at base. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, or in pairs ; peduncles about half an inch long, slender, articulated near the middle. Perianth pale greenish yellow. Berries globose, slightly umbilicate, red when mature. Hab. Gardens; common. Fl. June—Jtdy. Fr. September. HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 219 ' Obs. Generally cultivated, for its young shoots,—which afford a favorite dish, in the spring. A strong and peculiar odor is imparted to the urine, by eating them. There has been no ?iative species found in the U. States. 172, ORNITHOGALUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 323. [Greek, Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and Gala, milk; an ancient whimsical name.] Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments spreading above the middle. Stamens hypogynous; filaments dilated at base. Ovary superior. Capsule roundish, angular, 3-celled. Seeds roundish. Herbaceous: root bulbiferous; leaves radical; scape naked, corymbose, or racemose. Nat. Ord. 247. Lindl. Asphodele.e. 1. O. umbellatum, L. Corymb few-flowered; peduncles longer than the bracts; filaments subulate. Beck,Bot. p. 362. Umbellate Ornithogalum. Vulgo—Ten o'clock. Gall.—Dame d'onze heures. Germ—Die^Vogelmilch. Hisp. Ornitogalo. Bulbs perennial ? small, white. Leaves 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, narrow, linear, channelled, very smooth. Scape 6 to 8 or 10 inches high, terete, smooth. Peduncles alternate, corymbose, 1 to 2 inches long, each with a membranaceous linear-lance- olate acuminate bract at base. Perianth divided to the base ; segments lance- oblong, white within, green externally, with a while margin. Ovary trigonous- lurbinate, often abortive. Hab. Pastures, and cultivated grounds: frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, and has become a grievous nuisance on many farms. Although it rarely perfects its fruit, the bulbs are pro- pagated laterally with great rapidity ; and are extremely difficult to extirpate. One native species has been found in the U. States, on the Pvocky Mountains. 173. HYPOXIS. L. Arutt. Gen. 314. [Gr. Hypo, beneath, and oxys, sharp; alluding to the pointed base of the capsule.] Perianth 6-parted, persistent. Ovary inferior. Capsule elongated, narrowed at base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked. Herbaceous : leaves radical, grass-like ; scape few-flowered. Nat. Ord. 235. Lindl. Hypoxide.& 1. H. erecta,L. Pilose; leaves lance-linear, acuminate, longer than the scape; scape about 4-flowered, subumbellate. Beck, Bot.p. 355. Icon, Bart. Am, 1, tab. 35. f. 1. H. carolinensis. AIx. Am. I. p. 188. Also, H. graminea. Pursh, Am. l.p. 224. var. graminea. Eat. Man. p. 185. Erect Htpoxis. Vulgo—Star of Bethlehem. Root perennial, tuberous, with many coarse fibres. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, grass-like, keeled, nerved, tapering to a subulate point, sprinkled with long hairs. Scape 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, slender, nerved, pilose, mostly 4-flowered (some- times 1 or 2 flowered); pedicels corymbose, or subumbellate, unequal, half an inch to an inch or more in length, silky-villose, bracteate at base; bracts subulate, keeled, scarious on the margin. Perianth bright yellow within, hairy and yellow- ish green externally ; segments lance-oblong, rather obtuse, spreading. Stamens Kiuch shorter than the perianth; anthers incumbent, bifid at each end. Styl* 220 HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA about as long as the stamens ; stigma thick, 2-lobed 1 glandular. \_CapsuU oblong, 3-celled, 3-valved, (indehiscent, Lindl.). Seeds numerous, ovate, angular, black. EU. Torr.] Hab. Open, grassy woodlands .- common. FL May—Oct. Fr. Obs. Ihave not had an opportunity to examine the fruit of this. Authors describe the genus as having a 2-valved spathe; butl can perceive nothing about our plant, entitled to that name. Two other species are enumerated in the U. Statos. 174. POLYGONATUM. Desf. A'utt. Gen. 331. [Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee, or joint; from its many-jointed root.] Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted near the sum- mit of the tube. Ovary superior. Berry subglobose, 3-celled; cell* 2-seeded. Herbaceous : stems simple, terete, or angular; leaves alternate, simple, entire, with parallel nerves ; flowers axillary. Nat. Ord. 249. Lindl. Smilace.e. 1. P. multiflorum, Desf. Stem mostly terete, smooth; leaves ovate- lanceolate, or lance-oval, amplexicaul; peduncles 1- 2-or many-flower- ed. Beck, Bot. p. 359. Also ? P. biflorum, and P. latifolium, of Authors. Convallaria multiflora. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 162. AIx. Am. l.p. 202. Pers. Syn. l.p. 373. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 280. Muhl. Catal. p, 35. Bigel. Bost. p. 133. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 356. Ejusd. Comp. p. 155. Eat. Alan. p. 104. Also ? C. Polygonatum. Aluhl. I, c. Mani-flowered Polyuonatum. Vulgo—Solomon's Seal. Gall. Sceau de Salomon. Germ. Die Weisswurz. Hisp. Sello de Salomon. Root perennial, fibrous. Rhizoma (or subterraneous stem) large, fleshy, creep- ing horizontally, with the cicatrices of former stems on its upper side. Stem 1 or 2 to 4 feet high, a little curved and leaning, terete, or sometimes angular, striate, glabrous. Leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, varying from lance-oblong to oval and lance-ovate, acute, smooth, sessile, and more or less am- plexicaul. Peduncles axillary, half an inch to 2 inches long, compressed, nodding, 2 or3, to 6 or 8-flowered, with the flowers, when numerous, in pendulous fascicles. pedicels half an inch to an inch long. Perianth greenish white, half an inch to 3 quarters in length;segments a little spreading, greenish. Style rather shorter than the perianth. Berry globose, 1 third to near half an inch in diameter, dark blue, or bluish black, when mature. Hab. Rich woodlands ; fence-rows, and ditch banks : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept. 06s. This plant varies considerably in size, and in the number of its flowers ; and I am now inclined to think that the P. biflorum, of Authors (P. angustifolium, Pursh),—although a pretty constant and obvious variety,—is hardly entitled to be made a distinct species. This latter is very common in our woodlands,—is cf smaller growth, with narrower leaves, and rarely with more than 2 flowers on tho axillary peduncles. In every other respect, I can perceive no material difference. - Perhaps the P. latifolium, Desf. and the Convallaria Polygonatum, Muhl. (not 1 of ihe European Botanists,) may also prove to be nothing more than varieties of iha samo plant. The young shoots, or Turions, of the large luxuriant specimens, are said to be a good substitute, at table, for Asparagus. Two er three additional ej -e- e.'es are enumerated in the U. Slates. IIEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 221 175. SMILACINA. Desf. A'utt. Gen. 330. [A diminutive of Smilax; the name of another genus of plants.] Perianth 4 or 6-parted, spreading. Stamens 4 or 6, divergent, attach- ed to the base of the segments. Ovary superior! Berry globose, 2 or 3-celled. Herbaceous: stems simple ; leaves alternate, simple, entire, with parallel nerves ; flowers terminal,racemose. Nat. Ord. 249. Lindl. Smilace.e. 1. S. bifolia, Desf. Stem mostly 2-leaved; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, subsessile, glabrous; raceme simple; flowers tetrandrous. Lindl. Ency. p. 270. S. canadensis. Pursh, Am. l.p. 233. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 225. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 167. Bart. Am. 2. p. 99. Icon, tab. 70. f. I. Florul. Cestr. p. 41. Convallaria bifolia. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 164. AIx. Am. 1. p. 201. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 373. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 280. Aluhl. Catal. p. 35. Bigel. Bost. p. 132. Torr. FlJ^.p. 353. Ejusd. Comp. p. 154. Eat.Man. p. 103. Styrandra bifolia. Beck, Bot. p. 357. TWO-LEAVED SMILACINA. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 4 to 6 inches high, often geniculate at the in- sertion of the leaves. Leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), near the summit of the stem, about 2 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, more or less cordate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, sessile, or on very short petioles. Raceme oblong, about an inch in length; pedicels mostly in pairs, spreading, about 1 fourth of an inch long, with minute ovate colored bracts at base. Perianth white, deeply 4- parted ; segments ovate-oblong, mostly reflexed. Stamens 4. Style-short; stigma slightly bifid ? (slightly 3-lobed, Torr.). Berry small, globose, mucronate, pale red, speckled with purple spots when mature, mostly 1 or 2-seeded. Seed ovoid, of a horny texture. Hab. Rivulets on the Valley hills ; Wynn's meadows : rare. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. 06s. Dr. Beck considers this generically distinct from the other species of Smi- lacina; but it appears to me to present about the same kind of exception which we find in Euonymus, Gentiana, &c. On the other hand, Drs. Torrey and Bige- tow retain both Polygonatum and Smilacina as sub-genera, or sections of Conval- laria. I have thought the middle course most eligible. 2. S. stellata, Desf. Leaves numerous, oval-lanceolate, acute, am- plexicaul ; raceme simple. Beck, Bot. p. 358. Convallaria stellata. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 163. Mx. Am. l.p. 202. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 373. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 280. Muhl. Catal. p. 35. Bigel. Bost. p. 133. Torr.Fl. l.p. 354. Ejusd. Comp.p.l5i. Eat.Man.p. 104. Stellate, or Star-like Smilacijja. Root perennial, creeping, somewhat tuberous. Stem9 to 12 inches high, nearly terete, striate, smooth. Leaves about 9, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, often acuminately tapering towards the apex, sessile and amplexicaul, ciliate-scabrous on the margin, and minutely roughish-pubescent on the nerves beneath. Raceme simple, few-flowered ; pedicels solitary, angular, mi- nutely scabrous, with small lance-ovate colored bracts at base. Perianth white, deeply 6-parted; segments oval-oblong, spreading. Style short, triangular; stigme obscurely 3-lobed. Hub. Along Parke's rivulet, Downingtown: rare. Fl. Mny—June. Fr. 19* 222 HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 06». This speaies, as yet, has been found with ns only In the above Waltty, whare it was collected, in 1830, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes. Tlxafruit I have not seen- 3. 8. racejiosa, Desf. Leaves numerous, oblong-oval, acuminate, subsessile, nerved, pubescent; raceme compound, paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 358. Convallaria racemosa. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 163. AIx. Am. 1. p. 202. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 373. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 280. Aluhl. Catal. p. 35. Bigel. Bost. p. 133. Torr.Fl. l.p. 354. Ej. Comp.p. 154. Eat. Man.p. 104. Racemose Smilacina. Vulgo—Wild Spikenard. Root perennial, fibrous. Rhizoma creeping, jointed, wilh cicatrices at the joint*. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat angular and flexuose, smooth below, slightly pu- bescent above. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and an inch and half to near 3 inches wide, conspicuously acuminate, many-nerved, with 3 more distinct than the others, sprinkled with very short hairs on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, and on ihe margin, contracted at base to a short margined petiole. Raceme 2 lo 4 inches long, branching, oblong, or conical, many-flowered ; branches alternate, roughish* pubescent; pedicels short, with minute bracts at base. Perianth yellowish while, deeply 6-parled; segments narrow, lance-oblong, spreading. Stamens ralher longer than the perianth. Ovary ovoid, acuminate; style very short; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berries numerous, globose, pale red, semi-pellucid, speckled wilh purple spots when mature, rarely perfecting more than 2 seeds, and often but one. Seed subglobose, somewhat compressed. Hab. Moist grounds; fence-rows, and woodlands .-common. Fl. May. FY. Sept. 06s. The mature fruit has an aromatic and not unpleasant taste. Two or ibrne additional species are enumerated in the U. States,—though the genus is noi yet tisflnitivcly settled. 176. UVULARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 327. [Latin; diminutive of Uva, a cluster; alluding, perhaps, to the inflorescence] Perianth deeply 6-parted ; segments lance-oblong, acute, almost dis- tinct at base, twice as long as the stamens. Filaments very short, di- lated ; anthers long, linear, erect, adnate to the filaments. Ovary su- perior ; style trifid, longer than the stamens ; stigmas recurved. Cap- sule 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-valved; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds numerous, subglobose, arillate at the hilum. Arutt. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, simple, with parallel nerves ; peduncles axillarr 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 215. Lindl. Melanthace.k. (SmilacejE. 7brr. Z?ecA.) ' ' 1. U. perfoliata, L> Leaves perfoliate, elliptic-lanceolate, mostlv acute ; perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate-scabrous within ; anthers cuspidate; capsule truncate. Beck, Bot.p. 361. Icon, Bart. Am. 1, tab. 32. Also? U. flava. Pursh, Am. l.p. 231. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 224. Ell. Sk. l.p. 390. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 351. Ejusd. Comp. p. 153. Lindl. Ency. p. 270. Beck, Bot. p. 362. Eat. Alan. p. 379. Perfoliate Uvularia. Vulgo—Bell-wort. Root perennial, fasciculate, fleshy. Stem 9 to 15 or 18 inches high, with sheath- ing stipules near the base, forked near the summit, terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 2 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from ovau to elliptic and obloag-lanceolate, generally acute (obtuse, Authors), perfoliate near the be.**. IIRXAXDRIA MONOGYMA 223 jlabr-ms, the margins reflexed whilst young,—the base mostly rounded, sometime* slightly cordate. Flowers mostly solitary, subterminal, or near the fork of th« stem, pendulous. Perianth pale yellow; segments about an inch long, rough with granular tubercles on the inside. Capsule truncate at apex, Iriangular-turU- nato, angles sulcate, sides concave. Hab. Moist woodlands, and meadows: frequent. Fl. May. FY. August. (>6s. I have rarely, if ever, found the leaves obtuse. This plant is one of iiw popular, but probably good-for-nothing, remedies, among the frontier settlers, fo* the bile of the rattle-snake. 2. TJ. sessilifolia, //. Leaves sessile, lancc-oval, acute at each end, glaucous beneath ; segments of the perianth smooth within ; capsul* acute at each end, stipitate. Beck, Bot. p. 362. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 55. /. 1. Sessile-leaved Uvularia. Root pjrenaial. Stem 9 to 12 inches high, slender, bifid at summit, mostly with a single flower on one of the branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, alternate,—the 2 lower leaves on the flower-bearing branch nearly opposite, with the peduncle opposite the lower one, and immediate- ly beneath the other. Perianth, pale yellow, or ochroleucous ; segments 3fourlhi of an inch long, smooth on the inside. Capsule Iriangular-obovoid, with prominent sharp angles, mucronate, lapering al base to a kind of slipe ; peduncle about half an inch long. Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. August. Obs. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. Stales. 177. ERYTHRONIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 326. (Greek, Erythros, red; perhaps from the purple spots, or stains, on the loaves.] Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted; segments recurved ; the threo inner ones mostly with a tooth-like process on each side near the base, and a longitudinal groove in the middle. Stamens as long as the styles. Ovary superior. Capsule roundish, narrowed at base, or substipitate, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, ovoid, acuminate. Herbaceous: leaves a single pair, subradical, sheathing the scape at base ; scap« 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 251. Lindl. Liliaceje. 1. E. americanum, Sm. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, involute at the apex, minutely punctate, spotted ; segments of the perianth oblong-lan- ccolate, rather obtuse; style clavate, trigonous. Beck, Bot. p. 366. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 33. E. Denscanis. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 96. Mx.Am.l.p. 198. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 360. E. lanceolatum. Pursh, Am. l.p. 230. American Ertthronium. Vulgo—Dog's tooth Violet, Root perennial, an ovoid scaly tuber, or solid bulb, rather deep in the ground. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, smooth, shi- ning, stained wilh purple spots, minutely and superficially punctate, the apex abruptly acuminate, involute, and thickened. Scape 6 to 9 or 12 inches long, with a terminal nodding flower. Perianth yellow, spotted near the base, and purplish externally ; sagmenU an Inch to an inch and half long, the 3 outer ones re-curved 224 HEXAXDR1A MOXOGYXIA from about the middle. Stamens about.as long as the style, and scarcely half as long as the perianlh. Stigma pubescent at summit, obscurely bifid 1 (entire, 2'orr. stigmas 3, Ell.) Capsule subturbinate. Seeds acuminate, with the point incurved. Hab. Moist low grounds ; thickets: common. FH. April. Fr. May—June. 06s. This handsome little plant very commonly associates with the Panax tnfoliwn. Two or three other species are enumerated in the U. States. 178. LILIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 324. [Supposed from the Celtic, Li, white ; the Lily being emblematic of whiteness.] Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted; segments mostly recurved, with a longitudinal nectariferous groove within, from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter than the style. Ovary superior ; style mostly as long as the perianth ; stigma thick, triangular, entire. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, 3-valved, the valves connected by latticed hairs. Seeds numerous, flat. Herbaceous: stems simple, leafy; leaves sessile, alternate, or verticillate; flowers terminal, subumbellate. Nat. Ord. 251. Lindl. Liliaceje. 1. L. philadelphicum, L. Leaves verticillate above, linear-lanceo- late, smooth; stem 1 to 2 or 3-flowered ; perianth erect, campanulate, with the segments unguiculate. Beck, Bot. p. 364. Philadelfhian Lilium. Vulgo—Wild Lily. Root perennial, bulbous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, glabrous, shining. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and about half an inch wide, smooth on both sides, in verticils of 6 or 8, the lower ones often alternate, or scattered. Flower mostly solitary (sometimes 2 or 3), erect, on a terminal peduncle 1 to 3 inches long. Perianth reddish orange-color, with fulvous or purplish spots within ; segments about 3 inches long, lanceolate,—1 third of their length, at base, contracted into narrow claws. Filaments slender, smooth ; anthers incumbent, linear, large (1 third to half an inch long). Capsule oblong, obtusely triangular, with the an- gles sulcate* Hab. Woodlands, and borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. Sept. 2. L. canadense, L. Leaves generally verticillate, lanceolate, dis- tinctly nerved, nerves hairy beneath; peduncles terminal, elongated, usually by threes; perianth nodding, campanulate, with the segments lanceolate, and slightly revolute. Beck, Bot. p. 365. Canadian Lilium. Vulgo— Wild Lily. Root perennial, bulbous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, smooth and shining. Leavesl to 3 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, the margins and nerves beneath scabrous with short hairs, in verticils of 4 to 6 leaves, verticils often rather distant. Flowers sometimes solitary, but mostly about 3, and occasionally as many as 5, 7, and even 10, all nodding, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long. Perianth yellow (sometimes reddish orange), with numerous roundish dark purple spots on the inside; segments 2 to 3 inches long, lanceolate, acuminate, recurved from near the middle. Hab. Meadows, and borders of woodlands: common. FL June—July. Fr. Sept. 3. L. superbum, L. Leaves verticillate below, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often in a pyramidal raceme ; pe- rianth mostly nodding, with the segments revolute. Beck, Bot. p. 365. Superb Lilium. Vulgo—-Turk's Cap. HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 225 Root perennial, a large scaly bulb. Stem 3 to 5 (in favorable situations, some- rimes 7 or 8) feet high, terete, smooth. , Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 third lo 3 fourths of an inch wide, distinctly 3-nerved, with a slender acumination, and nar- rowed at base, the margins and nerves smooth; verticils of 6 or 8 leaves; the upper leaves more or less scattered, generally short and often lance-ovate. Flowers'i or 3 to 10 or 20, or more, when numerous arranged pyramidally on peduncles 3 to 6 inches, or more, in length. Perianth bright reddish orange, with numerous roundish dark purple spots on the inside ; segments about 3 inches long, tapering pretty regularly to the apex, mostly revolute, or reflexed. Style nearly 1 thud shorter than the perianth ; stigma obscurely lobed. Hab. Moist grounds ; Brandywine: rare. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Sept.— Oct. 06s. I have not, myself, met with this splendid species, in Chester County : but Mr. Samuel Peirce, a careful observer, and excellent practical Botanist, in- forms me he has seen it along the Brandywine, near the south side of the County. 11 occurs frequently in the moist clay grounds, about 12 miles south of West Ches- ter, on the road to Wilmington, Del. Dr. Beck seems to think it a "mere luxuriant variety" of the L. canadense ; but, notwithstanding their general resemblance, the distinguishing characters appear to be constant, even in the humblest speci- mens. One or two additional species are enumerated in the U. Stales. 179. HEME ROC ALLIS. L. A'utt. Gen. 320. [Greek, Hemera, a day, and Kallos, beauty j its flower lasting but a day.] Perianth tubular, 6-parted ; tube cylindric ; limb campanulate, marces- cent. Stamens declined. Ovary superior, embraced in the tube of the perianth. Capsule trigonous, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numer- ous, roundish. Herbaceous: leaves radical, linear, channelled ; scape corymbose. Nat. Ord. 261. Lindl. Liliacea:. (Asphodelsa. Beck.). 1. H. fulva, L. Leaves linear, keeled ; inner segments of the peri- anth obtuse, undulate. Beck, Bot. p. 363. Tawnt Hemehocallis, Vulgo—Day Lily. Gallice—Hemerocale. Germanice—Tagblume. Hisp.—Lirio-asfodelo. Root perennial, fasciculate. Leaves about 2 feet long, and an inch wide, acute, smooth. Scape 3 to 4 feet high, somewhat leafy, corymbosely branched at summit; branches bracteate at base. Perianth tawney, or reddish yellow, about 1 inches long; tube contracted, about an inch long; limb 6-parted, spreading, inner seg- ments curled, or wavy on the margin. Hab. Wet meadows; about houses: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 05s. This foreigner is frequent in gardens ; whence it has strayed, and is be- coming gradually naturalized, in several neighborhoods. The H. flavo, wilh yellow flowers, and flat acute perianth-segments, is occasionally found in gardens, tl»o. There are no native species in the U. Slates. b. Perianth Calyx-like. *. Flowers on a Spadix. 180. OROXTIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 333. [An ancient name ; supposed to be derived from the river Orontes.] Spadix terete, covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to G truncate di- lated cucullate sepals. Stamens 4 to 6. Ovary superior ; stigma sessile, eubumbilicatc. Utricle 1-seeded. 226 HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Herbaceous: leaves radical, entire, petiolate; spadix terminal, on a t«rola scape, with a sheathing radical spathe. Nat. Ord. 256. Lindl. aroide.b. 1, 0. AQ.UATICUM, L. Leaves lance-oval, or obliquely ovate-lanceo- late; scape terete, clavate. Beck, Bot. p. 381. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 37. Aq.uatic Ohontium. Vulgo—Golden Club, Never wet. Floating Arum. Root perennial. Leaves enlarging, finally 8 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, a little succulent, very smooth, of a deep green and velvety appear- ance on the upper surface, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, the lamina ab- ruptly coalescing with the summit of the petiole ; petiole 2 or 3 to 5 inches long. Spadix 1 to 2 inches long, terete, a little tapering, terminating a terete clavate scape 6 to 12 or 18 inches in length; the spadix and upper part of the scape yellow. Flowers sessile, crowded. Perianth yellow, with 6 sepals in the lower flowers, and 4 sepals in those at the apex of the spadix,—the number of stamens corres- ponding. Utricle naked, subglobose, 1 third of an inch in diameter, smooth, deep groen. Hab. Pools, along the Brandywine: not unfrequent. Fl. April—May. FY. August. 06». The only species in ihe U. States. 181. ACORUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 334. [Gr. a, privative, and iifore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.] Spadix terete, covered with flowers. Perianth deeply 6-parted, or rather of 6 glumaceous oblong subcncullate sepals, thickened at apex. Ovary superior ; stigma sessile, minute. Capsule 3-celled, angular, indehiscent, many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves radical, ensiform; spadix lateral, on a leaf-like scape, with- out a spathe. Nat. Ord. 256. Lindl. Aboide.32. 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape ancipital, with a long ensiform point ii- cing much above the spadix. Beck, Bot. p. 381, Vulgo—Calamus. Sweet Flag. Gallice—Acore odorant. Germ.—Der Kalamus. Hisp.-Acoio Calamo, Root perennial. Rhizoma (or subterraneous stem) thick, horizontal, creeping, throwing out the fibrous roots in verticils. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, smooth. Scape as long as the leaves, and much resem- bling them, somewhat triangular below the spadix. Spadix sessile on Ihe side of the scape, 2 to 3 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, terete, tapering lo an obtuse point, tessellated with rather small flowers. Sepals greenish, cuneate- oblong, keeled, scarious, incurved and thickened at apex. Capsule subtrigonous- oblong, obtuse, or with a short abrupt point. Hab. Swampy meadows ; aboutspring-heads: frequent. Fl. May-June. Fr. Sept. 06s. The whole plant is warmly aromatic,—especially the creeping subterrane- ous stem, or rhizoma; and is deservedly popular, as a remedy for flatulent colic, &c. It has been found a valuable auxiliary to the Cinchona, in the treatment of Inter- mittents. Our American Botanists speak of it as beinghindoubtedly indigenous; but I have never seen it where it did not appear like an introduced plant. It is the only epecies in the U. States. HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA 227 1 J Flowers more or less panicled. 182. JUNCUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 335. [Latin, jungo, to join; from its being used to tie or bind objects together.] Perianth deeply 6-parted, or rather of 6 glumaceous persistent sepals, bibracteate at base. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary superior ; stigmas 3, sub- sessile. Capsule mostly 3-celled, 3-valved ; valves with the dissepi- ments in the middle. Seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. Herbaceous: stem culm-like, naked, or leafy, often nodose; leaves subterete and nodose, or channelled, flat and grass-like; flowers corymbose-paniculate. Nat. Ord. 144. Lindl. Jonces:. •j" Culms naked,- the sterile ones resembling terete leaves. Panicle lateral. 1. J. effusus, L. Culm terete, striate, soft; panicle decompound, loose, spreading; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 371. Effused Juncus. Vulgo—Common Rush. Soft Rush. Gallice—Jonc &. meche. Germanice—Die Binse. Hispanice*—Junco. Root perennial, cespitose. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, erect, simple, soft and pliable, smooth, filled with a spongy pith, sheathed at base, and terminating at summit in a long tapering pointed extremily. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the culm above the middle, sessile, much branched, often proliferous, bracteate at base, and at the subdivisions; bracts lance-oblong, acuminate, scarious. Sepals greenish with whitish scarious margins, very acute, or cuspidate, keeled, mostly 3-ribbed, with 2 ovate acuminate bracts at base. Stamens 3, opposite the outer se- pals, shorter than the perianth ; anthers white. Style very short; stigmas 3, fili- form, spreading. Capsule trigonous-obovoid, obtuse. Seeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, yellowish. Hab. Moist low grounds: common. Fl. June. FY. August. 06s. This species, if neglected, is apt to prevail to a troublesome extent in our wet meadows, and low grounds,—forming numerous bunches, or Tussocks. Ths whole genus is altogether worthless, to the agriculturist. + + Culms leafy. * Leaves subterete, nodose-articulate. Panicle terminal. 2. J. acuminatus, Mx. Culm leafy, terete; leaves terete, fistular, with knot-like joints; panicle compound, subcorymbose; flowers in capitate clusters ; heads 3 to 6 or 9-flowered, pedunculate, or sessile ; perianth rather shorter than the triquetrous acute capsule; sepals lin- ear-lanceolate, cuspidate. Beck, Bot. p. 372. J. sylvaticus. Willd? Sp. 2, p. 211. Muhl. Catal. p. 36. Ejusd. Gram.p. 206. Also? Pers. Syn. 1, p. 384. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 237. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 227. Florul. Cestr. p. 43. Acuminate Juncus. Root perennial, fibrous, cespitose. CulmX to2feet high, fistular,jointed (nee &Tticula.to,Muhl.), smooth, pliable. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, terete, tapering to a point, smooth, fistular, indistinctly nodose-articulate (or the fistular cavity interrupted by numerous diaphragmatic partitions), slightly contracted at those 228 HEXANDBIA MOXOGYXIA sscming articulations; sheaths of the leaves striate, rather loose and open. Posh- •fa rather erect, more or less corymbose, generally with one principal branch overtopping the rest; branches wilh lanceolate acuminate bracts at base. Head* usually 3 to 6 flowered, pedunculate, or sessile, one subsessile in the forks of tb» branches, wilh ovate acuminate bracts at base. Perianth pale green, or sometimes purplish, often as long as the capsule, with ovate subaristate scarious bracts at base ; sepals tapering to a very sharp slender awnlike point. Stamens 3, oppo- site the outer sepals. Capsule triquetrous-oblong, with a short acumination, red- dish brown, striate, shining. Seeds minute, oblong, acuminate at each end, striate, lawny yellow. Hab. Meadows, and moist low grounds: frequent. Fl. June—July. FY. Aug.—Sept 06s. The heads of flowers, in this species, are subject tq a kind of monstrosity (arising perhaps from the puncture of insects), which gives them the appearance •f being viviparous. 3. J. poltcephalus, Mx. Culm few-leaved, terete, subcompressed below; leaves subterete, or compressed, fistular, nodose-articulate; pa- nicle compound; flowers in globose heads; heads many-flowered, pedunculate, or sessile; perianth rather shorter than the triquetrous acute capsule; sepals lanceolate, cuspidate. Beck, Bot. p. 373. J. nodosus, var. pofycephalos. Pers. Syn. l.p. 384. J. echinatus. Aluhl. Cat. p. 36. Ej. Gram.p. 207. Bart. Phil. l.p. 170. Mast-headed Juncus. Vulgo—Button Rush. Root perennial, somewhat tuberous, and fibrous, creeping. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, fistular, jointed, about 2-leaved. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often compressed and ensiform, thickish, with knot-like joints; sheaths rather open, with a scarious margin which is produced at summit. Panicle with 1 or 2 elongated branches. Heads 3 to 12 or 15, usually from 5 to 9, globose, about 1 third of an inch in diamo- ter, pedunculate, or sessile, densely flowered, with lanceolate acuminate bracts at base. Perianth pale green, with scarious lance-ovate acuminate bracts at base, which are often trifid at apex, or toothed on each side the awn-like point; sepal* lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, the outer ones keeled, or concave. Samens 3, or sometimes 6, nearly as long as the sepals. Capsule oblong, trique- trous, acute at apex, or with a short acumination. Seeds minute, oblong, striatal tawny yellow, with a scarious cauda, or arillus-like acumination, at each end. Bab. Low, swampy grounds: frequent. Fl. July. FY. September. 06s. This species, so remarkable for its globular bur-like heads, was unaccount- ably overlooked, when my Catalogue was published. Michaux describes 2 -pari'e- ties,—which Mr. Elliott says are distinct species, and has described them accord- ingly, under the names of J. polycephalus, and J. echinatus. 4. J. bitbverticillatus, Willd? Culm few-leaved, compressed; lcave9 compressed, fistular, nodose-articulate ; panicle subcorymbose, elongated; flowers in dense capitate fascicles ; heads many-flowered, pedunculate, or sessile; perianth shorter than the triquetrous acumi- nate capsule; sepals linear-lanceolate, keeled, striate, cuspidate. Beck Bot. p. 373. J. fluitans? Mx. Am. 1. p. 191. J. verticillatus? Pers. Syn. 1. p. 384. Pursh, Am. \. p. «37. ATvtt. Gen. 1. p. 227. Sp»V»RTICILI*iTX JtJJTCUS. hexandria monogynia 229 Root perennial. Culm erect (decumbent, Willd.), 18 inches to 2 feetjhigh, slender, fistular, jointed, about 2-leaved. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, slender, compressed, with knot-like joints ; sheaths rather short and open, wilh a slightly scarious mar- gin at summit. Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; branches subverticillate, diverging, very unequal in length. Heads of flowers somewhat hemispherical, fasciculate-ver- ticillate, sessile, or terminating the peduncles, (usually a sessile head in the axil of the branches), with lance-ovate acuminate bracts at base. Perianth about 1-fourth shorter than the capsule, with scarious ovate mucronate bracts at base ; sepals striate, or 3 nerved, green on the back, with white scarious margins. Capsule triquetrous-oblong, acuminately tapering to a sharp point. Seeds minute, oblong, acute at each end, tawny yellow. Hab. Swamps, on the Mica-slate range; G. Meredith's: frequent. Fl. July: FY. Sept. 06s. This species was first collected here, in 1828, by D. Townsend,Esq. and was supposed to be a variety of J. polycephalus; but it proves, on examination and comparison, to be the J. subverticillatus, of Muhlenberg. It seems to differ somewhat from Willdenow's description; and can hardly be reconciled with Mi- chaux1 s i- fluitans,—which has been cited as a synonym. * * Leaves channelled above, or flat and grass-like. 5. J. tenuis, Willd. Culm slender, nearly naked, leafy at base; leaves narrow, setaceous-linear, channelled ; panicle unequal, subdichotomous, mostly shorter than the erect 2-leaved involucre, flowers solitary, race- mose, subsessile; perianth longer than the obtuse capsules. Beck, Bot. p. 372. J. bicornis. Mx. Am. l.p. 191. Also, Pursh, Am. 1. p. 236. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 227. Also, J. dichotomus. Ell. Sk. l.p. 406. (fide Schweinitz), Florul. Cestr. p. 43. Slender Juncus. Root perennial, cespitose. Culm 6 to 12 inches, and sometimes near 2 feet, high, often very slender, subterete, striate, smooth, generally naked, except near the root, and at the base of the panicle. Leaves subradical, 3 to 6 or nine inches long, very narrow, keeled, striate, channelled on the upper side, smooth. Panicle sub- corymbose, mostly with 2 principal branches, and several shorter ones between, with a foliaceous involucre at base, of which the 2 principal leaves are erect, and generally longer than the panicle ; branches of the panicle bracteate at base. Flowers solitary, 1 or 2 subsessile in the forks of the branches, and 2 or 3 uni- lateral on the branches. Perianth greenish; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 1 fourth longer than the capsule, with 2 ovate rather acute bracts at base. Stigmas 3, linear, spreading, on a short but distinct style. Capsule subglobose, somewhat trigonous. Seeds oblong, a little gibbous, striate, brown. Hab. Low moist grounds; and also on dry hills : common. Fl. June. Fr. July, Aug. 06s. This species varies considerably in size and appearance. The involucre is often 3 or 4-leaved; and in many instances only 1 of the leaves is longer than the panicle; sometimes all are shorter. The J. dichotomus, of my Catalogue, I am now satisfied is only a variety of this. 6. J. bufonius, L. Culm somewhat leafy, dichotomous-paniculate at summit; leaves linear-setaceous, channelled; flowers subsolitary, unilateral, nearly sessile ; perianth much longer than the elliptic-ovoid capsule; sepals conspicuously acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 372. Toad Juncus, 20 230 HEXAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Root annual, fibrous, cespitose. Culm 2 to 6 or 8 inches high, subterete, striate-, smooth, dichotomously paniculate above. Leaves subradical, shorter than ihe culm, dilated membranaceous and sheathing at base. Panicle large, few-flowered, usually with a solitary subsessile flower in the forks of the branches; branches with lanceolate scarious bracts at base. Involucre foliaceous, sheathing at base, one of the leaves mostly overtopping the panicle. Perianth pale green; sepals nearly twice as long as the capsule, linear-lanceolate, much acuminate, with broad white scarious margins ; bracts large, ovate, thin and white. Capsule ovoid- •blong, minutely striace-punctate, yellowish, shining. Seeds ovoid, obtuse,yellow- ish-brown. Hab. Wet,low grounds; around ponds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.—Sept. 7. J. mahginatus, Rostk. Culm leafy, nodose, compressed ; leaves flat, smooth, grass-like; panicle subcorymbose, compound, proliferous ; flowers in capitate clusters; perianth about as long as the obtuse cap- sule ; outer sepals and bracts subaristate, inner sepals obtuse, margined. Beck, Bet. p. 372. J. aristulatus. AIx. Am. 1. p. 192. J. aristatus. Pers. Syn. I. p. 385. Ell. Sk. I. p. 408. Also, Pursh, Am. I. p. 237. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 227. Also, J. bulbosus. Florul. Cestr. p. 43. Not of Linn. Margined Juncus. Root perennial, tuberous, and creeping. Culm 1 to 2 and 3 feet high, simple, compressed, pithy, smooth. Leaves 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, flat, linear, acute, grass-like, sheathing at base, the radical ones mostly shorter than those on the culm. Panicle somewhat corymbose, often proliferous and elongated (2 to 5 inches in length), mostly longer than the erect foliaceous involucre at base. Flowers in fascicles, or heads ; heads 3 to 5 or 6-flowered, pedunculate, or subsessile in the forks of the branches; branches with subulate long-pointed bracts at base. Peri- anth with the sepals unequal, green on the back, edged with dark purple ; the 3 outer ones, and the bracts at their base, subaristate ; the 3 inner ones obtuse, with scarious margins. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the exterior sepals. Stigmas filiform, subsessile. Capsule obtusely trigonous-obovoid, often dark purple. Seeds minute, yellowish, acute at each end, striate. Hab. Moist low grounds ; borders of woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr.Sept. 06s. We have a large variety of this,—often 3 feet high, with an elongated panicle, and long leaves on the culm,—which is probably the var. odoratus, of Tor- rey ;—-though I have not had occasion to notice the vanilla-like odor of which he speaks. The J. bulbosus, of my Catalogue, proves also to be a variety of this species. It is a starved specimen, collected on the Mica-slate hills ; and was er- roneously inserted by that name, on the authority of a distinguished botanical friend. It is quite possible that other species, of this difficult and not very attrac- tive genus, may occur in Chester County; but the foregoing are all that I have as certained satisfactorily. Nine or ten additional species are enumerated in lb* U. States. 183. LUZULA. DC. [Italian, Lucciola, a glow-worm; from its glittering spikelets, when wet with dew] Perianth deeply 6-parted, or rather of 6 glumaceous persistent sepals, bibracteate at base. Ovary superior; stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; valves without dissepiments. Seeds 3, at the bottom ef th* cell. HEXAXDRIA TR1GYXIA 231 Herbaceous: stems culm-like nodose, leafy; leaves flat, soft and grass-like, generally pilose; flowers in terminal subpaniculate clusters,or spikelets. Nat. Ord. 244. Lindl. Junce.e. 1. L. campestris, DC. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose ; spikelets mostly pedunculate, the central one subsessile ; sepals acuminate, ra- tbcr longer than the obtuse capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 373. Juncus campestris. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 221. Mx. Am. l.p. 190. Pers. Syn. l.p. 386. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 311. Muhl. Catal. p. 36. Ejusd. Gram. p. 199. Pursh, Am. l.p. 238. ATutt. Gen. l./>. 227. Bart, Phil. l.p. 170. Ell. Sk. l.p. 410. Bigel. Bost.p. 140. Florul. Cestr. p. 43. Field Luzula. Vulgo—Field Rush. Root perennial, fibrous, sometimes creeping and tuberous. Culm 4 to 12 or 20 inches high, often cespitose, slender, subtereie, solid with pith, striate, smooth. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat thickened and car- tilaginous at the point, the margin ciliate with long loose hairs, sheathing at base, with the long hairs in something ofa tuft at the throat. Panicle subumbellate, or cymose ; peduncles 4 to 6 or 8, unequal, half an inch to 2 or 3 inches long, erect, or spreading, some of them at length reflexed ; involucre of 2 or 3 unequal leaves, usually shorter than the longest peduncles. Spikelets roundish, or oblong-ovoid, many-flowered. Sepals generally fuscous, or chesnut brown, scarious on the mar- gin, with whitish scarious bracts at base. Stigmas exserted, filiform, about as long as the style. Capsule trigonous-obovoid ; valves with a central internal ridge, but no dissepiments. Seeds ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, scabrous-punctate. Hab. Fields, and open woodlands : common. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06e. Three other species are enumerated in the U. States. [Sabbatia angularis. Pentandria Monogynia.] [Laurus Sassafras. Enneandria Monogynia.] Order 2. Digynia. [Polygonum Persicaria. P. orientate. P. arifolium. Octandria Trigynia.] Order 3. Trigynia. 1«4. MELANTHIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 343. [Gr. Melas, black, and Anthos, a flower ; the flowers becoming of a dark color.] Monoicouslt Polygamous : Perianth corolla-like, deeply 6-parted, rotate, persistent; segments suborbicular, with 2 glands at base, unguiculate. Stamens inserted on the claws of the perianth- segments. Ovary superior (often abortive) ; styles persistent. Cap- sule trigonous-ovoid, 3-celled (or 3 connate capsules); apex 3-horned, partly trifid. Seeds numerous, compressed, membranaceously mar- gined. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, somewhat gramineous, with parallel nerves; flowers in a terminal racemose panicle. Nat. Ord. 245. Lindl. Melanthace*. 1. M. virginicum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate; panicle pyramidal, with simple racemose branches ; segments of the perianth at first orbi- cular, finally ovate-oblong, subhastate, or auriculate. Beck, Bot. p. 366, 232 HEXAXDRIA TRIGYXIA. Veratrum virginicum. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 426. Lindl. Ency. p. 860. Virginian Melanthium. Root perennial. Stem scape-like, 3 to 4 feet high, erect, terete, minutely pubes- cent, leafy. Leaves 9 to 12 or 15 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, acute, nerved, slightly keeled, smooth, narrowed almost to a petiole towards the base, partially embracing the stem, the lower ones sheathing. Panicle 12 to 15 inches long; branches 2 to 6 inches long, simple, alternate, rather erect, roughish-pubescent, with lanceolate bracts at base ; flowers racemose on the branches; pedicels 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, with ovate rather obtuse pu- bescent bracts at base. Perianth pale greenish yellow, finally becoming brown ; segments pubescent externally, rotately spreading, at first somewhat spatulate, or the limb orbicular-ovate, repand-denticulate, with 2 oval glandular spots at base, abruptly contracted to a narrow claw below,—at length the limb becomes ovate- oblong, and auriculate, or somewhat hastate, at base. Stamens shorter than the perianth, inserted into the narrow claws of the segments, and apparently adnate to them at base. Ovary mostly abortive in the lower flowers, in the upper flowers generally perfect; styles triquetrous-subulate, diverging; stigmas simple, re- curved. Capsule about half an inch long, and 1 third of an inch in diameter, ob- long-ovoid, triangular (apparently consisting of 3 connate carpels) a little 3-cleft at apex,3-horned by the persistent styles, smooth. (Seeds compressed, lance-ovab with a winged margin. Hab. Wet meadows; margins of swamps: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Obs. Three other species are enumerated in the United States. 185. VERATRUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 345. [From the Latin, vere atrum, truly black; in allusion to the color of the root.] Monoicouslt polygamous : Perianth calyi-likc, deeply 6-parted, spreading, persistent; segments lanceolate, without glands, sessile. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Ovaries 3, connate, superior (often abortive). Capsules 3, connate. Seeds numerous, compressed, enclosed in a membranous coat. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, more or less elliptic, and plicate, many nerved ; flowers in a terminal racemose panicle. Nat. Ord. 245. Lindl. Melanthaceje. 1. V. viride, Ait. Leaves broad-oval, acuminate, plicate; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemose branches; bracts of the branches oblong-lanceoiate; partial bracts longer than the pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 368. V. album. Mx. Am. 2. p. 249. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 397. Green Veratrum. Fw/^o-Hellebore. White Hellebore. Indian Poke. Root perennial, thick and fleshy, with numerous fibres. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, leafy, terete, pubescent. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, near- ly elliptical, with a short acumination, almost acute at base, sessile, sheathing the stem, plicate, smoothish above, pubescent beneath,—the upper leaves, and principal bracts, narrower and lanceolate, tapering to a slender acute point. Panicle 8 to 12 inches long; branches compound, pubescent, with foliaceous bracts at base ; pedicels about 1 fourth of an inch long. Perianth yellowish green; segments lance-oblong, nerved, with minute rugged serratures on the margin, taper- ing at base, and thickened on the edge. Stamens recurved, shorter than the perianth. Ovaries 3, oblong, cohering (in many of the flowers abortive); styles recurved, persistent. Capsules 3, united, about an inch long, tapering at each end, separa- HEXAXDRIA TRIGYNIA 233 ling at summit, and opening on the inner side. Seeds imbricated, linear-oblong, coated and margined by a whitish cellular membrane, which is compressed, lance-ovate, and obliquely acuminate. Hab. Low swampy grounds; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. ' 06s. The nerves, in the broad elliptic leaves, have some resemblance to ths meridian lines in a map of the globe. The root of this plant is said to possess ac- ti ve properties; and to produce violent effects, if taken internally. It has been frequently asserted, in the public prints, that it will effectually destroy Cock- roaches; but my experience does not confirm the statement. The infusion is sometimes used, in popular practice, as a lotion, for cutaneous diseases. Two additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 186. HELONIAS. L. A'utt. Gen. 346. [Supposed from the Greek, Helos, a marsh; the place of growth of some species.] Flowers sometimes dioicous ; perianth corolla-like, deeply 6-partetl, persistent; segments without glands, sessile. Ovary superior ; styles distinct, persistent. Capsule 3-horned, 3-celled; cells mostly few- seeded. Herbaceous : leaves chiefly radical, sublinear, often gramineous, and sheathing at base; flowers in a terminal simple raceme. Nat. Ord. 245. Lindl. Melan- THACE^E. 1. HI dioica, Pursh. Scape leafy ; leaves lanceolate, the radical ones obovate-lanceolate; raceme dioicous, somewhat spiked, the summit nodding at first; pedicels short, without bracts; segments of the peri- anth linear. Beck, Bot. p. 367. H. lutea. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 330. Lindl. Ency. p. 292. Veratrum luteum. Willd. Sp. l.p. 897. Pers. Syn. l.p. 397. Aluhl. Catal.p. 94. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 234. Dioicous Helonias. Vulgo—Blazing Star. Devil's bit. Plant yellowish green, glabrous. Root perennial, thick, truncate or praemorse. Scape 1 to 2 feet (the pistillate ones about 3 feet) high, sulcate-striate. Radical leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, oblanceolate, often somewhat spatulate, rather obtuse, attenuated nearly to a petiole at base ; those on the scape gradually smaller as they ascend, linear-lanceolate, acute. Flowers dioicous, in a simple spike-like raceme 6 to 12 inches in length. Staminate ra- ceme slender, flaccid, mostly nodding or,recurved, ochroleucous. Perianth shorter than the stamens; segments very narrow, linear, obtuse ; pedicels 1 fourth to half an inch long, colored. Ovary mostly wanting. Pistillate raceme spiked, stouter, and mostly erect. Perianth about as long as the ovary, greenish white ; segments linear, obtuse. Stamens short, abortive. Ovary trigonous-ovoid, greenish; stigmas subsessile, clavate, fleshy, spreading, or recurved. Capsule about half an inch long, obovoid-oblong, tapering at base, 3-furrowed at apex, opening at summit, erect, or appressed to the rachis, on short angular clavate pedicels. Seeds nu- merous, oblong, slightly coated and irregularly margined by a white compressed cellular membrane. « Hab. Woodlands, and meadows : frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Sept. 06s. I have occasionally observed perfect flowers on the staminate racemes ; and sometimes 4 stigmas on the ovary,—in which cases the capsule was 4-celled, *nd 4-furrowed at apex. This plant seems to be intermediate between Veratrum and Helonias; and, as Dr. Torrey remarks, "should perhaps be the type of a *«w "«nas." The root is considerably bitter,-affording a tonic of some value. 20* 234 HEXANDR1A TRIGYXIA 2. H. ertthrosperma, Mx. Scape leafy; leaves linear, slightly channelled above, very long; raceme oblong; bracts short; capsule shortened, 3-lobed ; lobes with divaricate horns ; seeds ovoid, with a purple fleshy coat. Beck, Bot. p. 367. H. lata. Ait. Kew, 2. p. 330. Lindl. Ency. p. 292. H. angustifolia. Florul. Cestr. p. 44. Not of Michaux, and others. Melanthium latum. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 267. Muhl. Catal. p. 37. Red-seeded Helonias. Root perennial [bulbous, Ell. Torr."]. Scape 18 inches to 2 feet high, obtusely angular, smooth. Radical leaves 12 to 15 or 18 inches long, and 1 thitd to 3 fourths of an inch wide, nearly linear, acute, or sometimes obtuse, smooth; those on the scape shorter, acute, and more grass-like. Raceme 2 or 3 to 6 and sometimes 9 inches long; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, each with a lance-ovate acute bract at base (bracts obtuse, Torr.). Perianth greenish white; segments oblong, obtuse, sessile. Stamens rather longer than the perianth; anthers white. Ovary 3-lobed; lobes abruptly acuminate. Capsule reddish brown, 3-lobed (or rather 3 connate capsules), turgid ; lobes abruptly acuminate, or horned by the persistent styles; horns diverging, or divaricate. Seeds few, rather large, ovoid, enclosed in a pulpy coat, which is purple at maturity. Hab. Swamps, in the Mica^slate; J. D* Steele's: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. 06s. This plant is said to be a narcotic poison; and Mr. Elliott informs us that the root is used, at the South, for destroying flies. The H. angustifolia, of my Catalogue, proves to be nothing more than a starved specimen of this. There are four additional species enumerated in the U. States. 187. GYROMIA. ATutt. Gen. 351. [Greek, Gyros, a circle; in reference to its verticillate leaves.] Perianth corolla-like, deeply 6-parted, revolute. Ovary superior; stigmas sessile, long, linear, recurved, united at base. Berry 3-celled; cells 3 to 6 seeded. Seeds compressed, 3-sided. Herbaceous: root tuberous; stem simple; leaves entire, verticillate; flowers terminal, aggregated. Nat. Ord. 249. Lindl. SmilacejE. 1. G. virginica, ATutt. Leaves lance-oval, acuminate, sessile, in a verticil of 5 to 9 near the middle of the stem, at summit mostly in threes; peduncles aggregated, at the terminal Verticil. Torr. Fl. l.p. 374. Medeola virginica. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 270. Mx. Am. l.p. 214. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 398. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 327. Muhl. Catal. p. 37. Pursh, Am. l.p. 244. Ell. Sk. l.p. 425. Bigel. Bost.p. 141. Lindl.Ency. p. 290. Beck, Bot. p. 360. Virginian Gtromia. Vulgo—Indian Cucumber. Cucumber root. Plant pale green. Root perennial, a white oblong horizontal tuber, 1 to 2 inches long. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, smootbrehrthed with a whitish or light brown deciduous flocculent wool, and with 1 or 2 scarious sheathing stipules at and near the base. Leaves in 2 whorls; the lower one above the middle of the stem, with occasionally a straggling leaf an inch or two below the whorl, the leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and about an inch wide, acute at each end; the upper whorl terminal, mostly of 3 (sometimes of 4 or 5) leaves, the leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad oval, acuminate, often stained at base with dark purple when the plant is in fruit. Peduncles 3 to 6 (sometimes 8 or 10), half an inch to an inch long, arising from the HEXAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 235 terminal whorl, at first recurved between the leaves, with 'the flowers nodding, erect and purplish when in fruit. Perianth pale greenish yellow; segments lance-oblong, obtuse, nerved, revolute. Stigmas about half an inch long, thickish, linear, recurved, dark purple. Berry globose, 3-celled, dark purple when mature. Seeds suborbicular, compressed, somewhat 3-sided,—usually but 1 perfected in each cell, the others abortive. Hab. Shaded, moist grounds; about spring heads: frequent. Fl. May, June. Fr. Sept. 06s. The delicate white tuber has been thought to resemble the cucumber, in taste; and is alleged to be diuretic in its properties. It is the only species of th« genus,—having been separated, by Mr. Nuttall, from the Medeolas of Africa. 188. TRILLIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 352. [Latin, Trilix, triple; several parts of its structure being in threes.] Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer segments sepaloid, the 3 inner ones petaloid. Ovary superior ; stigmas sessile, spread- ing, distinct, or approximate. Berry 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves in threes, verticillate at the summit of the stem, entire; flowers solitary, terminal. Nat. Ord. 249. Lindl. Smilace^:. 1. T. pendulum, Muhl. Leaves roundish-rhomboid , acuminate, sub- sessile ; peduncle mostly reflexed, flower pendulous; petaloid segments ovate, acuminate, rather larger than the outer ones. Beck, Bot. p. 361. T. cernuum. Bart. Phil. l.p. 175. Bart. Am. 2. p. 13. Icon, tab. 40. Bigel.Bost.p. 141. Also, Pursh, Am. l.p. 245. ATutt? Gen. l.p. 239. Ell? Sk. 1.p. 428, Torr.Fl. l.p. 376. Ejusd. Comp.p. 161. Beck, Bot. p. 361. Not of Willd. Sp. Mx. Pers. Ait. Muhl. nor] Eat. Pendulous Trillium. Vulgo—Three-leaved Nightshade. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, broadly rhomboid, or sometimes almost orbicular-ovate, with a short abrupt acumination, acute at base, on a very short petiole. Peduncle termi- nal, from the bosom of the 3 leaves, half an inch to an inch long, mostly recurved between the leaves, with the flower pendulous just below them. Outer segments of the perianth (or sepals) green, Ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; inner segments (or petals) white, ovate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate. Berry roundish, or trigonous- ovoid, half an inch to near an inch in diameter, dark purple when mature. Seeds numerous, oblong-ovoid, obtuse, striate, rugose-punctate, dark purple. Hab. Rich, moist, shaded grounds; borders of thickets: frequent. Fi.May. Fr. Aug. 06s. There has been much perplexity among the American Botanists, concern- ing this species, in consequence of Pursh having confounded it with the true T. eernuum, of the South (T. Catesbai, Ell. T. stylosum, Nutt.). See Dr. Baldwin's note, in Florul. Cestr. p. 44. Nine or ten additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States,—of which I have heard that the T. erectum, L. has probably been found near Kennett Square, in this County ; but I have yet seen no authentic spe- cimen. 189. RUMEX. L. ATutt. Gen. 353. [Latin, Rumex, a pike, or spear; from the shape of the leaves of some species.] Flowers sometimes dioicous. Perianth calyx-like, persistent, deep- ly 6-parted, outer segments smaller. Ovary superior ; stigmas many- cleft. Seed, or ATut, triquetrous, covered by the 3 inner valviform segments of the perianth. 236 HEXAXDRIA TRIGYXIA Herbaceous : leaves alternate; flowers in subverticillatc fascicles, racemose- paniculate, terminal or axillary. Nat. Ord. 156. Lindl. Polygon!..*:. f Flowers perfect. * Valves or inner perianth-segments entire, all graniferous. 1. R. crispus, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute, curled on the margin ; valves large, cordate, nearly entire, reticulately and prominently veined, all dorsally graniferous. Beck, Bot. p. 303. CunLED Rumex. Vulgo—Sour Dock. Curled Dock. Gallice—Patience frise'e. Germanice—Krauser Ampfer. Root perennial, large, fusiform, yellow. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feel high, angular- sulcate, smoothish, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves numerous, 8 to 12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, lance-oblong, rather acute ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded fasciculate verticils, wilh scarious involucres at Vase ; pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long, articulated near the base. Perianth green ; inner segments, or valves, much larger, cordate, obsoletely den- ticulate near the base, each with an ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain, on the back. Seed, or nut, acutely triquetrous, acuminate, brown, smooth and shining. Hab. Moist grounds; meadows, &c. common. Fl. May, July. Fr. July, Sept. 06s. All the species of Rumex, in this County, are introduced ; and are rather troublesome plants. The radical leaves of this are often collected, in the spring, and used as early "greens." The root is said to have been found an useful appli- cation to cancerous sores; but I know not how correctly. ** Valves dentate, mostly graniferous. 2. R. ohtusifolius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse; valves lance-ovate, acutely dentate near the base, one of them con- spicuously graniferous. Beck, Bot. p. 304. Obtuse-leaved Rumex. Vulgo—Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock. Root perennial, thick, branching, brown externally, yellow within. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-sulcate, roughish, paniculately branched. Radical leaves 8 to 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, roughish«pubescent on the nerves; petioles sulcate, pubescent. Flowers in interrupted fasciculate verticils. Perianth green; inner segments lance-ovate, rather acute, reticulately veined, with long acute teeth on the margins, towards the base, and one of them bearing a large grain or the back. Hab. Grass-lots, gardens, and meadows: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. Aug.-Sept. 06s. This is even more worthless than the preceding ; but not quite so preva- lent. f f Flowers dioicous : Valves not graniferous. 3. R. acetosella, L. Leaves lanceolate, hastate, with the lobes acute, spreading ; flowers dioicous; valves of the pistillate flowers en- tire, not graniferous. Beck, Bot. p. 304. Vulgo—Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel. Gallice. Petite Oseille. Germanice. Der Sauerampfer. Hisp. Acederilla. Root perennial, somewhat fusiform. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, branching, somewhat angular and furrowed. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 third to i fourths of an inch wid« ; the lower ones .mostly all hastate, and on pe- HEXAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 237 tioles as long, or longer, than the leaves,—-the upper ones on short petioles, and sometimes not hastate. Racemes paniculate, finally becoming purple; verticils dimidiate, 6 to 8 flowered. Staminatejiowers with the ovary abortive. Pistillate plants mostly taller than the staminate. Hab. Sandy fields; about old stumps of trees: common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. 06s. This plant is well known for its acid taste ; and is sometimes so abundant as to be a nuisance. Dressing the land with Lime is believed to be the best means of expelling it. The pistillate plants are much less common than the staminate. Ten or a dozen additional species have been enumerated in the U. States; but it is difficult to say how many of them are really indigenous. [Aletris farinosa. Hexandria Monogynia.'i Order 4» Tetragynia. 190. SAURURUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 354. [Greek, Saura, a lizard, and Oura, a tail; in allusion to its spike of flowers.] Flowers in an ament, or crowded spike. Scales 1-flowered. Corolla 0. Stamens 6 to 8 ; anthers adnate to the filaments. Ovaries 3 or 4, connate; styles 3 or 4, recurved. Capsules 3 or 4, united, each 1- or rarely 2-seeded, not opening. Herbaceous aquatics: leaves alternate; flowers naked, in solitary pedunculate spikes, opposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 159. Lindl. Saurureje. I. S. cernuus, L. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate; spike at first cernuous. Beck, Bot. p. 317. Nodding Saururus. Vulgo—Lizard's Tail. Breast weed. Water lilies. Root perennial, creeping, thick and porous. Stem I to 2 feet high, leafy, forked above, angular and sulcate, smoothish. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, smooth, glaucous beneath; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat amplexi- caul at base. Spike 3 to 6 inches long, slender, white, and nodding at apex when in flower, very pubescent, on a peduncle 2 to 4 inches long, inserted opposite a leaf on one of the forks of the stem. Flowers naked, on short pedicels, with co- lored pubescent sheathing somewhat spatulate bracts, at base, about as long as the ovaries. Stamens 6, often 7 or 8, twice as long as the bracts, slender, inserted at the base of the ovaries. Hab. Margins of pools, and streams: not common. FZ. June—July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This plant is found along the Schuylkill,—also in the Great Valley, and at the forks of Brandywine; but it is by no means common in the County. The fresh roots, bruised and applied in the form of poultice, area popular remedy for in- flamed breasts. It is the only species in the United States. Order 6. Polygynia. 191. ALISMA. L. ATutt. Gen. 356. [Said to be from the Celtic, Alis, water; its usual place of growth.] Perianth deeply 6-parted; the 3 outer segments sepaloid, persistent, the 3 inner ones petaloid, deciduous. Ovaries superior, numerous; styles short. Capsules numerous, mostly 1-seeded, not opening. Herbaceous aquatics: leaves radical, with parallel veins; flowers in a terminal loinpound verticillate panicle. Nat. Ord. 229. Lindl. Alismace.e. 288 HEPTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 1. A. Plantago, L. Leaves oval, subcordate, abruptly acuminate, on long petioles ; fruit obtusely triangular. Beck, Bot. p. 378. A. trivialis. Pursh, Am. I.p.2b2. Ell. Sk.l.p. 434. Plantain Alisma, Vulgo—Water Plantain. Gall. Pain deCrapaud. Ger. Der Frosch loeffel. Hisp. Llanten aquatico. Root perennial, with a large bunch of fibres. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, mostly 9-nerved, smooth, on petioles 6 to 9 inches long. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, trigonous, smooth, fistular. Panicle large (12 to 15 inches long), de- compound, pyramidal, branches verticillate, with lance-ovate acuminate involu- cre-like bracts at the base of the verticils. Perianth with the outer segments (or sepals) green, ovate, nerved, persistent; the inner segments (or petals) white, often with a tinge of purple, suborbicular, larger than the outer ones, deciduous ; pedicels slender, striate, near an inch long, mostly in terminal verticils of 3 or 4. Fruit subturbinate, truncate at apex, consisting of numerous carpels verticillately arranged. Hab. Muddy rivulets, and miry places; frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.. 06s. This plant, some years ago, was the subject of much newspaper gossip, as a specific for Hydrophobia; but it soon shared the fate of all such pretended reme- dies. Two or three additional species have been enumerated in the U. States,— of which the A. parviflora, Pursh, is probably only a variety of this. CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order 1. Honogynia. 192. TRIENTALIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 357. [Latin, Triens, the third part of a thing; being about one third of a foot high.] Calyx deeply 7 or 8-parted. Corolla deeply 7 or 8-parted, rotate, regular. Stamens 7 or 8. Ovary superior. Fruit dry, capsular, opening at the sutures, 1-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous: stem simple; leaves terminal, verticillately aggregated; peduncles 1-flowered, from the bosom of the leaves. Nat. Ord. 207. Lindl. Prihulaceje. 1. T. americana, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, obsoletely serrulate; corolla-lobes acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 289. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 48. T. europaea. Mx. Am l.p. 220. Aluhl, Catal.p. 38. Not of Willd. Ait. nor Lindl. T. europsea, var. americana. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 402. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 242. var. angustifolia. Torr. Fl. l.p. 383. American Trientalis. Vulgo—Chickweed Wintergreen. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, slender, terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, mostly acuminate at each end (sometimes obtuse and emarginate at apex), smooth, subsessile, aggrega- ted in a terminal whorl, with 2 or 3 small straggling ones on the stem. Peduncles few(l to 3 or 4), filiform, an inch to an inch and half long. Calyx-segments lance - linear, very acute. Corolla white; lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the calyx. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Ovary globose; style filiform, longer than the stamens. FYuit a small dry coriaceous berry, or rather capsule, smooth and shining. Seeds attached to a central spongy receptacle. Hab. Shaded rivulets, on the Mica-slate hrlls: rare. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06*. The only species of the genus in the TJ. Slates. 289 CLASS VIII. OCTAiVDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. a. Ovary inferior. 193. EPILOBIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 363. [Greek, Epi, upon, and Lobos, a pod ; the flower being at the apex of a long pod.] Calyx 4-sepalled; sepals united into a long 4-sided tube adnate to the ovary; limb 4-parted, caducous. Petals 4. Anthers subovate, erect; pollen not viscid. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved, many- seeded. Seeds crowned with a pappus. Herbaceous : leaves opposite, or sometimes alternate ; flowers axillary and soli- tary, or in terminal bracteate spikes. Nat. Ord. 47. Lindl. Onagrarije. 1. E. color atum, Aluhl. Stem terete, more or less pubescent; leave* mostly opposite, lanceolate, acute, serrulate, sub-petiolate, smoothish, with colored veins. Beck, Bot. p. 116. E. tetragonum ? Bart. Phil. 1. p. 183. Not of L. and others. Also, E. palustre. Florul. Cestr. p. 46. Not? of Pursh. ATutt. Hook. Am. and Beck. Colored Epilohium. Vulgo—Herb Willow. Root perennial. Stem2 to 3 feet high, much branched above, more or less pu • bescent, sometimes nearly smooth, the upper part and branches often marked with pubescent lines decurrent from the base ef the petioles. Leaves 2 to 5 or fi inches long, and 1 fourth of an inch to near an inch wide, mostly obtuse at base, en very short petioles, mostly opposite, the upper ones, and those on the branches, generally alternate. Flowers numerous, small, axillary, on peduncles 1 third to half an inch long. Calyx pubescent; limb 4-parted ; segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petals. Petals purple, sometimes nearly white, with purple spots, ovate-oblong, bifid, or emarginate. Stamens unequal, shorter than the petals ; mnlhers oval,"minutely mucronate. Ovary long, linear, adnate to the tube of the calyx; style rather longer than the stamens; stigma thick, clavate, entire. Cap- sule 2 to near 3 inches long, very slender, pubescent; valves linear, keeled, open. ing at summit, and expanding. Seeds oblong, or oblanceolate, acute at base, mi- nutely scabrous, arranged in series, end to end,—the base of the superior one ap- parently resting in the bosom of the pappus of the one next below. Pappus simple, light brown, 4 or 5 times as long as the seed. Hab. Swampy thickets, and moist grounds: frequent. Fl. July, Aug. FY. Sept. Oct. OBs. This plant varies considerably in size and appearance ; and, on a revision ef my'specimens, I apprehend the E. palustre, of my Catalogue, is not distinct from it. 2. E. sauAMATUM, A'utt. Stem terete, puberulent; leaves lance-linear, very entire, revolute on the margin, roughish-pubescent, subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 116. E. oliganthum? Mx. Am. l.p. 223. Also? DC. Prodr. 3.p. 43. E. lineare. Muhl. Catal. p. 39. Bart. Phil. l.p. 183. Bigel. Best. p. 147. Eat. Man. p. 133. E. rosmarinifolium. Pursh, Am. l.p.%59. Torr. Fl. l.p. 392. Ejusd. Comp. p. 168. Not of DC. &.c. Sq.UAMOSB Epilobiux. 240 OCTAXDRIA MOXOGYN1A Root squamose, bulbous. Nutt. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, rigid, simple below, branched or bushy at summit, somewhat hoary with a short pubescence, which is more dense on the branches. Leaves about an inch long, and scarcely a linetwide, sessile, or nearly so, roughish-pubescent on the upper surface, and mid- rib beneath, with the margins revolute. Flowers few, very small, axillary, on peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Petals pale purple, or often nearly white. Capsule an inch to an inch and half long, very slender, linear, hoary-pubescent while young. Hab. Swampy, low grounds; near WestChester: rare. Fi.August. Fr.October. 06s. This seems also to come very near the E. strictum, Muhl. Beck. 6rc. or E. molle, Torr. That it is NuttaWs plant, I have had an opportunity of verifying,— by comparing it with one of his specimens. Prof. Hooker appears to consider it a variety of E. Palustre. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the U States ; and in British America, Prof. Hooker enumerates 13 species. 194. OENOTHERA. L. ATutt. Gen. 360. [Gr. Oinos, wine, and thero, to hunt; the roots being incentives to wine-drinking.] Calyx 4-sepalled; sepals membranaceous, partially cohering above, united below into a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed tube ; limb reflexed, and, with part of the tube, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens erect, or decli- ned ; anthers linear, incumbent; pollen triangular, viscid. Stigma 4- cleft (rarely spherical). Capsule oblong, or obovoid-clavate, obtusely or acutely 4-angled, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, adnate to the base of the calyx. Seeds naked. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves alternate; flowers axillary, solitary, or in terminal spikes. Nat. Ord. 47. Lindl. Onagrarije. * Fruit oblong, obtusely 1-angled, subsessile; valves linear. 1. CE. biennis, L. Stem villose and scabrous; leaves ovate-lanceo- late, repand-dentate; fruit subsessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat tur- gid. Beck, Bot. p. 118. Also? 03. muricata, of Authors. Biennial Oenothera. Vulgo—Evening Primrose. Night willow-herb, Root annual and biennial, Torr. perennial ? Ell. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched, terete, mostly greenish, hairy, often rough with the rigid enlarged base of the hairs. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, often rather obsoletely toothed, pubescent; those near the root on short petioles, the upper ones sessile. Flowers rather large, in a terminal leafy or bracteate spike. Calyx colored, slightly pubescent externally, with a cylindrical tube 1 to 2 inches in length; limb dividing, reflected; segments partially cohering, and turned to one side, subulate at apex ; the limb, and tube above the ovary, caducous. Petals yellow, large, roundish, obcordate, inserted on the calyx. Stamens shorter than the corolla; anthers long, linear, recurved. Ovary oblong, adnate to the base of the tube; style rather longer than the corolla; stigmas divided into 4 linear spreading segments (or rather 4 stigmas), about 1 fourth of an inch long. Capsule eubcylindric, an inch to an inch and half long, smoothish, sessile, or subsessile, splitting into 4 valves, with the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds numerous, some. what compressed, ovate 1 [angular, Torr."}. Hab. Fields, fence-rows, woodlands, &c. frequent. Fl. June, Sept. Fr. Aug, Oct. 06s. The (E. grandiflora, Ait.—which is almost naturalized about our gardens- is a biennial, of stouter growth than this, with more ovate leaves, larger flowers, and the calyx more pubescent; but seems to be nearly allied to it,—and may, as Dr. Torrey suggests, be scarcely more than a variety. OCTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 241 * * Fruit obovoid-clavate, acutely ^-angled, mostly pedicellate; valves obovate. 2. GG. fruticosa, L. Stem pubescent, often somewhat villose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; fruit pedicellate, quadrangular-obovoid; angles acute, or winged. Beck, Bot. p. 118. Also? CE.ambigua. DC. Prodr. 3.p. 50. Florul. Cestr.p. 46. Beck, Bot. p. 118. Shrubbt Oenothera. Vulgo—Sun-drops. Root perennial 1 Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often branched from the base, rath- er slender, rigid, terete, mostly purplish, pubescent; pubescence often short, sometimes villose, and almost-hirsute. Leaves variable in size, and form, usually about 2 inches long, and 1 third to half an inch wide, often linear-lanceolate, some- times almost rhomboid-ovate, remotely and obscurely denticulate, more or less pubescent and ciliate, sessile. Flowers middle-sized, in a terminal bracteate ra- ceme. Calyx purplish, often nearly smooth, with the tube near an inch long. Pe- tals yellow, sometimes quite pale,broadly obcordate. Ovary clavate-oblong ; style longer than the stamens, and shorter than the corolla. Capsule about half an inch long, pubescent, or often smoothish, acutely 4-angled, the angles sometimes wing- ed, the sides keeled, tapering at base to a distinct angular pedicel 1 to 4 lines in length. Hab. Sterile hills; pastures; woodlands: frequent. Fl. June, July. Fr. Aug. Sept. 06s. This plant is found in very different soils and localities, and seems to pre- sent s lme perplexing varieties. I think my specimens, generally, rather belong to the (E ambigua of authors, if indeed the latter be a distinct species,— which I doubt. The (E. hybrida, of my Catalogue, although sanctioned by my excellent friend, the late Mr. Schweinitz, appears so doubtful, that I am apprehensive it will be safer to rank it among the varieties, for the present. Some sixteen or eighteen addition- al species have been enumerated in the U. States; but it is probable a number of ihem require a further revision. The Gaura biennis, a kindred plant, may probably yet be found in this County; as I have seen it in abundance near Norristown, in the adjoining County of Mont- gomery. 195. OXYCOCCUS. Pers. ATutt. Gen. 364. [Greek, Oxys, sharp, or acid, and Kokkos, a berry ; from its acid fruit.] Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-toothed, persistent. Co- rolla deeply 4-parted; lobes linear-lanceolate, revolute. Filaments connivent; anthers 2-parted, tubular. Berry 4-celled,many-seeded. Trailing evergreen Shrubs: leaves alternate, coriaceous; peduncles solitary, axillary, subterminal, bibracteate. Nat. Ord. 172. Lindl. Vaccinie.e. 1. O. macrocarpus, Pursh. Stem slender, creeping; branches as- cending ; leaves oblong, obtuse, nearly flat, glaucous beneath ; peduncles elongated. Beck, Bot. p. 225. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 17. O. palustris, var. macrocarpus. Pers. Syn.l. p. 419. Yaccinium macrocarpon. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 355. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 359, Muhl. Catal. p. 40. Bigel. Bost. p. 154. V. oxycoccus, var. oblongifolius. Mx. Am. l.p. 228. Large-fruited Oxycoccus. Vulgo—Cranberry. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, very slender, procumbent, branching; branches as- surgent. Leaves about half an inch long, oval, or elliptic-oblong, entire, or with iiisi ant obsolete serratures, slightly revolute on the margin, smooth, the young 242 OCTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA ones pubescent-ciliate at apex; petioles very short. Peduncles arising from the axils of small ovate leaves near the base of the vernal growth of the upright branches, 3 fourths of an inch to an inch or more in length, recurved, pubescent, 1-flowered, with 2 nearly opposite lance-ovate acuminate ciliate-pubescent 6rac/s a short distance below the flower. Flowers nodding. Calyx-segments short, broad- ovate, acute, ciliate, purplish. Corolla pale purple; lobes reflexed, or revolute. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments dark purple, short, flatted, pubescent on the margin; anthers long, linear, 2-homed,or bifid to the middle, each division tubular. Style rather longer than the stamens; stigma simple. Berry subglobose, about half an inch in diameter, crowned with the persistent calyx-segments, smooth, bright red, or crimson, when mature, persistent during part of the winter. Hab. Swamps; Wynn's meadows: not common. Fl.May—June. Fr. October. 06s. This little shrub, so justly prized for its fine acid fruit, is very rare, ex- cept in the northern parts of the County,—where it is occasionally to be met wilh in considerable quanlities; especially in the vicinity of Wynn's meadows. One or two additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. b. Ovary superior, -j- Flowers perfect. 196. RHEXIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 359. [Greek, Rliexis, a rupture; being supposed to be remedial in that disorder.] Calyx persistent, tubular; tube ovoid-ventricose at base, contracted to a neck above ; limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers declinate, attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free in the ventricose base of the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds numerous, cochleate. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: stem mostly quadrangular; leaves opposite, simple, conspicuously 3-nerved ; flowers mostly in terminal trichotomous corymbose cymes. Nat. Ord. 54. Lindl. MelastomacejE. 1. R. virginica, L. Stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy ; leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrate; calyx sparsely hispid. Beck, Bot. p. 127. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 4. Virginian Rhexia. Vulgo—Deer Grass. Root perennial. Stem9 to 18 inches high, often trichotomously branched above, 4-angled, angles winged, sparingly hispid with membranaceous bristles. Leave* I to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, acute, with 3 prominent nerves, sprinkled with bristly hairs on the upper surface, and nerves beneath, closely ses- sile, somewhat connected at base by a bristly ring. Calyx urceolate, somewhat glan- dular-hispid ; segments lanceolate, acuminate. Petals bright purple, large, obovate, hispid externally, caducous. Stamens shorter than the petals, inserted at the ori- fice of the calyx; filaments subulate, purple; anthers yellow, long, sublinear,recur- ved, somewhat incumbent, or adnate to the filaments nearly to the base, then decli- ned almost horizontally, each with a small setaceous process near where the fila- ment is apparently articulated to the anther. Ovary superior, contained in the ventricose tube of the calyx; style rather longer than the stamens, curved or de- clined ; stigma obtuse. Capsule subglobose, inclosed in the ventricose tube of the calyx. Seeds numerous, small, incurved, or cochleate, with an enlarged umbili- cate base, striate-grooved, muricate or scabrous under a lens, of a pale lawny color. Hab. Swamps, in the Mica-slate range: not common. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. Oct. 06s. Seven or eight additional species are enumerated in the U. States OCTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 243 197, TROPJEOLUM. L. DC. Prodr. 1.p. 683. [Latin, Tropeeum, a trophy ; from a fancied resemblance of the flower to a banner.] Calyx colored, 5-parted, the superior segment spurred at base. Pe- tals 5, unequal, the 2 upper ones sessile, the 3 lower ones unguiculate. Stigmas 3, acute. Fruit of 3 connate carpels, fleshy, or subcoriace- ous ; each carpel 1-seeded, indehiscent. Herbaceous : stem succulent, diffuse or volubile ; leaves alternate, peltate, with radiating nerves; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 124. Lindl. Tro- FMOLEJE. 1. T. majus, L. Leaves suborbicular, obscurely repand-lobed; nerves not exserted at apex ; petals obtuse. DC. 1. c. Greater Tropjeolum, Vulgo—A"asturtium. Indian Cress. Gall. Grande Capucine. Ger. Die Kapuzinerblume. Hisp. Capuchina. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8/eei long, somewhat volubile and climbing, branching, thick, fleshy, smooth, pale green. Leaves peltate, suborbicular, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, with the nerves radiating from the petiole, smooth above, puberulent beneath ; petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Peduncles mostly longer than the petioles. Calyx orange-colored, with tinges of green; the upper segment with a spur at base about an inch long, somewhat curved at thepoint. Corolla yellowish, or reddish-orange, with dark purple stripes, and spots; the 3 lower petals fringed at base, supported on slender claws. Fruit somewhat 3-lobed, sulcate,fleshy, at length suberose, or coriaceous. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. August—October. Obs. An ornamental plant; cultivated chiefly for the young fruit,—which is prepared as a condiment, and affords a tolerable substitute for capers. Probably the only species which has been introduced into the U. States. 198. DIRCA. L. ATutt. Gen. 367. [Greek, Dirka, a fountain ; from its usual place of growth.] Perianth corolla-like, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, erosely den- tate. Stamens unequal, exserted. Style filiform, longer than the stamens. Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. A Shrub: leaves simple, alternate ; flowers preceding the leaves, in small ses- sile fascicles, from terminal and lateral buds. Nat. Ord. 65. Lindl. ThymelejE. 1. D. palustris, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, subsessile ; buds dense- ly villose, mostly 3-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 307. Marsh Dirca. Vulgo—Leather-wood. Stemlto 4 or 5 feet high, slender, much branched from the base ; the branches apparently jointed, flexible, with a very tough greyish-yellow bark. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and an inch and half to 2 inches wide, oval, or obovate-oblong, often subrhomboid, tapering and somewhat acute at each end, entire, pale green, smooth above, pubescent and rather glaucous beneath; petioles very short (en long peti- oles, Torr.). Flowers appearing before the leaves, mostly in little fascicles of 3 from a bud (sometimes 2, and 1,), on thick pedicels near half an inch long. Peri- anth pale yellow, about as long as the pedicels, dilated above, with the summit ir- regularly toothed. Berry ovoid, about 1 fourth of an inch in diameter [yellowish when mature, Marsh.]. Seed solitary, large, compressed, ovate. Hab. Shaded rivulets, on the Mica-slate hills: not common. Fl. April. Fr. Obs. The pliable branches of this shrub are so strong and tough that they may be used as ligatures;—whence the common name, Leatherwood. It is the only species of the genus. 244 octaxdria monogyxia f -j- Flowers mostly polygamous. 199. DIOSPYROS. L. A'utt. Gen. 797. [Greek, Dis, dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit; the application not obvious.] Dioicouslt polygamous : Calyx 4-parted. Corolla urceolate, 4- cleft. Staminate Fl. Stamens often 16. Ovary abortive. Fertilb Fl. Stamens 8 to 12, mostly abortive. Ovary 4-angled ; style 4 or 5-cleft. Berry subglobose, 8 to 12-seeded. Trees: leaves simple, alternate ; flowers axillary, subsessile, fertile ones soli- tary, sterile ones mostly in threes. Nat. Ord. 202. Lindl. Ebenaceje. 1. D. virginiana, L. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate, en- tire, reticulately veined, nearly smooth; petioles pubescent; buds smooth. Beck, Bot.p. 229. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 2. tab. 93. Virginian Diospyros. Vulgo—Persimmon. Gallice—Plaqueminier. Stem 20 to 40 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, irregularly branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, subcoriaceous, green above, paler or glaucous beneath, on pubescent petioles half an inch to near an inch long. Calyx of the fertile flowers persistent. Corolla ochroleucous, or pale greenish yellow, of a thick leathery texture, obtusely 4-angled. Berry obovoid, or roundish- oval, about an inch in diameter, reddish orange when mature. Seeds large, com- pressed. Hab. Rich bottom lands; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. June. FY. Octo.—Nov. 06s. The ripe fruit of this is sweet and luscious, after being subjected to the action of frost; but is remarkably harsh and astringent in a green state. The bark is tonic and astringent. For an interesting account of the properties of the plant, see the Inaugural Thesis of the late Prof. Woodhouse, of the University of Pennsylvania. Pursh enumerates one other species in the U. Sutes,—but it is probably only a variety. 200. ACER. L. A'utt. Gen. 366. [Latin, Acer, sharp ; the wood having been used for pikes, or lances.] Monoicouslt, or dioicouslt polygamous (sometimes Dioicous) : Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted. Petals 5, or 0. Stamens sometimes 5, 7, or 9. Samara in pairs, winged, diverging, with the outer margin thicker and obtuse, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. Trees, or shrubs : branches mostly opposite ; leaves opposite, palmate-lobed (or rarely pinnate); flowers lateral and terminal, aggregated, or in subcorymbose pen- dulous racemes. Nat. Ord. 101. Lindl. Acerine^. 1. A. rub rum, L. Leaves generally 3-lobed with the sinuses acute, subcordate at base, unequally and incisely toothed; flowers aggregated, on rather long pedicels; ovary glabrous. Beck, Bot. p. 63. Icon, AIx.fi Sylva. 1. tab. 41. Red Acer. Vulgo—Red Maple. Swamp Maple, Stem 30 to 60 feet high, mostly rather slender, sometimes 2 feet or more in diam- eter at base, branched, young branches purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and about as wide as long, mostly with 3 acute spreading lobes, sometimes obscurely f -lobed, when young pubescent beneath, at length smooth except along the nerves, and glaucous; petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in sessile purple (or often yellowish) fascicles from the lateral huds, most. ly in fives. Calyx of the perfect flower colored, petaloid, 5-parted ; segments ovale ■ OCTAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 215 oblong, rather obtuse. Petals bright purple (or often yellowish), linear-oblong, narrow, alternate with and about as long as the calyx-segments. Stamens most- ly 5, rather shorter than the petals, inserted under the edge of a hypogynous crenate-lobed disk; anthers dark purple. Ovary twin, or 2 lobed, compressed, dilated and truncate at summit, smooth; stigmas long, filiform, pubescent, sessile (or rather 2 styles ?). F)'uit in pairs, diverging; each samara with a veined mem- branaceous wing near an inch long, thickened and obtuse on the outer margin, very thin on the inner margin. Pedicels of the flowers about half an inch long, of the fruit 1 to 3 inches long. Hab. Moist low grounds ; swampy woodlands : common. Fl. April. F-. Sept. 06s. The variety with yellowish flowers, noticed by Marshall, is very frequent here. The wood of this species, in which the fibres are often handsomely curled, is much used in the manufacture of tables, chairs, gun-stocks, &c. and the refuse timber makes good fuel. The bark affords a dark purplish-blue dye, and makes a pretty good bluish-black ink. All the species yield more or less Sugar from the sap. 2. A. eriocarpum, AIx. Leaves palmately 5-lobed with the sinuses deep and rather obtuse, silvery-glaucous beneath, subcordate or often truncate at base, unequally and incisely toothed, teeth acuminate ; flowers apetalous, aggregated, on short pedicels; ovary tomentose. Beck, Bot. p. 63. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 1. tab. 40. A. glaucum. Marsh. Arbust. p. 2. A. dasycarpum. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 985. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 417. Ait. Kew. b.p. 446. AIuhL Catal. p, 95. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 266. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 252. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 185. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 449. Bigei. Bost. p. 379. Torr.Fl. l.p. 396. Ejusd. Comp. p. 169. Lindl. En- cy. p. 864. Hook. Am. l.p. 113. Eat. Alan. p. 2. Woolly-fruited Acer. Vulgo—Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. Stem 40 to 60 feet high, and often 2 feet or more in diameter at base, much branched; the young branches virgate, slender, somewhat pendulous or inclining to droop. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes narrowed at base, unequally and acuminaiely incised-dentate, or often sub- jobed ; the young leaves pubescent, at length smooth, and bluish white or glau- cous beneath; petioles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long. Flowers on short pedicels, aggrega- ted, pale yellowish-purple. Stamens 3 to 5 or 6. Ovary tomentose. Fruit with large wings (near 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch wide), dilated towards the extremity, and curved on the outer or thick margin. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill, near Black rock; rare. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06s. This is a rare tree in Chester County, and has only been found along ihe Schuylkill. It is much cultivated of late, as an ornamental shade,—particularly in our cities; and is often mistaken for the true Sugar Maple. The large samara Las some resemblance to the wing ofa huge grasshopper. The young leaves emit a peculiar and rather disagreeable odor. 3. A. saccharinum, L. Leaves broad, subcordate at base, palmately 5-lobed with the sinuses obtuse, lobes acuminate, coarsely sinuate- dentate ; flowers pendulous, on long corymbose pedicels ; fruit turgid, smooth. Beck, Bot.p. 63. Icox, Alx.f. Sylva. 1. tab. 42. A. saccharum. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 4. Saccharine Acer. Vulgo—Sugar Maple. Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, branching, with a smoothish light colored bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and generally rather 216 OCTAXDRIA DIGYXIA wider than long, green and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath, ihe nerves and axils hirsute (quite villose beneath when young), truncate and a lillle cordate at base, sometimes raiher auriculate; lobes palmately diverging, coarsely and sparingly sinuate-toothed, abruptly narrowed to a slender acumination;petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers pale greenish yellow, pendulous on fasciculate filiform >illose pedicels an inch or more in length. Calyx subcampanulate, truncate, ihe limb coarsely crenate, or repand-toothed, fringed wilh long hairs. Petals 0. Sta- tions exserted. Ovary hirsute, compressed, 2-horned with the young wings of the fruit; style nearly as long as the ovary ; stigmas filiform, pubescent. Fruit lorgid, ovoid, smooth; the wings about an inch long, nearly parallel, or slightly diverging, dilated towards the extremity, and often rounded at apex. Hab. Rich woodlands, along Brandywine: rare. Fl. April—May. Fr. Sept. 06s. This handsome tree,—so valuable to the settlers in the interior, for the co- pious supply of Sugar which it yields,—is not common in Chester County; tut it occurs frequently near the forks of Brandywine. The beautiful wood, used by Cabinet-makers under the name of Bird's-Eye Maple, is, I believe, afforded by this species,—as also some of the varieties of Curled Maple. 4. A. Negunbo, L. Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leaflets rhom- boid-oval, or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally and coarsely incised- dentate ; flowers dioicous, in simple pendulous racemes. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 398. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 1. tab. 46. Xegundo fraxinifolium. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 253. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 596. Hook. Am. 1. p. 114. Beck, Bot. p. 64, Xegundium americanum. Lindl. Ency. p. 864. Vulgo—Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, branching; branches raiher erect, with a smooth. n>h yellowish green bark. Leaves mostly trifoliate, sometimes odd-pinnate by fives, on a common petiole 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 lo 3 inches wide, varying from lanceolate to lance-ovate, the terminal odd one somewhat rhomboid-oval, all conspicuously acuminate, coarsely incised-dentate above the middle, mostly entire near the base, on short petioles. Flowers yellow- ish green, pendulous. Staminate flowers mostly pentandrous, on very 6lcnder slightly pubescent pedicels 1 to 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in simple pendu- lous racemes; pedicels opposite, about half an inch long; ovary hirsute; stign.tis linear, diverging, subsessile. FYuit oblong, pubescent, the wings about an inch ljng, diverging, dilated towards the extremity, with the outer margin rounded, er incurved at apex. Hab. Wet low grounds, along Brandywine: not common. Fl. April. Fr.Sept. 06s. This differs considerably, in habit, from the preceding species, and has been separated from them, by several modern Botanists; but it seems to be so es- sentially an Acer, in its fruit, that I incline to continue it with the genus. Five i* six additional species are enumerated in the U. States. [Trientalis americana. Heptandria Monogynia.] [Monotropa lanuginosa. Decandria Monogynia.} Order 2. Digynia. [Ulmus americana. Pentandria Digynia.} LChfjeosrleniom americanum. Deeandria Digynia.-} OCTAXDRIA TRIGVXIA 247 Order 3. Trigynia. 201. POLYGONUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 370. [Greek, Polys, many, and Gonu, a knee, or joint; the stem being much jointed.] Perianth mostly 5-parted, colored or corolla-like, persistent. Stamens 5 to 9, mostly 8. Ovary superior; styles 2 or 3. Seed or ATut solitary, compressed, or triquetrous, mostly covered by the persistent perianth. Herbaceous: stem jointed; leaves alternate, adhering at base to sheathing sti- pules ; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters and spikes, or paniculate racemes. Nat. Ord. 156. Lindl. Polygone^. ■j- Flowers axillary. 1. P. aviculare, L. Stem mostly procumbent; leaves elliptic-lance- olate, acute, narrow, sessile; flowers subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 300. P. aviculare, var. angustifolium, Mx. Am. 1.p.237. Puish, Am. 1. p. 269. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 254. Bart, Phil. l.p. 186. Bird Polygonum. Vulgo—Knot-grass. Gallici—Trainasse. Germanice—Der Wcgetritt, Hisp.—Centin6dia. Root annual, subligneous, fibrous. Stem 6 lo 12 or 15 inches long, slender, more or less procumbent, much branched, striate, smooth. Leaves half an inch to aa inch long, and 1 eighth to 1 third of an inch wide, varying from linear-lance- olate and acute to elliptic and oblanceolate, attenuate at base, sessile, smooth, scabrous on the margin. Stipules scarious, white, remotely nerved, parted into lanceolate acuminate segments at summit. Flowers small, in axillary clusters of 2 to 3, subsessile. Perianth green, the segments edged with white, and often tinged wilh purple. Stamens often 5 (8, Authors). Stigmas 3, subsessile, diverging. Seed ovoid-triquetrous, acuminate, punctate-striate, dark brown. Hab. About houses, gardens, foot-ways, &c. common. Fl. June, Oct. Fr. Aug. Nov. 06«. This has every appearance of being an introduced plant, in all its local- ities here. 2. P, erectum, L. Stem mostly erect; leaves broad-oval, or elliptic- oblong, rather obtuse, subpetiolate ; flowers pedicellate, pentandrous. Beck, Bot. p. 300. P. aviculare, var. latifolium. Mx. Am. l.p. 237. Pursh, Am. l.p. 269. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 254. Bart. Phil. I, p. 186. Torr. Fl. l.p. 400. Erect Polygonum. Plant often yellowish green. Root annual? subligneous, fibrous. Stem 1 to 2 and 3 feet high, mostly erect, sometimes decumbent, branched, striate, smooth ; lower branches spreading, assurgent. Leaves half an inch to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, obtuse, or sometimes rather acute, smooth, mi- nutely scabrous on the margin,—the stem leaves considerably larger than those on Ihe branches, and distinctly petiolate. Stipules scarious, brownish, remotely nerved, lacerate at summit. Flowers in axillary clusters of 2or 3, distinctly pedi- cellate. Perianth yellowish green. Styles 3, veTy short. Seed triquetrous, some- what striate-punctate, brown. Hab. Abiut houses, yards, and gardens: frequent. Fl. Aug.-Octo. FY. Scpt.-Nov. 06s. This is readily dislinguished, by its size and habit, from the preceding ; but it must be confessed, when we come to the botanical details, that ihey are near- ly allied. 248 OCTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 3. P. tei*ue, Mx. Stem erect, slender, branched, acutely angled; leaves lance-linear, erect, cuspidate; stipules tubular, lacerate at sum- mit, with the segments setaceously acuminate; flowers subsessile, mostly solitary, alternate. Beck, Bot. p. 301. P. linifolium. Muhl. Catnip. 40. Bart. Phil. l.p. 186. Bart. Am. 3. p. 69. Icon, tab. 95. f. 2. Slender Polygonum. Root annual, subligneous, fibrous. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, sometimes simple, generally wilh upright and somewhat flexuose branches, often much branched from near the base, with acute scabrous angles. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 to 2 lines wide, abruptly acuminate, 3-nerved, finely cil- iate-serrulate on the margin, sessile. Stipules tubular, mostly of a dark chesnut brown, sheathing the stem about 1 third of an inch below the leaves, divided at the base of the leaves into several lance-linear segments with long setaceous points. Flowers generally solitary, sometimes in pairs, on very short pedicels. Perianth- segments oblong, obtuse,with green keels, and whitish margins. Stamens short; filaments dilated at base. Styles 3, very short. Seed ovoid-triquetrous, nearly black, angles smooth and shining, sides a little concave, roughish-punclate under a lens. Hab. Dry, sandy banks; Mica-slate hills : frequent Fl. July-Aug. FY. Sept-Oct. ■J- -J- Flowers in terminator axillary Spikes. 4. P. virginianum, L. Stem simple, leaves oval-lanceolate and lance-ovate, acuminate; spike terminal, virgate, slender, very long; flowers pentandious; perianth unequally 4-parted; styles 2, long, per- sistent. Beck, Bot. p. 301. P. virginicum. Bigel. Bost. p. 156. Virginian Polygonum. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, simple, somewhat angular, striate- ribbed, pilose above, near the joints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, the upper surface and midrib somewhat hairy, the margin bristly-ciliate; petioles 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long. Stipules tub\i]a.r, sheath- ing the stem near half an inch above the petioles, very hairy, truncate and ciliale at summit. Spike 12 to 18 inches long, terminal, slender, leafless, mostly solitary, sometimes 1 or2 smaller ones from Ihe axils of the upper leaves. Flowers mosily solitary, remote, and a little recurved, conspicuously articulated to short pedicels, which proceed from tubular truncate bristly-ciliate sheaths. Perianth greenish white, often purplish, 4-parted; segments unequal. Stamens 5, unequal. Styles 2, as long as the ovary, oblique ; stigmas simple, recurved. Seed compressed, ovate, lenticular, chesnut brown when mature, smooth and shining, beaked by the persistent styles. Hab. Rich woodlands, and borders of thickets; frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fa Sept. 6. P. punctatum, Ell. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid- punctate ; spikes terminal and axillary, filiform, nodding ; fascicles of flowers rather remote; perianth glandular-punctate; styles 2, or 3; seed lenticular, or triquetrous. Beck, Bot. p. 301. P. Hydropiper. Mx. Am. 1. /,. 238. Muhl. Catal. p. 40. Bi?el. Bost. p. 156. Notl of L. P. hydropiperoides. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 270. A'utt. Gen. 1. p. 235. Xot of Mx. noT? Bigel. Punctate Polygonum. Vulgo—Water-pepper. OCTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 249 Root annual 1 (perennial, Ell. Torr.). Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, more or loss branched, sometimes decumbent, smooth, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 in- ches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, tapering to a slender apex, acute at each end, subsessile, often hairy on the midrib and upper surface, and scabrous-ciliate on the margin, marked with numerous small pellucid punctures. Stipules tubular, hairy, truncate, fringed with bristles from 1 third to 2 thirds the length of the tube. Spikes 2 to 4 inches long, very slender and weak, loose-flow- ered, at first nodding. Flowers articulated to pedicels about as long as the peri- anth in fascicles of 2 to 4 proceeding from each truncate bristly-ciliate sheath, the lower ones remote. Perianth green, covered with brownish glandular dots, the margins of the segments white, often tinged with purple. Stamens often 7. Ovary lenticular with 2 styles, or triquetrous with 3 styles ; styles reflexed or recurved near the middle, united at base, scarcely half as long as the ovary, rather persis- tent ; stigmas capitate. Seed compressed, ovate and lenticular, or ovoid-trique- trous, in either case with a short acumination, purplish black when mature, rough- ish punctate unde r a lens. Hab. Moist waste grounds; margins of pools & ditches: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. The seeds of this species are generally compressed, with 2 styles; but of- ten on the same plant they are triquetrous, and then have 3 styles. It is a very acrid plant, and sometimes causes obstinate ulcerative inflammation, when applied to the skin. 6. P. mite, Pers. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow ; spikes terminal and subterminal, slender ; fascicles of flowers rather crowded ; perianth not glandular-punctate; styles 3. Beck, Bot. p. 301. P. hydropiperoides. Mx. Am l.p. 239. Bigel? Bost.p. 156. Not of Pursh. and ATutt. P. barbatum? Muhl. Catal. p. 40. Bart. Phil. I. p. 188. Not of Willd. and Pers. Mild Polygonum. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, erect, or often decumbent, and radicating at the lower joints, terete, smoothish, a little branched towards the summit. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, sessile, roughish-punc- late beneath, punctures not pellucid, the midrib aerves and margins scabrous with short appressed hairs. Stipules tubular, hirsute, truncate, fringed with bristles nearly as long as the tube. Spikes few (usually 2 or 3), chiefly terminal, 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers on short pedicels, in fascicles of 2 or 3, from green or often purple truncate bristly-ciliate sheaths. Perianth mostly purple, without glandular dots, the margins of the segments pale red, or nearly white. Styles mostly 3, rarely 2. Seed triquetrous, purplish black, smooth and shining. Hab. Wet places; margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.—October. 06s. This is sometimes found growing in the water, and partly submersed ; in which cases the stem is often decumbent, and rooting at the joints. 7. P. Persicaria, L. Leaves lanceolate, with hairy ciliate stipules; spikes terminal and axillary, ovoid-oblong, dense-flowered, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flowers hexandrous ; styles 2. Beck, Bot.p. 302. Vulgo—Lady's Thumb. Spotted Knot-weed. Gallice— Persicaire. Germanice—Flbhkraut, Bisp.—Persicaria. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, branching, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, tapering at base ta 250 OCTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA short petioles, roughish-punctate, the midrib and margins scabrous wilh 6hort ap- pressed hairs, the upper surface often marked with a dark-colored lunate or sub- cordate spot. Stipules tubular, hairy, truncate, fringed with bristles about 1 third the length of the tube. Spikes about an inch long, on smooth peduncles. Flowers on short pedicels; fascicles crowded. Perianth purple, often bright crimson, smooth. Stamens 6. Styles 2, united al base. Seed mostly compressed, ovate (sometimes triquetrous), with a short acumination, mucronate by the persistent base of ihe styles, black, smooth and shining. Hab. Waste places ; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept.—October. 06s. This appears to be a naturalized foreigner. 8. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Leaves lanceolate, with smooth naked stipules; spikes terminal and axillary, oblong, on glandular-hispid peduncles; styles 2. Beck, Bot. p. 302. Pennsylvanian Polygonum. Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth below, geniculate, with tumid joints,paniculately branched above, branches glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, petiolate, roughish-punctate beneath, the midrib nerves and margins scabrous with short appressed hairs. Stipules tubular, smooth, scarious, truncate, not fringed. Spikes numerous, 1 to 2 inches long, large, and often somewhat nodding onthe glandular-hispid peduncles. Flowers in crowded fascicles, on pedicels rather longer than the smoothish sheath- ing bracts. Perianth bright palish purple, large, smooth. Stamens often 6. Styles 2, united at base. Seed compressed, orbicular-ovate, beaked by the persisient base of the styles, purplish black, minutely puncticulate under a lens. Hab. Moist low grounds; roadsides: common. Fi. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.—Oct. 06s. This is usually ofa larger growth than the preceding, and is readily dis- tinguished by its hispid peduncles. 9. P. amphibium, L. var. terrestre, Torr ? Stem nearly erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse and sometimes a little cordate at base, petiolate, with the lower stipules smooth; spikes terminal, cylin- dric, dense-flowered, o". glandular-hispid peduncles ; flowers pentand- roiis-', styles 2. Beck, Bot. p. 301. P. amphibium, var. emersum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 240, P. coccineum. Muhl. Catal. p. 40. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 255. Bart. Phil. l.p. 188, Not of Bigel. nor Eat. var. terrestre. Pursh, Am. l.p. 271. Amphibious Polygonum. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, stout, striate, smooth be- low, hirsute near the summit, decumbent at base, joints tumid, radicating at the lower ones. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, sometimes ovate- Unceolate, the midrib nerves and margins scabrous with short appressed hairs, which are dilated at base; the upper leaves subsessile, the lower ones petiolate. Stipules tubular, truncate, the lower ones smooth and naked, the upper ones hir- sute. Spikes few (1,2 or 3), 2 to 3 inches long, cylindrical, rather slender, on glandular-hispid peduncles. Flowers crowded, on pedicels shorter than the hir- sute sheathing bracts. Perianth bright purple ; segments obtuse, spreading. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender, longer than the perianth, united at base; stigmas capitate. Seed compressed, ovale. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock; rare. Fl. Aug--Sept. Fr. Oct, OCTAXDRIA TRIGYXIA 251 06s. Collected by David Townsend, Esq. in 1829. It has not been found else- where, I believe, within the County. Our plant appears to be the var. emersum, Mx. or terrestre, of Pers. Torr. Sec. I have a specimen from my friend Dr. Freedley, of Philadelphia, in which the leaves are nearly elliptic, and cordate at base, wilh the peduncles smooth; and which I suppose to be the var. natans, Mx. or aquati-' cum, of Hooker, and others. 10. P. orientale, L. Stem erect, paniculately branched, hirsute; leaves large, ovate, acuminate, petiolate, with hairy salverform ciliate stipules ; spikes terminal, dense-flowered, nodding, on hirsute pedun- cles ; flowers heptandrous ; styles 2. Beck, Bot. p. 302. Oriental Polygonum. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 7 feet high, paniculately branched above, hirsute. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, ovate and lance-ovale, often a little cordate at base, on long hirsute petioles, which are somewhat winged by the decurrence of the leaves. Stipules tubular, hairy, with the limb spreading, or re- flexed, and ciliate. Spikes numerous, 2 to 3 inches in length, oblong, nodding, on hirsute peduncles. Flowers crowded, on pedicels rather longer than the pubes- cent ciliate sheathing bracts. Perianth bright purple, large. Stamens 7, as long as the perianth. Styles 2, united at base. Seed compressed, orbicular-ovate, smooth, mucronate by the base of the styles, purplish black when mature. Hab. Gardens, and waste places: frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Fr. Sept.—October. 06s. A well known ornamental species,—extensively naturalized about gardens, and cultivated lots. fff Flowers in paniculate Clusters, or Racemes. * Stem aculeate. 11. P. sagittatum, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, 4-angled, retrorse- ly aculeate ; leaves sagittate, acute, on short petioles ; flowers crowded, subcapitate; heads on smoothish peduncles. Beck, Bot.p. 302. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 101. Sagittate Polygonum. Vulgo—Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, branching, procumbent, or sup- ported by other plants, acutely quadrangular, the angles armed with sharp re- curved prickles. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, sagittate at base, retrorsely aculeate on the midrib and petiole; petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long. Stipules lanceolate, amplexicaul or sheathing, smooth. Flowers in pedunculate heads, or clusters. Perianth pale red, the margins of the segments nearly white. Seed ovoid-triquetrous, acuminate, smooth, purplish black when mature. Hab. Swampy thickets, and low wet grounds: common. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 12. P. arifolium, L. Stem flaccid, procumbent, sulcate-angled, re- trorsely aculeate ; leaves hastate, acuminate, on long petioles; flowers distinct, subracemose ; racemes few-flowered, on glandular-hispid pe- duncles; stamens 6; styles 2. Beck, Bot. p. 303. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 100. Arum-leaver Polygonum. Vulgo—Halbert-leaved Tear-thumb. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, slender, but coarser than the preceding, branching, procumbent, or supported by other plants, angular-sulcate, retrorsely aculeate, often purple. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, hastate- 252 OCTANDRIA TRIGYXIA lobed at base, lobes acuminate, upper surface sparsely pilose, minutely pubescent beneath, midrib and nerves hirsute; petioles half an inch to 3 inches long, sulcate- angled, retrorsely aculeate. Stipules ovate, amplexicaul, ciliate, smoothish, or sometimes hirsute. Flowers in slender loose racemose clusters; bracts hirsute; common peduncles glandular-hispid. Perianth mostly 4-parted, purple, the mar- gins of the segments pale red. Stamens 6- Styles 2. Seed subcompressed, len- ticular-ovate, smooth, brown. Hab. Swampy low grounds, along rivulets: common. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. This and the preceding commonly grow together, forming large entangled bunches; and are a couple of worthless and often troublesome plants, in swampy meadows. * * Stem not aculeate. 13. P. scandens, L. Stem volubile, subterete, smooth; leaves broad- ish-cordate, acuminate ; flowers ratheT large, in erect axillary racemes; perianth-segments winged ; wings decurrent on the pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 303. Climbing Polygonum. Vulgo—American climbing Buckwheat, Root annual. Stem 8 to 10 or 12 feet long, twining and climbing, rranching, subterete, or obscurely angular, smoothish, often purple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch and half to 2 and a half inches wide, the nerves and margins somewhat scabrous; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, sulcate-angled, roughish. Stipules short, smooth, nerved, somewhat toothed at summit. Flowers fasciculate, in long axillary interrupted racemes; pedicels slender, articulated below the middle. Perianth greenish; segments edged with white, sometimes tinged with purple,— when in fruit 3 of them conspicuously winged on the keel, ovei the angles of the seed, with the wings decurrent on the pedicel nearly to the articulation. Seed unequally triquetrous, rather acute at each end, smooth and shining, purplish black when mature. Hab. Moist thickets, twining round bushes, &c. frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.—Oct, 14. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem volubile, striate-angled, somewhat scabrous; leaves oblong, subhastate-cordate, acuminate; flowers in slen- der terminal and axillary racemes; perianth-segments keeled, without wings. Beck, Bot. p. 303. Bind-weed Polygonum. Vulgo—Wild Buckwheat. Black Bindweed. Root annual. jSrem2or3 to 6 feet long, procumbent, or twining round other plants, branching, sulcate-striate, minutely scabrous on the ridges. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, the lobes at base often a little spreading, or somewhat hastate. Stipules smoothish, nerved. Flowers smaller than in the preceding, in slender interrupted leafy racemes; pedicels slender, shorter than in the preceding, articulated rather above ihe mid- dle. Perianth roughish puberulent, green ; segments edged with white, or tineod wilh purple, keeled, sometimes slightly winged, but generally without wings. Seed nearly equally triquetrous, roughish-punctate, purplish black when mature. Hab. Cultivated grounds, wheat fields, &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. This is an introduced plant, and has much general resemblance to the preceding ; but the two species may be readily distinguished by the perianth. 15. P. Fagopyrum,L. Stem erect,paniculately branching,sulcate- angled, smoothish ; leaves cordate-sagittate, acute ; racemes terminal EXXEAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 253 and axillary ; seed equally"triquetrous, nearly naked. Beck, Bot. p. 303. Vulgd—Buckwheat. Gall. BUd Sarrasin. Germ. Der Buchweitzen. Hisp. Trigo Sarraceno. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, much branched, angular and sulcate-striate, pubescent near the joints, becoming dark purple. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, often a little hastate at base ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Stipules short, smooth. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes, fascicles rather crowded; pedicels slender, longish, obscurely articulated above the middle. Peri- anth mostly white, With tinges of green and pale purple. Seed equally and acute- ly triquetrous, somewhat acuminate, much longer than the perianth, smooth, dark brown when mature, often striately clouded. Hab. Fields : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September—October. Obs. The grain of this affords a favorite article offood; and it is much culti- vated in some districts,—particularly those which are rough and hilly. It is con- sidered a severe crop upon the soil, and is rarely sown on highly improved land ; but it is admirably adapted to subdue new, or wild lands. Tlie flowers are a fa- vorite resort of the honey-bee. Eight or ten additional species are enumerated in the U. States. CL.ASS IX. EtfiVEAiVDMA. Order 1. Monogynia. 202. LAURUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 374. [The ancient Latin name for the Bay [tree: Etymology obsoure.] Sub-genus Euosmus. ATutt. 1. c. Dioicously polygamous : Peri- anth colored or corolla-like, 6-parted. Fertile stamens 9, arranged in a double series; the 6 outer ones with simple distinct filaments; the 3 inner ones with triple connate filaments at base,—the lateral or acces- sory ones short, bearing abortive gland-like anthers. Ovary superior. Drupe 1-seeded. TVees, or Shrubs: leaves alternate, entire, or lobed, deciduous ; flowers in lateral conglomerate umbels, or terminal bracteate corymbose racemes, sometimes ap- pearing before the leaves. Nat. Ord. 21. Lindl. Laurinea:. 1. L. Benzoin, L. Leaves lance-obovate, entire; flowers in lateral umbellate clusters, preceding the leaves, often dioicous; buds and pedi- cels smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 305. L. pseudo-benzoin. Mx. Am. I. p. 243. Vulgo—Spice-wood. Wild All-spice. Fever bush. Benjamin tree. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, branched ; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, varying from lance-oval to obovate, mostly acute, or with a short acumination (sometimes obtuse and rounded at apex), often cuneate at base, mostly smooth, pale or somewhat glaucous beneath ; petioles about half an inchlong. Flowers in clusters of 3 to 5 from a bud, on pedicels about 2 lines long; flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds. Perianth greenish yellow; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens rather shorter than the perianth; the filaments of the inner series dilated at base, trifid, with the lateral segments short, bearing 2-lobed (or sometimes peltate) glands, instead of anthers; perfect anthers 2-celled ; each cell opening by a vertical elastic valve, which is detached at the 22 254 EXXEAXDRIA TRIGYX1A lower end and reflected upwards. Ovary subglobose; style short, thick. Drupe oval, dark purple when mature. Hab. Moist low grounds; borders of rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Sept. 06s. An aromatic stimulant. A decoction of the branches is often used as a medicinal drink for horned cattle, in the spring of the year. 2. L. Sassafras, L. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or lobed, and cuneate at base; flowers in terminal clustered corymbose racemes with lance-linear villose bracts, dioicous by abortion; buds and pedicels silky-pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 305. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 2. tab. 81. Vulgo—Sassafras. Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 6 to 12 inches (sometimes, though rarely, near 2 feet) in diameter at base, branching; young branches yellowish green, and pu- bescent. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, often ovate and entire, but more commonly dilated and 3-lobed at apex, and acute at base (sometimes oval with a lateral lobe), silky-pubescent when young, finally smooth ; petioles half an inch to near an inch long. Flowers in terminal clustered racemes, from the same buds and contemporaneous with the leaves, on villose pedicels 1 fourth to half an inch long; bracts villose, as long as the pedicels. Perianth pale greenish yellow; segments oblong, rather obtuse. Sterile flower with 9 perfect stamens, the 3 inner ones with each a large subsessile gland-like abortive anther on each side of its base; ovary abortive. Fertile flower with only a single series of 6 short abortive stamens; ovary ovoid, acuminate; stigma capitate, depressed, on a style as long as the ovary; (stigma nearly sessile, Torr). Drupe ovoid-oblong, dark blue when mature; pedicels purple, thickened, clavat.;. Hab. Woodlands; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. April. Fr. September. 06s. This is a powerful aromatic stimulant, and possesses valuable medical properties;—for an account of which, as well as of those of the preceding species, See Dr. Brockenbrough's Inaugural Thesis, 1804, Philad. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States, Order 2. Trigynia. 203. RHEUM. L. Gen. PI. 692. [From Rha, the ancient name of the river Volga ; its native region.] Perianth colored or corolla-like, narrowed at base, 6-parted, persistent. Ovary superior, triquetrous ; styles short; stigmas multifid, reflexed. Seed solitary, triquetrous, the angles membranaceously margined. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, the petioles connected at base with sheathing stipules; flower3 fasciculate, in racemose panicles. Nat. Ord. 156. Lindl. Poly- GONE.K. 1. R. rhaponticum, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse, the sinus at base dilated ; petioles channelled above, rounded at the edge. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 488. Ruapontic Rheum. Vulgo—Rhubarb. Pie Rhubarb. Root perennial, large, reddish brown, yellow within. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, stout, jointed, striate-sulcate, smoothish, fistular, paniculately branched at summit. Ra- dical leaves becoming very large (18 inches to 2 feet long, and 12 to 18 inches wide), smoothish above,pubescent on the veins beneath; petioles thick, and succu- lent, 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, channelled on the upper side ; stem leaves gradually smaller above, on shorter petioles. Stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 255 Flowers in large terminal racemose panicles; pedicels fasciculate, slender, 1 third to half an inch long, articulated near the middle. Perianth greenish; segments with white margins, the alternate ones narrower. Ovary triquetrous; stigmas large, multifid, reflexed, on very short slender styles. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. May. Ft. July—Aug. Obs. This is frequently cultivated for the sake of its succulent acid petioles,— which are used by the pastry cook in making tarts, in the spring of the year, when fruit is scarce. It is the only species known in the U. States. CLASS X. DECA1VDRIA, Order 1. Moiiogyaiia. A. Ovary inferior : Corolla monopetalous. 204. VACCINIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 379. [An ancient Classical name ; of obscure Etymology.] Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb mostly 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, or urceolate, mostly 5-cleft. Stamens inserted on the ovary. Berry globose, 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth. Shrubs: leaves simple, alternate, subcoriaceous; bud-scales often persistent; flowers pedicellate, axillary, .solitary, racemose, or fasciculate. Nat. Ord. Ul. Lindl. Vaccinie^.j * Corolla campanulate. 1. V. stamineum, L. Young branches pubescent; leaves lance-oval, acute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding; corolla spreading-campanulate, lobes ovate, obtuse; anthers exserted, each with 2 subulate awns near the base. Beck, Bot. p. 223. V. album. Florul. Cestr. p. 50. Also? Alarsh. Arbust. p. 157. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 350. Pers. Syn. l.p. 479. Aluhl, Catal.p. 39. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 285. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 263. Lindl. Ency.p. 320. Also? V. frondosum. Marsh. Arbust.p. 158. Not of Linn, nor AIx. Stamineous Vaccinium. Vulgo—Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, diffusely branching, the young branches pubescent. Leaves an inch to 2 inches and a half long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch wide, mostly acute, entire, pubescent and ciliate when young, often bluish glau- cous beneath, at length smoothish, on very short petioles. Flowers mostly on slender pubescent lateral branches 2 to 3 inches in length, which are clothed with small leaves, and look like leafy racemes; pedicels axillary, naked, about 3 fourths of an inch long. Calyx-segments short, acute, ciliate at apex. Corolla white, spreading; lobes ovate, mostly rounded at apex. Stamens erect, conspicu- ous ; filaments short, pubescent; anthers adnale to the filaments, each with 2 subulate spreading processes at the back, and terminating in 2 long slender parallel lubes, which are open and toothed at summit. Style longer than the stamens; stigma simple. Berries large (often near half an inch in diameter), mostly globose (somewhat pyriform, Authors), pale green, or sometimes purplish, when mature, of a mawkish bitterish ta6te, and scejcely esculent. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. 11. May—June. FY. August. 06s. Judging from Marshall's description, I should think this was the plant intendsd by his Y-frondosum,— although he also gives a V. stamineum. 256 DECAXDRIA MONOGYXIA 2. V. frondosum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, or rhomboid-oval, rather obtuse, sprinkled with yellow resinous atoms beneath ; racemes loose, bracteate; pedicels long, slender, mostly bracteolate near the middle; corolla ovoid-campanulate; anthers included, naked at base. Beck, Bot. p. 223. Not of Marsh, nor Mx. V. glaucum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 231. Leafy Vaccinium. Vulgo—Blue Huckleberry. Blue-tangles. Stem3 to 5 feet high, branching, branches rather slender, when young smooth- ish, sprinkled wilh resinous dots (pubescent, Ell.). Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, tapering at each end, but rather obtuse at apex, often lance-oval inclining to rhomboid, or cuneate at base, very entire and slightly revolute on the margin, minutely pubescent and of a dull glaucous color beneath, with prominent reticulated veins, on very short petioles. Racemes lateral, short, loose, few-flowered; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, each mostly with a small spatulate-obovate ciliate bract at base, and 2 minute subulate sub-opposite bracts near the middle; bracts dotted with resinous atoms. Corolla white, tinged with red, a little contracted at the orifice. Stamens scarcely as long as the corolla ; anthers destitute of subulate processes at base. Style a little longer than the stamens. Berries rather large, globose, dark blue and glaucous-pulverulent when mature. Hab. Low, moist woodlands, and thickets: not common. Fl. May. FY. July. 06s. This species produces the most agreeable fruit of any of our Vacciniums ; but it is, at the same time, the least common, in this County. * * Corolla urceolate. 3. V. resinosum, Ait. Leaves oblong-oval, mostly obtuse, petiolate, covered with resinous atoms and blotches beneath; racemes rather crowded and secund, bracteate; pedicels short; corolla tubular, ovoid- conic, 5-angled. Beck, Bot. p. 223. Resinous Vaccinium. Vulgo—Black Huckleberry. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, much branched ; branches rather erect, pubescent when young. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, mostly obtuse, sometimes rather acute, varying from lance-oval to obovate, very entire, pubescent and ciliate when young, thickly covered with atoms and flat shining patches, or spots, of yellow resinous matter beneath, on short but distinct petioles. Racemes lateral, numerous, short, with the flowers crowded; pedicels 1 to 3 lines in length, with very small lanceolate bracts at or near the base. Corolla mostly purple, wilh tinges of pale yellowish green, dotted with resinous atoms, contracted at the orifice, apex of the lobes recurved. Stamens shorter than the corolla (ex- serted, Ell.); filaments smooth; anthers naked at base, with the terminal tubes imperfect, opening laterally and becoming flat linear acute membranes at summit. Style scarcely exserted; stigma capitate. Berries depressed-globose, smaller than the preceding, black and shining when mature. Hab. Dry woodlands; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. May. FY. July—August. 06s. The fruit of this is very pleasant to the taste ; but it is not so much esteemed as the preceding, on account of its larger seeds. 4. V. corymbosum, L. Flower-bearing branches nearly leafless; leaves oval, or inclining to obovate, mostly acute at each end, mucro- nate, pubescent when young; racemes short, sessile, subcorymbose, bracteate; corolla tubular, ovoid-cylindric. Beck, Bot.p. 224, DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 257 V. disomorphum. AIx. Am. l.p. 231. Also? Bigel. Bost.p. 151. V.fuscatum. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 356. Also? Willd. Sp. 2. p. 351. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 479. Aluhl. Catal. p. 39. Pursh, Am. l.p. 287. ,Vk((. Gen. l./». 263. JEW. S/b. l.p. 499. Torr.Fl. 1. /». 416. Ejusd. Cem/i. /». 180. Imi//. Ency. p. 320. ^2/so? V. amcenum. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 353. Ait.Kew. 2.p. 358. Pursh, I.e. A'utt. I.e. Lindl. Ency.p. 322. Corymbose Vaccinium. J'k&to—Swamp, or Tall Huckleberry. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, often stout, with irregular straggling branches ; the young leafing branches pubescent, the flower bearing ones somewhat angular and verrucose. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and quarter wide, generally elliptic, sometimes obovate and obtuse, always mucronate by a short obtuse projection of the midrib at apex, entire, pu- bescent when young, particularly on the midrib and nerves, at length smoothish, destitute of resinous dots, acid to the taste, on short pubescent petioles. Racemes from lateral buds, unaccompanied with leaves; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, with purplish brads somewhat resembling bud-scales at base. Corolla white, mostly tinged with purple, larger than the preceding (1 third lo half an inch long), nearly cylindrical, contracted at the orifice ; lobes short, tooth-like. Stamens included ; filaments pubescent, nearly as long as the anthers; anthers naked and free at base, the terminal tubes opening laterally and becoming flat linear acute membranes. Style longer than the stamens, but scarcely as long as the corolla (exserted, Torr.), somewhat persistent; stigma capitale, glandular. Berries rather large (often 1 third of an inch in diameter), purplish black when mature, sub-acid. Seeds rugose-punctate, or rough with reticulated ridges and depressions. Hab. Shaded swamps, and rivulets: frequent. Fl. May. FY. July. 06s. This is often a stout shrub; but appears to be subject to some varieties,— which probably have been described as distinct species, under the names here quoted as synonyms. 5. V. pennsylyanicum, Lam. Branches angular, yellowish green, the flower-bearing ones elongated, mostly leafless; leaves subsessile, lance-oval, mucronate, often slightly serrulate, smooth and shining on both surfaces; racemes sessile, numerous, rather crowded, subfascicu- late, bracteate; corolla tubular, ovoid. Beck, Bet. p. 224. Not of Alarsh. V. virgatum. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 353. Ait. Kew.2.p. 358. Aluhl. Catal. 7>. 40. ATutt? Gen. 1. p. 263. Ell? Sk. 1. p. 498. Bigel. Bost. p. 152. Lindl. Ency.p. 322. Also, Pers. Syn. 1. />. 479. Eat. Alan. p. 381. NotofPwrsA. V.tenellum. Pursh, Am. l.p. 288. Bart. Phil. 1.p. 197. Also, A'utt. 1. c. Ell. Sk. l.p. 500. Lindl. I. e. Not of Willd. Ait. Pers. Aluhl. Bigel. Torr. nor Eat, Pennstlvanian Vaccinium. Vulgii—Sugar Huckleberry. Stem l to 2 feet high, much branched ; branches more or less angular, wilh a green verrucose bark. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, elliptic, and mostly acute at each end, sometimes obovate anil obtuse, mucronate, entire, or obsoletely serrulate, rather thin and membranaceous, very smooth, with reticulated pellucid veins, nearly sessile. Racemes -i to ■-.• flowered, terminal and laitral, numerous, from buds without leaves, and often ou 22* 258 DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA leafless branches; pedicels 1 to 3 or 4 lines long, with small lanceolate bracts at or near the base. Calyx-teeth somewhat spreading, becoming longer and more acute on the fruit. Corolla pale red, or greenish white tinged with red, ovoid- oblong, smaller than in the preceding species. Stamens included; filaments flat, ciliate-pubescent on the margins; anthers naked at base, the terminal tubes par- tially opening laterally. Style scarcely, or a very little, exserted; stigma capi- tate. Berries middle-sized, bluish-black and a little glaucous when mature, sweet. Hab. Hilly woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. The fruit of this is very pleasant,—and is produced in large quantities. It was overlooked, or not distinguished from the others, when my Catalogue was prepared. Some 18 or 20 additional species have been enumerated in the U« States; but on a careful examination the number will probably be somewhat reduced. B. Ovary superior. \ Corolla monopetalous. 205. GAULTHERIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 378. [Dedicated to M. Gaulthicr ; a French Physician and Botanist, of Canada.] Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracts at base. Corolla tubular, ovoid, 5-cleft; lobes small, revolute. Filaments hirsute. Receptacle 10-toothed. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded, covered by the calyx, which finally becomes thick and succulent, resembling a berry. FYuteseent: leaves alternate, coriaceous, sempervirent; flowers axillary, soli- tary, pedunculate. Nut. Ord. 170. Lindl. Eeice^:. 1. G. procumbens, L. Stem procumbent, creeping, with the branches erect; leaves obovate, cuneate at base, serrate-denticulate, crowded near the summit of the branches; flowers few, subterminal, nodding. Beck, Bot. p. 216. Procumbent Gaultheria. Vulgo—Tea-berry. Spicy Winter-green. Stem creeping, root-like; branches erect, simple, 3 to 5 inches high, naked be- low, or with a few small lance-ovate scales, pubescent and leafy at summit. Leaves few (4 to 6), an inch to an inch and a half long, and near an inch wide, obovate, or oval, somewhat mucronate, the margin a little revolute, remotely serrulate, serratures mucronate, or pointed with deciduous awns ; petiole very short, and, with the midrib above, pubescent. Flowers few (1 to 3 or 4), in the axils of the crowded upper leaves, nodding, on recurved pubescent peduncles 1 fourth to half an inch long. Calyx double, or with 2 small roundish-ovate per- sistent bracts at base, resembling an exterior calyx; segments ovate, ciliate. Corolla white, ovoid-oblong, obtusely 5-angled, contracted at the orifice, hairy within. Stamens included; filaments broadish, incurved, hairy, alternating with the teeth of the receptacle; anthers large, terminating in 2 tubes, each tube re- curved and fciuu, wiih the points acute. Ovbry orbicular, depressed, torulose; style cylindric, rather longer than the stamens, persistent. Capsule depressed- globose, umbilicate, embraced by the persistent calyx,—which becomes enlarged, thickened, succulent and berry-like, bright red when mature, persistent. Hab. "Woodlands; West-Chester; Brandywine hills: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Oct. 06s. The whole plant is pleasantly aromatic; and is often employed by the apothecaries to give a flavor to their syrups and popular diet drinks. Two other species have been enumerated in the U. States; but it seems to be doubtful whether they really belong to the genus. DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 259 206. EPIG^EA. L. ATutt. Gen. 385. [Greek, Epi, upon, and Ge, the earth; in allusion to its prostrate habit.] Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla tubular, salverform ; limb 5-parted, spreading; tube villose within. Capsule 5-celled. A suffruticose trailing evergreen: leaves alternate ; flowers in dense fasciculate racemes, axillary and terminal. Nat. Ord. 170. Lindl. Ericeje. 1. E. repens, L. Branches, petioles, and nerves of the leaves hirsute ; leaves cordate-oblong, entire, on long petioles ; tube of the corolla cy- lindrical. Beck, Bot. p. 219. Creeping Epigjea. Vulgo—Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. Stem prostrate, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, branching, woody, hirsute wilh tawny or ferruginous hairs. Leaves lto 2 and a half inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, mostly rather acute, sometimes obtuse and rounded at apex, shortly mucronate, reticulately veined, sprinkled and fringed with coarse hairs; petioles half an inch to an inch long. Flowers very fragrant, in small dense fasciculate racemes, on hirsute peduncles; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long, with 3 une- qual lance-ovate hirsute persistent bracts at base. Calyx colored, 5-parted; segments lance-oval, acuminate. Corolla pale red, or reddish white ; tube 1 third to near half an inch long; lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments hairy. Style a little longer than the stamens, smooth; stigma sub- clavate, trifid 1 (simple, Torr.). Capsule depressed-globose, 5-angled. Hab. Hilly woodlands, of northern exposure: frequent. Fl. April. FY. Obs. This plant has been supposed to be injurious to cattle, when eaten by them; but whether correctly, or not, seems undetermined. It is the only species of the genus in the TJ. States. 207. ANDROMEDA. L. A'utt. Gen. 380. [So named, in allusion to the exposure of Andromeda ; from their place of growth.] Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla tubular, subcylindric, or ovoid * limb 5-cleft, reflexed. Anthers awned, or awnless. Capsule 5-celled 5-valved; valves producing dissepiments from the middle. Shrubs: leaves mostly alternate; flowers terminal and axillary, racemose, or fasciculate. Nat. Ord. 170. Lindl. Ericeje. 1. A. racejiosa, AIx. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, thin and rather membranaceous, somewhat pubescent beneath; racemes terminal, naked, secund, mostly simple; calyx bibracteate at base; corolla subcylindric; anthers 4-awned at summit. Beck, Bot. p. 217. Not 1 of Linn. Willd. and Ait. A. Catesbsei. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 613 (excl. syn. Walt.). Ait. Kew. 3. p. 54. ? Racemose Andromeda, Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with slender irregular straggling branches, and a cinereous exfoliating "bark. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, muGronate, mostly rather obtuse at base, smooth above, pubescent on the midrib and nerves beneath ; petioles about a line in length. Racemes numerous, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, terminal on short spreading branches, leafless, simple (rarely compound, or branched) ; flowers nodding, or secund on the under side, on short thickish pedicels. Calyx purple; segments 260 DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA short, lance-ovate, acute, minutely ciliate; bracts 2, at the base of tho calyx,ovate, acuminale, purplish. Corolla white (flower-buds purple before they expand), nearly cylindric, about 1 third of an inch long, the limb with small revolute lobes. Stamens about half the length of the corolla ; filaments flat, smooth; anthers with 2 tubular lobes at summit, each lobe terminating in 2 acute rigid awns. Ovary depressed-globose; style cylindric, a little exserted ,- stigma simple. Capsule small, depressed-globose, umbilicate, dark purplish brown, the sutures closed by 5 narrow ferruginous slightly convex ribs. Hab. Moist thickets; E.Marlborough; Great Valley: not common. F/.June. Fr. Obs. This pretty species was collected by Mr. Samuel Peirce, in swampy thickets near his residence; and also by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, near the foot of the Valley hill, north of the Ship tavern. 2. A, mariana, L. Leaves oval, mostly acute at each end, very en- tire, subcoriaceous, paler and puncticulate beneath ; flowering branches nearly naked; pedicels fasciculate, bracteate; calyx naked at base; corolla ovoid-cylindric; anthers awnless at summit. Beck, Bot.p. 217. Mariland Andromeda. Vulgo—Stagger-bush. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, wilh erect branches, and a cinereous bark, sprinkled with numerous small black dots. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, rarely obtuse, shortly and bluntly mucronate, entire and slightly revolute on the margin, smooth above, the under surface sprinkled with small brown dots, and pubescent on the nerves and veins ; petioles about 1 fourth of an inch long. Flowers in short sessile fasciculate racemes on the old branches, from terminal and lateral buds, unaccompanied with leaves; pedicels about half an inch long (of the fruit near an inch), with ovate bracts, like bud-scales, at base. Calyx green, deeply 5-parted; segments lanceolate,acute, half as long as the corolla. Corolla white, or reddish white, large (about half an inch long). Stamens included (sometimes wanting 7); filaments flat, lanceolate, hairy, recurvedly doubled below the anlhers ; anthers terminating in 2 short awnless lubes opening laterally at summit, and with 2 minute white decurrent diverging awns at base. Ovary conical, 5-angled ; style tapering, rather shorter than the corolla ; sligrna somewhat lobed. Capsule pentangular-ovoid, or somewhat urceolate, with the apex truncate, about as long as the calyx-segments, brown, the sutures closed ex- ternally by 5 whitish convex ribs. Seeds numerous, small, clavate, truncate at summit, pale tawny, or straw color. Hab. Hilly woodlands; Londongrove; Valley Hill: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Sept. 06s. Found by Dr. E. Michener, near West Grove Meeting House,—and also by D. Townsend, Esq. on the Valley hill, north of the Ship tavern. It is very abundant in New-Jersey ;—where the farmers are of opinion it is destructive to sheep, when eaten by them,—producing a disease called the staggers. 3. A. ligustrina, Aluhl. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, and lance-oblong, acuminate, obsoletely serrulate; flower-bearing branches terminal paniculate, naked; pedicels mostly without bracts; corolla subglobose, pubescent; anthers awnless. Beck, Bot. p. 218. A. paniculata. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 7. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 612 (excl. syn. Linn.). Mx.Am. l.p. 254. Pers. Syn. I. p. 4S1. Ait. Kew. 3./.. 53. Pursh, Am. l.p. 295. Bart. Phil. I. p. 198. Bigel. Bost.p. 167. Lindl. Ency. p. 360. Eat. Alan. p. 17. Net of Linn. DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 261 Vaccinium ligustrinum. L, Also, Willd. Sp. 2. p. 352. Pers. Syn. l.p. 479. Not of Marsh. AIx. Pursh, ATutt? Lindl. nor Eat. Lyonia paniculata. ATutt. Gen. I. p. 266. Ligustrum, or Privet-like Andromeda. Vulgo—Pepper-bush. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, with numerous rather erect branches, and a cinereous exfoliating bark. Leaves 1 to 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, generally inclining .to obovate, but often lance-oblong, or oval, acumi- nate, tapering and acute at base, obscurely serrulate, pubescent with short hairs, smoothish above when old, and rather coriaceous (membranaceous, Torr.); petioles 1 to 3 lines long. Racemes half an inch to an inch and half long, pubes- cent, often a little compound, arranged paniculately on the terminal branches of the preceding year, mostly naked, sometimes 1 or 2 small leaves near the base of the racemes ; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, often in fascicles of 2 to 5; bracts 0, or very small. Calyx colored, pubescent with short white hairs; segments short, ovate, acute. Corolla white, small, roundish-ovoid, slightly urce- olate, smooth within, externally pubescent. Stamens shorter than the corolla! filaments flat, a little dilated at base, ciliate ; anthers terminating in 2 very short awnless tubes opening laterally at summit. Ovary depressed-globose, hirsute at summit; style thick, shorter than the corolla; stigma simple. Capsule roundish- ovoid, pentangular, obtuse, slightly umhilicate, hairy, rugose-veined, dark brown, the sutures closed by 5 palish tawny convex ribs. Seeds numerous, small, oblong, acute at base, tawny. Hab. Moist woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. September. 06s. Fifteen or sixteen additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 208. KALMIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 382. [Named in honor of Peter JSalm ; a Swedish Botanist.j Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat salverform; the limb 5-lobed, producing 10 cornute protuberances beneath, in the cavities of which the anthers are concealed. Capsule 5-celled, 5 valved; dissepiments marginal. Seeds numerous. Shrubs: leaves scattered, sub-opposite, or ternately verticillate, entire, cori- aceous and sempervirent; flowers in racemose corymbs. Nat. Ord. 170. Lindl. ERICEiE. 1. K. latifolia, L. Leaves scattered, and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, viscidfy pubescent; flowers large. Beck, Bot.p. 219. Icon, Alx.f. Sylva. 2. tab. 68. Broad-leaved Kalmia. Vulgo—Laurel, Calico-bush. Stem 3 or 4 to 8 orlO feet high, with irregular crooked straggling branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and about an inch wide, scattered, opposite, or ternate, thick and coriaceous, smooth and shining, paler green beneath, on petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an ineh long. Flowers in terminal spreading corymbs; pedicels about an inch long, slender, viscid-pubescent, with 3 bracts at base, the two lateral ones short and ovate, the lower one longer and lanceolate. Calyx-segments ovate-ob- long, acute. Corolla pale red, or rose color (sometimes white); tube short; limb spreading (about 3 fourths of an inch in diameter), with an erect 5-cleft margin. Stamens declinate ; the anthers lodged in the lateral cavities of the corolla, but at length liberated, and springing elastically towards the stigma. Style longer than 262 DECANDRIA MONOGYXIA the corolla, a little declined and clavate, persistent; stigma obtuse. Capsule de- pressed-globose, hirsute. Seeds very small, oblong, pale straw-color. Hab. '.Shaded, rocky hills; Brandywine,&c. frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Sept. Obs. The wood of this splendid flowering shrub is very hard, and is often used to make handles for small mechanical implements. The plant possesses medical properties; and a decoction of the leaves is sometimes used as a wash, for cutane- ous diseases. 2. K. angustifolia, L. Leaves ternate, and opposite, linear-elliptic, obtuse, slightly ferruginous beneath; corymbs lateral, verticillate ; flowers small. Beck, Bot. p. 219. Narrow-leaved Kalmia. Vulgo—Sheep Laurel. Dwarf Laurel. Stem about 2 feet high, slender, somewhat branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and about half an inch wide, generally obtuse, sometimes rather acute, on petioles 1 third to half an inch long. Flowers in small lateral puberulent corymbs, in the axils of the ternate leaves, and thus appearing verticillate ; pedicels filiform, 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch long, with 3 unequal lanceolate acuminate bracts at base. Corolla bright deep purple ; tube very short ; limb about 1 third of an inch in di- ameter ; lobes broad-ovate, slightly acuminate. \_Capsule smooth. Torr.'] Hab. Great Valley; W. Trimble's, and R. Thomas's lands: rare. Fl. June, July. Fr. Obs. This pretty little species was first collected here by Mr. Joseph Jacobs. It is thought to be poisonous to Sheep, and other stock, when eaten by them. Three other species are enumerated in the U. States. 209. RHODODENDRON. L. ATutt. Gen. 383. [Gr. Rhodon,a. rose,and Dendron, a tree} the flowers being in rose-colored clusters.] Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, or cam- panulate; limb 5-cleft, unequal. Stamens 5 to 10, declinate ; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at summit. Shrubs: leaves alternate,entire, deciduous, or sempervirent; flowers mostly in terminal corymbose clusters. Nat. Ord. 170. Lindl. Ericeje. * Flowers Pentandrous .- leaves deciduous. I. R. nudiflorum, Torr. Leaves lance-oblong, and obovate-lance- olate ; flowers rather naked, slightly viscid ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes ; stamens much exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 220. Azalea nudiflora. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 15. Willd. Sp. l.p. 831. Pers. Sy?i. l.p. 212. Ait. Kew.I.p. 319. Muhl. Catal.p.20. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 135. Bart. Phil. I. p. 113. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 240. Bigel. Bost. p. 82. Florul. Cestr. p. 26. Lindl. Ency.p. 144. Eat. Alan.p. 48. A. periclymenoides. Mx. Am. 1. p. 151. Pursh, Am. l.p. 152. Naked-flowered Rhododendron. Vulgo—Wild Honeysuckle. Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, much branched towards the summit; young branches hairy. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and about an inch wide, crowded at the ex- tremities of the branches, entire, upper surface sprinkled with bristly appressed hairs, which are numerous along the margin, pubescent beneath ; petioles 1 fourth to half an inch long. Flowers in terminal clusters, appearing rather in advance of the leaves; pedicels about half an inch long, hairy, bracteate at base, and em- DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 263 braced by numerous imbricated coriaceous bud-scales. Calyx very short and hairy. Corolla of various shades, from very pale red to bright purple, somewhat viscid ; tube about 3 fourths of an inch long, very hairy ; limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens unequal, nearly twice as long as the corolla; filaments slender, curved, hairy within the tube, smooth above. Ovary hairy; style filiform, a little longer than the stamens ; stigma capitate. Capsule oblong (half an inch to near an inch long), obtusely 5-angled, sulcate, hirsute, of a firm and almost bony texture. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: common. Fl. April—May. FY. June. 06s. There are apparently several varieties of this beautiful flowering shrub. The leaves are subject to large green succulent excrescences, produced by the puncture of insects. I have concluded to follow Drs. Torrey and Beck, in arrang- ing.our former Azaleas with this genus. 2. R. viscosum, Torr. Leaves obovate, and lance-oblong; flowers accompanied with leaves, very viscid; tube of the corolla twice as long as the lobes ; stamens somewhat exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 221. Azalea viscosa. L. and the Authors cited in this work. Also? A, viscosa palustris. Marsh. Arbust. p. 16. Also? A. glauca. Muhl. Catal. p. 21. Pursh, Am. l.p. 154. Lindl. Ency. p. 144. Eat. Man. p. 49. Clammy Rhododendron. Vulgo—Sweet white Honeysuckle. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with numerous short spreading and often crooked branches above ; young branches bristly. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, mostly obovate, or lance-obovate, short-mucronate, smoothish, bristly on the midrib and petiole, bristly-ciliate on the margin; petioles 1 to 2 lines long. Flowers in terminal clusters, appearing after the leaves, sweet-scented; pedicels about half an inch long, hairy, with filiform and spatulate bracts at base, and nu- merous imbricated bud-scales. Calyx very small and hirsute. Corolla white, glandular-pubescent and very viscid; tube about an inch long. Stamens a little longer than the corolla. Style longer than the stamens ; stigma capitate, obscure- ly lobed. Hab. Rocky woodlands; North Valley hill: not common. Fl. June. FY. Obs. A fragrant pretty species, with very clammy white flowers,—of which the Azalea glauca, Pursh, appears to be only a variety. Collected in 1830, by D. Townsend, Esq. * * Flowers Decandrous .- leaves sempervirent. 3. R. maximum, L. Leaves oblong, abruptly acuminate, thick and coriaceous, glabrous, paler beneath; racemes terminal, densely thyrsoid, or corymbose; calyx-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla subcam- panulate. Beck, Bot.p. 220. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 2. tab. 67. Largest Rhododendron. Vulgo—Mountain Laurel. Rose Bay. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, with stout irregular branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, elliptic-oblong, with a short acumination, sometimes cuneate at base, revolute on the margin, very smooth, green above, paler or fer- ruginous beneath; petioles thick, half an inch to an inch long. Flowers in dense terminal thyrsoid or corymbose racemes, invested at base with spatulate-oblong acuminate hairy bracts, or bud-scales ; pedicels an inch to|an inch and half long, glandular-pubescent, viscid, with filiform pubescent bracts at base. Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted; segments nearly oval, minutely pubescent. Corolla palish rose- 264 DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA red; tube short, somewhat pubescent; limb with 5 largo spreading oblong obtuse lobes, rather unequal, the upper one largest, with numerous yellow or orange- colored spots near the base, and often emarginate at apex. Stamens unequal, de- clined, raiher shorter than the corolla; filaments pubescent at base., Style about as long as the stamens; stigma subclavate, obtuse. Capsule ovoid-oblong, ob- tusely angled. Seeds numerous, minute. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill; Black Rock: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Obs. This magnificent ornament of our mountain forests is rare in Chester County; having only been observed along the Schuylkill, on the north-eastern boundary of the County. Five or six additional species, as the genus is here con- stituted, are enumerated in the TJ. States. ■J- -j- Corolla polypetalous. 210. CLETHRA. L. ATutt. Gen. 392. IKlethra, the ancient Greek name for the Alder; which it somewhat resembles.] Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens exserted. Style as long as the stamens, persistent; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, covered by the calyx. Seeds numerous. Shrubs: leaves alternate, deciduous; flowers in terminal spiked or paniculate racemes. Nat. Ord. 170. Lindl. Ericeje. 1. C. alnifolia, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, smooth and green on both sides; racemes spiked, bracteate, hoary - tomentose. Beck, Bot. p. 218. Alder-leaved Clethra. Vulgd-Svteet Pepper-bush. White Alder. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, branched, with an exfoliating bark; young branches puberulent. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches wide, acute, or with a short acumination; serratures acuminate; petioles 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, and, with the midrib and nerves beneath, hairy-pubescent. Racemes 3 to 6 inches long, simple, or often with 2 or 3 branches from the base, bearing numer- ous fragrant flowers ; pedicels short, each with a lance-linear bract at base twice as long as the pedicel,—the peduncles, pedicels, bracts and calyx, covered with a short white downy pubescence. Calyx-segments ovate-oblong, rather obtuse. Petals white, obovate-oblong, obtuse,'twice as long as the calyx, slightly connected at base. Stamens a Uttle longer than the petals; filaments reflexed at apex before flowering, causing the anthers to be inverted; anthers erect after flowering, free and acute at base, 2-lobed at summit; lobes diverging, opening byj pores?at apex. Ovary subglobose, hairy; style hairy at base, finally a |little longer than the stamens; stigm&s 3. Capsule subglobose, umbilicate, obscurely triangular, or torose, hairy, rather shorter than the calyx, and embraiced by its ribbed segments. Seeds angular, scabrous, or reticulately rugose, pale tawny. Hab. Wet thickets; E. Marlborough: not common. Fl. July, Aug. Fr. October. 06s. Dr. Torrey (and I believe Mr. Elliott, also,) considers the anthers as lobed at 6ase, and inverted after flowering; but, from the best examination I could make, the facts appear to me as above described. This shrub was found by Mr. Samuel Peirce, near his residence, in East Marlborough, and brought to me in 1827. I have not met with it elsewhere in the County. Three or four other species have been enumerated in the Southern Sutes,—some of ^which Mr. Nuttall thinks are doubtful. DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 265 211. PYROLA. L. ATutt. Gen. 389. [Latin, diminutive of Pyrus, a pear; from a resemblance in the leaves.] Calyx 5-parted, or 5-cleft. Petals 5, deciduous. Style persistent, exserted, or very short; stigma annulate, or peltate. Capsule 5-cell- ed, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, arillate, or samara-like. Low suffruticose evergreens: leaves alternate, or subopposite, aggregated at the root, or near the summit of the stem, sempervirent; flowers racemose on scapes, or subumbellate on terminal peduncles. Nat. Ord. 173. Lindl. Pyrolaceje. ■j- Style exserted. * Stigma annulate. 1. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, obsoletely crenate-serrate, coriaceous and shining, scarcely as long as the dilated petiole ; scape with 2 or 3 ovate-lanceolate bracts; calyx 5-parted, segments ovate- oblong ; style decimate. Beck, Bot. p. 226, Round-leaved Pyrola. Root creeping. Leaves radical, orbicular, or roundish-ovate, an inch and half to 2 inches in diameter, with conspicuous branching reticulated nerves termina- ting at the obscure cartilaginous serratures on the margin; petiole margined, about as long as the leaf, and sometimes much longer. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, with amplexicaul bracts at base, and 2 or 3 remote ovate-lanceolate ones above. Raceme terminal, smooth, 2 to 3 inches long; pedicels about 1 third of an inch long, each with a lanceolate 6racf at base as long as the pedicel. Flowers nodding, fra- grant. Calyx-segments about 1 third the length of the petals. Petals white, often with a reddish tinge, obovate. Stajnens shorter than the petals, ascending; fila- ments smooth, flat; anthers large, oblong, with 2 pores at base, erect before the flower expands, reflexed afterwards, when, consequently, the pores appear to be at the summit. Style longer than petals, declined and curved; stigma 5-lobed, with a ring just below the lobes. Capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-angled; valves opening at base, connected by tomentose filaments. Seeds minute, coated with a membranaceous diaphanous integument, tapering at each end. Hab. "Woodlands: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August—September. 2. P. elliptica, ATutt. Leaves oblong-oval, or elliptic-ovate, pli- cately serrulate, somewhat membranaceous, longer than the dilated pe- tiole ; scape naked, or with a single subulate-lanceolate bract; calyx 5- cleft; segments ovate, acuminate; style declinate. Beck, Bot.p. 226. Elliptic Pyrola. Vulgo—Shin leaf. Root creeping. Leaves radical, 1 and a half to near 3 inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches wide, somewhat crenate-serrate, thinner and less coriaceous than the preceding, decurrent on the petiole, which is shorter than the leaf. Scape 4 to 6 inches high, acutely angular, naked, or with a single slender 6rac*. Raceme 1 to 2 inches long, pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, shorter than the subulate-lanceolate bracts at base. Calyx-segments scarcely 1 fourth the length of the petals. Petals white, with a greenish tinge, obovate, rounded at apex. Stamens shorter than the petals, ascending. Style, &c. as in the preceding. Hab. Woodlands: common. Fl. June. FY. August—September. 06s. Nearly allied to the preceding; and was long confounded with it. * * Stigma peltate. 3. P. secunda, L. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, somewhat membran- aceous, longer than the narrow petiole ; raceme secund ; style straight. Beck, Bot. p. 227. Orb-bided Pyrola. S3 266 DECAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Root creeping, long, slender, stoloniferous. Stem decumbent, 1 to 2 or S inches high, leafy at summit, with small lanceolate scales below. Leaves 2(n inch to an inch and half long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch wide, mucronate ; petiole about half as long as the leaf. Common peduncle scape-like, terminal, 3 to 6 inches in length, with 2 or 3 lanceolate very acute 6rae/s at base, and remote appressed enes above. Raceme 1 to 2 inches long, minutely puberulent; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, all turned to one side, each with a lanceolate bract at base scarcely as long as the pedicel. Calyx-segments short, ovate. Petals greenish white, oblong. Stamens about as long as the petals, erect. Style longer than the petals, straight; strgma dilated, peltate, 5-lobed. Capsule small, depressed-globose, umbilicate, S- angled, or lobed ; valves opening at base, slightly connected by filaments. Seeds extremely minute. Hab. Woodlands ; Mica-slate hills; Londongrove : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. This occurs plentifully in some localities i»Londongrove Township, and is eccasionally met with North and East of West Chester; but it is much less com- mon than either of the preceding. ■}■ \ Style very short, and thick. 4. P. umbellata, L. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute at base, serrate, uniformly green; flowers in a terminal subumbellate corymb. Beck, Bot. p. 227. Chimaphila corymbosa. Pursh, Am, l.p. 300. Lindl.Ency.p. 362. C. umbellata. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 274. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 203. Florul. Cestr. p. 51. Eat. Man. p. 92. Umbellate Pyrola. Vulgo—Pipsissawa. Winter-green. Root creeping, long. Stem ascending, 3 to 6 inches long, fruticose, leafy at sum- mit. Leaves subverticillate (often in 2 or 3 verticils), 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, acute, or often cuneate-obovate and rather obtuse, sharply serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining, tapering at base to a short petiole. Common peduncle terminal, solitary (sometimes 2 or 3 when the stem is slightly branched at summit), 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, bearing an imperfect umbel of 4 to 6 flowers. Pedicels about half an inch long, puberulent, with subulate bracts at or near the base. Calyx 5-cleft; segments broad-ovate, obtuse, or sometimes acute and even acuminate, ciliate. Petals reddish white, with a tinge of violet, roundish- obovate, concave, minutely ciliate. Stamens violet purple, nearly as long as the petals; filaments dilated at base, forming a spatulate-obovate ciliate disk; anthers large, sagittate, with 2 tubular truncated pores at base, inverted when the flower is expanded. Ovary obtusely conic, with a margined ring at base ; style very short and thick, immersed in the umbilicate depression of the ovary; stigma peltate, orbicular, with a narrow margin, convex, viscid, 5-rayed, separable into 5 lobes. Capsule depressed-globose ; valves opening at summit, and at base, nearly desti- tute of connecting filaments. Seeds very minute, subulate-linear, reticulate- striate, pale tawny. Hab. Woodlands, particularly of northern exposure: common. FZ.June. Fr. Sept. L 06s. I have restored the Chimaphilas, of Pursh, to the genus Pyrola,—-from deference to high Botanical Authority, rather than an entire conviction of its ne- cessity ;—trS^gh it must be acknowledged they are very nearly allied. This spe- cies has long been noted, as an Indian medicine, under the name of Pipsissawa. It is moderately bitter and astringent,—and 1 have used the infusion in some cases of slow typhoid fever with advantage: But its virtues have been trumpeted through the Gazettes (as is too often the case with both vices and virtues) much beyond the warranty of sober facts. DECAXDRIA MONOGYXIA 267 5. P. maculata, L. Le"aves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, rigidly and incisely serrate, discolored; peduncle 2 to 3-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 227. Chimaphila maculata. Pursh, Am. l.p. 300. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 275. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 204. Ell. Sk. l.p. 505. Bart. Am. l.p. 40 (Icon, tab. 11.). Florul. Cestr.p. 51. Lindl. Ency.p. 362. Eat. Man. p. 92. Spotted Pyrola. Vulgo—Spotted Winter-green. Root creeping, long. Stem assurgent, 2 to 4 inches high, fruticose. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, smooth and coriaceous, with a whitish line along the midrib and nerves above, purplish beneath, the upper ones in one or two verticils of 3 or 4 leaves each, near the summit of ihe stem, tapering to an acute point,—and often a pair of ovate opposite ones below; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 lines long. Common peduncle terminal, mostly solitary (sometimes 2 or 3, as in the preceding), 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, puberulent, bearing 2 or 3 flowers in an umbellate manner (sometimes but 1); pedicels half an inch lo an inch and half long, often with a minute subulate bract near the middle. CkUyx 5-parted ; segments ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Petals white, with a tinge of purple, broad-obovate, obtuse, concave, ciliate. Stamens short; filaments dilated at base into a spatulate-obcordate disk, which is densely villose at summit and on the margins; anthers large, the orifice of the pores spreading, 3-cornered, or some- what 3-lobed. Ovary depressed-globose, with a margined ring at base; style short, thick, obconic, partly immersed in the umbilicate depression of the ovary ; stigma peltate, orbicular, convex, glandular-viscid, separable into 5 lobes. Cap- sule nearly as in the preceding species. Hab. Woodlands: common. Fl. June. Fr. September. Obs. Thin species, erroneously called Pipsieaawa, by Pursh, possesses proper- lies similar, but inferior in degree, to those of the preceding. Five or six addiiional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 212. MONOTROPA. L. ATutt. Gen. 388. [Greek, Memos, one, and„rrep»,*to turn ; its flowers turning chiefly to ofie side.] Perianth corolla-like, pseudo-polypetalous, persistent; outer petals gib- bous at base. Stamens sometimes 8; anthers 1-celled, bilabiate. Stig- ma orbicular, umbilicate, or depressed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, invested with an arillus-like membrane. Herbaceous: destitute of verdure; leafless; flowers on scapes, racemose, or solitary and terminal. Nat. Ord. 173. Lindl. Pyrolaceje. * Scape many-flowered. Hypopithys. ATutt. I. M. lanuginosa, Mx. Scape pubescent above, bearing the flowers in a raceme; bracts and flowers tomentose-pubescent; stamens 8. Beck, Bot. p. 228. Hypopithys lanuginosa. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 271. Bart. Phil. l.p. 201, Eat. Man. p. 185. Woolly Monotropa. Vulgo—Pine-sap. False Beech-drops. Whole plant orange tawny, or tan-color, and of a musky odor. Root peren- nial? squamose, parasitic1! Leaves none. Scapes clustered, erect, 4 to 6 (and some- times 12 or 15) inches high, mostly simple, angular, smooth below, pubescent above, furnished with lance-ovate scales, which are crowded and imbricated at base, more distant above, and become bracts to the pedicels, in the raceme at summit. Raoeme 1 or 2 to 6 inches long, at first recurved, or convolute, with the 268 DECAXDRIA DIGYXIA flowers secund and nodding, finally erect;pedicels varying from 1 lino to an inch or more in length. Petals somewhat connected below; outer ones spatulate-oblong, gibbous at base, with a nectariferous cavity within; the alternate ones narrower, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate. Stamens mostly 8; shorter than the petals; fila- ments hairy, alternating at base with short deflexed pubescent tooth-like pro- cesses ; anthers short,broad-ovate, or subreniform, opening outwards their whole breadth, the outer or lower lip much larger, spreading horizontally, and finally revolute. Ovary ovoid, obtusely 5-angled, grooved, hairy; style thick, as long or often longer than the stamens; stigma large, orbicular, concave, with a densely bearded margin. Capsule roundish-ovoid; dissepiments growing to the axis near ihe base, thereby preventing the valves from expanding. Hab. Moist woodlands: not uncommon. Fl. July. Fr. September. * * Scape 1-flowered. 2. M. uniflora, L. Scape smooth, bearing a single terminal flower; flower nodding, or erect; stamens 10. Beck, Bot. p. 228. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 86./. 1. One-flowered Monotbopa. Vulgo—Indian Pipe. Bird's nest. Whole plant white and smooth, becoming purplish black in drying. Root pe- rennial? roundish, composed of brownish fleshy densely-matted brittle fibres, parasitic 1 Scape 5 to 8 or sometimes 12 inches high, simple, succulent, often grow- ing in clusters, furnished with lance-ovate scales. Flower large, at first nodding, finally erect. Petals concave, spatulate-cuneate, truncate, gibbous at base, smooth externally, hairy within, and ciliate on the margins below. Stamens shorter than the petals; filaments hairy, alternating at base with short deflexed smooth tooth- like processes ; anthers Subreniform, opening by 0 transverse margined foramina. Ovary large, ovoid; style short, thick; stigma overtopping the stamens, large, orbicular, concave, margin not bearded. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, pentangular. Seeds minute. Hab. Woodlands: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. September. 06s. This species is more common than the preceding. These singular plants are called parasitic; but I cannot 6ay that their usual mode of growth corresponds exactly with my notions of a genuine parasite. They certainly often seem to be totally unconnected with any other plant. One or two additional, but rather doubt- ful species, have been enumerated in the TJ. States. [Cassia. Baptisia. Cercis. Diadelphia Decandria.'] Order S. ©IgyBsia. A- Ovary mostly inferior,—or more or less adnate to the calyx. 213. HYDRANGEA. L. ATutt. Gen. 404. [Greek, Hydor, water, and Angeion, a vase ; from the form of the capsules.] Calyx adnate to the ovary, hemispheric, 5-toothed. Petals 5. Ovary inferior. Capsule hemispheric, truncate, 10-ribbed, 2-celled, beaked by the persistent styles, opening transversely between the beaks. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. Shrubs: branches and leaves opposite ; flowers in terminal cymose or panicu- late corymbs, often radiate and abortive. Nat. Ord. 191. Lindl. Capbipoliac^.h. (Saxi?rasb;e. DC.Beck.). DECAXDRIA DIGYXIA 269 I. H. vulgaris, AIx. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, dentate, ob- tuse or subcordate at base ; corymbs cymose ; flowers mostly all fertil« and uniform. Beck, Bot. p. 137. H. frutescens. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 61. H. arborescens. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 633. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 63. Aluhl. Catal. p. 44. Lindl. Ency. p. 366. var. vulgaris, D C. Prodr. 4. p. 14. Also? H. cordata. Pursh, Am. l.p. 309. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 509. DC. I. c. Lindl. 1. c. Eat. Alan. p. 179. Common Hydrangea. Stem4 to 6 feet high, with opposite branches and a large pith; young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, sometimes in- clining to obovate, with coarse unequal obtusely-mucronate teelh, midrib and nerves pubescent on both sides, sprinkled with short hairs on the upper surface, f:noothish paler and somewhat glaucous beneath; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, Cat- tish, or obscurely margined, nerved, pubescent, subconnate at base. Corymbs terminating the young branches, flattish, or cyme-like, pedunculate, pubescent; subdivisions with subulate bracts at base ; pedicels unequal. Calyx colored ; tube adnate to the ovary, 10-nerved ; limb minutely 5-toothed. Petals white, or ochro- leucous, lance-ovate, small. Stamens a little unequal,much longer than the petals. Styles short, thick, persistent, diverging. Capsule small, hemispherical, 10-ribbed, 2-celled (or 2 connate capsules'!), opening at summit between the persistent styles, and finally with numerous horizontal fissures between the ribs. Seeds striately ribbed, dark brown. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill; Black Rock: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.—Oct. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. Two other species are enumer- ated in the TJ. States;—beside the H. cordata,—which is believed to be only a ■variety of this, wilh large subcordate leaves, and flowers sometimes radiated. 214. SAXIFRAGA. L. ATutt. Gen. 405. [Lat, Saxum, a rock,and/raw^o, to break; from often growing in the clefts of rocks.] Calyx 5-parted, persistent, often adnate to the base of the ovary. Pe- tals 5, entire, with short claws. Ovary rather superior. Capsule 2- cclled, 2-beaked (or rather 2 acuminate connate carpels), opening be- tween the beaks. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous: polymorphous; leaves alternate, or opposite, often all radical; flowers of the american species in paniculate cymes, or fascicles. Nat. Ord. 38. Lindl. Saxifrages. L S. virginiensis, AIx. Leaves radical, more or less spatulate- ovate, often obtuse, crenate-dentate, tapering at base to a broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless ; cymes corymbose-paniculate ; flowers subsessile, crowded ; petals obovate-oblong, more than twice as long as the calyx; capsule half inferior. Beck, Bot. p. 137. S. nivalis. Willd? Sp. 2. p. 645. Aluhl. Catal. p. 44. Not of Pers? Ait. Pursh,ATutt. DC. Hook. Lindl. Eat. 8. virginica. Pers. Syn. l.p. 488. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 285. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 208. Florul. Cestr. p. 52. S. vernalis. Bigel. Bost.p. 177. Also? Hook. Am. l.p. 248. Virginian Saxifraga. Vulgo—Early Saxifrage. Root perennial, thick, with numerous fibres. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an Lush and half long, and half an inch to an inch wide, generally ?palulatc-ovate, 22* 270 DECAXDRIA DIGYXIA but varying to oval and cuneate-obovate, acute or obtuse, crenate-deniate, or i e- pand-dentate, somewhat fleshy, or subcoriaceous, pubescent, tapering (often ab- ruptly) to a broad nerved petiole half an inch to an inch and half long. Scape 4 to 12 inches high, fleshy, terete, nerved, pubescent, corymbosely paniculate at summit; the lower branches from the axils of small leaves, the upper ones bracte- ate at base. Flowers in rather dense terminal cymose clusters. Calyx-segments lance-ovate, acute, erect, smoothish. Petals white, sometimes tinged with purple, linear-elliptic, often a little inclining to spatulate, obtuse. Stamens about as long as the calyx; filaments subulate, smooth ; anthers roundish, frequently purple. Ovary adnate to the calyx at base; styles short, diverging, persistent. Hab. Dry, rocky banks; woodlands, &c. frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June. 2. S. pennsylvanica, L. Leaves radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, obsoletely denticulate; scape leafless; cymes in an oblong panicle; flowers pedicellate ; petals lance-linear, scarcely twice as long as the calyx ; capsule superior. Beck, Bot. p. 138. Pennsylyanian Saxifrage. Vulgo—Tall Saxifrage. Root perennial, with coarse fibres. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, sometimes nearly oval, or oblanceolate, smoothish, rather thin and membranaceous, slighlly ciliate on the margin, tapering gradually to a broad margined ciliate petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Scape 2 to 3 (sometimes 4 or 5) feet high, sulcate-striate, pubescent. Cymes at first in conglomerate heads, finally rather loose, in an oblong open panicle 12 to 18 inches in length; branches and pedicels with lance-linear or subulate bracts at base. Calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate, acute, spreading. Petals greenish yellow, small. Stamens longer than ihe calyx, persistent; anthers purplish orange-color. Ovary nearly free at base ; styles short. Carpels connate, with the points distinct, acuminate, divergin; Seeds angular, dark brown. Hab. Swampy meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06». The pubescence on the branches and pedicels of both species is minutely glandular at summit. Two or three other species have been found within the U. States; and Prof. Hooker enumerates 41 species in British America. 215. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 369. [Gr. Chrysos, gold, and Splen, spleen; figuratively! a golden remedy for the spleen.] Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4 or 5-cleft; segments obtuse, often colored. Corolla 0. Stamens often 8. Ovary didymous, inw mersed in a fleshy crenate-lobed disk; styles very short, tapering, di- verging, persistent. Capsule with 2 beaks, 2-valved, 1-celled, Seeds numerous, globose. Herbaceous: subaquatic and prostrate; leaves opposite, or alternate ; flowers sessile, terminal and dichotomal, subcorymbose. Nat. Ord. 38. Lindl. Saxifrages. 1. C. americanum, Schw. Stem procumbent, dichotomously branch- ing; leaves generally opposite, roundish-ovate, obscurely crenate-lobed ; flowers terminal and axillary; stamens mostly 8. Hook. Am. l.p. 242. C. oppositifolium. Mx. Am. l.p. 269. Pursh, Am. I.p. 269, and all the American Botanists. Not of Linn, {fide Hook,). American Chrysosplenium. Fwf^o-Golden Saxifrage. Water carpet. Plant smooth, purplish green. Root perennial * fibrous. Stem prostrate, 4 to S or 10 inches long, angular, succulent, with short axillary opposite branches to- DECAXDRIA DIGYXIA 271 .vards the base, and dichotomously branching near the summit. Leaves 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and generally wider than long, somewhat fleshy, obtuse or rounded at apex, abruptly and often truncately narrowed at base to a flat pe- tiole 1 to 2 or 3 lines long, generally in opposite pairs, not unfrequently single just below the subterminal bifurcations of the stem. Flowers sessile, terminal, axillary and dichotomal, and thus appearing somewhat corymbose on the short terminal branches. Calyx 4-cleft. Stamens generally, if not always, 8, (sometimes want- ing'!), very short, inserted in the notches of the crenate disk which surrounds ilia ovary; anthers reddish orange-color. Capsule adnate to the calyx at base, 1-celled, terminating in 2 ovoid acuminate diverging lobes, partially opening by 2 valves. Seeds globose, hispid, reddish brown. Hab. Shaded springs, and rocky rivulets: frequent. Fl. April, May. FY. May, June. 06s. Prof. Hooker appears lo be confident that this is distinct from the European C oppositifolium. It is uncertain whether we have any other species in the U. States ;—though Prof. H. enumerates 2 in British America. 216. MITELLA. L. A'utt. Gen. 407. " [Lalin, diminutive of Mitra, a cap; the seed-vessel resembling a little Mitre.} Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, partially adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, pinnatifid, inserted on the calyx, Styles short, diverging. Capsule 1-celled, semi-bivalved; valves equal. Seeds numerous, erect in the bottom of the capsule. Herbaceous: leaves mostly radical; scape bifoliate, or naked ; flowers in a ter- minal raceme. Nat. Ord. 38. Lindl. Saxifrages. 1. M. diphylla, L. Radical leaves cordate, acute, sub-lobed, dentate, on long petioles; scape with 2 opposite sessile acuminate and often 3- lobed leaves above the middle ; petals fimbriate-pinnatifid. Beck, Bot. p. 138. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 89. Two-leaved Mitella. Vulgo—Bishop's cap. Bastard Amer. Sanicle. Root perennial. Radical leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 1 to near 3 inches wide, roundish-cordate at base, tapering at apex, somewhat lobed, doubly and unequally incised-dentate, membranaceous, wilh bristly hairs on the upper surface, margin, and nerves beneath; petioles 2 to 6 inches long, clothed with nu- merous white and rather retrorse bristles, especially near the leaf. Scape 12 to 1 j incheshigh (often several from the same root), slender, striate, slightly pubescent, with 2 opposite sessile leaves an inch or two below the raceme. Flotoers a little distant, in a simple slender terminal raceme 4 to 8 inches in length; pedicels 1 to 1 lines long, pubescent, each with a minute obtuse 6rac< at base. Calyx campanu- late, the free portion becoming scarious -, segments ovate, acute. Petals white, twice as long as the calyx, deeply pinnatifid towards the apex, entire and cuneate at base, inserted between the calyx-segments. Stamens very short, inserted on the calyx near the limb, or orifice. Ovary adnate to the bottom of the calyx, com- pressed, ovate, minutely muricate; styles very short, diverging, persistent; stigmas obtuse. Capsule somewhat compressed, roundish, opening between the styles nearly half way to the base. Seeds obovoid, tapering at base, subcompressed, slightly and obtusely margined, obscurely punctate, purplish black, smooth and shining. Hab. Moist rich woodlands; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. April, May. FY. June 06#. Two or three additional species ar« enumerated in the TJ. StaUs. 272 DECAXDRIA TRIGYXIA B. Ovary superior, 217. SAPONARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 408. [Latin, Sapo, soap; its mucilage affording a substitute for that article.] Calyx tubular, cylindric, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals 5, unguicu- late, crowned at throat with a petaloid appendage; claw as long as the calyx. Capsule oblong, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, small. Herbaceous: stem nodose; leaves opposite, subconnate, entire; flowers ter- minal, fasciculate-panicled. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. Caryophylle^:. 1. S, officinalis, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, or obtuse ; flowers fasciculate ; calyx terete; appendages of the petals linear. Beck, Bot. p. 49. Officinal Saponaria. Vulgo—Soap-wort. Bouncing Bet. Gallice—La Savonniere. Germ.—Das Seifenkraut. Hisp.—Jabonera. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, terete, somewhat scabrous ■ Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch lo an inch and half wide, mostly acute, sometimes obtuse, 3-nerved, smooth, sessile, narrowed almost to a petiole at base, subconnate. Panicle terminal, fasciculate ; pedicels short, with opposite lanceolate bracts at base. Calyx about 3 fourths of an inch long, cylindric. Petals reddish white, or pale rose-color, wilh a small petaloid process at throat; lamina flat, cuneate-obcordate; the number of petals often in- creased by the abortion, or conversion, of stamens. Stamens as long as the claws of the petals. Styles as long as the stamens. Capsule nearly as long as the calyx. Seeds compressed, reniform-orbicular, punctate. Hab. About gardens, yards, and waste places : frequent. Fl. July, Aug. FY. Sept. 06s. An introduced plant,and often somewhat troublesome in gardens. When bruised, and agitated in water, it raises a lather like soap; and has been used as a substitute for it. A decoction has been employed, sometimes, as a wash for the iich, and other cutaneous diseases. There arc no native species; and this is the only one of the genus which has become naturalized in the U. States. Order 3. Trigynia. 218. SILENE. L. ATutt. Gen. 412. [Gr. Sialon, saliva; in allusion to the frothy viscid matter frequent on the stems.] Calyx tubular, inflated, or cylindric, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals 5, unguiculate, mostly crowned at throat. Ovary superior. Capsule 3-cclled at base, opening at summit into 6 teeth. Herbaceous: stem nodose; leaves verticillate, or opposite, entire; flowers pani- •ulate. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. Cauyophylleje. * Calyx inflated: Petals not crowned. I. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves verticillate in fours, oval-lanceolate, long-acuminate; calyx loose and bladder-like, pubescent; lamina of th« petals fimbriate. Beck, Bot. p. 47. CucubaluB stcllatus. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 686. AIx. Am. l.p. 271. Pers. Syn. 1. p- 496. Aluhl. Catal. p. 45. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 315. A'utt. Gen. 1- p. 287. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 211. Ell, Sk. 1. p. 514. Bigel. Bost. p. 184. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 449. Ejusd, Comp. p. 190. Fhrut. Ctstr.p. 53. Eat. Man. p. 114. DECANDRIA TRIGYXIA 273 Stellate, or Star-like Silene, Vulgo—Four-leaved Campion. Whole plant pulverulently pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 2 lo 3 or 4 feet high, simple, terete, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch lo an inch wide, much acuminate, indistinctly nerved, sessile, in distant verticils of 4. Flowers in a terminal panicle; the branches mostly opposite (the lower ones oflen verlicillate), from the axils of small lanceolate bracts. Calyx dilated, sub- campanulate, membranaceous, pubescent, pale green, or greenish white with green nerves; segments ovate, acuminate. Petals white ; lamina cuneate, dilated and lacerately fringed at apex, naked at throat; claws nearly as long as the calyx, connected at base wilh each other, and with the filaments, by a dense white tomen- tose web, which sheaths the pedicel of the ovary. Stamens as long as the corolla. Ovary ovoid, pedicellate; styles longer than the stamens. Capsule roundish- obovoid, smooth, supported on a pedicel, or stipe, within the calyx; stipe clavate, tomentose, or rather embraced by a tomentose sheath. Seeds reniform, rugose, or scabrous-punctate, reddish brown. J/a6. Woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. FY. August—September. 06s. This, though clearly not a Cucubalus, is widely different in its general aspect from the following. * * Calyx ovoid-cylindric : Petals crowned. 2. S. antirrhina, //. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute; calyx ovoid-cylindric, smooth; petals small, bifid, or emarginate. Beck, Bot. p. 48. Antirrhinum-like Silene. Vulgo—Catch-fly. Root annual. Stem l to z feet high, terete, smoothish, paniculately branching; branches opposite, or often dichotomous near the summit; a portion of the inter- nodes of the stem and branches at length coated with a dark purple viscid matter. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 to 3 or four lines wide [.radical ones spatulaie- lanceolate, Torr.], covered with rough dots. Floicers on slender peduncles half an inch to an inch or more in length, in a loose terminal trichotomous panicle. Calyx IO-ribbed, with short acuminate and often dark purple teeth. Petals while, oflen tinged wilh purple, small, with a minute crown at throat (petals apparently often wanting). Stamens shorter than the calyx ; filaments very slender, smooth al base, inserted on an elevated ring surrounding the pedicel of the ovary. Slyles short. Capsule ovoid-oblong, nearly as long as the calyx, on a very short stipe. Seeds numerous, roundish reniform, obtusely-muricale, or rather striate with rno- niliform ridges, dark purple. Hab. Dry, sandy fields ; about gardens, Sec. frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. I once thought the petals of this species were generally wanting; but with- in the last few years I have frequently observed them,—small, indeed, but fresh and fully expanded, during the day. Nine or ten additional species, as the genus is at present constituted, are enumerated in the U. States,—of which the S. penn- sylvanica ought to be found on the red sandstone hills on the northern side of this County ; but I have not yet met with it. I have collected fine specimens of the beautiful S. virginica, in the adjoining County of New Castle, near Delaware City. 219. STELLARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 413. [Latin, Stella, a star; the corolla, of bifid petals, resembling a star] Calyx deeply 5-parted, or rather of 5 sepals, spreading. Petals 5, deeply bifid. Stamens sometimes 3, 5, or 8, by abortion. Ovary superior, Capsule 1-celled, 6-valved at apex, many-seeded. 274 DECAXDRIA TRIGYX1A Herbaceous : stem nodose, furnished with an elastic centre ; leaves opposite ; flowers axillary, dichotomal.or terminal and subpaniculate. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. CARYOPHYLLEjE. 1. S. media, Sm, Stem procumbent, marked with a lateral alternating pubescent line ; leaves ovate, smooth, mostly petiolate; petals shorter than the calyx ; stamens 3, or 5 to 10. Beck, Bot. p. 50. Alsine media. Willd. Sp. l.p. 1511. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 330. Ait. Kew. 2.p. 175. Muhl. Catal. p. 33. Middle Stellaria. Vulgo—Common Chickwced. Gallice—Morgeline. Germanice—Das Vogelkraut. Hisp.—Pajarera. Root annual? Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches long, week, prostrate, dichotomously branched, with a lateral hairy line which changes sides at each joint. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, distant below, rather crowded at the extremities of the branches, acute, mostly on ciliate petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long, the upper ones often sessile. Peduncles about an inch long, subterminal, axillary, or in the forks of the branches, solitary, 1-flowered, marked with a hairy line. Calyx hairy; sepals lance-ovate. Petals white, small, clefl nearly to Ihe base. Stamens mostly 3 or 5, sometimes 7, 8 or 10. Capsule ovoid, scarious. Seeds muricate, compressed, orbicular, with an acute notch at base, reddish brown. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. March—Dec. Fr. May—Dec. 06s. This foreigner is extensively naturalized. It is a hardy plant, and when the winters are mild, may be found in flower in every month of the year. 2. S. pub era, Mx. Stems decumbent, spreading, often with 2 pubes- cent lines; leaves ovate-oblong, or lance-oblong, somewhat ciliate and undulate, sessile; petals longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot.p. 51. Pubescent Stellaria, Root perennial, of numerous long coarse fibres. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, often cespitose, or numerous from the same root, somewhat erect, but rather weak, dif- fuse and straggling, dichotomously branched above ; the branches mostly with op- posite hairy lines, the stem below often with a single alternating one. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, acute, often tapering at both ends, the midrib mostly hairy, and the margins ciliate and wavy. Peduncles half an inch to an inch long, terminal or axillary, mostly dichotomal, hairy, often recurved. Flowers stellately spreading, large (half an inch to near 3 quarters in diameter). Calyx nearly smooth; sepals ovate-lanceolate, some- what hairy and ciliate at base. Petals white, deeply bifid. Capsule roundish- ovoid. Seeds much compressed, orbicular-reniform, roughish, crenate or obtusely muricatejon the margin, reddish brown. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. 3. S. borealis, Bigel. Stems procumbent, or ascending, flaccid, diffuse, glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, or lance-oblong, acute at each end, sessile ; petals scarcely as long as the 3-nerved calyx. Beck? Bot. p. 51. var. a. Hook. Am. I. p. 94. S. Alsine. Aluhl. Catal. p. 45. Not? of Willd. and Pers. S. uliginosa. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 289. Bart. Phil. l.p. 213. Also? Eat. Man. p. 356. Not? of Ait. nor Lindl. S. lanceolata. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 453. Ejusd. Comp. p. 191. Florul. Cestr. p. 53. Also, Beck, I. c. Not of D C. DECAXDRIA TR1GYXIA 275 Spergulastrum lanceolatum. Mx. Am. l.p. 275. DC. Prodr. l.p. 421. Also, Muhl. I. c. Micropetalon lanceolatum. Pers. Syn. l.p. 509. Pursh, Am. l.p. 320. Also, Eat. Alan. p. 225. Northern Stellaria. Whole plant smooth, pale green. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, very slender and weak, branched, 4-angled, growing in diffuse bunches. Leaves half an inch to an inch in length, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, nerveless, with branching or anastomosing deeper green veins, often slightly ciliate at base. Peduncles axillary and terminal, slender, solitary, or often elong- ated and paniculately branched, with subulate scarious bracts at the base of the subdivisions,or pedicels. Sepals lanceolate, very acute, 3-nerved (nerveless, Bigel. Torr.). Petals white, small, at first shorter than the calyx, finally about as long, bifid, sometimes wanting. Styles mostly 3? (generally4, Authors). Capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx. Seeds compressed,cochleate-orbicular, with a short oblique process at base, and a thickish narrow rough margin, reddish brown. Hab. Swampy springs, in the Mica-slate range : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This has been examined by Dr. Torrey, and pronounced to be his S. laneeo- lata ; and it agrees well with the S. borealis, Bigel. var. a. Hook, of which I have received specimens from British America, through the kindness of Prof. Hooker. At the same time I must confess, that the only difference, worth mentioning, which I can discover between our plant and the European S. Alsine, Willd. (S. -uliginosa, Ait. S. aquatica, DC.) is in the leaves of the latter being more constantly and con- spicuously ciliate at base. 4. S. longifolia, Muhl. Stem erect, acutely 4-angled, slender, smoothish ; leaves lance-linear, acute, sessile ; panicle terminal, diva- ricate, bracteate; petals about as long as the 3-nerved calyx. Beck, Bot.p. 51. S. gTaminea. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 289. Bart. Phil. l.p. 213. Not? of Willd. Pers. Ait. D C. &c. Spergulastrum gramineum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 276. Also, DC. Prodr. l.p. 422. Micropetalon gramineum. Pers. Syn. l.p. 509. Pursh, Am. 1.p. 320. M. longifolium. Eat. Alan. p. 225. LoNG-LEAVED StELLARIA. Plant yellowish green. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 Inches high, slender and weak, but mostly erect, prominently 4-angled, often minutely scabrous on the angles, branching dichotomously. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 to 2 lines wide, nearly linear, smooth, with anastomosing veins, minutely scabrous on the margin. Flowers in a loose slender terminal or subterminal panicle, with the branches elongated, spreading ; pedicels filiform, very unequal in length, bracteate at base. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved. Petals white, spreading, deeply bifid, at first shorter, finally rather longer than the calyx. Ovary ovoid, obtuse, narrowed at base, striate; styles mostly 3? (very often 4, Torr.). Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx. Seeds minute, scabrous. Hab. Low swampy meadows, and thickets: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June—July. 06s: This, certainly, as Dr. Torrey remarks, is very nearly allied to the S. graminea, of Europe. The leaves of our plant are generally longer and more linear,—and the panicle, and flowers, something smaller, than in my European specimens; but, further than that, I can perceive' no remarkable difference. It it 276 DECAXDRIA TRIGYXIA surely, I think, very distinct from the preceding. Two or three additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States; and five or six in British America. 220. ARENARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 414. [Latin, Arena, sand; the plants generally growing in a sandy soil.] C'a/yx5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Ovary superior. Capsule 1-celled, mostly 6-valved at apex, many-seeded. Herbaceous: stems nodose; leaves opposite, sometimes stipular; flowers axillary or terminal, often paniculate. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. Caryophyllejb. Leaves without stipules. I. A. stricta, Mx. Stems numerous, mostly erect, simple, smooth ; leaves subulate-linear, spreading, with fascicles of erect linear leaves in the axils; panicle trichotomous, spreading; petals twice as long as the acute 3-ribbed smooth sepals. Beck, Bot. p. 52. Icon, Hook. Am. I. tab. 33. Upright Arenaria. Root perennial. Stems 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, cespitose, or growing in thick bunches, erect, or sometimes decumbent, terete, slender, with short internodes, often dark purple, simple below, paniculately and trichotomously branched at summit. Leaves half an inch to 3 quarters in length, very narrow, acute, sessile, rather rigid, smoothish, with a prominent midrib,—the axils producing sessile or subsessile fascicles of shorter erect and rather filiform-subulate leaves. Panicle terminal; branches and pedicels filiform, with lanceolate or subulate bracts at base. Sepals lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate, smooth, conspicuously 3- nerved, margins scarious. Petals white, obovate-oblong, full twice the length of the calyx. Stamens longer than the calyx, but shorter than the petals. Styles rather shorter than the stamens. Capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx. Seeds compressed, orbicular-reniform, rugosely scabrous, dark purple. Hab. Serpentine rock, West-Chester: not common. Fl. May—Aug. Fr. June, Sept. 06s. This species abounds on our sterile Serpentine rock; but I have never met with it elsewhere. 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Stems mostly procumbent, dichotomous, diffuse, retrorsely roughish-pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, svjbciliate ; peduncles solitary ; petals shorter than the acute 3 to 5-nerved scabrous sepals. Beck, Bot. p. 52. Tnr3iE-LEAYED Arenaria. Vulgo—Sand-wort. Gallice.—La Sabloniere. Germ.—Das Sandkraut. Hisp.—Arenaria. Root annual. Stems 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, often numerous from the root, nearly procumbent, spreading, dichotomously branched, slender, rough with a very short retrorse pubescence. Leaves 2 to 3 lines long, ovate, rather acuminate, nerved, scabrous, ciliate, sessile. Peduncles 1 third to half an inch long, axillary and ter- minal. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5-ribbed, scabrous-ciliate on the ribs, the outer ones broader. Petals white, oval, mostly shorter than the sepals, and often scarcely half as long. Stamens rather shorter than the petals. Capsule ovoid, finally longer than the calyx, tapering at apex, and, when the 6 teeth ex- pand, appearing somewhat urceolate. Seeds minute, cochleate-reniform, striately muricate, reddish brown. Hab. Dry, Bandy banks; fields, &c. frequent. Fl. May—July. Fr. June—August. 06«. This is probably an introduced species,—now extensively naturalized. DECANDRIA PEXTAGYXIA 277 3. A. lateriflora, L. Stem rather erect, slender, somewhat branch- ed, pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles lateral and terminal, solitary, elongated, generally bifurcate ; one of the pedicels bibracteate near the middle ; petals twice as long as the obtuse nerveless smooth sepals. Beck, Bot. p. 53. Icon, Hook. Am. 1. tab. 36. Lateral-flowered Arenaria. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 inches high, terete, very slender, but rather rigid, generally somewhat dichotomously branched,often simple, clothed with a short and rather retrorse pubescence. Leaves half an inch to near an inch long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, varying from ovate-oblong to elliptic and obovate-oblong, of- ten rather acute, narrowed at base, sessile, or subsessile, roughish-punctate, ob- scurely nerved, the midrib and nerves beneath bristly-pubescent, margins ciliate. Peduncle an inch or more in length, filiform, generally axillary near the summit of the stem, and branching into 2 pedicels (sometimes a third dichotomal one);pedicels half an inch to an inch long, bracteate at base, and one of them with a pair of minute opposite bracts near the middle. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, mostly nerveless and smooth. Petals white, obovate-oblong, obtuse, rather more than twice as long as the sepals. Stamens shorter than the petals ; filaments pubescent, somewhat dilated and confluent at base,—or rather inserted on a margined hypogynous ring. Ovary ovoid, obtuse, narrowed at base; styles nearly as long as the stamens. Capsule ovoid, obtuse. Seeds compressed, subreniform-orbicular, rugosely scab- rous, reddish brown. Hab. Along Parke's rivulet, Downingtown: rare. Fl. June. Fr. July—August. 06s. This has only been found in the above locality, in Chester County,— where it was detected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1830. The plant, erroneously so named in my Catalogue, proved to be a Stellaria (viz. S. borealis),—as I sus- pected at the time. Eight or ten additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States;—and Prof. Hooker describes 20 in British America. Order 4« Pentagynia. 221. CERASTIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 417. [Greek, Keras, a horn; in allusion to the form of the capsules.] Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Capsule 1-celled, mostly cylindrical, opening at apex with 10 teeth. Herbaceous: stem nodose, with an elastic centre; leaves opposite; flowers terminal, subcapitate, or dichotomously paniculate. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. Caryo- PHYLLE.E. * Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. 1. C. yulgatum? L. Leaves ovate and obovate, obtuse; bracts and outer sepals herbaceous; flowers in subcapitate clusters ; calyces most- ly longer than the pedicels. Beck ? Bot. p. 53. Not of Pers. Muhl. Nor Florul. Cestr. C. ovale? Pers. Sya. l.p. 521. C. hirsutum. Muhl. Catal. p. 46. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 524. Also, Torr. Fl. I. p. 459. Ejusd. Comp.p. 194. Eat. Man.p. 88. Not of DC. nor Florul. Cestr. Also, C. connatum. Beck, Bot. p. 55. Common Cerastium. Vulgo—Mouse-ear Chickweed. Mouse-ear. 24 278 DECAXDRIA PEXTAGYNIA Plant pale green, very hairy, somewhat viscid when young. Root annual. Stems 5 to 8 or 10 inches high, terete, cespitose, mostly dichotomous at summit, rather erect, the lateral ones often spreading or decumbent. Leaves half an inch to 3 quarters in length, and 1 third to half an inch wide, varying from broad-ovate to elliptic and obovate, mostly obtuse and rounded at apex, sessile and subconnate, the lower ones narrowed at base, or somewhat spatulate. Flowers in dense termi- nal clusters, with a single flower in the fork of the stem; pedicels shorter than the flowers, bracteate at base; bracts and outer sepals rarely scarious on the margin. Petals white, cuneate-oblong, or oblanceolate, bifid at apex, mostly a little longer than the sepals. Stamens about half as long as the sepals. Capsule nearly cylindrical, a little curved, about twice as long as the calyx, opening at apex wilh 10 lanceolate acute erect teeth, which are revolute on the margin. Seeds com- pressed, cuneate-obovate, striately muricate, pale brown. Hab. Pastures, and roadsides: frequent. Fl. May—Aug. Fr. June—Sept. 06s. Through the kindness of Mr. Vaughan, and my friend Dr. Pickering, I have had frequent opportunities to consult the Muhlenbergian Herbarium; and, with the aid of the latter gentleman, I have satisfied myself that this is Muhlen- berg's C. hirsutum. At the same time, I must confess that 1 can see nothing in its character which does not agree well with the description of the Linnaan C. vulgatum, as determined by Smith. It has every appearance of being an intro- duced plant. 2. C. viscosum, L. Leaves lance-oblong, rather acute; bracts and sepals white and scarious on the margins, and at apex ; flowers subpan- iculate ; calyces mostly shorter than the pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 53. Not of Florul. Cestr. C. vulgatum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 46. Florul. Cestr. p. 54. Also ? Pers. Syn. l.p. 520. Viscid Cerastium. Plant deeper green than the preceding, hairy, and somewhat viscid. Root perennial 1 (annual, DC). Stems 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, cespitose, spreading, dichotomously paniculate at summit, often purplish. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 eighth to near half an inch wide, varying from ovate-oblong to linear-oblanceolate, mostly acute, sessile, the lower ones narrow. Flowers dicho- tomal and axillary; pedicels generally longer than the flowers, bracteate ; bracts and sepals with a white scarious apex, and margins. Petals white, obovate-oblong, bifid at apex, scarcely as long as the sepals. Capsule cylindric, a little curved, rarely twice as long as the calyx, and often not more than one half longer. Seeds as in the preceding species. Hab. Pastures, and open woodlands, &c. frequent. Fl. May, Aug. Fr. June, Sept. 06s. This is also an introduced plant; and has much resemblance to the pre- ceding. Indeed they seem to have been often confounded, or mistaken for each other, until Sir J. E. Smith set the matter right, by the Linnaan Herbarium. I have received specimens from France, labelled "C. vulgatum," which evidently belong to this species. The name, viscosum, is calculated to mislead young American Botanists,—as our C. nutans is much more viscid. * * Petals much longer than the calyx. 3. C. tenuifolium, Pursh. Leaves lance-linear, acute, often longer than the internodes, more or less pubescent; panicle dichotomous, on a long terminal peduncle; flowers mostly in threes at summit; petals nearly 3 times as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 54. DECAXDRIA PEXTAGYXIA 279 C. arvense? Bart. Phil. 1. p. 216. Not? of Linn. Muhl. Pursh, and others. C. pennsylvanicum. Hook. Am. l.p. 104. Also,DC. Prodr. 1.//.420. Also ? C. pubescens. DC. I. c. Beck, I. c. Eat. Man. p. 88. Slender-leaved Cerastium. Root perennial, long and creeping. Stems 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, numerous from the root, erect, or declined at base, mostly simple, slender, pubescent, termi- nating in a naked peduncle 2 to 4 inches in length. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 to 2 lines wide, oflen shorter than the internodes, mostly acute and a little callous at apex, pubescent when young, but at length becoming smoothish, sessile and subconnate, often with a small fascicle of leaves in the axils. Panicle usually twice dichotomous, with lanceolate bracts at the bifurca- tions, and a 1-flowered pedicel in the lowerfork about half as long as the branches ; the terminal branches bracteate near the middle, or rather at the base of the pedicels, with the central pedicel rather longer than the real branches,—and thus the flowers appear in threes at summit. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarious at apex and on the margin. Petals white, cuneaie-obovate, bifid, or emarginate. Stamens about as long as the sepals. Styles as long as the stamens; stigmas subclavate. Capsule cylindric, 1 third to 1 half longer than the calyx, sometimes nearly twice as long. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform, subcuneate, striately muricate, tawny, or light reddish brown. Hab. Along the Schuylkill; Black Rock,&c. not common. Fl. May. FY. June. 06s. My friend Dr. Pickering inclines to the opinion that this is distinct from C. arvense,—and I defer greatly to his judgment: But after a patient examination of my specimens, I profess myself unable to discover any important and constant difference. Our plant is larger, and I think generally less pubescent,than ihe acknowledged C. arvense;—yet, as Prof. Hooker remarks, "there are interme- diate states which diminish the value of those characters." I have some speci- mens, indeed, collected by D. Townsend, Esq. on our Mica-slale hills, which are quite villose, with the leaves decidedly inclining to lanceolate, and a larger, flac- cid, and more spreading panicle. They seem lo be intermediate between this species and ihe following. 4. C. villosum, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering and rath- er acute, mostly shorter than the internodes, thickish or subcoriaceous, densely villose ; panicle terminal, somewhat elongated, dichotomously branched, villose and viscid ; petals twice as long as the calyx. Muhl. Catal. p. 46. C. oblongifolium {and also C. hirsutum). Florul. Cestr. p. 54, Not of Torr. Villose Cerastium. Root perennial. Stems 6 to 10 or 12 inches high, cespitose, erect, or decumbent at base, mostly simple, rather stout, very villose, often densely tomentose at the joints, or base of the leaves, terminating in a stout naked peduncle 2 to 4 or o inches in length. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and 1 eighth to near half an inch wide at base, often ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the base to the apex, but not unfrequently rather obtuse, closely sessile and sub- connate, the lower ones sometimes obovate-oblong, often with a small fascicle of lance-linear leaves in the axils. Panicle elongated, somewhat spreading, fre- quently three limes dichotomous, with ovate or lance-ovate bracts at the bifurca- tions, and a longish 1-flowered pedicel in the forks,—thus appearing somewhat trichotomous; branches and pedicels very villose, and considerably viscid. 280 DECANDRIA PEXTAGYXIA Sepals lance-oblong, rather obtuse, often slightly emarginate, hairy, scarious at apex and on the margin. Petals white, cuneate-oblong, bifidly emarginate, about twice as long as the sepals. Stamens as long as the sepals. Stifles about as long as the stamens. Capsule cylindric, about twice as long as the calyx ; teeth erect, lanceolate, revolute on the margin. Seeds compressed, cuneate-obovate, muricate, reddish brown. Hab. Serpentine rock; W. Chester; Strode's Mill: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June, July. 06s. This species, when my Catalogue was published, Mr. Schweinitz thought might be the C. oblongifolium, Torr. and it was hesitatingly inserted by that name. It was afterwards submitted to Dr. Torrey, who informed me it was not his plant; but he did not name it. I have since ascertained that it is the C. villo' sum of Muhlenberg—ihough labelled C. lanatum, in his Herbarium. It is also identical with the plant erroneously given as C. hirsutum, in my Catalogue. It appears to hold an intermediate station between C. arvense, and C. nutans ; but sufficiently distinct, I apprehend, from both. It is a hardy plant,—the lower leaves living through the winter. It abounds on all our banks of serpentine rock;—where its large white flowers are quile conspicuous in the month of May ; but it is very rarely to be met with elsewhere. 5. C nutans, Raf. Viscid-pubescent; stem striate-sulcate, panicu- lately branched at summit; leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally shoiter than the internodes ; panicle much elongated, dichoto- mously branched, loose, with the flowers nodding on long pedicels ; pe- tals nearly twice as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 54. C. longe-pedunculatum. Aluhl. Catal.p. 46. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 215. Florul. Cestr. p. 54. C. glutinosum. ATutt. Gen. 1. p. 291. Not of DC. Also, C. viscosum. Florul. Cestr. p. 54. Not of Linn. Nodding Cerastium, Plant pale yellowish green, pubescent, and remarkably clammy. Root annual. Stems 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, several from the same root, erect, rather weak, nearly simple, deeply striate. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 1 fourth to near half an inch wide, sessile and amplexicaul, at first longer, finally shorter than the internodes; the lower ones oblanceolate, or subspatulate. Panicle terminal, dichotomous, at first short (but throwing out the long lower dichotomal pedicels), finally the branches are much elongated, 3 or 4 times dicho. tomous, spreading, with lance-oblong bracts at the bifurcations, and 1-flowered pedicels in the forks an inch to an inch and half in length. Sepals lance-oblong, rather obtuse, the inner ones scarious on the margin. Petals white, obovate-ob- long, with a short bifid acumination, cuneate at base, scarcely twice as long as the sepals. Stamens shorter than the sepals. Styles short; stigmas clavate, spread- ing, and pubescent. Capsule cylindric, a little curved, nearly three times as long as the calyx; teeth erect, acuminate, the margins revolute. Seeds compressed, cuneate-obovate, with a broad groove round the edge, muricate, tawny, or pale reddish brown. Hab. Moist low grounds; along shaded rivulets: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. The plant intended by C. viscosum, in Florula Cestrica, was a young spe- cimen of this. The C. semidecandrum, of the same work, was also a mistake,— being nothing but a starved specimen of Stellaria media ! Two other species are enumerated in the U. Slates ; and 10 species in British America. DECAXDRIA PEXTAGYXIA 281 222. AGROSTEMMA. L. ATutt. Gen. 418. [Greek, Agros, a field, and Stemma, a garland; from its handsome flowers.] Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate, not crown- ed at throat; lamina obtuse, undivided. Capsule 1-celled, opening with 5 teeth at summit. Herbaceous: stem nodose, paniculately branching; leaves opposite; flowers terminal, solitary, on long peduncles. Nat. Ord. 140. Lindl. Caryophylle.e. 1. A. Githago, L. Hairy; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; calyx- segments foliaceous, much longer than the petals. Beck, Bot. p. 49. Lychnis Githago. DC. Prodr. l.p, 387. Jrulgo—Cockle. Corn Cockle. Rose Campion, Gfltf.-La Nielle des Bles. Germ.-Der Korn-raden. i/is/j.-Neguillon- Plant pale glaucous green, clothed with long appressed hairs. Root annual 7 Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, simple, dichotomously and paniculately branching at summit. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 third to half an inch wide, scabrous, fringed with long hairs, sessile, and connate by a scabrous membrane. Peduncles 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, stout, leafless." Calyx ovoid-oblong, 10-ribbed; segments an inch to an inch and half long, linear-lanceolate, resembling the leaves. Petals violet purple ; lamina obovate, emarginaie. Capsule ovoid, about 3 fourths of an inch long, and near half an inch in diameter. Seeds numerous, somewhat coch- leate-obovoid, angular, muricately ribbed, dark purple, or finally purplish black. Hub. Cultivated fields; chiefly among wheat and rye: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. This foreigner, although diligently rooted out by all neat farmers, maintains its ground obstinately in our wheat fields. The seeds, when abundant among wheat, are injurious to the quality and appearance of the flour. This is called an annual, in the books,—and it certainly lives but one year; yet it approaches ihe biennials by the growth of radical leaves in autumn, and living through the win- ter which precedes its flowering. There are no native species in the U. States. 223. PENTHORUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 421. [Gr. Pente, five, and 0;os,a column; alluding to the 5 conic beaks of the capsule.] Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, or 0. Carpels 5, superior, connate at base, forming a 5-beaked 5-celled capsule ; cells opening transversely on the inner side of the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, membranaceous; flowers in terminal cymose racemes. Nat. Ord. 147. Lindl. Crassulace^:. 1. P. sedoides, L. Stem mostly branched, and angular above; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate, subsessile; racemes secund, simple, cymose, spreading, at first recurved. Beck, Bot. p. 133. S,-. hum-like Penthohum. Vulgo—Virginian Stone-crop. Root perennial. Stem 12 to IS inches high, erect, terete below, angular above, wilh a few axillary branches, smooth, except on the angles. Leaves 2 to 4 inch s long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch wide, acute at each end, acutely and un- equally serrate, smooth,on very short petioles. Racemes somewhat spiked, 1 to 2 inches long, revolute at apex, yellowish green; peduncles and pedicels scabrous- pubescent. Calyx somewhat adnate to the base of the ovary; segments ovate, acute, denticulate. Petals mostly 0. Stamens longer lhan the calyx, inserted at 24* 282 DECANDRIA DECAGYXIA the base of the ovary; anthers often purple. Capsule with 5 ovoid acuminate spreading lobes, beaked by the short persistent styles. Seeds obovoid-elliptic, acute at base, scabrous, pale straw-color. Hab. Swampy rivulets, and ditches: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept.-Oct. 06s. The only species of the genus in the TJ. States. 224. SEDUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 422. [Latin, sedo, to sit; the plants oflen apparently sitting on naked rocks.] Calyx mostly 5-parted, or rather 5-sepalled ; sepals often turgid and leaf-like. Petals mostly 5. Stamens twice the number of the petals. Carpels 5, superior, opening on the inner side, each with a nectarifer- ous scale at base. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous and fleshy, or suffruticose: leaves alternate, or subverticillate, flat, or terete; flowers mostly terminal and cymose. Nat. Ord. 147. Crassulace^. 1, S. ternatum, Mx. Creeping ; assurgent; leaves flat, the lower ones spatulate-obovate, ternately verticillate, the upper ones lance-ob- long, scattered; cymes terminal, mostly 3-spiked; flowers generally oc- tandrous, with a solitary decandrous one in the bosom of the spikes. Beck, Bot. p. 133. S. portulacoides. Muhl. Catal. p. 46. Ternate Sedum. Vulgo—Stone crop. Purslane-leaved House-leek. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, assurgent, somewhat scabrous with minute elevated white scales. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and one fourth of an inch to half an inch wide, entire, fleshy, the lower ones spatulate-ovate, or obovate, sometimes nearly rhomboid, tapering at base almost to a petiole; the upper ones lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile,—all of them a little produced at the base. Flowers sessile, bracteate and secund,—usually in 3 spreading or recurved spikes, of 1 to 3 inches in length, arranged verticillately at the summit of the stems, with a single sessile flower in the centre. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse. Petals white, lance-linear, about twice as long as the sepals. Stamens shorter than the petals ; filaments smooth, dilated at base ; anthers sagittate-cordate, purplish black. Car- pels often 4, ovoid-oblong, acuminate by the persistent styles. Seeds elliptic-obo- void, longitudinally striate with ferruginous ribs. Hab. Shaded rocky banks of streams ; Ridley creek: rare. Fl. May. FY. June. 06s. The sepals and petals are mostly 4, and the stamens 8, in all the flowers except the central one at the base of the spikes. This is a rare plant with us ; and has only been found in the above locality,—where it was collected by Mr. George W. Hall, in 1832. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. States. [Oxalis. Geranium. Monadelphia. Decandria.2 Order 5. Decagynia. 225. PHYTOLACCA. L. ATutt. Gen. 424. [Gr. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon, a pot-herb; the young shoots being so used.] Perianth corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, or rather 5-petalled. Ovary superior. Berry 10-celled, 10-seeded. Herbaceous, or rarely fruticose: leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers racemose; racemes often opposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 154. Lindl. Phytolaccbje. ICOSAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 288 1. P. decandra, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acute at each end ; stamens and styles 10. Beck, Bot. p. 299. Decandrous Phytolacca. Vulgo—Poke. Poke weed. Pigeon berry, Gaft.-Morelle a grappes. Germ.-Kermesbeere. Hisp.-Yerba. carmin. Root perennial, large, fusiform and branching. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, and oflen an inch or more in diameter, branching, terete, or obtusely ridged below the peti. oles and branches, finally purple. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and 2 or 3 to 5 inches wide, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, entire, thin, smooth, or roughish dotted, on petioles half an inch to 2 inches or more in length. Ra- cemes 3 to 6 inches long, simple, slightly scabrous, mostly opposite the leaves, on angular peduncles 2 to 4 inches in length; pedicels about half an inch long, divari- cate, each with a subulate bract at base, and usually wilh 2 smaller sub-opposite bracts near the middle. Perianth white; segments ovate, persistent. Stamens nearly as long as the perianth; anthers yellowish white. Ovary depressed, orbic- ular, obtusely 10-ribbed, green; styles very short; stigmas recurved. Berries de- pressed-globose, umbilicate, obscurely furrowed and ribbed, dark purple and juicy when mature. Seeds compressed, roundish-reniform purplish Hack, smooth and shining. Hab. Rich banks; borders of woods, &c. frequent. Fl. June-SepL FY. Aug.-Oct. 06s. The young shoots of this are much used, and esteemed, in the spring, as a substitute for Asparagus. The root is said to be actively emetic; and the tinc- ture of the ripe berries has long been a popular remedy for chronic rheumatism. The mature berries, moreover, have been found to be esculent, when prepared by the pastry cook, in the form of pies. The only species in the TJ. States. CLASS XI. ICOSAIVDRIA.* Order 1. JVfonogynia. Ovary Superior. SI. Fruit a Capsule. * I have not retained the name (Calycandria) proposed for this Class, in my Cataloeae,—because, although T still think it appropriate, I am apprehensive the attempt to supersede the long established,well understood, and universally receiv- ed name, given by Linnaus, would be productive of more confusion than benefit. 1 avail myself of this occasion, however, in justice to myself, as well as lo a distin- guished Botanist of Europe, to notice a curious coincidence in the proposal of the name Calycandria. When I began to arrange the materials for my Catalogue, in 1813, that name (which, to be sure, is a very obvious one,) occurred to me, as more expressive of the character of the Class to which it is applied. I submitted it to my friend, the late Dr. Baldwin, who approved of it,—and I adopted it. Four years after my Catalogue was published—viz. in 1830—1 accidentally learned, for the first time, that the identical name,—and also the arrangement of the Class after Polyandria,—had been proposed by M. Richard, Sen. of France, so early as the year 1807! I was much surprised, and felt somewhat flattered by the remarkable coincidence;—but at the same time was mortified by the apprehension, that those who might observe the circumstance, without knowing the facts, would very natu- rally conclude 1 had been perpetrating a despicable plagiarism. The affair, ii is true, is of but little moment; yet I could not forego ihe opportunity, thus presented, of making an explanation. 284 ICOSAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 226. CUPHEA Jacq. A'utt. Gen. 434. [Greek, Kuphos, curved, or gibbous; in reference to the capsule.] Calyx tubular, ventricose; limb dilated, unequally toothed. Petals about 6, unequal, inserted on the calyx. Capsule 1 or 2-celled, mem- branaceous, covered by the calyx, and, with it, bursting laterally. Seeds few, compressed, oval. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves opposite, entire; flowers axillary and terminal, sometimes racemose. Nat. Ord. 52. Lindl. Saucari.e. 1. C. yiscosissima, Jacq. Herbaceous; viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate; flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 126. Icon, Bart. Am. I. tab. 18. Most viscid Cuphea. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, erect, or sometimes decumbent at base, branched, clothed with a purplish clammy pubescence ; branches axillary, alter- nate. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, and lthird to near 3 fourths of an inch wide, sprinkled with very short hairs, somewhat repand and ciliate on the margin \ peti- oles 1 fourth to half an inch long, pubescent. Calyx about half an inch long, very clammy, often purple, striate with 12 hairy ribs, gibbous at base on the upper side; tube ventricose, contracted at throat, with the limb more or less dilated, 6-toothed, and lined with purple hairs within. Petals violet purple, obovate, narrowed to a claw at base. Stamens 12, included; filaments very short, hairy, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong; style a little longer than the calyx, hairy ; stig- ma subcapitate. Capsule about as long as the tube of the calyx, very thin and membranaceous, opening with the calyx its whole length, on the upper side, before maturity, and exposing the naked seeds. Seeds lenticular, nearly oval, minutely puncticulate, yellowish brown. Hab. Gravelly old fields ; roadsides: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. September. 06s. The only species in the TJ. States. b. Fruit a Drupe. 227. PERSIC A. Tournef. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. [A name derived from Persia; its native country] Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe tomentose, or smooth, fleshy ; nut somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely sul- cate, and perforated, on the surface. Small trees: leaves lanceolate, alternate, stipular, conduplicate when young; flowers preceding the leaves, subsessile, solitary. Nat. Ord. 75. Lindl. Amyg- PALE.S. 1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Serratures of the leaves all acute ; fruit to- mentose. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. Amygdalus Persica. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 982. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 33. Flo- rul. Cestr. p. 125. Lindl. Ency. p. 420. Eat. Man. p. 16. var. a. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 194. Common Persica. Vulgo—Peach. Peach tree. Gall—Pecher. Germ.—Der Pfirschenbaum. Hisp.—El AlelocotSn. Stem 8 to 12 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, smooth, wilh one or two glands at base on each side of the petiole; petioles about half an inch long. Calyx ICOSAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 285 with a short tube; segments spreading, obtuse, externally villose. Petals pale red, or purple. Drupe roundish-oval, mostly umbilicate at base, large (1 to 2 inches in diameter), fleshy and succulent, whitish, or yellow, with a purple blush, clothed with a dense tomentum. Hab. Gardens,and Orchards:frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.—September. Obs. Tliere are numerous varieties of this delicious fruit cultivated; but un- fortunately, the tree is generally so short-lived that very few, except amateurs, are persevering enough tokeepupa supply, even for domestic use. The plan proposed by D. Townseno, Esq. of engrafting on the Apricot, and Plum (See Florul. Cestr. p. 125.), appeared to promise much,for a few years; but did not prove to be an effec- tual preservative. 2. P. l^evis, DC. Serratures of the leaves all acute ; fruit smooth. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. Amygdalus Persica, var. nucipersica. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 982. Pers. Syn.2.p. 33.var. b.nectarina. Ait.Kew.3.p. 194. Lindl.Ency.p,420. Smooth Persica. Vulgo—ATectarine. Gall.—Brugnon. Germ.—ATektar-pfirschenbaum. Hisp.—Abridor. Hab. Gardens: not common. Fl. April. Fr. August. Obs. This is scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding, except by its fruit; and has generally been considered only a variety. It is occasionally cultivated by those who are curious in choice fruit; but is even more difficult and uncertain than the Peach. Among the varieties of these two species, the most remarkable are those in which the mesocarp, or fleshy portion of the drupe, adheres closely to the nut (called Clingstone), and those in which it readily separates from the nut (called Free stone). The foregoing are the only species of the genus, as now constituted. 228. ARMENIACA. Tournef. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 531. [Derived from Armenia; the native country of the tree.] Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe softly pu- bescent, fleshy ; nut compressed, smooth, with one margin obtuse, the other acute, both sulcate. Small trees: leaves subcordate, or ovate, alternate, stipular, convolute when young; flowers preceding the leaves, sessile, or pedicellate, solitary, or 2 or 3 from a bud. Nat. Ord. 7b. Lindl. Amygoaleje. 1. A. vulgaris, Lam. Leaves orbicular-ovate, acuminate, dentate- serrate, subcordate at base ; stipules palmate,- flowers sessile. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. Prunus Armeniaca. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 989. Ait, Kew. 3. p. 197. Lindl. Ency. p. 422. Common Armeniaca. Vulgo—Common Apricot. Gall.-L'Abricotier. Germ.-Der Aprikosenbaum. JHsr>.-AlbaricSque. Stem 10 to 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 to 3 or 3 and a half inches long, and about as wide as long, with a short abrupt acumination, dentate-serrate, smooth; petioles an inch to an inch and half long, with 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 tuberculate cup like glands on the upper side, near the base of tlie leaf, and 2 or 3 buds crowded in each axil. Flowers sessile, or subsessile. Petals white. Drupe roundish-oval, some- what compressed, near an inch in diameter, yellowish with a purple blush, clothed with a fine soft tomentum. Hab. Gardens, Spc. not common. Fl. April. Fr. July—August. 286 ICOSANDRIA MONOGYXIA Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated, under the names of Moor Park, Brussels Apricot, &c. The young fruit is so liable to be destroyed by the puncture of insects, that it is a very uncertain crop, with us. 2. A. dasycarpa, DC. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly-serrate; petioles glandular ; flowers pedicellate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 532. A. sibirica, var. dasycarpa. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 36, Prunus dasycarpa. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 990. Lindl. Ency. p. 424. Hairy-fruited Armeniaca. Vulgo—Black Apricot. Stem 10 lo 15 feet high, branching; branches rather slender and virgate. Leaves an inch and half to near 3 inches long, and I to 2 inches wide, smooth above, pubes- cent on the midrib and in the axils of the nerves beneath; petioles half an inch to an inch long, pubescent em the upper side, and generally with one or two glands near the base of the leaf. Flowers on pubescent pedicels, I fourth to 1 third of an inch long. Calyx-segments ovate, obtuse, serrulate, mostly dark purple. Petals white, obovate. Drupe subglobose, nearly an inch in diameter, conspicuously pu- bescent, dark purple when mature. Hab. Gardens, Spc. not common. Fl. April. Fr. July. Obs. This has more of the habit of a Plum tree than the preceding,—and is considered more hardy and certain to bear fruit: But neither of them has been at- tended with much success, here, so far as my observation goes. The foregoing, I believe, are the only species cultivated in the U. States. 229, PRUNUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 431. [The Latin name for the Plum.] Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe ovoid, or oblong, very smooth, mostly covered with a glaucous powder, or bloom, fleshy ; nut compressed, acute at each end, smooth, with the margins subsulcate. Small trees: leaves oval, or lance-ovate, alternate, stipular, convolute when young; flowers mostly preceding the leaves ; pedicels subsolitary, or in umbellate fascicles. Nat. Ord. 75. Lindl. Amygdale^. 1. P. domestica, L. Unarmed ; leaves lance-ovate, or oval, mostly acute ; pedicels subsolitary ; fruit oval, ovoid, or obovoid. DC. Prodr, 2. p. 533. Domestic Prunus. Vulgo—Common Plum. Damascene, Gage, &c. Gallice"—Prunier. Germ.—Der Pjiaumenbaum. Hisp.— Cirudlo. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching; branches not spinose. Leaves 1 io3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, variable inform and size, sometimes obtuse and a little emarginate, serrate, smoothish, when young if ten densely pubescent near the base of the midrib, and pilose on the nerves beneath; petioles half an inch to an inch or more in length, pubescent on the margin; sti- pules cuneate-oblong, often trifid at apex, pubescent-ciliate. Flowers rather pre- ceding the leaves, subsolitary, or in pairs, from a flowering bud ; pedicels about half an inch long, pubescent. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, slightly ciliate. Petals white, orbicular-obovate. Drupe of various forms and sizes, from oval to ovoid, obovoid, and subglobose, half an inch to an inch or more in diameter, covered with a fine bluish-white powder, or bloom, when mature, of various colors, from black to copper-color, and pale greenish yellow, with a rather firm fleshy pulp. Hali. Gardens; yards, . 62.). Not? of Willd. Beck, &c. C. Michauxii ] Pers. Syn. 2. p. 38. Yellow Crat;egus. Vulgo—Black Thorn. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, branching; branches armed with sharp thorns 1 to near 2 inches in length (sometimes the thorns have short opposite branches towards the point). Leaves 2 to near 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, acute, serrate, and somewhat lobed, often with a more distinct lobe, or deeper incision near the base on each side, smooth; petioles halfan inch to an inch long, more or less mar- gined by the decurrence of the leaf, glandular on the margins; stipules of the young plant foliaceous, on short petioles, subreniform, with a falcate acumination on one side, unequally glandular-serrate. Corymbs terminal on the young branches, mostly few-flowered; peduncles smoothish, bracteate at base, and oflen wilh 2 or 3 alternate bracts near the flower; bracts spatulate-lanceolate, or lance-oblong, vis- cid and loosely tomentose, studded on the margin with globose pedicellate glands. Calyx smooth; segments oblong-lanceolate, longer than the ovary, somewhat pilose on the inner surface, incised-serrate, or laciniate, serratures tipped with glands. Petals white. Styles 3 to 5, often 4, distinct. Fruit obovoid,or pyriform, large (about halfan inch in diameter), 3 or 4 seeded, greenish yellow with a tin^e of dark red when mature, esculent, but rather insipid. Hab. Borders of woods; fence-rows, &c. not very common. Fl. May. FY. Sept. 06s. Our plant does not exactly agree with the descriptions in the books ; but seems to be identical with the C. flava, in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy. The leaves have more resemblance to those of C. coccinea, than any of the others. ICOSANDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 293 5. C coccinea, L. Leaves ovate, acutely sub-Iobed and incised-ser- rate, thin and smooth, on long slender petioles; petioles and calyx smoothish, and somewhat glandular; styles 3 to 5. Beck, Bot. p. 112. Crimson Crxtjbqvs. Vulgo—White Thorn. Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, with flexuose spreading rugged branches, armed with stout thickish acute thorns 1 to near 2 inches in length, and mostly a little curved downwards. Leaves about 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches wide, acute, incised-serrate, and cut into 3 or 4 small acute or acuminate angulate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed (or often truncate and a little cordate) at base, thin, smooth, and of a lively green color; petioles 3 fourths of an inch to near an inch and half long, slender, nearly smooth, with a few small glands along the upper edges; stipules lance-linear, glandular-serrate. Flowers in corymbs, terminating the young short branches; peduncles at first a little pubes- cent, finally smoothish; 6roc. 29. A. arborea. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 228. Vulgo—Wild Service-berry. June berry. Snowy Medlar. Shad-flower. Stem 8 to 15 or 20 feet high, with rather slender distant branches, forming an open top. Leaves 2 to 3 or 3 and a half inches long, and 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, inclining more or less to obovate, tapering rather abruptly at apex to a short sharp acumination, acutely serrate, generally a little cordate at base when full grown; petioles half an inch to near an inch long; stipules about half an inch long, lance-linear, silky-villose, mostly tinged with purple, caducous. Flowers large, in loose racemes about 2 inches long, terminating the branches, often a lit- tle nodding, or pendulous, rather preceding the leaves ; pedicels half an inch to 3 quarters in length, more or less villose, bracteate at base, and frequently wilh 1 or 2 purple bracts near the flower. Calyx mostly smooth (sometimes villose); segments lance-ovate, acuminate, villose on the margins and inner surface. Pe- tals white, about 2 thirds of an inch long, and 2 lines wide, rather obtuse, narrowed at base. Stamens a little longer than the calyx. Styles often united nearly to the stigmas. Fruit a small roundish-ovoid pome, 2 to 3 or 4 lines in diameter, smooth- ish, dark purple when mature, esculent, and not unpleasant to the taste. The 3 eeWsofthe fruit often imperfectly divided by rudiments of partitions, 2-seeded ; one of the seeds mostly abortive, and sometimes both. Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. April. FY. June—July. 06s. This is quite a showy little tree, when in flower;—which, happening at the fishing season, has acquired for it the name of "Shad flower,'" or " Shad bush." I have found the fruit to be considerably improved in size and quality, by long culture. 2. A. ovalis 1 Lindl. Leaves roundish-elliptic, or oblong-oval, mu- cronate, tomentose beneath when young, finally smoothish; racemes erect, rather coarctate ; petals obovate-oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 112- Mespilus nivea, var. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 90. M. canadensis, var. obovalis. Mx. Am. l.p. 291. Pyrus ovalis. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1014. Aluhl. Catal. p. 49. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 340. Bigel. Bost. p. 195. Aronia ovalis. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 40. A'utt. Gen. l.p. 306. Ell. Sk. l.p. 558. Torr. Fl.l.p.479. Ejusd. Comp. p. 203. Florul. Cestr. p. 63. Eat. Alan. p. 29. Oval Amelanchier. Vulgo—Medlar-bush. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch wide, sometimes acute, but often rounded at both ends, mucronate or cuspidate at apex, mostly serrate, the serratures sometimes nearly obsolete, rather densely tomentose beneath when young, and often slightly ferruginous, smoothish when old. Racemes and pedicels mostly ereci, villose. Calyx mostly tomentose. Petals white, 1 third to halfan inch long, more or less obovate, obtuse. FYuit about the size of the preceding, dark purple, or nearly black (dark blue, Bigel.) when mature. Hab. Fence-rows, and woodlands; WestChester: rare. Fl. April,May. Fr. July. 06s. The plant which I have taken for this species, here, often approaches the preceding,—and does not seem so well marked, as specimens which I have from Pokono Mountain; so that I am rather puzzled to determine whether our plant is really more than a variety. There are no other species known in the TJ. States. 296 1C0SAXDRIA DI-PENTAGYXIA 233. PYRUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 441. [The Latin name for the Pear.] Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary, urceolate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, sub-orbicular, concave, slightly unguiculate. Styles mostly 5. Pome closed, 5-celled; cells cartilaginous, 2-seeded. Seeds with a cartilaginous coat. Shrubs, or trees: mostly unarmed ; leaves simple, or pinnate, alternate, stipu- lar ; flowers in terminal cymose corymbs; bracts subulate, deciduous. Nat. Ord. 74. Lindl. Pomace/e. f Fruit globose, small. Leaves glandular on the midrib above. 1. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute, crenately serrulate, mostly tomentose beneath, smooth above, with 1 or 2 rows of glands on the midrib; peduncles corymbose. Beck, Bot. p. 114. Mespilus prunifolia, var. Marsh. Arbust. p. 91. M. arbutifolia, var. erythrocarpa. Mx. Am. 1. p. 292. Aronia pyrifolia. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 39. A. arbutifolia. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 306. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 227. Ell. Sk. l.p. 556. Torr. Fl. 1. p. 478, Ejusd. Comp.p. 202. Florul. Cestr. p. 63. Eat. Man. p. 29. Arbutus-leaved Pxnus, Vulgo—Choke-berry, Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to near an inch wide, generally inclining to cuneate-obovate, but va- rying to elliptic, and lance-oblong, often with a short abrupt acumination, finely serrate, serratures mucronate with a small incurved purple callous point, the under surface usually very tomentose (sometimes nearly smooth), pale, the upper surface smooth, deep green, with numerous dark purple glands on the midrib; petioles 1 line to 1 third of an inch long, pubescent. Flowers in terminal pedun- culate cymose or compound corymbs; pedicels villose, with smoothish deciduous bracts at base. Calyx villose ; segments erect, acute, minutely glandular on the margin. Petals whitish, with a tinge of purple, roundish-ovate, often emarginate. Anthers purple. Styles smooth, subconnate and villose at base. Fruit a small globose pome (2 to 3 lines in diameter), smoothish, pubescent at base and apex, dark red, or purple, when mature, sweetish and astringent. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. FY. August—September. 06s. The P. melanocarpa, Willd. (Aronia arbutifolia, Pers.) with the calyx and leaves beneath smooth, and fruit nearly black, has been very properly, I think reduced to a variety of this. I have specimens from E. Marlborough, which appear to belong to that variety,—but it is much more rare than the red-fruited one. ■j- f Fruit depressed-globose, umbilicate at base. 2. P. coronaria, L. Leaves broad-ovate, rounded at base, serrate, somewhat angulate-lobed, smoothish; peduncles corymbose. Beck Bot. p. 113. Pyrus-Malus coronaria. Marsh. Arbust. p. 118. Malus coronaria. Mx. Am. 1. p. 292. Mx.f. Sylva. 2. p. 67 (Icon tab. 65.). Florul. Cestr. p. 63. Crown Ptrus. Vulgo—Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. ICOSAXDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 297 Stem 10 to 15 feet high, branching; branches spreading, stiff, and rugged wilh Bhort spurs, forming a rather bushy head. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch and half to 2 inches wide, often slightly cordate at base, acute, irregularly serrate, and sub-lobed, pubescent when young, finally nearly smooth; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, pubescent. Flowers in rather loose few-flowered corymbs terminating the spurs, large and fragrant; peduncles about an inch long, smooth. Calyx smooth externally; segments spreading, lanceolate, acute, dense- ly villose on the inner side. Petals pale rose-red. Styles smooth above, subcon- nate and densely villose at base. FY-uit a depressed-globose pome, rather small (an inch or inch and half in diameter), fleshy but firm and hard, smooth, pale greenish yellow and very fragrant when mature, yet extremely acid. Hab. Borders of woods; roadsides, &c not very common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept. 06s. This native apple, of late years, is becoming raiher scarce. When it was more abundant, the ripe fruit was often collected for making preserves. 3. P. Malus, L. Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, serrate, the up- per surface pubescent; peduncles subumbellate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 635. Alalus communis. Florul. Cestr. p. 126. Apple Ptrus. Vulgo—Common Apple. Apple-tree. Gallice—Pommier. Germanice— Der Apfelbaum. Hisp.—Manzano. Stem 15 to 23 feet high, branching; branches mostly spreading, and crooked, or geniculate, forming a broad bushy head. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, acute or acuminate, distinctly serrate, or crenate-serrate, occasion- ally sub-lobed, tomentose beneath, and somewhat pubescent above, especially along the midrib and nerves; petioles an inch or more in length. Flowers in simple sessile umbels, terminal and lateral; peduncles halfan inch to an inch long, vil- lose. Calyx tomentose. Petals pale red. Styles smooth above, sub-connate and hirsutely villose at base. Fruit a fleshy depressed-globose or oblong pome, I to 3 or 4 inches in diameter, umbilicate at both ends, smooth. Hab. Orchards, gardens, Spc. common. Fl. May. Ft. July—November. Obs. Almost numberless varieties qfthis valuable fruit are cultivated;—though too many of inferior quality are permitted to occupy the place qf better,—for want of due attention in the selection. 111 Fruit turbinate, not umbilicate at base. 4. P. communis, L. Leaves lance-ovate, slightly serrate, the upper surface smooth ; peduncles corymbose. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 633. Common Pyrus. Vulgo—Pear. Pear-tree. Gallice—Poirier. Germanice—Der Birnbaum. Hisp.—El Peral. Stem 15 to 25 or 30feet high, branching ; branches virgate, rather erect,forming an oblong, or tapering head. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, acute, or acuminate, oftennearly entire, smooth above, pubescent or tomentose be- neath, and on the margin, when young; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers in clustered corymbs, on lateral spurs; peduncles half an inch to an inch long, pubescent. Calyx pubescent. Petals white. Anthers pale red. Styles distinct, villose at base. Fruit a fleshy succulent obovoid pome, umbilicate at apex, taper. ing and produced at base, often a little curved, or oblique, smooth, or sometimes with a roughish skin. Hab. Gardens, Spc. frequent. Fl.Moy. Fr. Aug.— November. 298 jcosandria di-pentagynia Obs. Numerous varieties of this favorite fruit are cultivated. The branches (and frequently the whole tree) are subject to a sudden blight,—the cause of which is not well understood. Two or three additional species, as the genus is at present constituted, are enumerated as natives qfthe U. States. 234. CYDONIA. Tournef. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 638. [So named from Cydonia, a city of Crete; whence it was obtained.] Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Styles 5. Pome closed, 5-celled; cells cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with a mucilaginous pulp. Small trees, or shrubs: mostly unarmed ; leaves simple, alternate, very entire, or serrate; flowers mostly solitary. Nat. Ord. 74. Lindl. Pomaceje. 1. C. vulgaris, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very entire, tomentose beneath; peduncles solitary, and, -with the calyx, lanuginous ; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose. DC. 1. c. Pyrus Cydonia. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1020. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 209. Muhl. Catal. p. 49. Florul. Cestr. p. 126. Eat. Man. p. 291. Common Cidonia. Vulgo—Quince. Quince-tree. Gall.— Cognassier. Germ.—Der Quittenbaum. Hisp.—MembrilUro. Stem 8 to 10 or 12 feet high, branching, and somewhat spreading. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and I to 2 inches wide, rather acute, smooth and green above, hoary-to- mentose beneath; petioles about half a?i inch long, tomentose. Flowers terminal, solitary, large ; peduncles I fourth to I third of an inch long. Calyx densely lanu- ginous ; segments ovate-oblong, sub-foliaceous, glandular-serrulate. Petals red- dish white, or pale blush color, obovate. Stamens in a single series, erect. Styles smooth above, subconnate and densely lanuginous at base. Fruit a large fleshy and somewhat, obovoid pome, umbilicate at apex, produced sit base, clothed with a sift tomentum, yellow when mature. Hab. Gardens; ditch banks,&c.frequent. Fl.May. Fr. Sept.—October. Obs. The fruit of this is supposed to be the golden apple of the Hesperides, so celebrated in ancient fable. It is chiefly used, here, for making preserves,—and, occasionally, domestic wine. The C. japonica, Pers. (Pyrus japonica, Willd.) so much admired for its beautiful flowers, is sometimes to be met with in our gar- dens. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 1>. Ovary superior : Fruit dry,— Carpels, or Akenes. 235. SPIRAEA. L. ATutt. Gen. 442. [Supposed to be from the Greek, Speira, a cord; in allusion to its flexible branches] Calyx 5-cleft, spreading, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, equal. Sta- mens exserted. Carpels 1, 3, or many, distinct, or rarely connate at base, mostly sessile, with a short acumination at apex. Seeds 2, or many, affixed to the inner suture. Shrubby, or herbaceous : leaves alternate, simple, or pinnately dissected, often stipular; flowers corymbose, or racemose-paniculate. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosacea:. 1. S. opulifolia, L. Shrubby; leaves mostly roundish-ovate and 3- lobed, doubly crenate-serrate, smoothish, stipular; corymbs terminal, ICOSANDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 299 pedunculate, hemispherical, with the flowers crowded ; carpels mostly 3, connate at base, inflated, 3 times as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 98. Opulus-leaved Spirjea. Vulgo—Nine-bark. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with alternate branches, and the bark in many loose lami- nae, or layers. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, generally obtuse, or rounded, and 3-lobed, sometimes oblong-ovate and rather acute, un- equally and crenalely incised, slightly pubescent on the nerves, and in their axils, beneath; petioles half an inch to 3 quarters in length, smoothish; stipules lanceo- late. Corymbs simple, subumbellate ; common peduncle half an inch to an inch long; pedicels halfan inch to near an inch long, slender, numerous, crowded, pu- bescent, each with a lance-linear caducous bract at or near the base. Calyx cam. panulate, clothed with a short tomentose pubescence: segments lance-ovate, acute (obtuse, 7*orr.). Petals white, or often tinged with purple. Styles 3 to 5. Carpels 3, 4, or 5, about 1 third of an inch long, compressed, connate below, diverg- ing above, and acuminate with the persistent base of the styles, smooth and shining, greenish yellow, or often purple, usually 2-seeded. Seeds obovoid, smooth and shining, yellowish. Hab. Banks of streams; Brandywine; Valley creek: rare. Ft. June. FY. Sept. 06s. This is the variety, tomentella, DC. the young corymbs being quite hoary with a short tomentose pubescence; but in their more advanced stages they become much smoother. 2. S. salicifolia, L. Suffruticose; leaves lanceolate, or obovate- lanceolate, acute, or obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, without stipules ; racemes terminal, compound, densely paniculate; carpels 5, distinct, not inflated, scarcely twice as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 99. S. tomentosa alba. Marsh. Arbust. p. 147. S. alba. Muhl. Catal. p. 49. Bigel. Bost. p. 196. Willow-leaved Spir^a. Vulgo—Ind. Pipe-shank. Meadow Sweet. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, somewhat branched; branches erect, tender or suffruticose, smooth, mostly dark purple, filled with pith. Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, varying from oblong-lanceolate to obovate- oblong and cuneate, mostly acute, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, with the serratures cartilaginous at the point, generally smooth on both sides, and a little glaucous beneath; petioles very short, naked. Flowers in a crowded racemose terminal panicle 2 to 4 inches in length ; principal branches of the panicle with lanceolate bracts at base, the pedicels often with subulate bracts near the flower; bracts villose-ciliate. Calyx sub-turbinate, smooth, mostly purplish; segments ovate, acute (or if out off at base, would form an equilateral triangle). Petals reddish white, or blush color. Carpels 5, small, obovoid-oblong, somewhat com- pressed, acute at base, smooth, obliquely beaked by the baBe of the style, opening on the inner side. Seeds small, oblong. Hab. Swampy thickets, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr.—Oct. 06s. Authors describe several varieties of this. Ours seems to be the var. latifolia, Willd. and Ait. or the var. alba, Lindl. Ency.—though I have rarely, if ever, observed the flowers to be perfectly white. Nine or ten additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 800 1COSANDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 236. GILLENIA. Mcench. A'utt. Gen. 443. [Greek, gelao, to laugh; in allusion to its exhilarating qualities, ex Eat. sed qu ?] Calyx tubular-campanulate, slightly contracted at the orifice, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base, rather un- equal. Stamens included. Carpels 5, each pointed by the persistent style, 2-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, trifoliate,stipular; flowers terminal, paniculately scattered, on long pedicels. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosacea. 1. G. trifoliata, Manch. Leaflets lanceolate, or obovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, serrate ; stipules small, subulate-linear, mostly entire. Beck, Bot. p. 100. Spiraea trifoliata. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1063. Mx. Am. 1. p. 294. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 47. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 257. Muhl. Catal.p. 49. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 343. Three-leaved Gillenia. Vulgo—Indian Physic. Bowman's root. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, paniculately branched at summit, somewhat angled, or ribbed, and striate, smooth, or slightly pubescent, mostly purplish. Leaves all ternate, upper ones subsessile, lower ones petiolate ; stipules subulate, or lance-linear, sometimes serrate, the lower ones adnate to the petioles; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch or inch and half wide, oblong-lanceolate, often lance-obovate and somewhat cuneate, sharply and unequally serrate, smoothish above, pubescent beneath, subsessile, or nar- rowed to a short petiole. Flowers terminal, loosely and often corymbosely panic- ulate, on slender pedicels half an inch to an inch or more in length—and fre- quently on naked axillary peduncle-like blanches 2 to 4 inches long, with a subu- late bract above the middle,—or at the base of the pedicels/when subdivided. Calyx 10 ribbed, smooth; segments 5, short, erect, ciliate-serrulate, sharply acumi- nate . Petals white, or sometimes slightly tinged with red, about 3 fourths of an inch long, and 2 lines wide, narrowed at each end, but rather obtuse at apex. Stamens about 15, scarcely as long as the calyx. Carpels at first subconnate, or closely crowded into an ovoid form, hirsute, with 5 erect contiguous styles about half as long as the calyx,—finally distinct, spreading, and bursting the tube of the calyx,—opening at the sutures into 2 valves. Seeds oblong, a little oblique, convex externally, slightly concave on the inner side, somewhat rugose-pitted, brown. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. 06s. This plant has had considerable reputation for its medical properties,— the root being said to operate as an emetic, cathartic, or tonic, according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. It is rarely resorted to, at present. One other spe^ cies occurs in the western States of this Union. 237. AGRIMONIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 436. [Supposed to be corruptly derived from Argemone; which see.] Calyx turbinate, calyculate at base, armed with hooked bristles above; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens about 12. Styles 2. Akenes 2, in the tube of the indurated calyx. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, pinnately dissected, stipular; flowers in terminal racemose spikes, with trifid bracts. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosaceje. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Leaves interruptedly'pseudo-pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; spike virgate ; tube of the calyx campanulate ; fruit distant. Beck, Bot. p. 108. ICOSAXDRIA POI.YGYXIA 301 Vulgo—Agrimony. Gallice—Aigremoine. Germanice—Odermcnnig. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, hairy, sometimes very hirsute. Leaves 4 or 5 to 9 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, with a terminal leaflet; principal leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, mostly 5 or 7 in number, smoothish above, pilose on the nerves beneath, sessile, except the terminal one ; common petiole hairy, with large coarsely serrate or lobed stipules at base ; intermediate leaflets much smaller, more or less ovate, sessile, often 3-cleft, opposite or alternate, sometimes 2 or 3 pairs between the principal leaflets. Spike 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, often branched. Flowers alternate, on short pedicels with each a trifid 6racf at base. Calyx with a small 2- Ieaved involucre, or calycle, at base; tube ribbed, or striate, smoothish, the sum- mit invested with hooked bristles at tbe base of the segments; segments lance- oblong. Petals yellow, oval, about twice as long as the calyx. Styles shorter than the stamens. Akenes, or dry indehiscent capsules, 2, in the bottom of the indurated persistent calyx. Hab. Borders of wooHs; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. There is a variety of this (var. hirsuta, Torr.) which is very hairy,—with the leaflets narrower, and more numerous. It is not uncommon, here. Two or three additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States; but they require to be belter authenticated. Order 3. Polygynia. Ovaries superior, a. Fruit dry. 238. GETJM. L. A'utt. Gen. 448. [Greek, geuo, to taste well; alluding to the flavor of one of the species.] Calyx concave ; limb 5-cleft, with 5 small external bracts opposite the clefts. Petals 5. Carpels in a head, awned by the persistent styles ; styles, after flowering, geniculate or recurved at summit; stigmas filiform, recurved at base and articulated with the styles, caducous, leaving the summit of the styles uncinate. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, mostly pinnately dissected, stipular, with the stipules adnate to the petiole ; peduncles terminal, or axillary. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosacea. * Calyx reflexed. 1. G. virgisianum, L. Radical leaves trifoliate, or pseudo-pinnate, lower stem-leaves trifoliate, the upper ones simple, lanceolate ; stipules subovate, entire, or incised; peduncles diverging ; flowers erect; petals cuneate-obovate; styles glabrous; stigmas subclavate, pilose at base. Beck, Bot. p. 101. Also? G. geniculatum. Mx. Am. 1. p. 300. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 57. Aluhl. Catal. p. 51. Pursh, Am. 1. 351. ATutt. Gen.l.p.309. Beck, I. c. Eat. Man. p. 157. Also? G. Album. Aluhl. 1. c. Pursh, I. c. Arutt". I. c. Bart. Phil. 1.235. Ell. Sk. l.p. 572. Bigtf.Bost.p. 207. Torr. Fl. l.p. 493. Eusd. Comp. p. 209. DC. Prodr. 2. p 550. Florul. Cestr. p. 6b. Lindl. Ency. p. 454. Beck, I. c. Eat. 1 c. 2G 302 ICOSAXDRIA POLYGYXIA Virginian Geum. Vulgd—White Avens. Herbbennet,or herbe benite. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, paniculately branched at summit, more or less hairy, often hirsute. Radical leaves trifoliate, or often pseudo-pinnate with about 5 leaflets or segments; leaflets an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, broad-ovate, or elliptic, the lateral ones obliquely rhomboid-ovate, ihe terminal ones larger, all crenate-serrate, and incised, or somewhat lobed, more or less cuneate at base, sessile, or subsessile, hairy ; common petioles 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, those of the pinnate leaves oflen with a pair of small leaflets an inch or two below the others. Lower stem-leaves mostly trifoliate, sometimes quinately pseudo-pinnate, petiolate, becoming 3-lobed and nearly sessile as they ascend; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, incised-serrate. Stipules sometimes entire, generally lobed, or incised-dentate. Flowers on peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, terminating the branches, at first somewhat nodding, finally erect or diverg- ing. Calyx hairy; segments reflexed, lanceolate, with a tapering apex, and a short white pubescence on the margin ; bracts at the clefts of the segments minute, linear. Petals white, or sometimes pale yellow, cuneate-obovate, about as long as the calyx. Carpels crowded into a head, bristly; styles smooth, persistent, finally divaricate, or reflexed ; stigmas linear, or subclavate, hairy at base, articulated to the styles,—when the flower expands, the stigmas and styles become curved or contorted at the articulation, and the stigmas soon fall off, leaving the points of the styles hooked. Hab. Borders of woods, thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. June—July. FY. September. 06s. The specimens with pseudo-pinnate leaves are usually much more hir- sute than the others; but the variations between G. album and G. virginianum are so numerous and inconstant, that I believe they may very properly be reduced to one species,-— as suggested by De Candolle, and sanctioned by Hooker. * * Calyx erect, 2. G. rivale, L. Radical leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, the terminal segment large, cordate-orbicular; stem-leaves trifoliate, or 3- cleft, segments acute; stipules ovate, incised; peduncles erect; flowers nodding; petals broad, obcordate-spatulate, unguiculate; styles pilose at base; stigmas long, filiform, plumose. Beck, Bot. p. 101. River Geum. Vulgo—Water Avens. Purple Avens. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, erect, nearly simple, rather retrorsely pilose. Radical leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, on hairy petioles 6 to 9 inches long; principal leaflets 3 to 5 (often only the terminal one), the lateral ones obovate, incised-serrate, or lobed, subsessile, the terminal one 2 to near 3 inches long, and wider than long, roundish-cordate, incised-serrate and sublobed, often distinctly 3-lobed, pilose ; the intermediate leaflets small, ovate, entire, serrate, or 3-cleft, sessile, opposite, or alternate. Flowers large, terminal on the few erect branches at summit, mostly nodding; pedunclestomentose. Calyx pubescent, dark purple externally; segments erect, lanceolate, rather acuminate; bracts at the clefts small, linear. Petals purplish orange, broadly spatulate, very obtuse, or slightly obcordate, abruptly narrowed to a claw below, rather longer than the calyx. Carpels in a thick obtuse head, hirsute; styles slender, dark purple, pilose at base: stigmas filiform, much longer than in the preceding species, plumosely hairy, ex- cept near the apex. Hab. Swampy meadow, at Downingtown: veryjrare. Fl. May—June. Fr. August. 06s. First detected in the above locality, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1832. It has not yet been found elsewhere within the County. Six or eight additional species have been enumerated in the U. States; but some of them are not well established. icosandria polygyxia 303 239. POTENTILLA. L. ATutt. Gen. 449. [Latin, potens, powerful; in reference to its supposed medical virtues.] Calyx concave; limb mostly 5-cleft, with an external bract at each cleft (appearing 10 cleft). Petals mostly 5. Carpels numerous, roundish, rugose, naked, capitate on a small dry persistent receptacle. Herbaceous, or rarely fruticose: leaves compound (ternate, digitate, or pinnate); stipules adnate to the petiole; flowers solitary, or subcorymbose, axillary and terminal. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosacejb. * Leaves ternate. 1. P. norvegica, L. Hirsute; stem erect, dichotomous above; leaves ternate; leaflets lance-oval and obovate-oblong, simply and doubly in- cised-serrate ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, subcorymbose at summit; petals obovate, emarginate, shorter than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 106. Norwegian Potentilla. Whole plant hirsute. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple below, dichoto- mously branched above. Leaves all trifoliate, on petioles 1 to 4 inches long; leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, lateral ones sessile, or subsessile, terminal one on a short petiole, all coarsely and often doubly incised-serrate. Stipules large (often an inch or more in length), lanceolate > acute, entire, or partially lobed. Flowers often numerous, in leafy corymbs at summit, and on long solitary peduncles below; peduncles half an inch to an inch and half long, the lower ones often opposite the leaves. Calyx-segments ov«W:- lanceolate, rather acuminate; bracts lanceolate, rather longer than the calyx- segments, giving the appearance of 10 nearly equal segments. Petals yellow, oval, or obovate, slighlly emarginate. Carpels somewhat compressed, obliquely ovate, with the style i ather on one side of the apex, rugosely ribbed, ribs diverging below. Receptacle ovoid, a :ute, hairy. Hab. Pastures, and roadsides: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. FY. September. 06s. This may be a native here; but to me it has the appearance of an intro- duced plant. * * Leaves digitate. 2. P. canadensis, L. Villose; stem procumbent, and ascending, somewhat branched, or sarmentose from near the base; leaves quinate; leaflets sessile, cuneate-obovate, acutely incised-dentate, clothed with an appressed whitish silky villus beneath. Beck, Bot.p. 106. P. sarmentosa. Bigel. Bost. p. 204. Also, Eat. Man. p. 280. Not? of Muhl. Canadian Potentilla. Vulgo—Cinque-foil. Barren Strawberry. Root perennial, thick, often branching, with numerous strong fibres. Stem 2 to 10 or 12 inches long, often several from the same root, slender, at first rather erect, or assurgent, at length procumbent, villose. Radical leaves on spreading petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches long; leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third of an inch to near an inch wide, obovate, mostly obtuse, sharply incised-dentate above the middle, cuneate and entire below the middle; stem leaves few,—those above sometimes sessile, ternate, and simple; stipules ovate, entire, or incised. Flowets on slender axillary peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length. Calyx-segments 304 1C0SAXDUI\ POLYGYX1A and 6rac*s nearly equal, resembling a 10-cleft calyx. Petals bright yellow, roundish- obovate, often slightly emarginate, longer than the calyx. Hab, Sterile old fields, and pastures: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June—July. 06s. The first flowers often appear on this, when the stems are very short; but others subsequently appear on the extended branches, or runners,—as remarked by Dr. Bigelow. It is a plant which affects sterile neglected pastures; and its abundance is a pretty sure indication of a poor thriftless farmer. 3. P. simplex, Mx. Pilose; stem somewhat erect, nearly simple, sar- mentose and nodding at summit; leaves quinate; leaflets subsessile, elliptic-oblong, rather acute, cuneate at base, sharply and coarsely ser- rate, pilose beneath. Beck, Bot. p. 106. P. caroliniana. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 5b. Also, Muhl. Catal. p. 51. Also? P. sarmentosa. Muhl. I. c. Lindl. Ency. p. 454. Not of Bigel. nor Eat. Simple Potentilla. Vulgo—Five-finger. Root perennial, thick, with strong fibres. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, often 2 or 3 from the same root, nearly erect, leafless below, pilose and roughish, often purplish, finally elongated by an oblique sarmentose branch, or runner, at the summit, which often extends to 2 feet or more in length, and becomes procumbent. Radical leaves on nearly erect petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, oblong, tapering at each end; stem leaves usually larger,—an opposite pair at summit, one petiolate the other sessile, and a single petiolate one some distance below,—all quinate, and more or less pilose ; those on the runner more villose, and often ternate near the extremity; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, incised, or often nearly entire- Peduncles axillary, solitary, filiform, about as long as the leaves. Calyx-segments lanceolate, shorter than the lance-oblong bracts at the clefts. Petals yellow, obovate, emarginate, sometimes nearly obcordate, often longer but not unfrequently shorter than the calyx,—or, at least,than the bracts. Carpels subreniform, rough and somewhat verrucose. Hab. Borders of woods; woodland clearings, &c. frequent. Fl. May, June. Fr. July. 06s. This is undoubtedly nearly related to some states of the preceding, and has been suspected to be only a variety; but there >is usually no difficulty in distin- guishing them, at a glance, when viewed in their native localities. Twelve or fif. teen additional species occur in the TJ. States; and Prof. Hooker enumerates 34 species in British America. fe. Fruit succulent, or fleshy. 240. FRAGARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 451. [Latin, fragrans, odorous; in reference to its fragrant fruit.] Calyx concave; limb 5-cleft, with an external bract at each cleft (ap- pearing 10-cleft). Petals 5. Carpels numerous, naked, dry, smooth, scattered and imbedded on a large pulpy deciduous receptacle. Styles lateral. Herbaceous: producing runners, or creeping stems; leaves trifoliate; stipules adnate to the petiole ; flowers mostly in terminal cymose corymbs. Nat. Ord. 73- Lindl. Rosacea. 1. F. virginiana, L. Leaflets broad-oval, or cuneate-obovate, cori- aceous, not plicate, smoothish above ; hairs of the pedicels appressed ; calyx of the fruit spreading. Beck, Bot.p* 105. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYXIA 205 Also? F. canadensis. Mx. Am. I. p. 299. Pursh, Am. l.p. 357. „Vu«. Gen. 1. p. 311. Ell. Sk. l.p. 575. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 571. Hook. Am. l.p 185. Lindl. Ency.p. 452. Beck, I. c. Eat. Alan. p.148. Virginian Fragaria. Vulgo—Wild Strawberry. Root perennial, thick, with numerous fibres. Stem very short, or none, but runners are oflen thrown out from the crown of the root, which extend several inches. Leaves mostly radical, on villose petioles 2 to 4 or 6 inches long, with lance-oblong obliquely acuminate stipules at base ; hairs on the petioles spreading horizontally; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, coarsely serrate, silky-pilose when young, particularly on the nerves beneath, finally smoothish, on short petioles. Flowers corymbose, on a radical or scape-like peduncle scarcely as tall as the leaves; pedicels bracteate at base ; bracts oblong, acuminate, or with 2 or 3 mucronate teeth at apex. Peduncle and pedicels clothed with erect or appressed hairs. Calyx hairy; segments lanceolate, acuminate, spreading,—the intermediate 6rocfs lance-linear, nearly equal with the segments. Petals white, about as long as the calyx-segmenis. Fruit ovoid, nod- ding, consisting of the pulpy deciduous berry-like receptacle, with the minute smooth carpels imbedded on the pitted surface, bright purple when mature, mostly very fragrant, and pleasant to the taste, sometimes rather acid. Hab. Neglected old fields; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May—June. 06s. Every one has sufficient Botany, and good taste, to know this plant, and to admire its delicious fruit. It is not very easy, however, to give good distinguish- ing characters to all the cultivated sorts. Prof. Hooker seems to think the F. elatior, or Hautboy Strawberry, may be a variety of this. The F. -pesca (English, or Gar- den Strawberry), producing both red and white fruit, is chiefly distinguished by its numerous runners, the peduncles being taller than the leaves, the leaflets some- what plicate, and the calyx of the fruit reflexed. The F. chilensis (Chili Straw- berry), which is sometimes found in our gardens, is a stouter plant, with firm co- riaceous rugose leaflets, the peduncles and pedicels clothed with a spreading or reflexed villose pubescence, and the calyx embracing the large fruit. Some of the species are apt to be dioicous, or polygamous, by abortion,—especially under culti- vation. It is doubtful, I think, whether we have more than one native species in the TJ. States,—though Prof. Hooker has admitted 4 in his Flora of British America. 241. RUBUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 445. [Latin, Ruber,—or Celtic, Rub,—red; from the color of the fruit, or branches.] Calyx flattish at base; limb 5-parted, without bracts at the clefts • Petals 5. Carpels numerous, capitate on a protuberant spongy re- ceptacle, becoming succulent, cohering drupels, and forming a com- pound berry. Styles sub-lateral, persistent. Suffruticose, or rarely herbaceous: root perennial; stems mostly biennial, acu- leate ; leaves petiolate, pinnate, digitate, or simple ; flowers terminal, subcorym- bose, racemos-ly paniculate, or solitary. Nat. Ord. 73. Lindl. Rosacea:. * Leaves pinnate, or ternate,—hoary-tomentose beneath. 1. R. Id^us, L. Stem nearly erect, strigosely hispid, or smoothish and armed with slender recurved prickles ; leaves quinate-pinnate and ternate; flowers in paniculate corymbs; petals entire ; carpels tomentose. Beck 1 Bot. p. 102. 26* 306 1COSAXDRIA POLYGYXIA Ida Rurus, Vulgo—Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry. Gallice—Framboisier. Germ.—Himbeerstaxtde. Hisp.—Frambue'so. Root creeping. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, somewhat fruticose, terete, branching, pale brown, mostly hispid when young, especially towards the base, smoothish and prickly above, sometimes pubescent—the outer hispid bark below exfoliating the second year. Lower leaves oddpinnate by fives, upper ones ternate; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, aculeate; stipules setaceous; leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, broad-ovate, or sub-rhomboid, acuminate, un- equally incised-serrate, the terminal one petiolate, the others sessile, all smooth- ish and green above, clothed with a dense white cottony tomentum beneath. Corymbs terminal, and axillary, loose; pedicels aculeate, bracteate at base. Ca- lyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hoary-tomentcse. Petals white, obovate- cuneate, entire, shorter than the calyx. Carpels incurved at apex, rugose, clothed with a short dense pubescence, becoming succulent and drupe-like, forming a compound hemispherical berry, concave beneath, and covering a conical recepta- cle, purple, amber-colored, or whitish, when mature. Hab. Gardens : frequent. Fl. May. Ft. July. Obs. There appears to be some pretty distinct varieties of this. It is often culti- rated, here,for its finely flavoredfruit; but I doubt its being a native,—although given as such by Pursh, and others. 2. R. occidentalis, L. Stem slender, leaning or recurved, smooth, glaucous, armed with recurved prickles; leaves mostly ternate; flowers in sub-umbellate corymbs; petals often emarginate; carpels smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 102. Western Rurus. Vulgo—Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, suffruticose, terete, slender, leaning and often arching over so that the flaccid summit comes to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish and covered with a fine glaucous or bluish white pow- der. Leaves generally ternate ; leaflets 2to4ot 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, ovate, or lance-ovate, often with a long tapering acumination, and a little cor- date at base, unequally incised-serrate (the lateral ones sometimes partially lobed), green and smoothish above, clothed with a dense glaucous or bluish white toment- um beneath: petioles pubescent, and somewhat aculeate ; stipules setaceous. Co- rymbs mostly terminal on the young branches, often subumbellate, leafy at base ; pedicels mostly tomentose, aculeate ; 6?-ac/s subulate-linear. Calyx tomentose; segments lanceolate, acuminate. Petals white,obovate-cuneate, often emarginate, or bifid at apex, shorter than the calyx. Fruit dark purple, or nearly black (rarely whitish) when mature, smaller than the preceding, but of a similar form, sweet and well-flavored. Hab. Fence-rows; borders of woods, &c. frequent. Fl. May. FY. July. 06s. A variety of this, with thefruit nearly white, has bsen observed by Wm. Jackson, and D. Townsend, Esquires, in different parts of this County. * * Leaves digitate,—with 3 or 5 leaflets. 3. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. Stem erect, sub-terete ; branches, petioles and peduncles pubescent; leaves mostly ternate; leaflets cuneate-ob- ovate, sub-plicate and dentate-serrate above the middle, entire and slightly revolute at base, tomentose beneath ; racemes loose, few-flow- ered, sub-corymbose. Beck, Bot. p. 103. R. parvifolius. Aluhl. Catal.p. 50. Not of iVilld. Pers. D C. nor Lindl. Wedgt>leaveli Rubus, ICOSAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 307 Stem 2 to 3 foet high, nearly terete, or slighlly angular, finally smoothish, pur- plish brown, almost shrubby, armed with numerous subulate recurved prickles, branched; branches pubescent. Leaves ternate, rarely quinate; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, suffruticose, pubescent, often very prickly; stipules subulate-linear ; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to about an inch wide, more or less cuneate, and obtuse, witha short abrupt acumination, unequally den- tate-serrate at summit, serratures acuminate, margin entire and somewhat revo- lute below the middle, upper surface deep green, sprinkled with fine appressed hairs, clothed with a cinereous tomentum benealh, mostly ferruginous on the nerves, nerves prominent, giving the leaflets a plicate appearance, midrib aculeate, the terminal leaflet on a short petiole, lateral ones subsessile, sometimes partially lobed, and rarely divided so as to form a quinate leaf. Corymbs terminal, few- flowered ; pedicels diverging, pubescent, aculeate, and often with 1 or 2 bracts near the middle, lower ones axillary, elongated. Calyx tomentose ; segments lance- ovate, short-acuminate, or mucronate. Petals white, sometimes tinged with red, lance-oval, cuneate at base, 3 times as long as the calyx. Fuit ovoid, or oval, rather small (about half an inch long), black when mature, succulent and well- flavored (hard and dry, Pursh); carpels rugose-pitted when dried, keeled, gibbous, obliquely beaked by the base of the style. Hab. Dry hills; E. Nantmeal township: rare. Fl. May—June. FY. July. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1835, on the farm of Mr. Mordecai Evans, in East Nantmeal. It is very common in New Jersey,—and has been found in Delaware County, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes; but the above is the only locality yet known in Chester County. 4. R. villosus, Ait. Stem erect, angular, smoothish, aculeate ; young branches, leaves and racemes glandular-pubescent; leaves ternate and quinate; leaflets ovate, and lance-oval; racemes simple, elongated, loose, many-flowered; pedicels longish, bracteate at base; calyx-seg- ments oblong-ovate, mucronately acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 103. R. fruticosus. Marsh. Arbust. p. 137. Notof Li?in. Villose Rurus. Vulgo—Blackberry bush. Common Brier, Root creeping. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, mostly erect, stout, angular, or ridged and somewhat grooved, smooth, dark brown or purple, often greenish, almost shrubby, armed with stout curved prickles, branching; young branches and racemes clothed with a villose glandular pubescence, somewhat aculeate. Leaves ternate, or often quinate on stems of the first year, sometimes simple near the racemes; petioles villose and aculeate ; stipules subulate, or lance-linear; leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, varying from ovate to lance-oblong and obovate, mostly acute, doubly or unequally serrate, pilose above, villose be- neath and aculeate on the midrib, the lateral ones on short petioles (or subsessile), the terminal petiole much longer. Racemes terminal, rather large, many-flowered ; pedicels halfan inch to an inch or more in length, alternate, each with an oblonr. lanceolate, or often 3-cleft, 6raci at base,—sometimes the racemes are leafy, with a long pedicel from the axil of each simple lance-ovate petiolate loaf (var. frondosui t Bigel.). Calyx villose; segments oblong-ovate, with a rather short abrupt sub- linear acumination, and a whitish tomentum on the margins and inner surface. Petals white, obovate-oblong, or lance-oval, spreading, rather distant when ex- panded. Fruit ovoid-oblong, large (halfan inch to near an inch in length), at first green, then purple, and finally black when mature, succulent, sweetish and agreeable to the taste, when fully ripe,—though acerb and bitterish previously. Hab. Old fields; borders of woods, ot perennial,—a few coarse fibres from the base of a short thick firm but sime- what fleshy perennial stem (>r kind of exposed rhizoma) which is halfan inch to an inch Or more in length, oflen branched, and mostly of a purplish brown color. Annual stem 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, thick, fleshy, smooth and green, sometim> s dichotomously branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and about a line in diameter, nearly cylindrical, acute, sessile and slightly produced at base, succulent, snmoih and srreen, rather crowded above, and mostly a little incurved. Peduncles term- inal and dichotomal, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, naked, terete and smooth, subumbellate at summit, wilh subdivisions somewhat dichotomously cymose ; branches of the cyme 1 to 2 inches Ion?, bracteate at base ; bracts small, scarious, lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled, produced at base; pedicels about 1 third ef an inch long, terete, clavate, mostly a central one in the bosom of the primary bran- ches, and a dichotomal one in the forks of the principal subdivisions. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals bright purple, obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed and so Tie- limes cuneate at base, nearly 3 times as long as ihe sepals, expanding for one day, then closing and shrivelling on the ovary. Stamens about 2 thirds the length of the petals. Style as long as the stamens; stigma trifid. Capsule trigonous-ovoid, or oflen tmonous-turbinate, smooth, 3-valved, each valve with a central ridge, ■ r rudiment of a dissepiment, wilhin. Seeds sub-reniform, dark purple, miuu.ely punctate, slighlly coated with a thin membranaceous arillus before maturity. Hub. Serpentine mck: not comnnn. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug—Sept. OJs. I have never met with this interesting little plant in any other situation than on the most naked and sterile banks of serpentine rock; but wherever such banks occur, the Talinum may almost certainly be found. In my Catalogue, I have said that the seeds are "not arillate ; " but there is, in fact, a slight membran- aceous covering (especially on the young seeds) which may perhaps be considered as a kind of arillus. This is the only known species in the U. States. 217. CTIELIDONIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 459. [Gr. Cheli Ion, a swallow; its flowers appearing at the same time with lhat bir I. J Calyx of 2 caducous sepals. Petals 4. Capsule elongated (resem- bling a silique), 1-celled, 2-valved; valves opening from the base to the apex. Seeds numerous, with a glandular crest on one side. Ilsrba-eous: with a saffron colored sap; leaves alternate, pinnately dissecte.l; peduncles umbellate, terminal and axillary. Nat. Ord. 4. Lindl. Papaverace;e 1. C ma jus, L. Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous, segments ovate, crenate-lobed ; petals elliptic, entire. Beck, Bot. p. 21. fJriiEATER Chelidoniujm. Vulgo—Celandine. G til.—Grande Eelaire. Germ.—Das Schoellkraut. Hisp.—Colidon-a. 316 POLYAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA Root perennial, fusiform. Stem about 2 feet high, branched, somewhat pilose. Leaves 8 to 5 inches-long, pinnately dissected; leaflets, or segments, mostly 5, crenately incised, smoothish,petiolate, decurrent, and often confluent at the mid- rib, the lateral ones more or less ovate, the terminal one cuneate-obovate, often 3-lobed. Peduncles 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, solitary, axillary, or opposite the leaves; pedicels 4 to 6or 8, about an inch long, in an umbel terminating the com- mon peduncle, with small involucrate 6rac/s at base. Sepals subovate, concave, somewhat pilose externally, caducous. Petals yellow. Capsules about an inch long, narrow, sublinear, torulose. Hab. Fence-rows; among rubbish, &c. frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. A naturalized foreigner. The orange-colored juice of the plant is a popu- lar, and very innocent, application to warts, tetters, &c. The only species in the U. Slates,—if not the only one of the genus. 248. ARGEMONE. L. A'utt. Gen. 462. [Greek, Argema, a disease of the eye ; supposed to be relieved by this plant.] Calyx of 3 cucullate aculeate caducous sepals. Petals 4 to 6. Ova- ry elliptic-ovoid, aculeate ; stigma subsessile, 4 to 7-lobed, lobes radi- ately reflexed, persistent.' Capsule obovoid-elliptic, spinose, 1-celled, 5-valved ; valves opening at the apex. Seeds spherical. Herbaceous: with a yellowish sap; leaves alternate, pinnatifid, and spinose; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. Nat. Ord. 4. Lindl. Papaveracejs. 1. A. mexicana, L. Leaves sessile, obovate-oblong, sinuate-pinnati- fid; segments angulate-dentate, spinose. Beck, Bot. p. 21. Mexican Argemone. Vulgo—Prickly Poppy. Root annual. Stem about2 feet high, branching, smooth and somewhat glaucous, armed with slender prickles. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and an inch and a half to 3 inches wide, sessile and somewhat amplexicaul, smooth, glaucous beneath, and along the nerves above; lobes angulate, and sinuate-dentate, with sharp spi- nose acuminations which appear to be formed by the involution of the margins ; midrib and nerves aculeate. Flowers on leafy peduncles, or branches. Sepals oval, concave, aculeate, each with a cucullate production near the apex which terminates in a sharp stout spine. Petals mostly 6, yellow, about an inch long, broadly ovate and obtuse, cuneate at base. Stamens about as long as the ovary. Style very short; stigma mostly 5-lobed ; lobes reflected, obovate, concave, obtuse- ly margined. Capsule an inch and a half to 2 inches long, and nearly an inch in diameter, spinose, opening at apex with 5 valves. Seeds numerous, globose, mu- cronate, reticulate. fla6. Gardens, and cultivated lots: not very common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug__Sept. 06s. This plant has become partially naturalized; but does not seem to extend itself rapidly. It is the only recognized species of the genus ;—though there is a white-flowered one in the South, which Mr. Elliott thought might prove to be spe- cifically distinct. 249. PA PAVER. L. A'utt. Gen. 463. [Celtic, Papa, pap; from its being added to the food.of children, to induce sleep.] Calyx of 2 concave caducous sepals. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, ra- dia'fe, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin of the stigma. Seeds on receptacles which form incomplete dissepiments. POLYAXnHIA MOXOGYXIA 3l7 Herbaceous: with a lactescent sap; leaves alternate, mostly pinnatifi 1; flow :s tennin-il, on long naked peduncles. Nat. Orel. 4. Lindl. Papaveracj.e. 1. P. numuM, L. Leaves pseudo-pinnate, segments lance-oblong, ptnnatifidly incised, sessile, decurrent; stem with spreading hairs ; pe- duncles with appressed bristly hairs; capsules obovoid-oblong, smooth. DC. Prodr. 1. p. IIS. Dubious Papaver. Vulgo—Poppy. Field Poppy. Gall.—Pavot batard. Germ.—Saat-Mohn. Hispanice'—Amapola. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched below, clothed with slender spreading hairs. Leaves 2 too inches long, deeply pinnatifid, or pseudo- pinnate, hairy; segments half an inch to an inch long, mostly incised, somcti nes entire, acute, hairy, and mucronate with a slender bristle. Peduncles 6t)12 inches Ions, flexuose, and nodding before flowering, leafless, hairy, the hairs below- more slender and commonly spreading, those above, or near the flower, m ire riiid, erect, or closely appressed, and shining. Sepals ovate, hairy. Petals pale red or cinnabar-colored, about 3 fourths of an inch long, obovate, truncate and entire at apex. Stigma convex, mostly G-rayed. Capsule half an inch to 3 quar- ters in length, and one fourth to 1 third of an inch in diameter, clavate, or finally obovoid-oblong. Hab. Cultivated grounds ; Downingtown: not common. Fl. May. Fr. July—An-.- 06s. This foreigner has made its appearance in the cultivated grounds, ab >ut Downingtown ; and, if neglected, may become a troublesome weed,—as it and the P. Rfuzas are said to be, in Europe. There are, probably, no native species in ihe U. Stales. 250. SAXGUINARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 464. [Latin, Sanguis, blood; in reference to the color of the sap.] Calyx of 2 caducous sepals. Petals 8 to 12. Stigma subsessile, bi- fid, persistent. Capsule oblong, ventricose, tapering at each end, 1- celied, 2-valved; valves deciduous. Herbaceous: with an orange rid sap; leaf solitary, radical; scare nal:ed, 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 4. Lindl. Papaveraceje. 1. S. canadensis, L. Leaf cordate-reniform, sinuate-lobed, smooth, glaucous beneath, ou a long petiole. Beck, Bot. p. 21. Canadian Sanguinaria. Vulgo—Red-root. Turmeric. Indian Paint. Root perennial, fibrous,—from a rhizoma, or reddish brown fleshy horizontal sub- terraneous stem, which is about 2 inches long, and half an inch in diameter. Leaf mostly solitary, about 3 inches long, and 4 or 5 inches broad, sinuate-lobed about half way to the base; lobes usually 7, entire, or repand on the margin; petiole at first shorter than the scape, finally 6 to 9 or 19 inches long, purplish, sheathed at base, together with the scape, by 2 or 3 oblong obtuse membranaceous stipules Scajit. 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, smooth, purplish. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, membranaceous, smooth, very caducous. Petals white, usually 8 (some- limes 12 or 14) longer than the sepals, cuneate-oblong, the alternate ones interior and narrower. Stamens about as long as the ovary. Ovary narrowed at base, and tapering to a short style at apex; sligmu bifid (or stigmas 2, DC); lobes ovate acute, erect, margins revolute, and covered with a short coarse pubescence. Capsule about an inch long. Seeds numerous, roundish, crested on one side, af- fixed to 2 marginal placentas, or receptacles, reddish brown when mature. Hab. Rich woodlands: very common. Fl. April. Fr. June. 318 POLYAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 06s. The root (or rather the subterraneous stem) of this plant possesses emetic and other medicinal properties,—which have been favorably noticed by several respectable physicians. It is the only species of the genus. 251. PODOPHYLLUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 465. [Greek, Pous, podos, a foot, and Phyllon, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web foot.] Calyx of 3 caducous sepals. Petals 6 to 9. Stigma subsessile, pel- tate, crenate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, 1-celled. Herbaceous: stem short; leaves terminal, in opposite pairs, or solitary, peltate, lobed; flower solitary, dichotomal, pedunculate. Nat. Ord. 8. Lindl. Pcdophyl- LEJE. 1. P. piitati'51, L. Stem erect, mostly 2 leaved ; leaves peltate, pal- mate-lobed; fruit oval. Beck, Bot. p. 18. Peltate Podophyllum. Vulgo—May Apple. Hog Apple. Plant smooth. Root perennial, large, horizontal, creeping. /Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, naked, with sheathing stipules at base, dichotomous at summit,—or di- viding into 2 petioles 2 to 4 inches in length, each bearing a peltate leaf. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, deeply divided into about 5 or 7 lobes ; lobes cuneate-ob- long, dentate and often bifid at apex, Flower solitary in the fork of the petioles ; peduncle about an inch long, mostly recurved. Sepals ovate. Petals white, obo- vate, larger than the sepals. Stamens about as long as the ovary ; anthers long, linear, adnate to the filaments. Ovary elliptic-ovoid ; stigma subsessile, largei crenately lobed and convolute onthe surface. Berry oval, somewhat compressed, an inch to an inch and a half long, smooth, yellowish when mature, succulent and pulpy, esculent, but not very palatable. Hab. Moist woodlands; meadows, &c. frequent. Fl, May. Fr. August. 06s. The stem is frequently simple,—terminating in a single leaf;—in which case it does not flower, or very rarely produces a lateral one, below the leaf. The thick creeping root possesses cathartic properties ; and affords a good substitute for Jalap. It is probably the only species of the genus,—though a second cure has been named, on the authority of Rafinesque, as growing in Louisiana. 252. NUPHAR. Sm. ATutt. Gen. 468. [A name of obscure meaning,—said to he derived from the Arabic] Calyx of 5 or 6 sepals. Petals 10 to 18, inserted along with the sta- mens into a disk which surrounds the base of the ovary. Stigma ses- sile, peltate, orbicular, radiated. Fruit capsular, subcarnose, urceolate many-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous aquatics: rhizoma creeping j leaves alternate, floating, or emerging • flowers solitary, pedunculate, emerging. Nat. Ord. 5. Lindl. Nymfhjeacea=' 1. N. advena, Ait. Leaves cordate, with diverging lobes; petioles semicylindrical; sepals 6, unequal; petals numerous, small; fruit sul- cate. Beck, Bot. p. 20. Nymphsea advena. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 1152. Mx. Am. l.p. 311 Pers Syn. 2. p. 63. Aluhl. Catal. p. 52. Strange Nuphar. Vulgo—Spatter-dock. Yellow Pond-lily. Root perennial. Rhizoma very large (often several feet long, and 2 inches or more indiameter), creeping horizontallv, with the roots on the under side, and the scars of former petioles on the upper. Leaves 8 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 6 to 8 POLYAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA 319 or 9 inches wide, erect in shallow water, floating in deep water, smooth, coriaceous, deep green, cordate, rather obtuse, the sinus at base deep and acute, with the lobes diverging land somewhat truncate obliquely ; petioles thick, semi-terete, of variable length. Peluncles, or scapes, 6 to 12 or IS inches long, varying with the depth ofthe water. Sepals roundish-ovate, concave, subcoriaceou?, roughishtuberculate, the 3 outer ones green, yellowish at apex, the 3 inner ones much larger, orbicular, narrowed at base, petaloid, yellow, with tinges of green and purple. Petals about 14, yellow, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, less than half the length of the sepals. Stamens numerous, in several series, about as long as the petals ; filaments broad, spatulate-linear, truncate, at first erect, then recur- ved, reddish orange-color; anthers long, linear, adnate in pairs to the inner or upper side of the filaments, Ovary ovoid-oblong, angularly ribbed, or grooved; stigma sessile, a flat smooth orbicular disk, slightly umbilicate in the centre, and crenate or repand on the margin, halfan inch to 3 quarters in diameter, marked with 12to 15 radiating lines, which correspond with the number of cells in the fruit. Hab. Pools, and still waters; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. May-Sep. Fr. Aug—Oct. 06s. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 253. ACT.EA. L. A'utt. Gen. 466. [Greek, Aktc, the elder-bush ; from a supposed-resemblance in the foliage.] Calyx of 4 caducous sepals. Petals 4 to 8 or 10 (sometimes wanting), caducous. Carpels many-seeded, dry and dehiscent, or berry-like and not opening. Herbaceous : leaves decompound ; flowers in terminal racemes. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. RANUNCULACE.E. * Carpels dry, dehiscent. 1. A. racemosa, L. Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate- oblong ; racemes compound, virgate ; pedicels slender; petals minute ; carpels dry, opening with two valves. Beck, Bot. p. 13. Cimicifuga Serpentaria. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 372. Lindl. Ency. p. 476. C. racemosa. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. lb. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 12. Ell. Sk. 2.p. 16. Florul. C■ str.p. 58. Torr. Comp. p. 219. Macrotrys racemosa. Eat. Alan. p. 217. Racemose Actxa. Vulgo—Tall Snake-root. Black Snake-root. Root perennial, large, branching. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, smooth, naked below and towards the summit, leafy near the middle, with 1 or 2 radical leaves on long erect petioles. Leaves triternate, petiolate ; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, nearly smooth, unequally in- cised-dentate, teeth acuminate, the terminal leaflet larger, often 3-lobed. Racemes terminal and subterminal, 6 to 12 inches long, many-flowered, pubescent; pedicels about 1 third of an inch long, sometimes in pairs, or branched, each with a short subulate bract at base. Sepals roundish-ovate, concave, greenish white, caducous- Petals 41 white, very small, oblong, pedicellate, bifurcate at apex. Stamens nu- merous, white, twice as long as the ovary. Fruit ovoid, somewhat compressed, dry and capsular, obliquely beaked by the short thick persistent style. Hab. Rich woodlands: common. Fl. June. FY. September. 06s. The white racemes of this plant, when in flower, are quite conspicuous in our woodlands. The plant, itself, has a heavy disagreeable odor, when bruised. The root is somewhat mucilaginous and astringent; and is a very popular med- icine, both for man and beast. It is used in infusion, or decoction, chiefly as a pec- toral remedy for human patients;—and many persons consider it almost apanacea for a sick cow. Its virtues, however, are probably much overrated. 320 POLYAXDUIA DI-PENTAGYXIA * * Carpels berry-like, not opening. 2. A. alua, Bigel. Leaves twice and tlirice ternate; leaflets ovate- lanceolate ; raceme simple, oblong; pedicels thick; petals nearly as long as the slanens, truncate; carpe's baccate, indehiscent, white. Beck, Bot. p. 14. A. spicata, var. alba. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1139. AIx. Am. 1./J.308. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 61. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 286. A. americana, var. alba. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 366. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 10. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 9. Torr. Comp.p. 217. Lindl. Ency. p. 4C0. A. pnehypoda. Ell. Sk. 2. p. lb. A. brachypctala, var. alba. 7JC. Prodr. 1. />. 65. White Act.ea. Vulgo—White Cohosh. Banc-berry. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves ternately de- compound, petiolate ; leaflets 1 lo 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, ovite-lanceolate with a slender acumination, smoothish,inequally incised-serrate, the terminal one often 3-lobed. Raceme 1 to 2 cr3 incheslong, terminal,somewhat pubescent; pedicels 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, nearly as thick as the rachis or common peduncle, finally divaricate and purplish, wilh each a small lance-ovate acuminate bract at base. Sepals oblong-ovate, concave, white, cadu- cous. Petals 4 to 8, white, oval, unguiculate, or often cuneate, dilated at apex and truncate, rather shorter than the stamens. Stamens white, twice as long as the ovary. Ovary oval; stigma sessile, large, simewha'.2 lobed. Fruit an oval ber- ry, about 1 fourth of an inch in diameter, milk white, or often tipt with purple, whin mature. Hab. Rocky woodlands; Me:hem'sMill: rare. F/. May. Fr. Aug.—Sept. 06s. This is quite rare, here; and was first delected by Mr. Jcssr-H Jaoces. In its foliage and habit, il has a strong resemblance to the preceding: but the fruit is very different, and would seem to warrant the separation made by several Botanists. Prof. De Candolle and Hooker, however, have kepi them together. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. [Diospyros. Ociandria Mo-nogynia.] [Asarum. Gynandria Polyaudria.'] Order £. Di-Pentagynia. 254. AQUILEGIA. L. Arutt. Gen. 473. [Latin, Aquila, an eagle ; the spurs or nectaries resembling eagles' claws.] Calyx of 5 petaloid deciduous sepals. Petals 5, bilabiate, gaping, with the upper lip large, flat, the lower one very small; produced downwards between the sepals into as many hollow spurs. Ovaries 5, superior. Capsules 5, erect, acuminate, many-seeded. Herbaceous: lea ves alternate, tftnately compound ; flowers terminal, scattered. Nat. Ord. .3. Lindl. Ranunculace.e. 1. A. canadensis, L. Spurs straight; stamens exserted; styles fili- form, as long as the stamens. Beck, Bot. p. 12. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 36. Canadian AauiLEGiA. Vulgo—Wild Columbine. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 13 inches high, paniculately branching, somewhat angular, smooth, or minutely pilose. Leaves petiolate, once or twice ternate ; POLYAXDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 321 common petiole dilated, and with a scarious margin, at base ; leaflets smooth, glau. cous beneath, an inch to an inch and a half long, 3-parted (upper ones simple), segments cuneate-oblong, spreading, trifid and crenately incised at apex, with the serratures obtuse, petioles slender. Flowers terminal on the branches, nod- ding. Sepals lance-ovate, acute,longer than the petals, purple externally, yellow- ish within. Petals hollow, open at throat, produced downwards into a straight acuminate spur nearly an inch long, slightly curved and callous at the point, purplish 1x1 jw, yellowish at summit. Stamens longer than the sepals, yellow. Ovaries pubescent; styles very slender, mostly a little longer than the stamens. Hab. Rocky banks of streams; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. May. F\ July. 06s. Probably the only native species in the TJ. States. The A. vulgaris, how- ever, is almost naturalized about our gardens. 255. ASCYRUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 475. [Greek, a, privative, and Skyros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch.] Calyx of 4 persistent sepals; the 2 outer ones large and foliaceous, the 2 inner ones small, membranaceous. Petals 4. Stameiis somewhat polyadelphous. Ovary superior; styles 1 to 3 or 4. Capsule ob- long, 1-celled, 2 or 2-va'ved, embraced by the calyx. Seeds numerous. Shrubby, or suffruticose: leaves opposite, sessile, entire, punctate; flowers terminal, solitary, or corymbose. Nat. Ord. 36. Lindl. Hypericine^:. 1. A. Crux Andrew, L. Stems numerous, diffuse, shrubby, terete ; branches erect, suffruticose, ancipital; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base ; corymbs terminal; styles 2. Beck, Bot. p. 62. A. multicaule. Mx.'Am. 2. p. 77. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 13. Also, Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1472. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 81. Aluhl. Catal. p. 68. A. hypericoides. Ait. Kew A. p. 430. Not? of Willd. Pursh, Ell. &c Andrew's-Cross Asctrum. Vulgo—St. Peter's Wort. Stem 9 to 13 inches high, diffusely branching from the base; young branches assurgent or erect, slender, two-edged. Leaves halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, anlabJutl fourth of an inch wide, mi;s or less obovate, or oblanceolate, smooth, with numerous dark-colored dots on both sides, mostly wilh a small glandular ex - crescence on each margin at base, and often with a fascicle of small leaves in the axils. Flowers in terminal few-flowered corymbs, and subterminal from the axils, on short peduncles, with2 opposite subulate bracts below the calyx. Outer sepals leaflike, 1 third to near halfan inch long, elliptic-ovate, rather acute, obscurely ner- ved, dotted ; inner sepals very small, lance-ovate, acute, membranaceous. Petals yellow, linear-elliptic, or oblong, nerved, rather longer than the large sepal?. Stamens as long as the ovary, slightly united in parcels at base. Ovary oblong ; styles 2, short, erect. Capsule compressed, ovate-oblong, striate,2-valvcd. Seeds smbll, oblong, cylindric, obtuse at each end, slightly rugose-pitted, of a dark gieenish brown, or livid color. Hab. Valley hill, N. of the Ship tavern: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. Our plant appears to be the var. angustifolium, of Nutt. and DC—and I have a suspicion that the A. hyperi- coides, L. and the A. stans, Mx. are not specifically distinct. The Authors to whom I have access (Aiton and Elliott excepted) speak of the outer sepals being smaller,—which seems to me to be a palpable mistake. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. Stales. 322 POLYAXDRIA DI-PEXTAGYXIA 256. HYPERICUM. L. JV««. Gen. 476. [A name of unknown derivation and meaning.] Calyx oi 5 sepals, or deeply 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens polya- delphous, in 3 to 5 sets. Ovary superior ; styles 3 to 5. Capsule membranaceous, 3 to 5-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous, or suffruticose: leaves opposite, mostly sessile, entire, often punc^ tate ; flowers mostly terminal and corymbose. Nat. Ord. 3G. Lindl. Hypeiuci- KEE. 1. H. tirginicum, L. Stem terete ; leaves ovate-elliptic, obtuse, sc- mi-amplexicaul, subcordate at base, pellucid-punctate ; peduncles axil- lary and terminal, few-flowered ; stamens 9 ; filaments united at base in 3 sets, with an ovoid gland between each set. Beck, Bot. p. 60. Elodea campanulata. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 379. Not Elodea oi AIx. nor Torr. Comp. E. virgiuica. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 17. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 17. Ell. Sk. 2, /;. 33. Virginian Hypericum. Whole plant mostly ofa purplish hue. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 foot high, herbaceous bul firm and inclining to suffrulicose, terete, smooth, with a few opposite axillary branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, glaucous beneath, marked with numerous pellucid punctures. Pedun- cles terminal and axillary, mostly trichotomous or 3-flowered, the terminal one with the flowers corymbose-clustered ; pedicels bracteate at base. Sepals linear- lanceolate, smooth, 5 to 7-nerved, not punctate. Petals dull orange-purple, wilh numerous parallel purple veins, pellucid-punctate, about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 9; filaments in 3 parcels, connate at base, with a large reddish- orange gland between each parcel. Slyles3, distinct, about as long as the stamens, Capsule ovoid-oblong, 3-celled. Hab. Y/et, low grounds ; Wynn's meadows: rare. Fl. July—Aug. F-. Sept.—Oct. 06s. Collected in Uwchlan, near the Red Lion, by Mr. Joseph Jacces,—and subsequently at Wynn's meadows, by Mr. Joshua Kccpes. 2. H. punctatum, Lam. Stem terete, dotted with black ; leaves el- liptic-oblong, obtuse, semi-amplexicaul, pellucid-punctate, and dotted with black; corymbs terminal, brachiate, densc-flowcred ; petals dotted with black. Beck, Bot. p. 61. Not 1 of Willd. H. corymbosum. Willd. Sp, 3. p. 1457. Aluhl. Catal. p. 68. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 377. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 16. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 16. Bigel. Bost. p. 280. Florul. Cestr. p. 53. Eat. Alan. p. 182. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 89. H. maculatum, AIx. Am. 2. p. 80. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 426. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 27. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 90. Also? H. micranthuin. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 543. Hook. Am. l.p. 109. Eat. Man. p. 1S4. PuxcTATa, on Djttko Hri'Ktircujr. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches lo 2 feet high, hrachlately branched above (often nearly simple); branches erect, corymbose. Leaves lto 2inches long, and halfan inch to 3 quarters wide, mostly obtuse. Flmnrs in dense terminal co- rymbs; pedicels with lance-linear er eut ulale 6rac*s at base. Sepals lanceolate, united at basi marked with black J ts, and also with linear pellucid punctures. POLYAXDUIA DI-PE1NTAGYX1A 023 Petals pale yellow, with numerous oblong Mack dots, ob!:int-eo!a!e, al.out twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 3-cclled. Hab. O^ien woo.llanls ; ficUs, &.C. frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Oclo. 3. H. perforatum, Z. Stem ancipital; leaves linear-elliptic, rather obtuse, sessile, pellucid-punctate ; flowers in terminal leafy paniculate corymbs ; petals and anthers with dark purple dots; styles long, diver- ging. Beck, Bot. p. 61. Perforated Hypericum. Vulgo—St. John's Wort. Ga//.-Mille-pertuis. Germ.-J) as Johannes kraut. 7//V>.-Corazoncillo. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, often several from the same root, herba- ceous but finally hard, obsoletely ancipital, or subterete with 2 opposite ridges de- current from the midribs of the leaves, smooth, mostly yellowish green, with a fow black dots, brachiately and corymbosMy branched. L.'ures 3 f lurths of an inch lo an inch and half long, and 1 fourth lo near half an iuch wide, obuisa, or often rather acute, with numerous pellucid punctures like perforations, and spa- ringly dotted with 1 lack. Flowers numerous, in paniculate corymbs : pcdinU with subulate-linear brads at base. Sepals lance-linear, acuminate, united r.i basic, pellucid-punctate. Petals yellow, or orange-yellow, lance-oblong, more than twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous, polyadelphous, about as long as the styles. Slyles3. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled. S^eds ovojd-oblong, rugose-pitied. Hob. Fields, and pastures : common. Fl. June—Sept. FY. July—October, f>lis. This is an introduced and pernicious weed. The plant has a resinous odor; and is believed to produce troublesome sores on horses and horned cattle,-. especially those which have white feet and noses—the skin of such being more tender, or irritable. The dew which collects on the plant appears to becorre acrid ; as I have seen the backs of white cows covered with sores, wherever tl.e bushy ends of their tails had been applied, after draggling through the St. John'? wort. A tincture of the flowers and leaves has been used, it is said, with good e:foct in sjme complaints of ihe stomach and bowels. 4. II. auiNauESERviuor, Walt. Stem obscurely 4-angled, muchbranch, ed ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, subcordate at base and closely sessile, mostly 5-nerved ; flowers small, in dichotomous corymbs; sepals lance-linear; petals shorter than the calyx. IJ C. Prodr. I. p. 550. H. parviflorum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1456. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 89. Muhl. Catal. p. 68. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 377. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 16. Bart. Phil.. 2. p. 16. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 24 Bigel. Bost. p. 280. Florul. Cestr. p. 58. Beck, Bot. p. 61. Eat. Alan. p. 182. H. mutilum. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 425. Also, Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1471, Pes. Syn. 2. p. 91. FlVE-NERVED HvPERICU3I. Root annual? Stem 6 to 12 inches high, herbaceous, slender, with numerous alternate or opposite quadrangular spreading branches. Leaves halfan inch to an inch long, and i third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, more or less ovate, and sub- amplexicaul, 5-nerved, minutely pellucid-punctate. Flowers in terminal leafy dichotomous corymbs ; pedicels filiform (generally 1 dichotomal), with subulate bracts at base. Sepals lance.linear, rather acute, usually 3 of them larger or longer than the others. Petals yellow, small. Styles mostly 3. Capsule ovoid- oblone, rather longer than the calyx. Seeds numerous, small, cylindrical, obtuse at each end, striate and minutely rugose, tawny yellow. 324 POLYAXDRIA DI-PEXTAGYNIA Hab. Low grounds; along rivulets: frequent. Fl. July—Aug, FY. Sept. Octo. 06s. Persoon doubts whether this is more than a variety of H. cunadtnsei but it seems to be sufficiently distinct. 5. H. canadense, L. Stem erbct, 4-angIcd, nearly simple ; leaves snb-linear, rather obtuse, narrowed at base, mostly 3-nerved; corymb paniculate, elongated, dichotoniQus ; sepals lanceolate ; petals about as long as the calyx; capsule conical, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 61. Canadian Hypericum. Root annual 1 Stem 9 to 18 inches high, herbaceous, slender, simple, or with a few short opposite axillary branches near the summit, slightly 4-angled by1 the decurrence Of the midrib and margins of the leaves. Leaves about an inch lonr., andl to 2 lines wide, nearly linear, minutely pellucid-punctate, often with fascicles of small leaves in the axils. Flowers in an oblong paniculate corymb, with the branches dichotomous; pedicels rather shorter and stouter than in ihe preceding (1 usually dichotomal), with subulate bracts at base. Sepals lanceolate, nearly equal. Petals yellow. Styles 3, short. Capsule elongated, conical, mostly dark purple. Seeds numerous, small, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, and miffutely rugose, straw-colored. Hab. Wet gravelly margins of rivulets: frequent. Fi. August. Fr. Octoher. 6. H. Sarothra, Mx. Stem °rect, obscurely 4-angled, much branch- ed ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed ; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary, subsessile ; petals longer than the calyx ; stamens few ; cap- sule moie than twice as long as the calyx, acute, 1-celled. Beck, Bot. p. 61. Sarothra gentianoides. Willd. Sp. 1. />. 1515. Pers. Syn. l.p. 331. Ait. Kew. 2.p. 176. Aluhl. Catal. p. 33. Ell. Sk. l.p. 371. Bigel. Bost. p. 121. Eat. Alan. p. 324. S. hypericoides. Autt. Gen. 1.p. 204. Bart. Phil. l.p. 155. Bart. Am. 3. p. 59. Icon, lab. 92. /. 1, Florul. Cestr. p. 38. Broom Hypericum. Vulgo—Ground Pine. Nit-weed. Orange-grass. Root annual. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, herbaceous, slender, brachiately and fasligiately branched from near Vhe base; branches nearly erect, often di-or tri-chotomously subdivided, slender, angular or slightly winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 lines long, subulate, resemMing stfpules. Floicers sol- itary, sessile or subsessile, alternate in the axils of the small leaves, and terminal, often one dichotomal and pedicellate in the forks of the branches. Sepals lance. tdate, keeled, nerved or striate, united at base. Petals yellow, lance-linear, obtuse, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10. Styles 3. Capsule more than twice as long as the calyx, slender, tapering to a point, mostly dark^purple. Seeds small, oblong, terete, striate, minutely rugose, pale straw-color. Hab. Sandy fields, and roadsides: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. September. 06s. This seems pretty clearly to belong to the Hypericums,—although I do not find it among the Hypericineoz, of De Candolle. The species of this genus are numerous,—more than twenty additonal ones having been enumerated in the TJ. States; but the foregoing are all which have heen hitherto detected in Chester County. POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 325 Order 3. Polygynia. A. Flowers complete, -j- Carpels fleshy, or pulpy. 257. ASIMINA. Adans. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 87. [A name coined by Adanson; supposed to be without meaning.] Calyx deeply 3-parted, or rather of 3 sepals. Petals 6, spreading ; inner ones smaller. Anthers subsessile. Ovaries superior, mostly 3, oblong,or ovoid; stigmas sessile. Carpels 3 (by abortion often 1 or 2), baccate or pulpy, oblong, sessile. Seeds several, oblong, compressed. Small trees, or shrubs: leaves alternate, entire, without stipules ; flowers soli- tary, axillary or lateral. Nat. Ord. 13. Lindl. Axonaceje. 1. A. triloba, Dunal. Branches smoothish; leaves obovate-oblong and cuneate, acuminate; flowers on short peduncles; outer petals roundish-ovate, nearly 4 times as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 16. Annona triloba. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 10. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1267. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 335. Muhl. Cat. p.b3. Mx.f.Syl.2.p.3i. Icon, tab, 60. Orchidocarpum arietinum. AIx. Am. l.p. 329. Porcelia triloba. Pers. Syn. 2, p. 95. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 383. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 19. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 18. Eat. Man. p. 278. Three-lobed Asimina. Vulgo—Papaw. Custard Apple. Stem 8 to 12 and sometimes 20 feet high, branched; branches alternate, slen- der'and flexible, nearly smooth, marked with cinereous scars of ihe former petioles. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and 3 to 4 wide, cuneate-oblong, more or less obovate, sometimes nearly elliptic, wilh a short acumination, when young with a russet pubescence on the nerves and under surface, finally smooth; petioles pubescent, scarcely half an inch long. Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing rather before the leaves, on nodding or recurved pubescent peduncles 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch in length. Sepals ovate, clothed externally with a short dark-purple pubescence. Petals dark brownish-purple with tinges of yellow within, spreading or recurved, rugose, the 3 outer ones larger (about an inch long), pubescent externally. Sta- mens numerous, short, crowded in a globose head. Ovaries 3, oblong, pubescent, longer than the stamens; stigmas sessile. Carpels connate, becoming a fleshy 2 or 3-lobed berry,—or more usually (by abortion) a simple ovoid-oblong berry, 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch or more in diameter, somewhat gibbous with irregular protuberances, smooth, yellowish and pulpy when mature, esculent, and, under cultivation, not unpalatable. Hab. Banks of streams ; Brandywine; Schuylkill: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. 06s. This occurs along the Brandywine, above Downingtown, where it was collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1827,—and also along the Schuylkill, at Black Rock, &c. but I have not met with it elswhere within the County. It is abundant on the banks of the Susquehanna. Three other species are enumerated in the U. States. \ f Carpels dry, dehiscent; with arillate seeds. 258. MAGNOLIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 479. [Named in honor of Professor Magnol; a French Botanist.] Calyx of 3 deciduous sepals. Petals 6 to 9 or 12, in concentric se- ries. Carpels crowded and somewhat imbricated in an ovoid or ob- long spike, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seeds coated with a fleshy arillus, sus- pended by a long slender funiculus. 28 326 POLYANDRIA POLYGYXIA Trees: leaves alternate, entire, when young sheathed by opposite caducous slipules; flowers solitary, terminal. Nat. Ord. 15. Lindl. Magnoliace^:. I. M. glauca, L. Leaves lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; petals 9 to 12, obovate, concave. Beck, Bot. p. lb. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva. 2. tab. 52. Glaucous Magnolia. Vulgo—Magnolia. Swamp Sassafras. Stem 10 to fifteen, and sometimes 30 feet high, branching, with a smooth whitish or glaucous bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and an inch and a half to 2 inches wide, nearly elliptic, rather acute, sometimes obtuse, shining green above, very slaucous beneath, and when young the under surface clothed with a glaucous silky pubescence; petioles about 3 fourths of an inch long. Flowers very fragrant, on thick clavate pubescent peduncles about half an inch in length. Sepals oblong, concave, roughish-doited, as long as the petals. Petals white, an inch to an inch and a half long, obovate. Stamens numerous; filaments short, with the point extending above the adnate anthers. Ovaries collected in an ovoid cone ; styles very short, recurved. Carpels opening longitudinally. Seeds obovate, covered with a purple fleshy arillus, falling out of the carpels when mature, and hanging for some time by a long filiform funiculus. Hab. Swamps, and moist woodlands: very rare. Fl. June. FY. September. 06s. This delightful little tree, though frequent in the swamps of New Castle County, on ihe South of us, is extremely rare in Chester County. There is a single specimen, of unusually large growth (between 30 and 40 feet high), which was detected by Mr. Samuel Peirce, in a woods in E. Marlborough, near his res- idence,—where it has every appearance of being indigenous. Mr. Joshua Hoopes informs me he has seen it on Beaver Creek,—a tributary of the Brandy- wine, above Downingtown. The bark is aromatic and bitter; and doubtless wor- thy of notice as a tonic. Six additional species of this splendid genus are natives of the U. States. f f f Carpels dry, indehiscent. 259, LIRIODENDRON. L. ATutt. Ge7i. 480. [Creek, Leirion, a lily, and Dendron, a tree ; from its lily-like flowers] Calyx of 3 petaloid deciduous sepals. Petals mostly 6. Carpels samara-like, densely imbricated in a cone, 1 to 2-seeded, not opening. Trees: leaves alternate, lobed, when young sheathed by large opposite cadu- cous stipules; flowers solitary, terminal. Nat. Ord. 15. Lindl. Magkoliaceje. 1. L. tulitifera, L. Leaves dilated, subcordate at base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginately truncate. Beck, Bot. p. lb. Icon, Mx. f. Sylva. 2. tab. 61. Tulip-bearing Liriodendron. Vulgo—Poplar. Tulip-Poplar. Stem GO or 80 to 100 feet or more in height, and often 4 or 5 feet in diameter, old trees with spreading branches at summit, and often a great height without branches, the young trees with the branches forming regular conical tops. Buds large, compressed, obovate. Leaves 3 to five inches long, and 4 to 6 or 7 inches broad, nearly quadrangular in their outline, smooth, shining green above, paler be- neath, rounded or subcordate at base, with a short diverging acuminate lobe (sometimes 2) on each side, and the broad central lobe emarginately truncate,— thus forming a somewhat 4-lobed leaf; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers large (about 2 inches long), campanulate, each wilh 2 caducous 6racis at base. Sepals obovate-oblong, concave, pale yellowish green, as long as the petals, spreading, and at length reflexed, deciduous. Petals lance-obovate, mostly obiuse, greenish- yellow, stained with reddish orange below the middle. Stamens in a simple seriep, shorter than the petals; filaments with a lance-ovate point extending above ihe POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 327 long adnate anthers. Ovaries closely imbricated; sligmas sessile, recurved. Carpels 2-celled, samara-like, with a lance-oblong wing at apex, incurved at base. with a prominent internal ridge, imbricated in a cone, upon a slender fusiform receptacle,—one of the cells frequently obliterated, and both seeds often abortive Hab. Rich woodlands: common. Fl. May. Fi: October. 06s. The wood of this magnificent tree is highly valued in the mechanic arts, especially the variety called yellow poplar;—which is generally to be known by its thicker and more deeply furrowed bark. The bark is also a valuable aromatic bitter; and has been successfully used in intermiitents. It is the only species in the U. States—if not the only one of the genus. 260. RANUNCULUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 491. [Latin, Rana,a. frog; the plant often growing where frogs abound] Calyx of 5 deciduous sepals, not produced at base. Petals 5 (some- times 10), each with a nectariferous scale, or pore, at base on the inside. Carpels somewhat compressed, ovate, mucronate, striate, smooth, or tu- berculate, arranged in a globose or cylindric head. Herbaceous: mostly acrid ; leaves alternate, entire, dentate, or mullifid ; pedun- cles terminal, axillary, or opposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ranuncu- LACE-E. ■j" Carpels tra?isve'rsely rugose-striate. 1. R. aauatilis, 7/. var. capillaceus, DC. Stem filiform, floating; leaves all submersed, divided into capillaceous segments; petals obovate- oblong, longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 7. R. fluviatilis. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1333. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 106. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 395. A'utt. Gen. 2.p. 23. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 26. Bigel. Bost. p. 227. Florul. Cestr.p. 61. Eat. Alan. p. 297. R. pantothrix. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 56. Lindl ? Ency. p. 488. Water Ranunculus. J'ulgd— River Crow-foot. Root perennial. Stems numerous from the root, procumbently floating, 9 to la inches long, very slender, smooth, jointed, branching, and usually throwing out a couple of filiform roots at the joints. Leaves alternate, 1 at each joint, di- or tri-chotomously multifid, smooth, deep green ; segments halfan inch to an inch long, filiform or capillaceous, aggregated in little bundles or tufts; petioles 1 third of an inch to an inch long, dilated and sheathing at base. Peduncles opposite the leaves, 1 to 2 inches long. Sepals elliptic-ovate, concave, striate. Petals while, or ochraleucous, yellow at base, obovate-oblong, somewhat cuneate, with a nec- tariferous pore at base. Carpels few, smoothish, slightly rugose, with a short an J oflen oblique beak. Hab. Flowing waters; Brandywine: frequent. FL June—Aug. Fr. Aug—Sept. 06s. I have often found this plant entirely submersed (and usually in swift running water) so deep that the flowers certainly never reached the surface. Prof. De Candolle enumerates 5 varieties of this species,—1 of which Prof. Hooker gives as natives of British America ; but I have only met with the present one in this County. f f Carpels smooth. * Leaves undivided. 2. R. Flammula, I. Stem decumbent, radicating at the lower joint--; leaves lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, the lower ones petiolate, the up- per ones subsessile ; petals longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 7. Not? ofMx. 328 POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA Vulgo—Spear-wort. Gallice—Petite Douve. Germ.—Das Speerkraut. Whole plant glabrous, yellowish green. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous. Stem I to 2 feet long,assurgent, declined at base, sparingly branched, often dichotomous at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and a half wide, tapering to an acute point, entire, or often denticulate ; the lower leaves mostly rounded and somewhat ovate at base, on petioles 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, sheathing at base ; those above narrower lanceolate, and on short petioles; the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles axillary, or opposite the leaves, slen- der, 1 to 2 inches long; flowers rather small. Petals yellow, oblong, obtuse. Carpels in a roundish-ovoid head, mucronate, minutely punctate. Hab. Wet miry places : ditches, &c. not unfrequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug—Sept. 06s. This is also subject to some varieties; and ours appears to be the var. major, Hook. Am. l.p. 11. It is a very hot, acrid plant; and the distilled water is said to be a prompt and efficacious emetic, in cases where poisons have been swallowed. The bruised herb has also been used to raise blisters. 3. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem erect; leaves all petiolate, the lower ones ovate, the upper ones lance-oblong; petals about as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 8. R. flammula. Mx. Am. 1. 321. (fide DC. Syst. l.p. 249, sedqu?) R. humilis. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 102; Muhl. Catal. p. bi. Punt Ranunculus. Plant smooth, yellowish green. iZooi perennial,'of numerous very slender fibres. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, flaccid but erect, somewhat geniculate, dichotomously branching, growing in bunches, but only 1 stem from a root. Lower leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, ovate, entire, on slender petioles 2 to3 inches long ; upper leavesan inch to an inch and half long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, linear-lanceolate, or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, obscurely repand-dentate, on short petioles, the uppermost ones nearly sessile. Peduncles often thickish, 1 to 2 inches long; flowers quite small. Petals yellow, scarcely longer than the calyx. Carpels in very small globose heads, not mucronate, very minutely punctate. Hab. Wet meadows, along French Creek: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June—July. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1831. * * Leaves divided. 4. R. abortivus, L. Glabrous; radical leaves on long petioles, mostly orbicular-cordate, or roundish-reniform, crenate, sometimes 3. lobed; stem leaves mostly 3-parted, segments linear-lanceolate, entire, or incised, upper ones sessile; calyx a little longer than the petals, re- flexed. Beck, Bot. p. 8. Also ? R. nitidus. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 392. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 23. Not of Aluhl. Ell. nor Hook. Abortive Ranunculus. Plant smooth and shining. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high (sometime* 2 feet, or more), often several from the same root, branched above. Radical leaves usually roundish-reniform, 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches in diameter, rather wider than long, sometimes ternate, or obovate and 3-lobed. on petioles 2 to 4 and 6 inches long, dilated and sheathing at base ; stem leaves deeply 3 or 5-part- ed, with lanceolate segments, and short dilated petioles, the uppermostones sessile. POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 329 Peduncles opposite the leaves, stout, terete, 1 to 3 or 4 inches long; flowers quite small. Sepals ovate, concave, reflexed. Petals yellow, lance-ovate, shorter than the sepals, with each a tubular pouch-like nectary near the base. Carpels inovoid- oblong heads, compressed, orbicular-ovate, smooth and shining, very minutely mucronate. Hab. Moist woodlands, meadows, &c. frequent. Fl. April—May. FY. June—July. 5. R. sceleratus, L. Glabrous; radical leaves on long petioles, 3- parted, segments cuneate, trifid, crenately sub-incised; stem leaves im- parted, segments cuneate-oblong, crenately incised, upper ones linear- oblong, entire; calyx reflexed; carpels small, numerous, in an oblong cylindric head. Beck, Bot. p. 8. Hurtful Ranunculus. Vulgo—Celery-leaved Crow-foot. Gall.—Grenouillette d'eau. Germ.—Der giftige Hahnenfuss. Plant pale green, 3mooth and shining. Root perennial. Stem 12 to IS inches high, thickish, fistular, branching, often dichotomous at summit, Radical an! lower stem leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, 3 to 5-parted, with spreading cuneate segments; petioles 3 to 5 inches long, dilated and sheathing at base ; upper leaves 3-parted, on shorter petioles, the floral ones sessile, ternate, with sublinear entire leaflets. Flowers small. Calyx slightly pubescent, yellowish, finally reflexed. Petals pale yellow, scarcely longer than the calyx, with a round pore at base. Carpels closely arranged in terete elliptic-oblong smooth heads, small and nu- merous, keeled on the back, scarcely mucronate. Hab. Moist places; along rivulets: frequent. Fl. May—Aug. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. This species is common to Europe and America. It is very acrid, and has been supposed, in Europe, to be injurious to sheep, and other stock, if eaten by them,—which, I suspect, it rarely is. 6. R. repens, L. Stem mostly pilose, flagelliform, procumbent, rad- icating at the joints ; flowering branches assurgent; leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate, trifid, incised-dentate, petiolate ; peduncles striate-sul- cate; calyx spreading; carpels with a straight point. Beck, Bot. p. 9. Creeping Ranunculus, Gall. Pied de Corbeau. Germ. Hahnenfuss. Hisp. Ranunculo rastrero. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous, and somewhat fasciculate. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, mostly several from the same root, at first somewhat erect, but finally ex- tending into flaccid procumbent runners, with erect or assurgent branches, more or less pilose. Leaves ternate, on long hairy petioles; leaflets trifid, or 3-parted, incised, pilose on the nerves, on short petioles. Peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, sulcate, somewhat pilose. Sepals lance-ovate, yellowish, pubescent, scari- ous on the margin, spreading under the petals. Petals bright yellow, cuneate-ob- ovate, twice as long as the calyx, with a nectariferous scale at base. Carpels in a globose head, compressed, margined, obliquely obovate, punctate, crowned with a straight margined heak. Hab. Moist, shaded grounds; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. This is often ofa stout rankgrowth, on the margins of shaded miry pi i- s afong the Brandywine ; and is sometimes nearly smooth. 7. R. recurvatus, Poir. Ste:n erect, and, with the petioles, clothed .vith spreading hairs ; leaves 3-parted, pilose with appressed hairs, scg- 28* 330 POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA ments rhomboid-ovate, incised-dentate, cuneate at base, the lateral ones 2 or 3-lobed; calyx finally reflexed; carpels with a recurved point. Beck, Bot. p. 10. Also, R. saniculffiformis. Muhl. Catal. p. 54. Recurved Ranunculus. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous, with a tuberous crown. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, hairy, branched and leafy at summit. Leaves somewhat pentagonal in their outline, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and as wide as long, 3-parted nearly to the base, the middle segment somewhat trifid, and the lateral ones mostly bifid about half way to the base ; the radical leaves on petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers small, at first on short peduncles, and inconspicuous among the leaves at summit; pedun- cles finally 1 to 2 inches long, clothed with appressed hairs. Sepals hairy, ovate- lanceolate, reflexed. Petals pale yellow, elliptic, mostly shorter than the sepals, sometimes very small and nearly abortive. Carpels in roundish-ovoid heads, compressed, margined, punctate, with a subulate beak which is recurved or hooked at the point. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. The foliage of this species often has a striking resemblance to that of our small variety of Sanicula,—which, doubtless, suggested Muhlenberg's synonym. 8. R. fascicularis, Muhl. Stem rather erect, elongating, somewhat branched, clothed with appressed hairs ; leaves ternate, or quinate-pin- nate, the lateral leaflets remote, 2 or 3-lobed, the terminal one deeply 3-parted; calyx spreading, pilose; carpels with a flat subulate nearly straight point. Beck, Bot. p. 10. R. pennsylvanicus. Florul. Cestr. p. 60. Not of Linn, and others. Fascicled Ranunculus. Root perennial, fasciculate, of numerous coarse and somewhat fleshy fibres. Stem 3 or 4 to 12 or 15 inches high, erect, or oblique, mostly several from the same root, commencing flowering when young and short, subsequently elongated, and branching above, clothed with whitish and mostly appressed hairs, the pubescence somewhat silky on the young plant. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inches long, often ternate, the first ones sometimes only 3-parted, with cuneate-obovate seg- ments, the subsequent ones quinate-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-oblong, or lance- oblong, variously incised, clothed with appressed hairs, the lateral leaflets rather remote from the terminal 3-parted one, and mostly petiolate. Stem leaves on petioles half an inch to 2 inches long; uppermost leaves subsessile, 3-parted, with lance-linear, entire, or incised segments. Peduncles axillary, or opposite the leaves, slightly angular, appressed-pilose, finally 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Calyx spreading, hairy and greenish-yellow externally, yellow wilhin. Petals bright yellow (often becoming pale), elliptic, or obovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx, with a cuneate-obovate scale at base. Carpels rather large, in roundish-ovoid heads, compressed, obliquely obovate, smooth, margined, terminating in a flat acute beak which is nearly straight, or slightly curved either inwards or outwards, and about as long as the carpel. Hab. Rocky, open woodlands: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. I have some specimens, formerly collected in this County, which are ap- parently allied to this,—but with a more hirsute and spreading pubescence. They were given in my Catalogue as "R. hispidus"; but from their imperfect state I am un- able to determine whether they are really distinct from the present species; which I think is subject to considerable variation, in its different stages. I have also met with a few kindred-looking specimens,—with narrower acutely incised-serrate lea- flets, a spreading pubescence on the stems and petioles, and smoothish lance-ovate acuminate sepals,—which may, perhaps, belong to R. marilandicus, of Poirct. POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 331 9. R. hulbosus, L. Stem erect, hairy, tuberous at base ; leaves ter- nate, or quinate-pinnate, leaflets 3 to 5-parted, segments trifid, or incised; peduncles sulcate ; calyx reflexed,hairy. Beck, Bot.p. II. Bulbous Ranunculus. Vulgo—Butter-cup. Crow-foot. Ga/7.-Bassinet. Germ.-Der knollige Hahnenfuss. Hisp.-Roton de Oro. Root perennial, with coarse fibres, tuberous at the neck. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, erect, several from the same root, branching, leafy, more or less pilose with appressed hairs. Radical leaves ternate, and quinate-pinnate, hairy, deeply parted and variously incised ; segments cuneate, short, obtusely incised-lobed, on hairy petioles 2 or 3 to 6 inches long; stem leaves deeply and pinnatifldly incised, with narrow linear-lanceolate segments. Peduncles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, terminal, or opposite the leaves, sometimes dichotomal, sulcate and angular, pilose with appressed hairs. Calyx reflexed, hirsute externally. Petals 5 (often numerous), deep shining yellow, cuneate-obovate, sometimes obcordate, with a cuneate-obo- vate scale at base. Carpels in a globose head, compressed, obovate, smooth, with a -short acute recurved beak. Hab. Fields and pastures: frequent. Fl. May. FY. June—July. 06s. This is a foreigner. The root is highly acrid, and has been recommended as a rubefacient. Some 15 or 20 additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States—several of which probably require further examination. Prof. Hooker describes 30 species in British America. B. Flowers incomplete: Calyx corolla-like. a. Carpels dry. 261. HEPATICA. Dill. A'utt. Gen. 490. [Greek, Hepar, the liver; from a supposed resemblance in its leaves.] Involucre near the flower, of 3 entire leaves, resembling a calyx. Se- pals 6 to 9, petaloid, arranged in 2 or 3 series. Ovaries numerous. Carpels awnless or ecaudate. Herbaceous: leaves radical, 3 lobed, somewhat perennial; scapes 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ranunculace^. 1. H, triloba, Fill. var. obtusa. Leaves cordate-reniform, 3-lobed, lobes entire, obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 6. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 87. H. americana. DC. Prodr. l.p. 22. Eat. Man. p. 171. Anemone hepatica. Willd. Sp. 2.p. 1272. AIx. Am. l.p. 319. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 336. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 96, var, obtusa, Muhl. Catal.p. 53. Three-lobed Hepatica. Vulgo—Liver-wort. Liver-leaf. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous. Leaves an inch and half to 2 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, coriaceous, sparingly pilose (silky-villose when young), pur- plish beneath, nearly equally 3-lobed; lobes very entire, obliquely ovate, obtuse, the middle one rounded ; petioles 3 to 5 inches long. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches long, preceding the vernal leaves, silky-villose, sheathed at base, together with the young leaves, by ovate-oblong imbricated stipules. Involucre of 3 ovate leaves near the flower, resembling sepals, villose externally. Sepals elliptic-ob- long, resembling petals, mostly blue, sometimes purplish, rarely white. Carpels lance-oblong, acuminate, pilose, substipitate. Hab. Open woodlands: very common. Fl. April. Fr. May—June. 06s. The acute-lobed variety, 1 believe, has not yet been observed in Chester County. This plant has acquired much notoriety of late, as a remedy in pulmon- ary disease; but its virtues have, doubtless, been greatly exaggerated. It is the only species in the U. States. ■S6Z POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 262. ANEMONE. L. ATutt. Gen. 484. [Gr. Anemos, wind; the flowers being supposed to open only when the wind blows.] Involucre distant from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Sepals 5 to 15, petaloid. Carpels mostly awnless, sometimes awned, or caudate. Herbaceous: leaves mostly radical, dissected; flowers terminal, solitary, or subcorymbose. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Rancnculace^:. 1. A. nemorosa, L. var. quinquefolia, Pursh. Stem 1-flowered; leaves of the involucre ternate, petiolate, somewhat 5-parted, segments cuneate-lanceolate, acute, incised-dentate. Beck, Bot, p. 5. A. quinquefolia. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1281. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 97. Muhl. Catal. p. 54. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 20. Bart. Am. 2. p. 10. Icon, tab. 39. /. 2. Grove Anemone. Vulgo—Wind-flower. Wood Anemone. Root perennial, fibrous,—from a horizontal rhizoma 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 lines in diameter. Stem, or scape, 3 to 6 inches high, slender, simple, mostly smooth, sometimes pubescent, with an involucre of 3 (rarely 4) verticillate leaves at summit. Radical leaves mostly (always 1) none. Leaves of the involucre on petioles half an inch to an inch long, dissected into 3 sessile leaflets, the lateral ones bifid, sometimes parted nearly to the base; leaflets or segments smoothish, ciliate on the margin. Flower solitary, terminal, ona slender pubescent peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, from the centre or bosom of the involucre. Sepals usually 5 to 7, elliptic, resembling petals, white, often tinged with purple. Carpels pilose, lance-ovoid, mucronate, with the point recurved. Hab. Moist woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. April—May. FY. June. 2. A. virginiana, L. Radical leaves 3-parted, segments ovate-lance- olate, acuminate, trifid and incised-dentate, those of the involucres sim- ilar, petiolate; peduncles virgate; sepals silky-villose externally ; car- pels in an ovoid-oblong head, connected by a dense tomentum. Beck, Bot. p. 6. Virginian Anemone. Root perennial, fibrous,—from a short subligneous tuber, or rhizoma. Stem 9 to 12 or 18 inches high, pilose, often dichotomously branched at summit, with long terminal peduncles. Radical leaves on angular pilose petioles 6 to 12 inches in length, parted into 3 subsessile leaflets; leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, mostly trifid and irregularly incised, hairy. Leaves of the involucres on petioles halfan inch to 3 inches long, the lower or primary involucre of 3 verticillate leaves, those of the branches mostly of 2 opposite leaves; petioles hairy, densely hirsute at base. Peduncles 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, clothed with erect or appressed hairs, densely pilose near the flower. Se. pals 5, greenish white, or ochroleucous, subcoriaceous, 3 of them mostly elliptic- obovate, and 2 lance-ovate and acuminate. Carpels compressed, roundish-ovate, with subulate and somewhat incurved beaks, crowded in dense oblong nearly cylindric heads about 3 fourths of an inch in length, and near half an inch in diam- eter, clothed with a whitish dense wool, by which, at maturity, they are suspended from the receptacle in ragged dangling clusters. Hab. Borders of woods: fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. June—July. FY. Sept. 06s. Seven or eight additional species arc enumerated in the U. States. POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 333 263. THALICTRUM. L. A'utt. Gen.. 485. [Supposed to be from the Gr. thallo, to be green ; in allusion to its verdant aspect.] Often dioicous, or polygamous : Involucre beneath the flower none. Sepals mostly 4 or 5, petaloid, caducous. Carpels awnless or ecaudate, often longitudinally striate-sulcate, or ribbed, sometimes stipitate. Herbaceous: leaves twice or thrice ternate, leaflets mostly 3-lobed; flowers terminal, subumbellate, corymbose, or paniculate. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ran- UNCULACE.fi. * Stamens shorter than the sepals. 1. T. anemonoides, AIx. Root tuberous; radical leaves biternate, leaflets subcordate, 3-lobed; floral leaves resembling an involucre, op- posite, or ternate, each trifoliate; flowers few, perfect, umbellate; sepals 8 or 10. Beck, Bot. p. 5. Anemone thalictroides. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 1284. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 98. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 341. Aluhl. Catal. p. bi. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 387. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 21. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 19. Bart. Am. 2. p. 27. (Icon, tab. 44.) Bigel. Bost. p. 223. Florul. Cestr. p. 59. Lindl. Ency. p. 482. Eat. Alan. p. 20. Anemone-like Thalictrum. Plant glabrous. .Roof, perennial,—a few fibres from a fascicle of 2 to 4 or 5 whi- tish obovoid-oblong or clavate fleshy tubers. Radical leaves biternate ; leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and nearly as wide as long, broad and somewhat 3-lobed at apex, obliquely cordate at base, on slender petioles halfan inch to an inch long; common petiole 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and, together with the scapes, embraced at base by lance-oblong imbricated membranaceous stipules. Scapes 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, nearly erect, usually 2 or 3 from the same root, slender, often purple. Floral leaves at the summit of the scape, mostly 2, opposite (some. times 3 and verticillate), trifoliate ; leaflets resembling the radical ones, on slen- der petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, on a very short common petiole, —appearing rather to be merely united at base. Flowers in a terminal umbel of 3 to 5 or 6 rays, or peduncles, which are from half an inch to an inch and half in length. Sepals mostly white, sometimes slightly tinged with purple, obovate- oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the stamens. Carpels aggregated, lance.oblong' acute, smooth, with prominent ribs, substipitate. Hab. Open woodlands, and clearings: common. Fl. April—May. FY. June. 05s, This is a plant of rather equivocal generic character,—and forms a con- necting link between Anemone and Thalictrum, * * Stamens longer than the sepals. 2. T. dioicum, L. Leaves decompound ; leaflets roundish-cordate, crenate-lobed, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; flowers dioicous; filaments filiform ; ovaries semi-ovoid, shorter than the styles. Beck, Bot. p. 5. T. Isevigatum. Mx. Am. l.p. 322, Also, Pers. Syn. 2.p. 100. Also, T. purpurascens. Willd. Pers. Pursh. D C. Hook. Beck, &c. Dioicous Thalictrum. Plant glabrous, and often purplish. Root perennial, of numerous long coarse fibres. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, with sheathing stipules at base, sparingly bran- ched at summit. Leaves mostly triternate; leaflets halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, and rather wider than long, often roundish-reniform, rather thin and mem. 334 POLYAXDRIA POLYGYX1A branaceous, coarsely and obtusely crenate-dentate, or sub-lobed ; common petiole an inch and half to 3 inches long, with a membranous amplexicaul margin at base. Flowers terminal, paniculate; peduncles slender, somewhat umbellate, or in small fascicles. Sepals mostly 4, pale violet-purple, elliptic, scarcely half as long as the stamens. Filaments very slender and thread-like; anthers long, linear, mucronate, yellowish. Carpels semi-ovoid, striate-sulcate, acuminate wilh the persistent style. Hab. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. June. 3. T. rugosum, Ait. Leaves super-decompound ; leaflets prominent- ly veined beneath, cuneate-obovate and ovate oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire; flowers mostly dioicous, rather crowded ; filaments filiform. Beck, Bot. p. 5. T. carolinianum. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 12. Also, Ell. Sk. 2. p. 51. Eat. Alan. p. 362. Rugose Thalictrum. Root perennial. Stem 3 lo 5 feet high, branching, striate, smooth. Leaves pin- nately decompound ; leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and halfan inch to nearly an inch wide, petiolate, sometimes cordate at base, varying from cuneate- obovate to ovate-oblong, the terminal ones mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes obtuse, or often rather acute, but not mucronate, the lateral leaflets oflen entire, all strongly and somewhat rugosely veined, glaucous, and minutely pubescent on the veins beneath, the margins entire and revolute. Flowers in rather crowded panicles, dioicous, or sometimes polygamous. Sepals white, elliptic-oblong, small. Fila- ments filiform (sometimes a little clavate 1); anthers linear-oblong, mucronate. Stigmas linear, pubescent, with a serrulate margin on one side. Carpels obovoid- oblong, acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style, ribbed and sulcate, substipitate. Hab. Along shaded, swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr- Sept. 06s. This, it must be confessed, has much general resemblance to the follow- ing; and Prof. Hooker thinks they are not specifically distinct. 4. T. Cornuti, L. Leaves super-decompound ; leaflets obovate and ovate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, lobes mucronate, lateral leaflets often en- tire, all somewhat pubescent beneath, with inconspicuous veins ; flow- ers dioicous, or polygamous; filaments subclavate. Beck, Bot. p. 4. Icon, Hook. Am. 1. tab. 2. T. polygamum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 54. T. pubescens. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 21. Florul. Cestr. p. 60. Also, Pursh, Am. 2. p. 388. ATutt. Gen. 2.p.21. Torr. Comp. p. 223. Not of DC. T. corynellum. DC. Prodr. l.p. 12. Bigel. Bost. p. 220. Also, Eat. Alan. p. 262. T. revolutum. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 49. Also, DC. I.e. Eat. I.e. Cornutus' Thalictrum. Vulgo—Meadow Rue. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout (halfan inch or more in diameter), fistular, sulcate-angled, somewhat pubescent. Leaves pinnately decompound; leaf- lets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, rarely subcordate at base, the terminal ones mostly 3-lobed at apex, the lobes mu- cronate, or rather with a small abrupt acumination, the lateral leaflets oflen enlire, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, all bluish glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath, POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA 335 ihe veins not prominent, margins entire and revolute, wilh the petioles usually more slender and rather longer than in the preceding species. Flowers in large loose terminal panicles,dioicous, or polygamous. Sepals greenish white, elliptic- ovate, small. Filaments clavate, or dilated near the anther; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse. Stigmas long, linear, pubescent. Carpels lance-ovoid, tapering at each end, beaked with the slender persistent style, ribbed and sulcaie, subsiipitate. Hab. Wet meadows; along rivulets: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. 06s. The Thalictrums of this section all present varietiesv/hich have been descri- bed as distinct species; and we are under obligations to Prof. Hooker for reducing a number of them to their true character—and thereby removing much of the confusion that has hitherto existed respecting ihem. It is not certain, I believe, that we have any other well-determined species in the U. States. 264. CLEMATIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 483. [Greek, Klema, a twig, or runner ; in allusion to its pliant climbing stem.] Involucre 0, or resembling a calyx under the flower. Sepals 4 to 8, colored. Carpels numerous, caudate, or terminated by a long, and mostly plumose, awn. Herbaceous, orfruticose: mostly climbing; leaves opposite, ternate, or imper- fectly pinnate, sometimes simple ; flowers terminal, or axillary, sub-paniculate, or solitary, sometimes dioicous. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ranunculabe^:. 1, C. virginiana, L. Leaves ternate; leaflets lance-ovate, acumin- ate, coarsely incised-dentate, or lobed; flowers paniculate, dioicous. Beck, Bot. p. 4. Virginian Clematis. Vulgo—Virgin's Bower. Traveller's joy. Root perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, slender, with axillary divaricate branches, climbing over bushes, herbaceous and pubescent when young, finally suffruticose and smoothish, annual, filled with pith. Leaves ternate, on petioles 2 to 3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, petiolate, somewhat pubescent beneath and on the margin, the larger ones often a little cordate at base, the small upper ones sometimes entire. Flowers in opposite axillary pedunculate trichotomous corymbose panicles, dioicous by abor- tion ; pedicels, and branches of the panicles, pubescent, bracteate at base. Sepals white, elliptic, or obovate-oblong, pubescent, longer than the stamens, and young pistils. Ovaries pubescent; styles clothed with long silky hairs, persistent, finally elongated ; stigmas minutely pubescent, recurved. Carpels hirsute, substipitatr i compressed, lance-ovate, acuminate, crowned with the whitish silky-plumose styles, which are very slender, recurved, and an inch or more in length. Hab. Moist thickets ; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 2. C. viorna, L. Leaves pinnate; leaflets in two or three distant pairs, ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, floral ones entire; peduncles 1-flowered; sepals connivent, thick, acuminate, with the apex recurved. Beck, Bot. p. 4. Vulgo—Leather-flower. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, climbing, pubescent, purple, finally suffruticose. Leaves pinnately compound, on long petioles; leaflets in 2 to 4 dis- tant pairs, 1 to 3 inches long, and halfan inch to 2 inches wide, ovate, or lance- ovate, acute, often 2 or 3-lobed, smoothish, on petioles about an inch long,—the common petiole often cirrhose at apex. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, with a pair of small ovate entire leaves near the middle. Sepals 336 POLYAXDRIA POLYGYXIA violet purple, pubescent, especially on the margin, thick and coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point recurved. Carpels compressed, ovate, hirsute, crowned with the tawny plumose styles, which are from 1 to near 2 inches long. Hab. Borders of woods; Londongrove: rare. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. This was collected by Wi. Jackson, Esq. in 1828, on a stony bank on his farm, in Londongrove. It has, also, I am informed, been found in Kennett. Nine or ten additional species are enumerated in the U. States—chiefly in the South. 265. CALTHA. L. A'utt. Gen. 487. [Greek, Kalathos, a cup, or basket; from the form of the flower.] Calyx mostly of 5 petaloid sepals. Ovaries 5 to 10. Carpels capsu- lar, compressed, spreading, 1-celled, many-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, simple, reniform-cordate; flowers terminal, sub- corymbose. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ranvnculace^;. 1. C. palustris, L. Stem nearly erect; leaves orbicular-cordate, or reniform, crenate, lobes obtuse; sepals oval. Beck, Bot. p. 11. Marsh Caltha. Vulgo—Marsh Marygold. Colt's-foot. Gnll.-Sonci des marais, Ger/n.-Dotterblume. Hisp.-Yerba. Centella. Plant glabrous. Root perennial, of numerous coarse fasciculate fibres. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 inches high, stout and succulent, sometimes dichotomously branching. Radical leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and often wider than long, rounded, cordate at base, crenate-dentate, sometimes nearly entire, enlarging, on petioles 3 to G and finally often 12 or 15 inches long, with sheathing stipules at base; stem leaves few, smaller and on shorter petioles. Flowers large, few, pedunculate and some- what corymbose. Sepals bright yellow, oval, or ovate, obtuse, about twice as long as the stamens. Carpels oblong, compressed, spreading and a little recurved, ob- tuse, mucronate from the lower suture, opening at the upper suture. Seeds nu- merous, subovoid, dark purple. Hab. Swampy springs, and wet meadows: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May—June. 06s. I have specimens with the leaves so nearly entire, and otherwise con- formable, that I suspect Pursh's C. integerrima is scarcely more than a variety. A syrup, prepared from this plant, is a popular remedy for coughs. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. fo. Carpels baccate. 266. HYDRASTIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 486. [Supposed to be from the Greek, Hydor, water; from its growing in moist places.] Calyx oi 3 caducous petaloid sepals. Ovaries in a dense roundish- ovoid head; stigmas subsessile, dilated, compressed, very obtuse, or rounded at apex. Carpels fleshy, or baccate, 1 or 2 seeded, cohe- ring and forming a compound globose berry. Herbaceous.- leaves few, alternate near the summit of the stem, palmate; flower solitary, terminal. Nat. Ord. 3. Lindl. Ranunculaceje. 1. H. canadensis, Z. Leaves cordate-orbicular, palmate-lobcd, lobes unequally serrate. Beck, Bot. p. 7. Canadian Hxdrastis. Vulgo—Yellow-root. DIDYNAMIA GYMN0SPERM1A 337 Rool perennial, of numerous strong fibres from a thick fleshy oblong greenish- yellow tuDer, or rhizoma. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, simple, pubescent, with ob- long sheathing greenish-yellow stipules at base, and usually 2 (sometimes 3) leaves at summit, (occasionally, a radical leaf on a petiole nearly as long as the stem). Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 3 to 6 or 7 inches wide, dilaied-cordaie, some- what pentagonal in the outline, palmate-lobed about halfway to the base, pubes- cent ; lobes mostly 5, broad, acute, unequally serrate, and often sub-lobed ; petiole of the lower leaf 2 to3 inches long, thick, terete, and nearly erect, giving the stem a dichotomous appearance; upper leaf sessile at the base of the peduncle. Peduncle about an inch long, stout, pubescent, sometimes with a small leaf near the middle. Sepals white, or tinged with purple, small and very caducous. Sta- mens numerous, crowded in several series, longer than ihe ovaries; filaments flat, dilated above, or linear-oblanceolate, wilh a midrib, and resembling narrow petals. Ovaries concrete, in a globose head; style very short, persistent; stigmas com- pressed, dilated, and rounded, with a slight groove on the summit. Carpels mostly 1-seeded, becoming succulent, and forming a globose compound berry halfan inch to 3 quarters in diameter, purple when mature. Hab. Rich moist woodlands : not common. Fl. April—May. Fr. July. 06s. This was collected in the Great Valley, in 1828, by Messrs. Joshua Hoopes, and Washington Townseno. It is also pretty abundant near Kimberton,—and was found, the present season (1836), near the forks of Brandywine, by Mr. Hoopes ; but it is not generally distributed through the County. The root is bitter, and tonic; and the late Prof. Barton thought it might prove to be valuable in fur- nishing a yellow dye. It is the only known species of the genus. CLASS XIII. DIDYNAMIA. Order 1. Gymnospermia.* 1. Octmum Tribe. Corolla sub-bilabiate ; the 4 upper lobes flat, nearly equal; the lower one declined, flat, or concave, boat-shaped, or saccate. Stamens decli- ned. Octmoide^. Benth. 267. OCYMUM. L. Gen. PI. 986. [Supposed to be from the Greek, Ozo, to smell; in reference to its fragrance.] Calyx 5-cleft; upper segment dilated, orbicular-ovate. Corolla with the upper lip 4-cleft; lower lip scarcely longer, declined, entire, flattish. * The plants of this Order belong to a remarkably natural Family (Nat. Ord. 221. Lindl. Labiate) ; and I have ventured to transfer to it a few Genera which are usually placed in Diandria,—but which are so palpably allied to the Didynam- ous plants, that even the youngest Botanists are often induced to look for them in this Class:—in fact they seem to be Diandrous only by abortion. The Labiates are generally herbaceous (sometimes frutescent), with square stems, and opposite branches ; leaves opposite, without stipules, and mostly replete with receptacles of aromatic oil,—many species delightfully fragrant; flowers in opposite subsessile axillary cymes, often appearing verticillate; calyx tubular, persistent; corolla monopetalous, generally bilabiate; stamens mostly 4, inserted on the corolla, 2 of them longer (sometimes the upper pair wanting); Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style I, proceeding from the base of the lobes of the ovary; stigma bifid, mostly acute; fruit 1 to 4 small nuts, orAAenes, resembling naked seeds, at the bottom of the persistent calyx. In grouping the genera into 2"ri6es, I have adopted the ar- rangement of Mr. Bentham'a elaborate and valuable work on the Labiato,. 29 338 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA Stamens declined; lower ones longer; upper filaments often toothed at base. Akenes compressed, elliptic-ovate, smoothish. 1. 0. basilicujt, L. Leaves ovate-oblong,suldentate, smooth, peti- olate ; calyx ciliate. Benth. Lab. p. 4. Rotal Octmum. Vulgo—Sweet Basil. Gallice—Basilic. Germ. Gemeines Basilienkraut. Hisp. Albahdca. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, often much branched above, smoothish at base, pubescent above with short reflexed hairs. Leaves halfan inch to an inch long, and 1 third to half an inch wide, tapering at each end, obscurely and irreg- ularly dentate, sometimes entire, smoothish,punctate beneath; petioles 1 third to 2 thirds qf an inch long, somewhat ciliate. Flowers in simple terminal interrupt- ed racemes; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the calyx; bracts ovate, acuminate, petiolate, ciliate, often purple, rather longer than the calyx. Calyx inflated-cam- panulate, reflexed after flowering. Corolla whitish, or bluish white, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Akenes minutely punctate. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. i Obs. This fragrant little plant is often cultivated for culinary purposes. There are no native species in the U. States. 268. LAVANDULA. L. Gen. PI. 965. [Latin, lavare, to wash; the distilled water being used for that purpose.] Calyx tubular, ovoid-cylindric, ribbed, with 5 short teeth, the upper tooth sometimes dilated and produced at apex. Corolla with the up- per lip 2-lobed, lower one 3-lobed; lobes nearly equal, spreading; tube exserted. Stamens included; filaments smooth, not toothed. Disk concave, with 4 fleshy scales on the margin. Akenes smooth, adnate to the scales of the disk. 1. L. Spica, DC. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire, sessile, taper- ing lo the base ; spike somewhat interrupted; floral leaves lance-lin- ear, the upper ones shorter than the calyx ; bracts linear-subulate. Benth. Lab. p. 149. Spike Lavandula. Vulgo—Lavender. Gallice—La Lavande. Germ. Der Lavandel. Hisp. Esplie'go. Root perennial. Stem suffruticose, branching from the base; branches erect, 12 to 18 inches high, 4-angled, subtomentose and hoary, leafy at base, nearly naked above. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 to 3 or 4 lines wide, crowded at the base (f the branches, revolute on the margin, clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Flowers in a terminal imbricated spike about an inch in length, with I or 2 distant verticils below ; pedicels short. Calyx tubular, hoary-pubescent, closely ribbed and grooved, teeth short and villose. Corolla blue, pubescent, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Tliis is often cultivated for its cordial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly esteemed for its pungent fragrance. There are no native species in the U. States. D1DYXAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 339 2. Mentha Tribe. Corolla sub-campanulate, or funnel-form; limb 4 or 5-cleft, lobes nearly equal; tube scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, dislant, straight, diverging. Menthoide^:. Benth. 269. MENTHA. L. ATutt. Gen. 496. rMinthe,& daughter of Cocytus; fabled to have been changed into this herb.] Calyx campanulate, or tubular, 5-toothed, equal; orifice naked, or rarely villose. Corolla 4-cleft, nearly regular, the broadest lobe emar- ginate. Stamens distant, exserted, or included; filaments naked ; anth- ers with 2 parallel cells. * Flowers in terminal interrupted spikes. 1. M. viridis,//. Leaves oblon g-lanceolate, acutely incised-serrate, subsessile; spikes slender, elongated, attenuated at summit; bracts subulate. Beck, Bot. p. 272. M. tenuis ? AIx. Am. 2.p. 2. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 405. ATutt. Gen. 2.p. 26. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 72. Also? Pers. Syn. 2. p. 119. Eat. Alan. p. 224. Also? M. gracilis. Aluhl. Catal.p. 55. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 216. Green Mentha. Vtdgo—Spear-mint Common Mint. Gatf.-Baume verte. Germ.-Die Spitzmiinze. Hisp.-Menta. puntiaguda. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, branching, smoothish, mostly green. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, oblong-lanceolate, very acute, with slender serratures, smoothish, some- times a little hirsute beneath, punctate, palish green, sessile, or subsessile. Spikes terminal, numerous, appearing somewhat paniculate, 2 to 4 inches long, slender, tapering to a point. Flowers in distant verticils. Bracts subulate, with setaceous points, pilose-ciliate. Calyx smoothish, or sometimes rather hirsute. Corolla pale purple, slender. Stamens of variable length, mostly shorter than the corol- la. Style much exserted. Hab. Moist grounds; along rivulets, &c. frequent. F/. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This pleasant aromatic plant is becoming extensively naturalized ; and is deservedly popular as a domestic medicine, in relieving nausea, &c. It is subject to varieties,—and probably the M. tenuis of Michaux, Elliott, &c. and the M. gracilis, Muhl. may be of ihem. 2. M. pirEiiiTA, Sm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; spikes oblong, obtuse; bracts lanceolate ; calyx glandular-dotted. Beck, Bot.p. 272. Not? of L. Pepper Mentha. Vulgo—Pepper-Mint. Gallice—La Menthe. Germ.—Pfeffermiinze. Hisp.—Menta piperita. Root perennial, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, mostly smoothish and dark purple, sometimes pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, more or less ovate, rather acute, smoothish, dark green ; petioles 1 fourth to half an inch long. Spikes halfan inch to an inch or more in length, and about half an inch in diameter, terminal, solitary, cylindric, obtuse; verticils crowded, except the lower one which is often a little distant. Bracts linear-lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx sprinkled with yellow resinous dots. Corolla purple, larger than in the preceding. Stamens included. Style exserted. Hab. Low moist grounds: not uncommon. Fl. August. Fr. Sept—October. 340 DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 05s. This most grateful aromatic, is apparently naturalized in many localities ; and is often cultivated about houses and gardens. The essential oil, and distilled water, are well known for their stomachic properties ; and the infusion of the dried herb, administered cold, in small portions, is one of the best remedies for nausea that I have ever tried. * * Flowers in axillary verticils. 3. M. canadensis, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, petiolate; stamens exserted. Beck, Bot. p. 272. M. borealis. Mx. Am. 2. p. 2. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 30. Bigel. Bost. p. 234. Florul. Cestr. p. 66. Lindl. Ency. p. 500. Also, Pursh, Am.2.p.40b. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 26. Torr. Comp. p. 233. Beck, I. c. Eat. Man. p. 224. Also, M. acutifolia, var. borealis. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 120. Canadian Mentha. Plant greyish green, pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, as- cending, or decumbent, simple, or often with numerous long branches, angles obtuse and retrorsely hirsute. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, somewhat oval-lanceolate, serrate, entire and tapering at base, resin- ous-punctate, pilose, especially on the midrib, and nerves beneath; petioles 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, slightly margined, pilose, hairs on the petioles and leaves erect, or pointing forwards. Flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes, appearing verticillate ; common peduncle I to 2 or 3 lines long; bracts lance-linear, pilose-ciliate. Calyx hirsute, resinous-dotted ; segments hirsute-ciliate. Corolla pale purple, or purplish white. Stamens I third to I half longer than the corolla. Style longer than the stamens. Hab. Wet, low grounds; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept—Oct. 06s. This species is not so pleasantly aromatic as the preceding,—its flavor more resembling that of Hedeoma, or Pennyroyal. It is doubtful whether we have any oiher native species in the TJ. States. The M. arvensis, noticed in my Cata- logue, was evidently but the outcast of a garden,—and seems to have become ex- tinct. Mr. Geo. W. Hall found a species near Rocky Hill, in E. Goshen, which had strayed into the meadows, and become almost naturalized. It is a stout erect branching plant, entirely smooth, with broad-ovate petiolate leaves, large terminal capitate spikes, and bright purple flowers,—agreeing pretty well with the descrip- tion of M. rubra, Sin.—or possibly it may be the M. cilrata, Ehrh. Willd. and Bentham; M. odorata, Sm. in Rees' Cyclopcedia. 270. LYCOPUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 21. [Gr. Lykos, a wolf, and Pous, a foot; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular; limb nearly equal, 4-lobed ; upper lobe broader and emarginate. Stamens 2, distant, simple. Akenes 4, obliquely truncate at apex. 1. L. tirginictts, L. Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate-dentate, taper- ing and entire at base; calyx mostly 4-toothed; teeth shorter than the akenes, not spinescent. Beck, Bot. p. 271. Also, L. uniflorus. Mx. Am. l.p. 14. Pers. I, p. 24. Beck, I. c. &c. Also, L. pumilus. Pursh, Am. l.p. 16. ATutt, Gen. 1. p. lb. Vibginian Lxcoptjs. Vulgo—Bugle weed. DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 341 Root perennial, creeping. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, or sparingly branched, roughish-pubescent, quadrangular, with the angles obtuse, and sides concave. Leaves an inch and half to 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch an half wide, coarsely serrate-dentate, with an entire long narrow cuneate base, smoothish, and, with the stem, often dark purple. Flowers minute, in small dense verticils. Calyx shorter than the corolla; segments acute, but not spines- cent. Corolla white. Akenes projecting above the calyx, when mature. Hab. Swamps, and moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. FY. Sept—October. 06s. This is said to be a prominent article in the Materia Medica of certain German Empirics, in the good city of Lancaster,—who prescribe the infusion as a sovereign remedy for what they term a "dry Liver" (Nodus vindice dignus'.)— an infirmity which, they allege, afflict3 a large proportion of those credulous persons who resort thither,—or,being unable to go, despatch a trusty messenger with a vial of their urine. 2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, low- er ones pinnatifidly incised; calyx 5-toothed; teeth subspinescently acu- minate, longer than the akenes. Benth. Lab. p. 187. L, europjeus. AIx. Am. l.p. 14. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 16. Bigel. Bost. p. 9. Beck, Bot. p. 271. Eat. Alan. p. 215. var. angustifolius. Torr. Fl. l.p. 21. Ejusd. Comp. p. 21. L. americanus. Muhl. Catal. p. 3. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 12. Also, L. vulgaris. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 15. Not? of Pers. Also, L. exaltatus. Pursh, Am. Suppl. p. 727. Ell. Sk. l.p. 26. ATutt. I. c. Not oi Linn. Also, L. angustifolius. Ell. I. c. A'utt. I. c. Sinuate Ltcopus. Vulgo—Water Horehound. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, smoothish, acutely quadran- gular, with the sides concave. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, tapering at each end, narrowed to a petiole at base, smoothish, punctate, somewhat sinuate-dentate, the teeth long and distant. Flowers very small, in dense verticils. Calyx about as long as the corolla, scab- rous; segments with a prominent midrib, terminating in a sharp spinescent acu- mination. Corolla white, often tinged with purple, pubescent within. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Akenes compressed, triquetrous-cuneate, obliquely truncate, shorter than the calyx. Hab. Moist low grounds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 06s. This seems to be quite distinct from my European specimens of L. euro- pczus. When my Catalogue was prepared, I mistook it for PursKs var. quer- cifolius, of the preceding species. One or two additional species, though not very well authenticated, are enumerated in the TJ. Slates. 3. Mosarda Tribe. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2 fertile, ascending; the upper pair abortive. Anthers linear, with two contiguous cells, divaricate at base, and confluent at apex,—or halved, and the cells separated by a long linear connecti- vum which is transversely articulated with the summit of the filament. Monar- de.e. Benth. 29* 342 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA 271. SALVIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 25. [ Latin, Salvo, to save, or heal; from its supposed healing properties. ] Calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate; upper lip mostly 3-toothed, lower lip bifid, throat naked. Corolla ringent; upper lip erect, straight, or falcate, and vaulted. Stamens 2 ; anthers dimidiate ; the cells separa- ted by a long linear transverse connectivum. 1. S. officinalis, L. Stem hoary-tomentose, leafy ; leaves lance- oblong, crenulate, rugose,- upper Up of the corolla as long as the lower one, somewhat vaulted. Benth. Lab. p. 208. Officinal Salvia. Vulgo—Sage. Garden Sage. Gallice—La Sauge. Germanice—Die Salbei. Hispanice—Salvia. Root perennial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, numerous, or branching from the base, forming dense bunches, frutescent below. Leaves 1 to 2 and a half inches long, and halfan inch to 3 quarters wide, rather obtuse, sometimes lobed near the base, crenulate, and rugosely veined, clothed with a short pubescence, greyish green; upper or floral leaves sessile, the others on petioles about an inch long. Flowers verticillate,or in interrupted terminal racemes; verticils 10 to 20 flowered; inner pedicels longer ; bracts ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, deciduous. Calyx cam- panulate, ribbed, pubescent, sprinkled with glandular dots, often purple ; teeth acuminate. Corolla mostly violet-purple, pubescent; upper lip vaulted, lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe dilated, emarginate; tube exserted, dilated, with a hairy ring at base within. Stamens ascending, the 2 lower ones fertile, the 2 upper ones mi- nute, abortive. Style smooth, with the apex exserted, unequally bifid, violet-purple. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July—August. Obs. Generally cultivated; and much used in domestic economy. The infusion makes a good gargle; and is otherwise moderately medicinal. 2. S. lyrata, L. Stem retrorsely pilose, nearly leaflesss; radical leaves lyrate, erose-dentate; upper lip of the corolla short, straight. Beck, Bot. p. 283. Ltrate Salvia. Vulgd—Meadow Sage. Cancer weed. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, square, wMi the sides concave, and angles obtuse, somewhat branched near the summit, and often with branches from ihe crown of the root. Radical leaves spreading, 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, ovate, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, lyrate-pinnatifid, or sinuate-lobed, oflen purplish, hairy, on hirsute petioles 1 to 3 inches long ; stem leaves mostly a single pair near the base of the raceme, elliptic-oblong, repand-dentate, subsessile. Flowers verticillate, in a terminal interrupted raceme 4 to 8 or 10 inches Ion" ; verticils about 6-flowered, distant; bracts lance-ovate, acute. Calyx tubular-cam- panulate, pilose, nodding, becoming dry and parchment-like; upper lip broad, with 3 short distant teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate acuminate teeth. Corolla bluish, or violet-purple, pubescent; upper lip short, not vaulted; tube much ex- serted. Stamens 2, (the upper ones entirely wanting 1); anthers blue. Style ex- serted, unequally bifid at apex. Akenes somewhat triquetrous-ovate, compressed, externally convex, dark brown. Hab. Meadows; woodlands, &c. frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This species is regarded as a weed, in our meadows. Mr. Elliott says the fresh radical leaves bruised and applied to warts, will generally destroy them. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the U. States. DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 343 272. MONARDA. L. A'utt. Gen. 24. [Named in honor of Nicholas Monardez; a Spanish Botanist.] Calyx tubular, cylindric, elongated, striate, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla ringent; upper lip linear, embracing the filaments; lower lip broader, reflexed, 3-lobed, lateral lobes ovate, obtuse, middle lobe nar- rower, oblong; tube slender and mostly exserted. Stamens 2, mostly exserted from the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled; cells diva- ricate at base, connate at apex. I. M. fistclosa, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, obtuse at base, more or less pubescent, petiolate ; bracts sessile, some- what colored ; calyx slightly curved, scarcely colored, with the orifice hirsute. Beck, Bot. p. 276. Ateo ? M. oblongata. Willd. Sp. l.p. 125. Pers. Syn. l.p. 24. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 51. Aluhl. Catal. p. 3. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 18. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 17. Torr. Fl. l.p. 25. Ejusd. Comp.p. 22. Lindl.Ency. p. 22. Eat. Alan. p. 28. Also {fide Benth.), M. rugosa. Willd. 1. c. Pers. 1. c. Ait. I. c. Aluhl. I. c. Pursh, I. c. p. 17. A'utt. 1. c. Lindl. 1. c. Eat. I. c. p. 229, Also {fide Benth.), M. clinopodia. Willd. i. c. Pers. I. c. Ait. I. c. Aluhl. I. c. Pursh, I. c. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 28. A'utt. I. c. Torr. II. cc. Lindl. I. c. Beck, I. c. Eat. I. c. M. allophylla? AIx. Am. l.p. 16. Bigel. Bost.p. 9. Also ? Pers. I. c. Beck, I. c. Also ? M. mollis. Pursh, I. c. p. 18. ATutt. 1. c. Ell. 1. c. p. 29. Florul. Cestr. p. 4. Lindl. 1. c.p. 20. var. mollis. Benth. Lab. p. 317. Also {fide Benth.), M. purpurea. Pursh, 1. c. p. 17. A'utt. 1. c. Eat. 1. c. Not oi Lam. Fistular Monarda. Vulgo—Horse Mint. Wild Burgamot. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, mostly hairy, especially at the joints, and towards the summit, sometimes nearly smooth below, fistular (the var. mollis, or oblongata, solid with pith). Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, more or less ovate, serrate, hairy, punctate beneath ; petioles halfan inch to an inch long, pilose-ciliate. Flowers on short pedicels, in broad dense terminal heads (1 to near 2 inches in diameter), which are sometimes proliferous; outer bracts lanceolate, or latice-ovate, acute, entire, or subdentate, sessile, partially colored, purplish, or often greenish white; inner bracts narrow, sub linear, ciliate, with filiform points. Calyx about half an inch long, nearly cylindric, slender, a little curved, striate, wilh 5 acute teeth, hairy at the orifice. Corolla varying from violet-purple to flesh colored, and greenish white, pubescent; upper lip linear, sub-falcate ; tube slender, exserted. Stamens 2, ascending, a lit- tle exserted, the filaments enclosed in the upper lip of the corolla. Style exserted, unequally bifid at apex. Hab. Fence-rows; borders of thickets, .-Brunela. Root perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, erect, or ascending-, somewhat branching, especially at the base, hairy at summit and on the angles, smoothish below, mostly purplish brown. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, variously toothed, or serrate, sometimes nearly entire, rarely laciniate, somewhat hairy and ciliate; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long (those of the radical or lower leaves often 3 or 4 inches long), hairy. Flowers in term- inal oblong compact imbricated spikes 1 to 3 inches in length ; bracts orbicular- cordate, or subreniform, with a short abrupt acumination, hairy and ciliate, sessile, the lower ones conspicuously acuminate. Calyx subsessile, hairy at base, lips purple. Corolla violet-purple (rarely pale purple, or nearly white), smoothish. Akenes obovate, striate-nerved, brown. Hab. Woodlands ; roadsides, &c. common. FL July—Sept. Fr. Aug—Nov. 06s. This plant is very common, here ; but Mr. Nuttall thinks it is certainly introduced. Its reputation, as a medicinal plant, is quite obsolete. Although presenting some varieties, there is probably but the one species in the TJ. States, 284. SCUTELLARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 516. [Latin, Scutella, a dish ; from the form of the appendage to the calyx.] Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, finally dividing to the base ; lips entire, the upper one with a galeate appendage on the back, deciduous. Co- rolla bilabiate; upper lip vaulted, lower one dilated, convex ; tube much exserted, ascending from near the base. Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers approximated in pairs, subcordate, vil- lose-ciliate. Style unequally bidentate at apex. Akenes tuberculate. 1. S. pilosa, Mx. Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy-pubescent; leaves rhombic-ovate, or oval, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in distant pairs; ra- ceme terminal, rather short; bracts elliptic-ovate. Beck, Bat. p. 282. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA 353 S. ovalifolia. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 39. Torr. Comp. p. 237. Also 1 Pers. Syn. 2. p. 136. Aluhl. Catal. p. 56. Eat. Alan. p. 333. Hairy Scutellaria, Vulgo—Scull-cap. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, more or less hairy, often purplish. Leaves 3 to 5 distant pairs, 1 to 2 and a half inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, rhombic-ovate, cuneately tapering to a petiole at base, more or less pubescent, punctate beneath, the lower ones obtuse, those above raiher acute. Raceme terminal, generally simple and few-flowered ; pedicels hir- sute ; bracts elliptic, entire, tapering to a petiole at base, hirsute and ciliate, punc- tate beneath. Calyx hirsute. Corolla purplish blue at summit, with the tube nearly white, pubescent externally, half an inch to 3 quarters in length. Hab. Open woodlands; borders of thickets: common. Fl. June-Aug. FY. Aug-Sept. 06s. This species affords some striking varieties. I have specimens from the Susquehanna, with broad elliptic leaves, nearly twice the size of ours, smooth and membranaceous, and on longer petioles. 2. S. integrifolta, L. Stem erect, nearly simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or sublinear, entire, rather obtuse, on short petioles; racemes terminal, subpaniculate, loose, leafy ; bracts lanceolate; flowers large. Beck, Bot. p. 282. S. hyssopifolia. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 136. Bart. Am. 1. p. 5, Icon, tab. 2. Also, Willd. Sp. 3. p. 174. Muhl. Catal. p. 56. Torr. Comp. p. 237. Beck, I, c. Also, S. caroliniana. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 412. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 89. A'utt. Gen. p. 37. Eat. Alan. p. 333. Entire-leaved Scutellaria. Vulgo—Large-flowered Scull-cap. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, clothed with a short fine pubescence, greyish green, sparingly branched above, the axils below often with short slender abortive branches bearing a tuft of small leaves. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, minutely pubescent, pale green or cinereous, tapering at base to a short petiole. Racemes terminal and subterminal, loose; branches and pedicels densely hoary-pubescent; bracts oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, pubescent. Calyx pubescent, the galeate appendage becoming large. Corolla bright blue at summit, with the tube paler (or nearly white), pubescent ex- ternally, 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, the limb and throat much dilated. Akenes subglobose, tu'berculate, dark brown. Hab. Moist thickets, and meadows: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. Aug—Sept. 06s. This species is readily known by its handsome large flowers, and narrow oblong entire leaves. It is intensely bitter; and, no doubt, might be usefully em- ployed as a tonic. 3. S. parvula, Mx. Stem decumbent, or oblique, slender, branching from the base, minutely pubescent; leaves ovate, or lance-ovate, mostly entire, subcordate at base, sessile or subsessile ; flowers small, axillary, solitary, opposite. Benth. Lab. p. 440. S. ambigua. Beck, Bot. p. 282. Also, A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 37. var. Missouriensis. Eat. Man. p. 333. Little Scutellaria. 30* DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA Root (rhizomal) perennial, creeping, horizontal, jqinted, with tuberous inter- nodes, rendering it moniliform, and verticils of fibres from the joints. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, sometimes simple, generally more or less branched, especially from the base, spreading, or decumbent, slender (when old rather rigid), mi- nutely scabrous on the angles, mostly purple. Leaves 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch long, and 1 eighth to 1 third of an inch wide, prominently nerved, scabrous with short hairs on the upper surface and nerves, margin entire and revolute, under surface often dark purple; lower leaves roundish-cordate, on short petioles, upper ones oblong-ovate, sessile. Flowers small, on pubescent pedicels as long as the calyx. Calyx hairy, mostly purple ; galeate appendage prominent. Corolla violet- purple, hairy externally, 1 third to near half an inch long. Akenes rugose-tuber- culate, on a common pedicel. Hab. Serpentine ridge, W. Chester; Schuylkill: rare. Fl. May -June. Fr. July-Aug. 06s. Collected by D. Townseno, Esq. in 1829. This plant has much resem- blance to my English specimens of S.minor: But 1 have received Kentucky spe- cimens from Prof. Short, which are much stouter, wilh remotely dentate leaves, and appear to be intermediate between this and the following species. 4. S. nerv6sa, Pursh. Stem erect, mostly simple, slender and weak, smoothish ; lower leaves roundish-cordate, petiolate, middle ones broad- ovate, crenate-dentate, sessile, upper or floral ones ovate-lanceolate, en- tire ; flowers axillary, solitary, opposite. Benth. Lab. p. 441. S. parviflora 1 Muhl. Catal. p. 56. IS. gracilis. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 37. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 38. Torr. Comp. p. 237. Beck, Bot. p. 281. Eat. Man. p. 332. Nerved Scutellaria. Plant mostly pale green- Root perennial, fibrous,—often with slender horizon- tal rhizoma-like runners, or branches, from the neck. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, mostly erect, but often curved and decumbent at base, rarely branched ; angles acute and somewhat winged. Leaves halfan inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, in rather distant pairs, prominently nerved, thin and smoothish, sometimes hairy, particularly on the upper surface, and ciliate on the margin; lower ones small, roundish-cordate, petiolate, purple beneath ; mid- dle ones largest, cordate-ovate, rather obtuse, coarsely and sparingly crenate- dentate, sessile; upper ones gradually smaller, more lanceolate, entire, subsessile. Pedicels solitary, opposite, in the axils of the diminishing upper leaves, pubescent, longer than the calyx. Calyx smoothish, the nerves and margins somewhat cili- ate, the galeate appendage becoming much enlarged, broad and roundish-obovate. Corolla pale blue, minutely pubescent externally, 1 third to half an inch long. Akenes rugose-tuberculate, supported on a conspicuous common pedicel. Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill; Black Rock: rare. Fl. May-June. Fr. July-Aug. 06s. Collected in the above locality by Mr. John Marshall, in 1829. It has not yet been found elsewhere, within the County. 5. S. lateriflora, L. Stem rather erect, much branched, smooth- ish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petiolate; racemes axillary, leafy. Beck, Bot. p. 282. Lateral-Flowered Scutellaria. Vulgo—Mad-dog Scull-cap. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, smooth, angles slightly scabrous, sides concave. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, diminishing as they ascend, smooth and thin, on petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Flowers in leafy racemes terminating ihe slender axil- DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 355 lary branches; pedicels solitary, opposite, in the axils of the small leaves, with minute filiform pubescent bracts at base. Calyx minutely pubescent. Corolla palish violet-purple (rarely milk white), minutely pubescent externally, 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long. Akenes tuberculate. Hab. Low swampy grounds; ditch banks, &c. frequent. Ft. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Some years since, this plant had much notoriety in consequence of the as- sertions of Empirics, and Newspaper Editors, that it was a sovereign remedy foi Hydrophobia. Like its numerous predecessors, of the same pretensions, it had its day of importance among the credulous, and then sank into the oblivion which necessarily awaits all such specifics. Four or five additional species are enumer- ated in the TJ States. 8. Nepbta. Tribe. Calyx oblique, or sub-bilabiate, the upper segments larger Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip somewhat vaulted, lower one spreading, throat most- ly inflated. Stamens ascending or diverging, the upper pair longer. Nepetb* Benth. 2S5. LOPHANTHTS. Benth. Lab. p. 462. [Greek, Lophos, a crest, and Anthos, a flower ; in allusion to the flowers-] Calyx tubular, 15-nerved ; limb oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments rather longer. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip somewhat erect, bifidly emargi- nate ; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe broader, crenate. Stamens diver- ging, upper pair longer ; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, or finally some- what diverging. 1. L. scrophulari.-efolius, Benth. Stem pubescent, with the an- gles obtuse; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate; petioles ciliate-pubes- cent. Benth. Lab. p. 463. Hyssopus scrophularifolius. Willd. and the other authors here quoted, Scrophulahia-leaved Lophanthus. Root perennial (biennial, Willd.). Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout (often half an inch in diameter), branched, mostly dark purple, pubescent, the sides concave, the angles obtuse, or rounded. Leaves 3 to 6Jnches long, and an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches wide, ovate, acuminate, coarsely and rather obtusely serrate, obtuse and often cordate at base, more or less pubescent with short hairs, sometimes nearly smooth, dark green or purplish ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, mostly con- spicuously ciliate-pubescent. Verticils crowded in terminal cylindric purplish spikes 2 to 6 inches in length, interrupted at base ; 6raers ovate, acuminate, smooth- ish. Calyx smoothish ; segments lanceolate, purplish. Corolla pale purple. Stamens and style exserted. Hab. Fence-rows ; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September—Octo. 2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Stem smooth, with the angles acute and sub-alate; leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acutely serrate ; petioles smooth- ish. Benth. Lab. p. 463. Hyssopus nepetoides. Willd. and the other authors here quoted. Nepeta-like Lophanthus. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branched, pale yellowish green, nearly or quite smooth, the sides concave or depressed, striate, the angles prominent, with a sharp sub-alate ridge. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, ovate and lance-ovate, acutely serrate, with a conspicuous entire acumination, mi- 356 DIDYNAMIA GYMN0SPERM1A nutely and softly pubescent beneath, pale green ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, smooth- ish, or minutely cili?te-pubescent. Verticils crowded in terminal cylindric yellowish green spikes 2 lo 4 or 5 inches in length, somewhat interrupted at base ; brads lance-ovate, sharply and conspicuously acuminate, minutely pubescent and cilate. Calyx smoothish; segments lance-oblong, pale green. Corolla pale greenish yellow. Stamens and style exserted (style often shorter than the corolla. Benth.). Hab. Fence-rows; borders of woods, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is often a taller plant than the preceding, but the stem is not usually quite so stout. They are readily distinguished, as far as they can be seen, by the color alone,—which I believe is very constant. I have no doubt they are specifi- cally distinct; and have been very properly separated, by Mr. Benlham, from Hyssopus. Two other species are enumerated in the Western Territory of the U. States. 286. NEPETA. L. ATutt. Gen. 499. [Supposed to be named from Nepete, a town in Italy.] Calyx tubular, sometimes ovoid, about 15-nerved, arid; limb obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip erect, somewhat concave, emarginate, or bifid ; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe largest; throat dila- ted, with the margin often reflexed ; tube slender below. Stamens as- cending ; anthers mostly approximated in pairs, 2-celled; cells diverg- ing, finally divaricate. 1. N. Cataria,Z. Hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall; leaves oblong- cordate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose; verticils many-flower- ed, subglobose, upper ones crowded in a spike, lower ones distant; co- rolla one half longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 279. Cat Nepeta. Vulgo—Cat-mint. Cat-nep. Gall.—Herbe aux Chats. Germ.—Die Katzenmiinze. Hisp.—Gafe"ra. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly several from the same root, erect, somewhat branched, clothed with a short soft hoary pubescence. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, tapering to the apex, incised-crenate, softly pubescent, green above, canescent beneath ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, pubescent, channelled on the upper side. Verticils on short peduncles, densely cymose, in interrupted terminal spikes, hoary-pubescent; pedicels with small lance-linear or subulate bracts at base. Calyx ovoid-tubular ; teeth subu- late-lanceolate, villose-ciliate, the upper ones raiher larger. Corolla ochroleu- cous, with a reddish tinge and purple dots, pubescent; upper lip emarginate; tube a little exserted. Akenes oval, smooth, brown. Hab. Fence-rows, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. Extensively naturalized, so as to be rather a troublesome weed in gardens, and cultivated lots. The herb, in infusion, is a highly popular domestic medicine, among the good ladies who deal in simples,—and is probably often useful. 2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem procumbent, radicating at base; leaves cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate; verticils few-flowered, axil- lary ; corolla nearly three times as long as the calyx. Benth. Lab.p. 185. Glechoma hederacea. Willd. and the other authors quoted in this work, Vulgo—Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Ga//.-Lierre terrestre. Germ.-Die Gtindelrebe. Hisp.-Yeura terrestre. DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA 357 Root perennial. Stem 6 to IS inches long, slender, prostrate, radicating; flow- ering branches erect, or ascending, flaccid, 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, retrorsely pubescent with short subulate hairs. Leaves3 fourlli3of an inch to an inch and halflong,and 1 to2 inches wide, coarsely crenate,pilose on the upper surface, and nerves beneath; petioles 1 to 3 inches long, retrorsely pilose. Verticils all distant, in ihe axils of the leaves, often halved, or a small cluster in one of the opposite ax- ils; pedicels with very small subulate ciliate bracts at base. Calyx tubular, pi- lose ; teeth lanceolate, ciliate, with an awn-like acumination. Corolla blue, or purplish blue (rarely white), hairy; upper lip bifid ; tube slender, much exserted. Anthers approximated in pairs ; cells diverging, presenting the figure of a cross. Hab. Fence-rows, and shaded places: frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. Naturalized in many localities; but clearly, I think, not indigenous. It is said to have been used in brewing Ale, prior to the employment of Hops. The infusion is a popular medicine, like that of the preceding. I have followed Mr. Bentham in reducing this to a species of Nepcta; though, it must be confessed, its habit is very different from that of the common Cat-mint. Mr. B. avers, however, that the whole of this Tribe might be not inappropriately considered as a single genus. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 0. Stachts Tribe. Calyx irregularly veined, or 5 to 10-nerved, oblique, or rarely sub-bilabiate, 3 to 10-toothed. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip galeate, or flat, entire, or emarginate; lower lip variously 3-lobed. Stamens ascending, upper pair shorter. Stachyde^:. Benth. 287. LAMIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 500. [Greek, Laimos, the throat; from its gaping flowers.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved; limb mostly oblique; teeth 5, nearly equal, subulate at apex. Corolla ringent; upper lip ovate, or oblong, galeate, mostly narrowed at base ; throat dilated; late- ral lobes at the margin of the throat truncate, or oblong, sometimes with a tooth-like process; middle or lower lobe broad, emarginate, con- tracted at base, substipitate. 1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves rounded, crenately incised, lower ones petiolate, floral ones sessile, amplexicaul; tube of the corolla na- ked within, the lateral lobes not toothed. Beck, Bot. p. 278. Axplexicaul Lamium, Vulgo—Dead Nettle. Hen-bit. Gall.—Le Lamier. Germ.—Die Taube Nessel. Hisp.—Ortiga muerta. Root annual. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent, ascending, 6 to 12 inches high, smoothish, or minutely and retrorsely hairy, mostly purple. Leaves halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, and mostly wider than long; lower or cauline ones on petioles halfan inch to an inch long; upper orfloral ones closely sessile, dilated, hairy. Verticils many-flowered, dense, sitting closely in the axils of the floral leaves, lower ones distant, upper ones rather approximated. Calyx sessile, hirsute. Corolla bright deep purple, pubescent, ihe galeate upper lip nearly entire, clothed with a purple villus; lower lip obcordate; throat dilated, laterally compressed; tube slender, much exserted. Anthers hairy. Akenes ob- ovoid-oblong, subtriquetrous, convex externally, purplish, roughish wilh paler colored dots. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. April—May. Fr. June 06s. Abundantly naturalized; and rather a troublesome weed in gardens. The variety, with the corolla of the lower verticils minute, or abortive, may often be observed in flower in February and March. 358 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA 2. L. purpureum, L. Leaves cordate, crenate-serrate, all petiolate, upper ones crowded; tube of the corolla with a hairy ring at base with- in, the lateral lobes produced into a tooth-like process. Benth. Lab. p. 512. Purple Lamium. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, branched at base; branches ascend- ing, retrorsely scabrous, dark green or purplish. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, rugose, hairy; lower ones orbicular-cordate, on petioles an inch to an inch and half long ; upper ones oblong-cordate, crowded at the summit of the stem, on shorter petioles, silky-hirsute, especially on the upper surface. Verticils many- flowered, crowded at the summit of the stem, forming a sort of leafy head, some- times the lowest one a little distant. Calyx somewhat hairy; teeth subulate, cil- iate. Corolla violet-purple, pubescent; galeate upper lip entire, villose ; lateral lobes toothed; lower lip hifidly emarginate, spotted. Anthers hairy. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: not common. Fl. April—May. FY. June. 06s. I am indebted for this to Mr. Pennock Passmore,—who found it natur- alized on his farm, in East Goshen. There are probably no native species in the TJ. States. 288. LEONURUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 504. [Greek, Leon, a lion, and Oura, a tail; from a fancied resemblance of the plant.] Calyx turbinate, 5 or 10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed ; teeth subu- late, subspinescent, finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip ob- long, entire, flattish, or somewhat faulted; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong, middle one obcordate. Stamens ascending, lower ones longer ; a7ithers approximated in pairs, incumbent, 2-celled ; cells mostly parallel. Akenes triquetrous, trunca'e at apex. 1. L. Cardiac a, L. Stem-leaves palmate-lobed, floral ones cuneate- oblong, mostly trifid, lobes lanceolate ; corolla longer than the calyx- teeth ; tube with a villose ring within at base; upper lip flattish, hirsute- ly villose. Beck, Bot. p. 278. Cardiac Leonurus. Vulgo—Mother-wort. Gall.—L'Agripaume. Germ.—Das Herzgespann. Hisp.—Agripalma. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched at base, and above, retrorsely pubescent, with a hairy ring at the joints, often purple at base. Liaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 3 or 4 inches wide, rugose, pubescent; the lower ones nearly orbicular in the outline, palmate-lobed, pubescent, lobes lanceolate, acute, coarsely and unequally serrate, petioles 1 to 2 inches long; upper or floral leaves obovate- oblong, or cuneate, acutely 3-lobed at apex, middle lobe longest, margin mostly entile, petioles half an inch to an inch long. Verticils 6 to 12 or 15-flowered, ses- sile, distant, forming an interrupted leafy spike 6 to 12 or 15 inches long ; bracts subulate. Calyx obovoid or turbinate, strongly 5-ribbed, smoothish, becoming rigid; teeth lanceolate, sharply acuminate, pungent, spreading, the lower ones rather longer. Corolla pale purple, externally very hairy, especially on the up- per lip. Akenes hirsute at apex, reddish brown. Hab. Yards, fence-rows, and waste places: common. Fl. June—July. Fr. Aug. 06s. This is rather a troublesome foreign weed,—now completely naturalized. DIDYNAMIA GYMN0SPERM1A 359 2. L. Marrubiastrum, L. Stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely in- cised-serrate, floral ones lanceolate, tapering at each end, incised-den- tate ; corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth, tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent. Benth. Lab. p. 520. Marrubium-like Leonuhus. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with ascending branches, clothed with a short retrorse cinereous pubescence. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and halfan inch to near 2 inches wide, gradually smaller above, green and smoothish on the upper. surface, cinereous and softly pubescent beneath ; radical leaves ovate, crenate, on long petioles ; lower stem-leaves deeply and coarsely serrate, serratures obtuse, mucronate, petioles 1 to 2 inches long; upper or floral leaves lanceolate, sparingly incised-dentate, the smaller ones often entire, on short slender petioles. Verticils many-flowered, subsessile, dense, distant, forming interrupted leafy spikes 6to 18 inches long; bracts numerous, terete, needle-like, pubescent, nearly as long as the calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, reticulately veined, pubescent, and sprinkled with minute resinous particles; teeth spreading, subulate, with sharp slender points. Corolla whitish, tinged with red, externally pubescent. Akenes dark brown, with a few hairs and numerous glittering dots on the truncate apex. Hab. Roadsides ; Marshallton; West Chester: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This foreigner has probably escaped from the Botanic Garden of the late Humphrey Marshall, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 289. STACHYS. L. ATutt. Gen. 503. [Greek, Stachys, a spike ; in reference to its mode of flowering.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5 or 10-nerved, 5-toothed; teeth lanceo- late, equal, or the upper ones larger. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip erect, spreading, or somewhat vaulted, entire, or emarginate; lower lip often longer, spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, entire, or emargi- nate. Stamens ascending, lower ones longer ; anthers approximated in pairs, 2-celled ; cells distinct, parallel, diverging, or divaricate. Akenes obtuse, not truncate. 1. S. xstevla.1. Mx. Stem retrorsely hispid, or often smoothish : leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, often round- ed at base, serrate, smooth, or sparingly pilose; verticils about 6-flowered; calyx smooth, or hairy on the nerves. Beck, Bot. p. 279. Not ? Aluhl. S, tenuifolial Willd. Sp. 3. p. 100. Muhl. Catal. p. 55. Also? Ell. Sk. 2. p. 75. Eat. Man, p. 355. Not of Lindl. Also ? S. hispida. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 407, Ell. Sk. 2. p. 74. Eat. I. c. Not? of ATutt. Rough Stachys. Vulgo—Hedge Nettle. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, erect, rather slender, some- what branched, retrorsely hispid on the angles, or often smoothish. Leaves 2 to 5 in- ches long, and halfan inch to an inch or ineh and half wide, generally smooth, thin and membranaceous; petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long, smooth, or spa- ringly hispid-ciliate. Verticils mostly 6-flowered, distant, in the axils of the upper diminishing leaves, forming interrupted leafy spikes, the upper floral leaves often ciliate at base ; bracts subulate, minute, or lance-linear and ciliate. Calyx mostly smooth, sometimes pilose on the primary nerves; teeth lanceolate, spreading, be- coming rigid and subspinescent. Corolla pale violet-purple, slightly pubescent; 360 DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA tube with a hairy ring within towards the base. Filaments pubescent. Akenes roundish-oval, subtriquetrous, externally convex, roughish-dotted, greenish-brown Hab. Moist thickets; along rivulets, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. Our American species of Stachys afford varieties which seem to have their characters blended ; and I fear there is some confusion in the nomenclature. The plant here intended has the leaves considerably resembling those of S. pa- lustris, of Europe, in form,—but they are thin, smooth, and constantly petiolate, and the calyx is generally quite smooth. There is a variety of it, however, with the leaves more ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, and the stem more hispid. The varieties of this are probably all included, by Bentham, under the S. aspera. t. S. stlvatica, L ? Stem very hispid; leaves on short petioles, cordate-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, hirsute ; verticils 4 to 6-flowered; floral leaves hispid-ciliate ; calyx hirsute, with ciliate teeth. Beck, Bot. p. 279. S. aspera? Muhl. Catal. p. bo. Bigel. Bost. p. 236. Not? oi Pursh, Bart. Ell. Torr. Beck, & Eat. Also? S. hispida. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 30. Not? of Pursh, Ell. & Eat. Wood Stachys. Root perennial. Stem l to 2 feet high, rather stout, branching, mostly very hispid on the angles. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and a half inches wide, varying from subcordate to ovate-lanceolate, obtusely serrate, hirsute on the upper surface, and hispid-pilose on the nerves beneath, somewhat rugose; petioles 1 eighth to half an inch long, hispid-ciliate. Verticils 4 to 6-flowered, in the axils of rather crowded hispid-ciliate floral leaves; flowers larger than in the preceding; bracts subulate, minute, hispid-ciliate. Calyx hirsute on the nerves; teeth lance- olate, ciliate, finally rigid. Corolla purple, spotted, hairy externally; tube wilh a hairy ring within. Stamens finally bent over the side of the corolla; filaments pubescent-ciliate. Hab. Low shaded grounds; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is probably the S. sylvatica, of Nuttall; but it seems to be different from the European plant of that name,—especially in its shorter petioles. The leaves, also, are often more oblong, or lanceolate. Some of my specimens ap- proach the description of S. mexicana, Benth. Lab. p. 541. If ours should prove. to be distinct from those described by Bentham, it might be established as S his- pida. Two or ihree additional species are enumerated in the U. States ; but they require a careful revision. 290. MARRUBIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 507. [Etymology obscure ; supposed to be from a town in Italy.] Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 or 10-toothed ; teeth erect, or finally spreading. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect, fiattish, or concave, entire, or bifid; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broader, mostly emarginate; tube included. Stamens included, lower ones longer; anthers 2-celled; cells divaricate. Akenes obtuse, not truncate. 1. M. vulgare, L. Stems ascending, hoary-tomentose ; leaves round- ish-ovate, or oval, crenate-dentate, softly villose and canescent beneath; verticils many-flowered, woolly and canescent; calyx with 10 subulate uncinate teeth. Beck, Bot. p. 280. Commoh Mahbubium. Vulgo—Hoar-hound. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA 361 GaWce-Marrwbe blanc. Germ.-Der weisse Andorn, //7s/>.-Marrubio. JRooi perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, cespitose or branching from the base, ascending, clothed with a white wool. Leaves about 2 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, unequally crenate-dentate, rugose, greenish above, ab- ruptly narrowed at base to a flat nerved woolly petiole halfan inch loan inch long. Verticils distant, axillary, sessile, dense ; bracts linear, woolly, as long as the calyx, with a smooth subulate recurved apex. Calyx woolly, 10-nerved, with 10 smooth subulate recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter. Corolla white, small, pubescent; the upper lip oblong, bifid. Hab. Stony banks; about houses, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Augustw Fr. Sept. 06s. This foreigner is naturalized in many places; but does not seem to extend itself very fast. The herb is a deservedly popular tonic; and a syrup prepared from it makes an excellent pectoral medicine. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 11. Arr/GA Tribe. Corolla with the upper lip sometimes very short, sometimes split, with the segments depending, rarely erect and vaulted; lower lip elonga- ted. Stamens ascending, generally much exserted. Akenes reticulately rugose. Ajcooide^. Benth. 291. TRTCHOSTEMA. L. ATutt. Gen. 519. [Greek, Thrix, trichos, a hair, and Sterna, a stamen ; from its hair-like stamens.] Calyx depressed-campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-cleft; the 3 tipper teeth (becoming the lower ones by the twisting of the peduncle) elongated, connate; the lower teeth (finally upper) short. Corolla with the tube slender, mostly exserted; limb 5-cleft; lobes ob- long, declined, the lower ones scarcely larger. Stamens much exsert* ed, the lower ones longer; filaments often sub»monadelphous; anthers 2-celled, cells divaricate, or diverging. Akenes rugose-pitted. 1. T. dichotomum, L. Leaves lance-oblong, or rhomboid-lanceo* late, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate; flowers solitary, opposite, resupin- ate; calyx very oblique. Beck, Bot.p. 275, Icon, Bart. Am, 3. p. 93. Dichotomous Trichostema. pw/^d-Bastard Pennyroyal. Blue Curls. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, obtusely quadrangular, with nu- merous opposite branches, often bushy, or paniculate, clothed with a short ciner- eous roughish pubescence. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, pubescent, tapering at base to a petiole 1 fourth to half an inch long. Flowers from the axils of bract-like leaves on the branches, on pubescent peduncles I fourth to near half an inch in length, the terminal ones di- or tri- chotomous; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the peduncles Calyx inflated-campan* nlate, ribbed and veined, roughish-pubescent, somewhat bilabiate, finally very oblique and unequal, resupinate, the upper lip becoming the lower, much longer, and with 3 lance-ovate acuminate teeth; the lower (or finally upper) teeth short, ovate, acute. Corolla bright blue (rarely purplish), slightly pubescent, somewhat ringent; the upper lip slender, falcate, lower one linear, ollong, Stamens exserU ed, ihe filaments very long, slender and hair-like, curved. Akenes somewhat obovoid, reticulately rugose-pitted, light brown. Hab. Sandy grounds; old fields, &c. frequent. Fl. August. FY. September. 06s. This herb has a resinous odor, considerably resembling that of the ripe kernels of the Juglans nigra, or black walnut. The calyx is subject to a mons- trosity (probably from the puncture of insects),—becoming elongated, and re« sembliug a lance oblong capsule. One other species, with linear leaves, but nearly allied to this, occurs in the TJ. States. 362 DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA 292. TEUCRIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 495. [Named from Teucer, a Trojan Prince,—who, ii is said, first used the plant.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, near equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube short; the 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly equal, oblong and declined, or very short and rather erect; the lowest lobe largest, oblong, or rounded, mostly concave, Stamens exserted from the cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla; cells of the anthers confluent. Akenes rugose. 1. T. canadense, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, hoary-pubes- cent beneath, petiolate; verticils crowded in a simple terminal spike ; bracts linear-lanceolate; calyx campanulate, declined, upper teeth broader. Beck, Bot. p. 274. Also, T. virginicum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 22. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 111. Ait- Kew. 3. p. 368. Aluhl. Catal. p. 55. ATutt. Gen. 2.p. 26. Bart. Phil- 2. p. 30. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 70. Torr. Comp. p. 232. Lindl. Ency. p- 496. Beck, I. c. Canadian Teucrium. Vulgo—Wood Sage. Germander. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, simple, or sparingly branched, square, wilh the sides concave, striate-grooved, and the angles rounded, clothed with a retrorse cinereous pubescence, often rather villose. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, acute, or subacuminate, mostly obtuse or rounded at base, and often a little unequal, green and sparingly pilose above, subvillose and can- escent beneath; petioles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long, retrorsely pubescent. Vertieils 4 to 6-flowered, mostly crowded, sometimes a little distant, in a simple terminal sub-canescent or greenish-grey spike 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length (often an opposite pair from the first axils beneath); flowers on short pedicels, with nar- row lanceolate acuminate bracts at base about as long as the calyx. Calyx cam- panulate, finally somewhat ventricose or gibbous, pubescent; the 2 lower teeth lanceolate, the 3 upper ones ovate, broader and rather shorter. Corolla pale pur- ple, minutely pubescent; the limb declined, with a fissure on the upper side, the upper or lateral lobes erect, acute, the middle or lowest lobe oblong, or elliptic- obovate, concave. Stamens ascending, exserted from the base of the fissure in the corolla. Style longer than the stamens, curved, equally bifid at apex. Akenes iriquetrous-obovoid, rounded externally, reticulately rugose, greyish brown. Hab. Fence-rows, and low shaded grounds: frequent. Fl. July. Fr,NAug—Sept. 06s. This is usually about 12 or 15 inches high; but is frequently found of a larger growth, in the rich low grounds along the Brandywine. I am satisfied, however, that the T. virginicum, of Authors, is identical with our plant,—and not even a constant variety. One other species has been found in the U. States, on the Kooky Mountains. Order 2. Angiospermia. A, Flowers usually Diandrous, by abortion. 293. CATALPA. Juss. ATutt. Gen, 16. [A name said to have been derived from our Southern Indians.] Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; limb unequally 5-lobed ; tube ventricose. Stamens 2 fertile, and 2 to 3 abortive (rarely didynam- ous). Capsule long, cylindric, pod-like, 2-celled, 2-valved, Seeds flat, membranaceously margined, and tufted at the ends. DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA 363 Trees: leaves simple, without stipules, opposite, or verticillate in threes ; flow- ers in terminal panicles. Nat. Ord. 217. Lindl. Bignoniace.e. 1. C. cordifolia, Duham. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, peti- olate; flowers paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 245. C. syringffifolia. Ait. Kew. 1. p. 24. Pursh, Am. 1. p, 10. Lindl. Ency. p. 26. Bignonia Catalpa. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 21. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2S9. AIx. Am. 2. p. 25. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 170. Aluhl. Catal. p. 58. AIx. f. Sylva, 2. p. 63. Icon, tab. 64. Heart-leaved Catalpa. Vulgo—Catawba. Bean tree. Stem 15 to 20 or 23 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4 to 6 or S inches in length, and nearly as wide as long, opposite, or disposed in threes, cordate, with a slender acumination, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath, especially along the nerves and veins; petioles 2 to 6 inches long, terete, striate, smoothish. Flowers in terminal pyramidal panicles, with trichotomous branches. Calyx-segments obovate, mucronate. Corolla whitish, tinged with violet-purple, the throat spotted with purple and yellow ; lobes unequal, crenate and waved. Stamens mostly 2 fertile, and 1 or 2 abortive (sometimes perfectly didynamous). Capsule 6 to 9 or 12 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, resembling a long silique, pendulous, persistent. Seeds lance-oblong, about half an inch in length, apparently of 2 flat oval divaricate lobes which are confluent at base, with a membranous covering which is extended at the margin, and especi- ally at the apex,—each apex terminating in a slender filamentous tuft, or fringe. Hab. Foot of the N. Valley hill: not common. Fl. June—July. F-. October. 06s. This tree occurs in the above locality, and about several old settlements; but I should judge it to have been introduced here. It is the only species in the TJ. States. 294. GRATIOLA. L. A'utt. Gen. 14. [Latin, Gratia, grace, or favor; from its supposed medical virtues.] Calyx deeply 5-parted, mostly with 2 bracts at base. Corolla tubu- lar, irregular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate, or bifid ; lower lip nearly equally 3-lobed. Stamens 2 fertile, and mostly 2 abortive ones. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, subcompressed, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepiment contrary to the valves. Seeds numerous, minute. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine.e. 1. G. viroinica, L. Stem assurgent, terete, somewhat pubescent; leaves lance-oblong, and obovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, sparingly dentate-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base, sessile; sterile filaments none. Beck, Bot, p. 265. Not of Ell. Virginian Gratiola. Vulgo—Hedge Hyssop. Root perennial? coarsely fibrous. Stem 4 to 8 or 10inches long, decumbent, or oblique, branching, especially at base, more or less pubescent above, often smooth below. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third lo 2 thirds of an inch wide, varying from lance-oblong to elliptic and obovate-lanceolate, or spatulate, mostly obtuse, dentate-serrate above the middle, often nearly entire, or obsoletely repand-denticulate, narrowed at base, smooth, nerved, sessile and amplexicaul, or subconnate. Peduncles halfan inch to an inch long, slender, 364 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA mostly pubescent; bracts, at the base of the calyx, linear-lanceolate, about as long or finally longer than the calyx. Calyx-segments lance-linear, rather acute, i third to half the length of the corolla. Corolla pale yellow, with an ochroleucous limb, sometimes tinged with red; tube a little curved ; &>6es emarginate ; throat hairy. Stamens 2, inserted on, and shorter than, the tube of the corolla. Style somewhat persistent, about as long as the capsule ; stigma oblique. Capsule ovale, acute, somewhat compressed, grooved at the central suture on each flat- ted side, from which the dissepiment proceeds,—usually opening with 2 valves, but each valve finally separable into 2 others. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate, minutely scabrous, pale straw-color. Hab. Wet, miry places; along rivulets, &c. frequent. Fl. June-July. Fr. July-Aug. 06s. Our plant presents some varieties ; but they are all, probably, referable to this species. I have some doubts of the root being perennial. The G. virginica, of Elliott, Mr. Le Conte says is distinct,—being the G. viscosa, of Schweinitz. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 295. LINDERNIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 15. [So named in honor of F. B. von Lindern; a German Botanist.] Calyx deeply 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla tubular, bilabiate; upper lip short, reflected, emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed, unequal. Fil- aments 4, the 2 longer ones forked and sterile. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissepi?nent parallel with the valves. Seeds numerous, minute. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine.k. 1. L. attenuata, Muhl. Leaves ovate-oblong, and obovate, repand- denticulate, narrowed at base, sessile ; peduncles erect, shorter than the leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 265. L. pyxidaria, var. major. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 419, L. dilatata. Florul. Cestr. p. 3. Not of Muhl. Attenuated Lindernia. Vulgo~--Pimpernel. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, erect, or decumbent and radicating at the lower joints, quadrangular, smooth, branching, sometimes much branched from the base. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, smooth, the lower ones obovate, or spatulate, nearly entire, narrowed al- most to a petiole at base, those above ovate-oblong, or lance-ovate, acute, or some- times obtuse, denticulate, abruptly narrowed at base, subamplexicaul. Peduncles quadrangular, smooth, shorter than the leaves, the upper ones finally becoming almost as long. Calyx-segments lance-linear, nearly equal. Corolla pale bluish- purple, about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 fertile; anthers with the cells diverging. Sterile filaments as long as the corolla, forked (sometimes wanting ?). Style rather persistent. Capsule a lillle longer than the calyx, acute. Seeds ob- long, ribbed, pale straw-color. Hab. Low, swampy grounds: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. August—Sept. Q6s. This was erroneously inserted in my Catalogue as L. dilatata. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. States. B. Flowers constantly Didynamous. 296. GERARDIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 534. [In honor of John Gerard; an old English Botanist.] Calyx 5-toothed, or 5-cleft, Corolla subcampanulate and •ventricose, DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA 365 unequally 5-lobed, lobes mostly rounded. Anthers more or less villose. Capsule globose, or ovoid, 2-celled, opening at the apex. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: leaves mostly opposite, entire, or pinnatifid ; flowers axillary, solitary. Nut. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine.e. * Flowers purple. 1. G. tenuifolia, L. Leaves linear, smoothish ; peduncles longer than the flowers; calyx-teeth short, acute. Beck, Bot. p. 268. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. S2. Slender-leaved Gerardia. Root annual. Stem 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, somewhat 4-angled by the decurrence of the leaves, smoothish, much branched above, often forming a pan- iculate bushy top. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, linear and very narrow (the widest scarcely a line in width), acute at each end, entire, somewhat scabrous on the upper surface, slightly revolute on the margin, sessile. Peduncles half an inch to an inch long, very slender, often opposite. Calyx cam- panulate, smooth, with minute teeth. Corolla purple, pubescent; limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Anthers villose. Style a little longer than the longest stamens. Capsule subglobose. Hab. "Woodlands, and old fields: common. Fl. August—September. FY. Octo 06s. This appears to be nearly allied to G. setacea, Pursh (which is probably the G. erecta, of Mx.}—of which I have received specimens from my excellent friend and correspondent, the Kev. Mr. Curtis, of N. Carolina. 2. G. purpurea, L. Leaves lance-linear, very scabrous; peduncles shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate. Beck, Bot. p. 267. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 97. Purple Gerardia. Root annual (biennial, Bart.). Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 4-angled by the decurrence of the leaves, roughish on the angles, branched. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, lance-linear, narrow (the widest scarcely 2 lines wide), acute at each end, entire, very scabrous on the upper surface, revolute on ihe margin, sessile or subsessile. Peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 lines in lengih, somewhat clavate, angular, often opposite. Calyx smooth, with subulate teeth. Corolla deep purple, pubescent, larger than in the preceding, lobes villose-ciliate. Capsule subglobose. Hab. Swamps, and moist low grounds: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This has much general resemblance to the preceding; but is readily dis- tinguished by its stouter growth, rougher leaves, and short peduncles. 3. G. auriculata, AIx. Stem subsimple, roughly hirsute; leaves, ovate-lanceolate, auriculate at base, very scabrous, sessile, margin en- tire ; flowers,sessile; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, hirsutely scab- rous and ciliate. Beck, Bot. p. 268. Also? Erinus africanus. Aluhl. Catal. p. 59. Not of Willd. & Pers, Auriculate Gerardia. Root annual, coarsely fibrous. Stem 9 to 15 or 18 inches high, erect, terete, roughly and retrorsely hirsute, often simple, but the stouter specimens generally branched. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire on the margin, closely sessile, with an 31* 366 DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at base, very scabrous on both surfaces. Flowers sessile, often opposite. Calyx hirsutely scabrous, deeply 5-cleft; seg- ments ovate-lanceolate, sub-acuminate. Corolla purple (rarely milk white), hairy- pubescent, lobes ciliate. Stamens slightly hairy; anthers obtuse at each end. Stigma clavate. Capsule ovoid, minutely roughish-punctate. Seeds oblong, mu- cronate at each end, minutely scabrous-punctate, coated with an arillus-like en- velope, which is diaphanous, cellular, and reticulately rugose-pitted. Hab. Fields, and low grounds; West Chester: very rare. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Oct. 06s. This plant, though frequent in the Western country, is extremely rare east of the Alleghany mountains; and it is remarkable for making a transient ap- pearance at long intervals. A single specimen was found here in 1816,—and it was often but fruitlessly sought for, afterwards, until the year 1827; when it was detected in considerable quantity, by Mr. A. H. Derrick, among the stubble of a wheat field, near the brick-yards on the S. W. side of this Borough. A few plants were observed at the same place, the following year; but since then, not a vestige of it has been seen. Mr. Schieeinitz informed me it appeared in a similar manner, near Nazareth, Penn. in 1823. I have not heard of its being found elsewhere, on this side of the Alleghanies. * * Flowers yellow. 4. G. flava, L. Stem mostly simple, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, entire, or obscurely toothed, subsessile, the lower ones often notched, or sparingly pinnatifid-lobed, on longer petioles; flowers subsessile; calyx pube¢, segments lance-ovate. Beck, Bot. p. 268. Not! oi Muhl. G. villosa (heterophylla) 1 Aluhl. Catal. p. 58. Yellow Gerardia. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, subterete, clothed with a short cinereous pubescence. Leaves 1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, and half an inch to near 2 inches wide, roughish-pubescent, the upper ones gradually smaller, lanceolate, subsessile, and nearly entire, the lower ones oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat pinnatifid- lobed, narrowed at base to a distinct petiole. Flowers subsessile, opposite, ap- proximated in a terminal leafy spike 4 to 6 or 8 inches hang. Calyx densely pu- bescent ; segments lance-ovate. Corolla yellow, large (an inch to an inch and half long), smoothish, hairy within, wilh the kibes slightly pubesceni-ciliate. Stamens very hairy ; anthers with 2 subulate horns at base. Capsule ovoid, acu- minate, pubescent, sulcate opposite the dissepiments. Seeds pitted wilh honey- comb-like celts, coated with a membranaceous envelope which is rugose-cellular and produced into winged ridges. Hab. Hilly woodlands: common. Ft. July—August. Ft. September. 5. G. glauca, Eddy. Stem branched, smooth, glaucous ; leaves ob- long-ovate, and lance-oblong, pinnatifid, smooth, petiolate, the upper or branch leaves lanceolate and often entire ; flowers pedunculate ; calyx smooth, segments lance-linear. Beck, Bot. p. 268. G. flava (sive glauca) ! Muhl. Catal. p. 58. Not of Willd. &c. G. quercifolia. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 423. Icon, tab. 19. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 48. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 45. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 120. Florul. Cestr. p. 71. Lindl. Ency. p. 528. Rhinanthus virginicus. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 191. Pers. Syn.2.p. 151. Glaucous Gerardia, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA 367 Root perennial. Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, smooth, often purple, but hluish-glaucous withal, paniculately branching. Leaves 2 to 6 or 7 inches long, and halfan inch to 3 or 4 inches wide, smooth, paler beneath, and con- spicuously veined; the lower ones large, oblong-ovate, deeply pinnatifid, the seg- ments acute, subdentate ; those above, or on the branches, small, narrow, lanceo- late, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, all narrowed at base to distinct slender petioles. Peduncles 1 fourth to near half an inch long, somewhat clavate. Calyx smooth; segments lance-linear, acute, as long as the tube. Corolla yellow, as large as the preceding, smoothish, hairy within. Stamens somewhat hairy ; anth- ers with 2 subulate horns at base. Capsule roundish-ovoid, with a short acumin- ation. Hab. Rocky woodlands; along Brandywine: not very common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Oct. 6. G. Pedicularia, L. Stem much branched, pubescent; leaves lance-oblong, pinnatifid, or doubly incised-serrate, roughish-puberulent, subsessile ; flowers pedunculate; calyx-segments foliaceous, incised-den- tate. Beck, Bot. p. 268. Pedicularis-like Gerardia. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, subterete, paniculately branching, pubes cent, pubescence near the summit glandular and viscid. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inch- es long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, pinnatifid, segments crenately incised- serrate. Peduncles 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch long, somewhat clavate, glan- dular-villose. Calyx glandular-villose, viscid; segments leaf-like, crenately incised, longer than the tube. Corolla yellow, an inch to near an inch and half long, villose externally and within. Stamens villose; anthers wilh 2 subulate horns at base. Style longer than the stamens, hairy at base, a little clavate at summit. Capsule ovoid, somewhat acuminate and slightly compressed at apex. Hab. Hilly woodlands; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. August. FY. October. 06s. This species is abundant on our sterile Mica-slate hills; but not very com- mon where the land is good. Eight or nine additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 297. MIMULUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 537. [Greek, Mimo, a monkey; in allusion to its grinning flowers.] Calyx tubular, prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla personate; upper lip bifid, reflexed at the sides ; lower lip trifid, with the palate prominent. Stigma thick, bifid. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. Herbaceous : stem prominently quadrangular; leaves opposite ; peduncles ax- illary, solitary, 1-flowered. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine^:, 1. M. ringens, L. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-segments lance-ovate, acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 264. Grinning Mimulus. Vulgo—Monkey-flower. Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, erect, square, some- what branched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, acute, or acuminate, sharply serrate, tapering at base, closely sessile and semi- amplexicaul. Peduncles an inch to an inch and half long, opposite. Calyx 5- angled ; tube about half an inch long; segments lance-ovate, acuminate. Corolla pale violet-purple ; tube 1 fourth to 1 third longer than the calyx, pubescent with- in ; lower lip larger than the upper. Stamens included. Style about as long a the stamens,persistent. Capsule lance-ovoid, acute, bisulcate. Hab. Meadows, and moist low grounds: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 368 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA 2. M. alatus, L. Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, unequally den- tate-serrate ; peduncles shorter than the flower; calyx-segments round- ed, mucronate. Beck, Bot. p. 264. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 94. Winged Mimulus. Plant glabrous. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, erect, square, slightly winged on the angles by the decurrence of the petioles, sparingly branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, some- what obtusely sinuate-serrate, or dentate, thin and membranaceous, tapering at base to a petiole half an inch to an inch in length. Peduncles 1 fourth to half an £ inch long. Calyx 5-angled; segments short, rounded, mucronate. Corolla pale violet-purple, rather smaller than in the preceding. Hab. Low grounds; along rivulets: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. 06s. This has much general resemblance to the preceding: but is usually a larger plant,—and is readily distinguished by its petiolate leaves, and short pedun- cles. Two oiher species have been found in the TJ. States, far west. 298. LINARIA. Tournef. Juss. Gen. p. 120. [Latin, Linum, flax; from the resemblance of the leaves in maDy species.] Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate ; upper lip bifid, reflexed ; lower lip trifid, the throat closed by the prominent palate ; tube inflated, with a spur at base. Stigma simple, obtuse. Capsule ovoid, or globose, 2-celled, opening with several valves at apex. Seeds margined. Herbaceous: leaves mostly alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate ; flowers axillary, solitary, often approximated in terminal leafy or bracteate racemes. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine.2e. 1. L. vulgaris, Manch. Stem ere^t, simple; leaves lance-linear, crowded ; flowers imbricated, in a terminal raceme ; calyx smooth, short- er than the spur of the corolla. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 17. Antirrhinum Linaria. L. Willd. Pursh, A'utt. Beck, &c. Common Linaria. Vulgo—Toad-flax. Ransted weed. Butter and eggs. Gall.—Muflier linaire. Germ.—Das Flachskraut. Hisp.—Linaria. Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root perennial, creeping, subligneous. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete, leafy, rarely branched, often growing in bunches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 to 2 lines wide, entire, sessile, numerous, and ir- regularly scattered on the stem. Flowers pedunculate, in a dense terminal brac- teate raceme ; peduncles shorter than the bracts. Calyx-segments lance-oblong, acute, the 2 lower ones a little separated. Corolla pale greenish yellow, smooth, the palate of the lower lip bright deep orange-color, villose in the throat; spur subulate, about half an inch long. Anthers approximated in pairs, 2-lobed, lobes diverging; lov/erfilaments longer, villose at base. Style shorter than the longest stamens ; stigma obliquely truncate. Capsule ovoid-oblong, thin, smooth. Seeds numerous, with a dilated orbicular margin, roughish-dotted in the centre. Hab. Fence-rows; pastures, &c. common. Fl. June—Sopt. Fr. August—Octo. 06s. This foreigner is extensively naturalized,—and though rather showy, is an obnoxious weed in our pastures. The remarkable variety, called Peloria,— with a regular 5-cleft ventricose corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens,—was found near this Borough, in 1827, by H. H. Van Amringe, Esq. but it is very rare. There are two or three other species said to be naturalized in some parts of.the TJ. States ; and also one or two Indigenous, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA 369 299. CHELONE. L. ATutt. Gen. 538. [Greek, Chelone, a tortoise ; the flower resembling the head of that animal.] Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla bilabiate, ven- tricose. Stamens with a fifth sterile filament shorter than the rest, smooth above ; anthers lanuginous. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds membranaceously margined. Herbaceous : leaves opposite; flowers in crowded sub-imbricated terminal and axillary spikes. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine.je. 1. C. glabra, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 266. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 76. Glarrous Chelone. Vulgo—Shell-flower. Snake-head. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, smooth, simple, or sparingly branched. Z.eores2to 4 or 5 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch and half wide, thick and subcoriaceous, smooth above, minutely pubescent be- neath, prominently veined and somewhat rugose, on very short petioles. Flowers sessile, in thick crowded spikes I to 2or 3 inches in length. Bracts ovate-oblong, concave, coriaceous, smooth, shorter than the calyx. Calyx smooth ; segments deeply divided (almost sepals), oblong, obtuse, concave, subcoriaceous. Corolla white, smooth, ventricose, lips nearly closed (much resembling the mouth of a tortoise); upper lip conwex or vaulted, lower one villose within on the palate. Filaments villose, the fifth sterile one much shorter, smooth at summit; anthers woolly. Style longer than the stamens, persistent. Capsule ovoid, bisulcate, smooth. Seeds numerous, membranaceously margined. Hab. Margins of swamps, and rivulets: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Two or three other species are enumerated in the TJ. States : But the C. latifolia, Muhl. as furnished tome by Mr. Schweinilz, seems to be very nearly allied to this. 300. PENTSTEMON. Mitch. A'utt. Gen. 539. [Greek, Pente, five, and Stemon, a stamen; from the fifth abortive stamen.] Calyx deeply 5-parted (or 5-sepalIed). Corolla bilabiate, ventricose. Stamens with a fifth sterile filament longer than the rest, and beard- ed on the upper side ; anthers smoothish. Capsule 2-colled, 2-valved, Seeds angular. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: leaves opposite; flowers paniculate. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularine^. 1. P. pubescens, Ait. Stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong, serru- late, sessile, amplexicaul; sterile filament bearded from the apex to below the middle. Beck, Bot. p. 266. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 103. Pubescent Pentstemon. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, erect, or decumbent, obtusely quadrangular, somewhat tomentose-pubescent, nearly simple, often branching from the base, or several from the root; summit paniculate, glandular-pubescent and viscid. Leaves2lo 4 or5 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, tapering to the apex, but rather obtuse, mostly narrowed towards the base, sessile and amplexicaul, serrate, or repand-denticulate, often nearly entire, smoothish,— the upper ones rather ovate-lanceolate and acuminate. Flowers in a terminal di- or tri-chotomous panicle. Calyx somewhat pubescent; segments (or rather sep- als) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, striate. Corolla palish violet-purple, pubescent, about an inch long; tube contracted below, inflated above ; upper lip shonert2. 370 DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, villose within. Stamens smooth; the sterile filament declined, longer than the fertile ones, densely bearded on the upper side from the apex more than half way to the base. Style rather shorter than the stamens, somewhat persistent. Capsule ovoid, acute, smooth. Hab. Hills along Schuylkill; Black Rock; not common. F/.June. Fr. August. 06s. Our plant appears to be the var. angustifolia, of Ait. <$• Pursh; and is somewhat rare, except on the N. Eastern side of the County. Six or ekht addi- tional species are enumerated in ihe TJ. Stales. 301. SCROPHULARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 528, [So named from its supposed virtue in curing Scrophula."] Calyx 5-cleft; segments obtuse. Corolla subglobose; limb contracted, irregularly bilabiate; the upper lip longer, 2-lobed, often with an inter- mediate scale or abortive stamen, within ; the lower lip 3-lobed, middle or lower lobe reflexed. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves with inflexed margins at base, opening at apex. Herbaceous, or rarely frutescent: leaves mostly opposite; flowers in terminal panicles, or spikes, with the peduncles mostly opposite, axillary, or bracteate at base. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularineje. 1. S. marilandica, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, serrate, mostly rounded or subcordate at base, petioles ciliate ; panicle oblong ; pedicels loosely sub-fasciculate. Beck, Bot. p. 263. S. nodosa, var. americana. AIx. Am. 2. p. 21. Maryland Scrophularia. Vulgo—Fig-wort. Carpenter's Square. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, herbaceous, quadrangular, with a slig-ht wing or ridge on the angles by the decurrence of the petioles, branched above, minutely pubescent, the panicle sprinkled with glandular or capitate hairs. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, often unequally or doubly incised serrate, thin, smoothish, mostly obtuse at base; petioles half an inch to near 2 inches long, more or less ciliate-pubescent. Panicle 9 to 18 inches long (those terminating the branches shorter), and 2 to 4 inches in diameter, dark greenish purple, the branches short, opposite, or alternate, somewhat trichoto- mously and cymosely subdivided, wilh lance-linear or subulate bracts at base. Calyx subcampanulate, smooth; segments equal, erect, roundish-ovate, with a scarious purplish margin. Corolla dull purplish brown tinged with green, smooth- tube about twice as long as the calyx, globose, contracted at throat; limb unequal- ly 5-lobed, sub-bilabiate, with a green spatulate scale within, at the base of ihe upper lip, resembling an abortive stamen with the grooved filament adnate to the corolla. Stamens conspicuous in the throat of the corolla, a little longer than the lube (involute before the flower expands); filaments broad and thick, minutely pu- bescent, pale green ; anthers yellow, 1-celled, opening transversely on ihe summit. Style a little longer than the stamens, often curved over the lower reflexed lobe of the corolla; stigma obtuse. Capsule ovoid, acute, somewhat compressed and bisulcate, smooth. Seeds numerous, roughish-punctate. Hab. Woodlands; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. June—August. FY. Au»—Octo. 06s. The root of this, bruised into the form of a Cataplasm, is a popular appli- cation to phlegmons, &c. with a view to promote suppuration. One or two other species have been enumerated in the TJ. States ; but I have a suspicion they will prove to be scarcely more than varieties of this. DIDYNAMIA ANG10SPERMIA 371 302. BUCHNERA. L. A'utt. Gen. 531. [In honor of John Gottfried Buchner; a German Botanist.] Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular ; tube long, slender; limb flat, nearly equally 5-lobed, lobes cuneate-obovate, emarginate. Sta- mens short, included. Capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2-cellcd, 2-valved, opening at apex. Seeds minute, oblong, striate-sulcate. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; flowers opposite, in a terminal subcorymbose spike. Nat. Ord. 211. Lindl. Scrophularineje. 1. B. americana, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, sessile ; spike elongating, with the flowers rather distant. Beck, Bot. p. 2-63. American Buchnera. Plant hairy and scabrous, becoming greyish-black in drying. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, terete, mostly simple, appearing somewhat virgale at summit, from its small distant appressed leaves. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches Ions, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, very scabrous (the hairs wilh indu- rated enlarged bases, as in the Boraginea); upper leaves slender and acute, the lower ones often ovate, or ovate-oblong, and obtuse. Flowers opposite, sessile, in ihe axils of small ovate-lanceolate ciliate bract-like leaves, in a terminal spike which is at first short and sub-corymbose, finally elongated to 3 or 4 inches; 6racts lance-lincar, lateral. Calyx tubular, nerved, hairy, at first nearly cylindrical, finally tumid at base, or ovoid, slightly curved; teeth short, ovate, acuminate. Corolla deep purple ; tube twice as long as the calyx, a little curved, hairy inter- nally and externally; the 2 upper lobes of the limb rather narrower than the others. Capsule ovoid-oblong, somewhat oblique and gibbous at base; the apex obtuse, compressed, and margined; valves sulcate on the back, over the dissepi- ment which arises in the middle. Hab. Meadows, and moist Serpentine banks: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo. Obs. This was first observed along the Marlborough Street road, near Hayes' Bridge; and it has since been found in considerable quantity on the moist sterile banks of Serpentine rock, in Willistown. The flowers, at a little distance, re- semble those of Phlox. It is the only species kflpwa in the U. States. 303. PHRYMA.i. ATutt. Gen. 520. [A name of unknown derivation.] Calyx tubular, bilabiate; upper lip longer, trifid; lower one bidentate. Corolla tubular, bilabiate; upper lip short, emarginate; lower lip much longer, 3-lobed. Capsule thin and evanescent. Seed solitary. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; flowers opposite, tribracteate, in slender terminaj spikes; fruit reflexed. Nat. Ord. 220. Lindl. Verbenacb^. 1. P. leptostachta, L. Leaves ovate, acute, coarsely and unequal- ly crenate-serrate, petiolate. Beck, Bot. p. 284. Slender-spiked Phtrma. Vulgo— Lop-seed. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, pubescent, with a few opposite axillary virgate branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, thinnish, pubescent, rounded at base, or abruptly narrowed to a petiole half an inch to near 2 inches in length; the small leaves on the branches sessile, or subsessile. Flowers opposite, subsessile, in slender simple spikes 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length, terminating the virgate branches; each 372 DIDYNAMIA ANGlOSPERMlA flower wilh3small subulate ciliate persistent 6racrsatbase. Calyx tubular, some- what compressed, contracted at the throat, striate-nerved, minutely pubescent, gibbous on the under side near the base; upper lip wilh 3 subulate purple teeth recurved at the point; lower lip with 2 very short teelh; after flowering the calyx is reflexed, and closely pressed to the rachis. Corolla very pale purple, or whitish tinged wilh purple, small; the lower lip elongated, spreading, 3-lobed, veined. Stamens included. Style longer than the stamens, somewhat persistent, obliquely inserted near the apex of the seed. Seed 1, rather large, compressed, lance-oblong, striate-grooved, greenish, coated with a thin transparent membrane, and enclosed in the calyx. Hab. Borders of woods; fence rows, &c. frequent. Fl. July. Fr. August—Sept. 06s. A curious plant; and the only known species of the genus. 304. YERBENA. L. ATutt. Gen. 521. [Celtic, Ferfaen, to remove stone; from its supposed medical virtues.] Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter. Corolla tu- bular, somewhat funnel-form, with the limb rather unequally 5-lobed. Capsule thin and evanescent. Seeds mostly 4. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; flowers mostly in terminal spikes, bracteate. Nat. Ord. 220. Lindl. Verbenaceje. 1. V. hastata, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering and acute, in- cised-serrate, petiolate, the lower ones often hastate-lobed at base; spikes linear, erect, corymbose-paniculate ; flowers somewhat imbricated. Beck, Bot. p. 283. Var. b. oblongifolia 1 ATutt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate; spikes filiform, loosely paniculate; flowers distinct, smaller. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 41. V. paniculata 1 Pers. Syn. 2. p. 138. Muhl. Catal. p. 57. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 416. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 40. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 98. Lindl. Ency. p. 520. Eat. Alan. p. 384. Hastate Verbena. Vulgo—Blue Vervain. Simpler's Joy. Root perennial. Stem erect, 3 to 5 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, roughish- pubescent, mostly purple, with rather short erect axillary branches above. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, scabrous, tapering acuminately to a sharp point, unequally or doubly incised-serrate, with about half an inch at the apex often entire, and the lower ones often with a linear- lanceolate serrate lobe on each side at base; petioles half an inch to an inch long, mostly with tufts of small leaves in the axils. Spikes 1 or 2 to 5 inches long, pur- ple, thickish, linear, dense-flowered, subimbricate, erect, somewhat fascicled or corymbose-paniculate (in var. b. 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, and more spread- ing, with the flowers smaller and distinct) powers sessile, with each a lance- ovate acuminate keeled bract at base shorter than the calyx. Calyx scabrous, with 5 short acuminate teeth, and as many keel-like ribs. Corolla bluish-purple, pubescent. Seeds 4, finally naked, oblong, triquetrous, convex externally, slightly margined and nerved, brown. Hab. Swampy meadows ; and along streams: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Octo. 05s. The variety wilh slender filiform spikes, (which I suppose to be the var. oblongifolia, Nutt.) occurs along the Brandywine ; and seems to be pretty distinct. If It be really the V. paniculata, of Lamarck, I am by no means sure it ought not to be continued as a species, under that name. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA 373 2. V. urtictjfolia, L. Leaves ovate and lance-ovate, acute, serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, terminal and axillary; flowers distinct. Beck, Bot. p. 284. Nettle-leaved Vervain. Vulgo—Common Vervain. Root perennial. Stem erect, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, obtusely quadrangular, hirsute- ly pubescent, with slender axillary spreading branches above. Leaves 2 to4 inches Ions, and 1 to 2 inches wide, somewhat acuminate, coarsely serrate, pubescent, abruptly narrowed at base to ^petiole half an inch to 3 quarters in length. Spikes I or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, green, filiform and rather flaccid; flowers distinct, and finally a little distant, small, sessile, wilh each a lance-ovate acuminate bract at base shorter than the calyx. Calyx scabrous, with 5 lanceolate teeth, the segments membranaceously united into a tube. Corolla white, the throat closed with a de- licate white villus. Seeds 4, resembling the preceding in form, greenish. Hab. Pastures, roadsides, and open woodlands: common. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Towards autumn this plant becomes covered with a glaucous pulverulent matter, resembling mould. It is regarded as a weed in our pastures. Eight or nine additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States,—of which it is probable ihe V. spuria, L. may yet be found in this County—it having been col- lected in the adjacent districts. 305. MELAMPYRUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 547. [Greek, Melas, black, and Pyros, wheat; the seeds resembling grains of wheat.] Calyx 4-cleft; segments slender. Corolla ringent; upper lip later- ally compressed, with the margin folded back ; lower lip grooved, nearly equally 3-lobed. Capsule compressed, obliquely ovate, sub-acuminate, 2-celled, opening at the upper margin; cells 2-seeded; dissepiment contrary. Seeds cylindric-oblong, cartilaginous. Herbaceous: leaves opposite; flowers axillary, in a terminal leafy raceme. Nat. Ord. 212. Lindl. Rhinanthaceje. 1. M. amebicasuji, J/x. Leaves lance-linear, and ovate-lanceolate, the floral ones setaceously sinuate-dentate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 270. M. lineare. Willd. Sp.3.p.200. Pers. Syn.2.p. 151. Muhl. Catal. p. 57. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 430. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 58. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 49. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 133. Florul, Cestr. p. 72. Torr. Comp.p.2U. Also, M. latifolium. Aluhl. I. c. Arutt. I. c. American Melamptrum. Vulgo—Cow-wheat. Root annual. Stem8lo 12 or 15 inches high, subterete, somewhat pubescent in lines, brachiately branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, smoothish ; the lower ones sublinear, entire, obtuse ; those above ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, acuminately tapering to the apex, but rather ob- tuse ; the floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish at base, with a few slender divaricate teeth on each side ; petioles 1 eighth to 1 fourth of an inch long. Flow- ers axillary, opposite, on short peduncles. Calyx minutely roughish-pubescent; segments lance-linear, distant. Corolla about half an inch long, ochroleucous, with tinges of yellow and purple, the upper lip hairy within. Capsule membran- ous, veined, minutely scabrous, near half an inch long and 1 fourth of an inch wide, compressed, the upper margin curved, the lower nearly straight, opening ai the upper margin. Seeds 4, smooth, dark purple, or purplish black, with a pale hrown base. Hab. Dry hilly woodlands; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. June-July. Fr. Aug. 32 374 DIDYNAMIA ANGI0SPERM1A 06s. Our plant appears to be the var. latifolium, Bart. Phil. $ Eaton,—or the M. latifolium, Muhl. $ Nutt. The narrow-leavedvariety, (which I take to be the original of the M. lineare, Lam.) is abundant in the Pines of New Jersey ; but I have not found it here. One other species is said to have been found in the TJ. States. 306. PEDICULARIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 536. [Latin, Pediculus, a louse ; but the reason of the name seems undetermined.] Calyx ventricose, 2- 3- or 5-cleft, with foliaceous segments, or some- times obliquely truncate. Corolla ringent; upper lip laterally compres- sed, galeate, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe nar- rower. Capsule compressed, oblique, acuminate, 2-celled, opening at the upper margin; dissepiment contrary. Seeds several in each cell. Herbaceous: leaves opposite, or alternate, often pinnatifid; flowers mostly ag- gregated in short terminal bracteate spikes. Nat. Ord. 212. Lindl. Rhinantha- CE.E. 1. P. pallida, Pursh. Stem erect, somewhat branched, smooth; leaves sub-opposite, lanceolate, crenately incised, with the segments dentate-serrate; calyx bifid, segments roundish-ovate, foliaceous, dent- ate ; galea of the corolla truncate at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 269. P. lanceolata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 18. Aluhl. Catal. p. 58. Also, Pursh, Am. 2. p. 424. Also, P. sceptrum (serotina). Aluhl. I, c. Pale Pedicularis. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete'below, obtusely quadrangular above, smoothish, with a few axillary branches near the summit. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, subcoriaceous, smoothish, or sparingly pilose, rugosely veined; petioles 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long. Flowers in terminal spikes 1 to 2 inches in length; bracts lance-ovate, narrowed at base, crenate-serrate, often incised below the middle, and fringed with mem- branaceous cilia. Calyx smooth, bifid ; segments foliaceous, rounded. Corolla near an inch long, pale greenish yellow, or straw-color, smooth; galea emargin- ately truncate. Style included. Capsule short,ovate. Hab. Low grounds, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August—September. Fr. Octo. 2. P. canadensis, L. Stem oblique, simple, pubescent; leaves alter- nate, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, with the segments crenate-dentate ; calyx obliquely truncate ; galea of the corolla with 2 setaceous teeth at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 269. Also, P. gladiata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 18. Muhl. Catal.p. 58. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 425. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 50. Florul. Cestr. p. 71. Torr. Comp. p. 242. Beck, I. c. Eat. Man. p. 252. Canadian Pedicularis. Vulgo—Wood Betony. Louse-wort. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, mostly oblique, or decumbent, simple, or branching from the root, pubescent. Leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches Ion" and 1 third of an inch to an inch and half wide, pinnatifid, villose when youn", finally smoothish; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long, ciliate (the radical peti- oles 2 to 5 or 6 inches long). Spikes terminal, capitate, leafy at base, finally elongating; bracts oblong, sublinear, and spatulate, crenate-dentate at apex, vil- lose-ciliate below. Calyx villose, obi iquely truncate. Corolla nearjan inch long, DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA 375 yellow, often tinged wilh brownish purple, smooth; galea truncate, with a seta- ceous tooth terminating each margin. Style a little exserted. Capsule compres- sed, oblique and a little gibbous at base, with a lance-oblong or ensiform acumin- ation 1 third to half an inch or more in length. Seeds oval, angular. Hab. Woodlands, thickets, and knolls: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. This plant is variable, in size and appearance, in different localities ; and I am now inclined to think the P. gladiata, of Authors, is nothing more than a va- riety. It is doubtful whether any other species have been found in the TJ. States, —though several are enumerated in British America. 307. EUCHROMA. A'utt. Gen. 542. [Greek, Eu, good, and Chroma, color; alluding to its colored bracts.] Calyx ventricose, spathe-form and bifid, or 4-cleft. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip long, linear, embracing the style and stamens; lower lip short and 3-lobed. Anthers linear, with unequal lobes, often cohering. Cap- sule compressed, elliptic-ovate, acute, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment contrary, bipartite. Seeds numerous, coated with a diaphanous cellu- lar membrane. Herbaceous: leaves alternate; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, marcescent. Nat. Ord. 212. Lindl. Rhinanthace.33. I. E. coccinea, ATutt. Leaves sessile, linear-oblong, pinnatifidly in- cised, segments linear, divaricate; bracts trifid, colored at summit, longer than the flowers; calyx bifid, nearly as long as the corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 270. Bartsia coccinea. Willd. Sp.3. p. 185. AIx. Am. 2. p. 17. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 150. Ait. Kew. 1. p. I. Aluhl. Catal.p. 57. Pursh, Am. 2.p. 429. Bigel. Bost. p. 244. Lindl. Ency. p. 524. Crimson Euchroma. Vulgo—Painted cup. Red Robin. Root perennial ? (annual or biennial, A'utt. Ell. biennial, Eat.). Stem 9 to 18 inches high, erect, simple, sometimes several from the same root, pubescent, often dark purple. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 eighth to halfan inch wide, 3-nerved, pubescent; the radical ones often spatulate-linear, entire on the margin, and in- cised at apex; the stem-leaves linear, with 2 or 3 very long narrow linear divari- cate or diverging segments on each side; the floral leaves, or bracts, cuneate, tri- fid, villose and ciliate, crowded at the summit of the stem, the segments crimson. Calyx with the tube ventricose, membranaceous, villose ; segments linear-oblong, retuse, tipt with crimson. Corolla dull greenish yellow; upper lip 2 or 3 times as long as the lower, roughish-pubescent externally. Stamens shorter than the up- per lip of the corolla ; anthers cohering, or sometimes free. Style exserted ; stig- ma emarginate. Capsule about half an inch long, elliptic-ovate, slightly oblique, smooth, dark brown ; valves grooved opposite the dissepiment; the dissepiment separating into 2 plates. Seeds minute, somewhat pyriform, coated with a reticu- lately rugose-pitted arillus-like membrane. Hab. Low grounds; margins of swamps, &c. frequent. Fl- April—May. Fr. June. 06s. There is a variety of this (var.pollens, Pursh),—with the bracts colored yellow, and the whole plant of a pale yellowish green,—which I have seen in the meadows at Downingtown; but it is somewhat rare. Mr. Nuttall describes one other species of this genus in the TJ. States, far west. 376 DIDYNAMIA AXGIOSPERMIA 308. EPIPHEGUS. A'utt. Gen. 549. [Gr. Epi, upon,& Phegos, the beech; from its parasitic connection wilh lhat tree] Monoicouslt poltgamous : Abortive Fl. above : Calyx 5-tooth- ed. Corolla tubular, compressed, bilabiate ; upper lip sub-emarginate ; lower lip 3-toothed. Stamens about as long as the corolla. Style ex- serted; stigma capitate, emarginate; ovary abortive. Fertile Fl. below: Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla small, rarely expanding, deciduous. Style short. Capsule obliquely turbinate, obtuse, 1-celled, opening at summit. Herbaceous: parasitic; destitute of verdure ; leafless; virgately branching; branches simple, Auriferous in their whole extent. Nat. Ord. 210. Lindl. Oro- bancheje. 1. E. americanus, A'utt. Much branched; flowers alternate, rather distant, subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 260. E, virginianus. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 50. Eat. Alan. p. 133. Orobanche virginiana. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 351. AIx. Am. 2. p. 26. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 181. Muhl. Catal. p. 59. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 431. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 136. Bigel. Bost. p. 245. American Epiphegus. Vulgo—Beech-drops. Cancer-root. Plant pale yellowish brown. Root perennial ? tuberous, fleshy, with numerous short coarse coralloid fibres intermingled with scales. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, angular, striate, somewhat pubescent in lines, with numerous virgate bran- ches. Flowers in the axils of lance-ovate scales. Calyx short, cup-shaped, oflen with 1 or 2 subulate bracts at base. Corolla of the upper abortive flowers about halfan inch long, whitish, with purple stripes,—of the lower fertile flowers short, not opening, apparently circumscissed below, and elevated on the apex of the capsule. Stamens of the abortive flowers free,—of the fertile flowers short, the anthers cohering with the stigma in the apex of the unexpanded corolla, which crowns the ovary like the calyptra of the mosses. Capsule obovoid, obtuse or truncate, semi-bivalved. Seeds numerous, minute, elliptic, striate, shining, pale straw-color. Hab. Woodlands, under Beech trees: frequent. Fl. September. FY. October. 06s. This singular plant is remarkable for being found (like Virgil's Shep- herd) "sub tegmine Fagi",—a.na seems to be exclusively confined to ihe roots, or immediate vicinity, of Beech trees. It possesses considerable astringency • and was formerly in some repute as a remedy for cancerous ulcers, dysentery &c. Ii is the only species of the genus. 309. OROBANCHE. L. ATutt. Gen. 548. [Gr. Orobos, a vetch, & anchein, to strangle ; being supposed hurtful to that plant."1 Calyx 2 to 5-cleft; segments often unequal. Corolla tubular sub- ringent; limb 4 or 5-lobed. Ovary seated in a fleshy disk. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous: parasitic? destitute of verdure ; leafless, or clothed with scales- flowers in a terminal spike, or solitary. Nat. Ord. 210. Lindl. Orobanche* ' l.O. americana, L. Stem simple, covered with ovate-lanceolate im- bricated scales; flowers m a thick terminal smooth spike; calyx une- qually 5-cleft, bracteate at base ; stamens exserted. Beck, Bot.p. 260. American Orobanche. Vulgo— Squaw-root. tetradynamia siliculosa 377 Plant 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, yellowish brown, smooth, mostly growing in clus- ters. Root perennial, somewhat tuberous, parasitic 1 Stem 1 to 3 or 4 inches Ions thick and fleshy, clothed with numerous large imbricated persistent parchment- like scales. Spike 2 to 5 inches long, dense and thick (about an inch in diameter)- flowers subsessile, in the axils of appressed lance-ovate acuminate scales (bracts, Willd.). Calyx irregularly 5-cleft; segments jagged, the lower ones more deeply parted ; bracts 2 at the base of the calyx, lateral, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, denti- culate, somewhat keeled and mucronate. CoroWa dirty white, or pale brown; tube a little curved, ventricose below, contracted above; limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens longer than the corolla ; anthers sagittate. Style thickish, about as long as the stamens ; stigma depressed-capitate. Capsule ovoid, acuminate. Seeds small, obovoid, pale brown, shining. Hab. Woodlands; Brandywine; Valley hills, &c. not common. Fl. June. FY. July. 06s. Collected in Pikeland, by Mr. Joseph Jacobs, prior to 1827; and subse- quently by several other gentlemen, in different localities. 2. 0. uniflora, L. Stem very short, often branched at base, cover- ed with oblong scales; flowers solitary, on scape-like pubescent pedun- cles; calyx equally 5-cleft, naked at base; stamens included. Beck. Bot. p. 260. 0. biflora. Arutt. Gen. 2. p. 59. Florul. Cestr. p, 72. One-flowered Orobanche. Plant 4 to 6 inches high, pale brownish yellow, pubescent. Root perennial, somewhat tuberous, with coarse fibres, parasitic 1 Stem half an inch to an inch and half long, often branched at base, or several from the same root, covered with a few oblong or ovate-oblong scales, which are somewhat sheathing. Peduncles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, erect, slender, scape-like, pubescent, mostly 2 or 3 on each short stem. Calyxsub-campanulate,membranous, nerved, pubescent; segments lanceolate, acute, equal. Corolla pubescent, veined, yellowish white, tinged with purple; tube a little curved, ventricose below ; limb rather unequally 5-lobed, and deeper cleft than in the preceding; lobes bordered with a delicate purple pubes- cence ; palate with 2 yellow ridges, and corresponding grooves beneath. Stam- ens shorter than the corolla; anthers white, oval, 2-lobed, lobes with a short acu- mination at base. Style as long as the stamens, persistent; stigma bifid, lobes acuminate, spreading. Capsule ovoid, acuminate. Seeds minute, oblong, striate. Hab. Hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This is called parasitic, in the books ; but I have never observed any par- ticular connection between it and other plants. Two other species are enumera- ted in the TJ. States. Cli ASS XIV. TETRADYxVAIffllA.* Order 1. Siliculosa. a. Septum broad, oval: valves fiat, or internally concave. * The plants of this Class constitute a perfectly natural groupe (Nat. Ord. 9. Lindl. Cruciper^.). They are generally herbaceous, and acrid to the taste, with terete, or sub-angulate stems, and alternate branches ; leaves alternate, without stipules ; fiowers mostly in terminal subcorymbose racemes; sepals 4, cruciate, often gibbous at base, deciduous; petals 4, cruciate, alternate with the sepals ; 32* 378 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA 310. EROPHILA. DC. Syst. 2. p. 356. [Greek, Er, eros, spring, andphileo, to love; in allusion to its early flowering.] Calyx equal at base, rather loose. Petals 2-parted. Filaments with- out teeth. Silicle oval, or oblong ; valves flattish ; septum membran- aceous ; stigmas sessile. Seeds numerous, in a double series, not mar- gined ; cotyledons accumbent. 1. E. vulgaris 1 DC. var.americana. Silicles elliptic-oblong, shorter than the pedicels; scape 5 to 15-flowered. Also, E. americana. DC. Prodr. l.p. 172. E. vulgaris. Hook. Am. 1. p. 56. Lindl? Ency. p. 544. Beck, Bot. p. 26. Drabaverna. Willd? Sp. 3./>.426. Ait? Kew. 4./I.91. Aluhl. Catal. p. 60. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 433. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 62. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 52. Bart. Am. 3. p. 49 (Icon, tab. 88. /. 2.). Florul. Cestr. p. 73. Torr. Comp. p. 247. Bigel. Bost. p. 250. Eat. Man. p. 127. var. am- ericana. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 190. Common Erophila. Vulgo—Whitlow grass. April flower. Root annual. Leaves radical, 1 third of an inch to an inch long, and 1 line to 1 third of an inch wide, lance-oblong, or oblanceolate, narrowed at base, denticulate near the apex, hairy, hairs branched. Scape 1 to 4 or 5 inches high, often several from the same root, erect, or decumbent, striate, pubescent. Flowers small, race- mose ; pedicels elongating, finally half an inch to an inch long; calyx hairy ; pet- als white, divided half way to the base. Silicles about 1 third of an inch long,and about 3 times as long as wide ; valves soon falling off, leaving the seeds adhering to the margins of the septum. Seeds small, oval, brown. Hab. Sandy banks; roadsides, &c. common. Fl. March—April. FY. May. 06s. From the specimens which I have seen, I incline to think that ours is scarcely more than a variety of the European plant: But I concur with Dr. Beck, in the opinion, that the Draba hispidula, Mx. (as I understand it,) is quite distinct. This latter may probably yet be found in Chester County,—as it was collected in the adjoining County of Lancaster, by D. Townsend, Esqr. There is no other species of Erophila known in the TJ. States. 311. COCHLEARIA. Tournef. DC. Syst. 2.p. 358. [Latin, Cochleare, a spoon; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.] Calyx equal at base, spreading. Petals entire. Filaments without teeth. Silicles roundish-ovoid, or oblong; valves ventricose; style very short. Seeds mostly numerous, not margined; cotyledotis ac- cumbent. stamens 6,—of which 2 are shorter, solitary, and opposite the lateral sepals,—and 4 longer, in pairs, opposite the anterior and posterior sepals; disk mostly with green glands at the base of the stamens,—inside of the short ones, and outside or rather alternating with the long ones; ovary superior; stigmas 2, opposite or over the placental sutures, connate; fruit, of the first order a Silicle, or short pod, —of the second order a Silique, or long pod; pods mostly 2-celled, 2-valved, with ihe valves separating from the septum (rarely indehiscent); seeds attached near the margins of the septum, along both sutures. TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA 379 1. C. armoracia, L. Radical leaves oblong, crenate, stem-leaves lanceolate, dentate, or incised, sessile; silicle elliptic. 13eck, Bot, p. 27. Vulgo—Horse-Radish. [bano picante. Gall.—Aloutarde des Capucins. Germ.-Der Aleer-rettig. Hisp.-JrYi- Root perennial, large,fleshy, tapering, white, very acrid. Stem 2 to 3feet high, erect, angular-striate, smooth, wilh axillary branches above. Radical leaves 8 to 12 or lo inches long, and 3 f o 6 inches wide, oblong, rather obtuse, crenate, smooth, petioles 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, channelled on the upper side, and some- what margined; stem-leaves smaller, lanceolate, narrowed at base, sessile, the lower ones often pinnatifidly incised, the upper ones incised-dentate, or sometimes entire. Racemes corymbose whenflowering, elongating; pedicels 1 third to half an inch long, slender. Petals white. Silicles elliptic, mostly abortive. Hab. Gardens, Src. frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. June—July. Obs. Much cultivated for its pungently acrid root, ichich is in general use as a condiment; and is, moreover, a valuable antiscorbutic:—a property highly char- acteristic of the whole Class. The plant thrives best in moist situations. The C. officinalis, or Scurvy Grass, is occasionally to be met within gardens: but is scarcely entitled to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. The " Scurvy grass" of our Seeds-men, and Gardeners, is the Barbarea praecox, of Ait. and DC. There are no native species qf Cochlearia in the U. States. 312. CAMELINA. Crantz. DC. Syst. 2. p. 514. [Gr. Chamai, dwarf, and Linon, flax ; from a fancied resemblance in the plants.] Calyx equal at base. Petals entire. Filaments without teeth. Silicle obovoid, or subglobose, obtuse, entire, mucronate with the persistent style. Seeds numerous, oblong, not margined; cotyledons incumbent. 1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, sagittate; silicles obovoid-pyriform, inflated, margined, mucronate with the longish style. Beck, Bot. p. 27. Myagrum sativum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 408. Alyssum sativum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 60. Florul. Cestr. p. 73. Cultivated Camelina. Vulgo—Wild Flax. Gold of Pleasure. Gallice—Cameline cultivee. Germ.—Der Leindotter, Hisp.—Miagro. Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, erect, slender, terete, sub-pubescent, simple, paniculate at summit. Leaves 1 to near 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, entire, or obsoletely denticulate, roughish-pubescent, sessile, sagit- tate with acute amplexicaul lobes at base ; pubescence of the stem and leaves often branched, or bifurcate. Racemes corymbose-paniculate; pedicels half an inch to an inch long. Petals yellow. Silicles about 1 fourth of an inch long; style about half as long as the silicle, persistent, splitting with the dehiscent valves. Hab- Cultivated grounds : not very common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This foreigner was formerly frequent in wheat fields,—and sometimes abundant among Flax crops, when that plant was extensively cultivated: But it is now becoming rare. Some of our old-fashioned farmers were so benighted in their notions, as to believe that h, was a sort of degenerate flax, produced by sow- ing flax-seed in a burnt soil! The plant is said to be cultivated, in Germany, for the sake of the oil afforded by the seeds. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 380 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA b. Septum narrow ; valves keeled, or gibbous. 313. CAPSELLA. Moench. DC. Syst. 2. p. 383. [Diminutive of Capsula, a capsule, or little box; alluding to the fruit.] Calyx equal at base. Petals entire. Filaments without teeth. Sil- icle laterally compressed, obcordate-cuneate; septum sublinear ; valves boat-shaped, not winged on the back ; style short. Seeds numerous, oblong; cotyledons incumbent. 1. C. Bursa pastoris, Moench. Radical leaves pinnatifid, stem- leaves lanceolate, sessile, sagittate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 25. Thlaspi Bursa pastoris. Willd. Pers. Pursh, &c. &c. Shepherd's purse Capsella. Vulgo—Shepherd's Purse. [Pastor. Gall.-Hourse de Pasteur. Germ.-^Jie Hirtentasche. Hisp.—Holsa. de Root annual. ;Sfe»j 3 or 4 to 18 inches high, striate, more or less hirsute, and often branched. Radical leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and half an inch to 1 or 2 inches wide, oblong, mostly pinnatifid and dentate (sometimes oblanceolate and repand-denticulate), narrowed to a petiole at base, pilose with short stellate hairs; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, often entire,auriculate and amplexicaul at base. Racemes at first corymbose, finally elongating ; pedicels halfan inch to an inch long. Petals white. Silicle about 1 fourth of an inch long, deltoid, or cu- neate, truncate and emarginate. /Seeds oblong, bisulcate on each side (or cotyle- dons incumbent—"accumbent," EC), reddish brown. Hab. Fields, roadsides, &c. common. Fl. April—September. FY. June—Octo. 06s. An introduced plant; and rather a troublesome weed in cultivated grounds. It is very variable, both in size and appearance ; but is readily known by its fruit. It is the only species of the genus, as now established. 314. LEPIDIUM. L. ATutt. Gen, 554. [Greek, Lepis, a scale ; from the form of the silicles.] Calyx equal at base. Petals entire. Filaments without teeth. Sil- icle laterally compressed, orbicular-ovate, or oval; septum linear-ellip- tic ; valves keeled, rarely ventricose, often winged at apex and emargin- ate ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds compressed ; cotyledons incumbent, or rarely accumbent. I. L. sativum, L. Leaves oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; silicles elliptic-ovate, winged and emarginate. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 204. Cultivated Lepidium. Vulgo—Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. Gallice-Cresson-alenois. Germ-Die Garten-kresse. His]).-Lepidio. Root annual. Stem 9 to ISinches high, angular, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched above. Leaves I to 3 inches long, sparingly pilose, deeply divided into linear or cuneate segments, lower ones on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long. Petals white. Silicles with a winged margin and a narrow sinus at apex; style about as long as the margin. Seeds compres- sed, bisulcate on each side (or cotyledons incumbent), dark purple, or reddish brown. * Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. Obs. A pleasant antiscorbutic Cress; and often cultivated for the table. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 381 2. L. virginicum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, incised-serrate ; sta- mens often 2 ; silicles orbicular, emarginate ; cotyledons accumbent. Beck, Bot. p. 27. Virginian Lepidium. Vulgo—Wild Pepper-grass. Root annual. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, subterete, minutely roughish-pubescent, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, aud 1 eighth to half an inch wide, subsessile, or narrowed to a short petiole at base, smoothish, the lower ones o ten pinnatifidly incised, the upper ones sometimes entire. Racemes cy- lindric ; pedicels numerous, 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long. Petals white, very small. Silicles keeled, with a narrow wing at apex, emarginate ; style very short. Seeds compressed, obliquely ovate, margined, with one groove on each side (or cotyledons accumbent—"incumbent," DC), pale reddish brown. Hab. Fields, and roadsides: common. Fl. May—September. Fr. July—Octo. 06s. The flowers of this are often Diandrous, by abortion. One or two addi- tional species (probably introduced) are enumerated in the U. States. Order 9. ^iiiquosa. a. Silique longitudinally dehiscent ; septum linear. 315. BARBAREA. Br. A'utt. Gen. 559. [So named, from the plant having been dedicated to St. Barbara.] Calyx subequal at base, erect. Petals unguiculate ; border entire. Filaments without t^eth. Silique 4-angled, and somewhat ancipital; valves concave, keeled. Seeds in a single series; cotyledons accum- bent. I. B. vulgaris, Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe rounded; upper leaves obovate, sinuate-dentate, often pinnatifid at base; siliques acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 29. Erysimum Barbarea. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 509. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 199. Aluhl. Catal. p. 61. Common Barbarea. Vulgo—Scurvy-grass. Yellow Rocket. Gallice-V elari de Ste. Barbe. Germanice.-Die Winter-kresse. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sulcate-striate, smooth, branched above. Leaves I to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, smooth; the radical ones petiolate, pinnate, with the lower segments oblong, and the term- inal one large, orbicular, ovate, or oval, repand-dentate, the stem-leaves pinnatifid at base, on short petioles; the upper and branch leaves obovate, and oval, nar- rowed at base, sessile, deeply and coarsely sinuate-dentate. Pedicels 1 fourth of an inch long. Petals yellow. Siliques about 3 fourths of an inch long, obliquely erect, somewhat 4 sided, acuminate with the tapering style. Hab. Moist, low grounds ; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. This is supposed to be an introduced plant; but it is quite common along our streams. The radical leaves are sometimes gathered as a Cress, or Salad, in the spring,—though they are rather bitter and unpalatable. The B. preecox, a species nearly allied to it, is cultivated in the gardens near Philadelphia, under the name of "Scurvy-grass"; but it is rarely to be met with in this County. There are no other species known in the TJ. States. 382 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 316. ARABIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 564. [Etymology obscure; supposed lo have been originally an Arabian genus.] Calyx erect. Petals unguiculate ; border spreading, entire, obovate, or oblong. Filaments without teeth. Silique linear, crowned with the subsessile stigmas ; valves flattish, nerved, or veined. Seeds in a single series, oval, or orbicular, compressed, often margined; cotyl- edons accumbent. 1. A. hirsuta 1 Scop. Hirsutely pubescent; leaves mostly all den- tate ; radical ones ovate-oblong,, or oval, petiolate, cauline ones ovate, or lanceolate, sessile, amplexicaul, often sagittate ; siliques numerous, straight, erect. Beck, Bot. p. 29. A. sagittata. Torr. Comp. p. 250. Also? DC. Prodr. l.p. 143. Lindl. Ency. p. 540. Beck, I. c. Eat. Alan. p. 24. Turritis hirsuta 1 Willd. Sp. 3. p. 543. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 205. Aluhl. Catal. p. 61. T. ovata. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 438. Hirsute Arabis. Root perennial? (biennial, Willd. DC. &c). Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, often branched at base, or several from the root, striate, hairy, hairs simple and branched. Radical leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 third of an inch lo half an inch wide, varying from roundish-ovate to oval and obovate-oblong, cre- nate-dentate, sometimes incised, abruptly contracted to a flat petiole half an inch to an inch in length; stem-leaves 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, serrate-den- tate, sessile, sagittate-cordate atbase, and semiamplexicaul. Raceme2 to Ginches long; pedicels about half an inch long. Petals ochroleucous, obovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx. Siliques 1 to near 3 inches long, linear, slender, rather erect; valves veined, often (but not constantly) with a keel-like central nerve, yellowish green, smooth and shining; style rather short, clavate. Seeds com- pressed, oblong, margined at and near the apex, reddish brown. Hab. Brooke's Mill; Black Rock: not very common. Ff.April-May. Fr. June-July. 06s. Our plant differs considerably from my European specimens of A. hirsu- ta,—the radical leaves being more abruptly narrowed at base, the racemes more loose, and the siliques not so strictly erect. It is, however, a variable species ■ and may perhaps be allowed, with propriety, to comprise all the varieties indica- ted by the synonyms quoted above. Collected near Brooke's Mill, in 1828, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes ; and subsequently at Black Rock, by D. Townsend, Esq. 2. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous; radical leaves obo- vate, and oblong, dentate, sub-petiolate ; stem-leaves lance-linear, rather obtuse, sessile, amplexicaul, the upper ones entire ; pedicels about as long as the calyx, smooth, erect; siliques numerous, long, linear, nearly straight, erect, or spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 30. Turritis laevigata. Willd. Sp. 3.p. 543. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 205. Muhk Catal. p. 61. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 438. ATutt. Gen. 2. -b 71 Bart Phil. 2. p. 57. l Smooth Arabis. Root perennial, Muhl. Torr. Beck, biennial, Willd. Pursh, DC. somewhat fu- siform, with coarse fibrous branches, often oblique, or nearly horizontal, whitish. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 383 Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout, terete, striate, smooth and glaucous, somewhat branched at summit. Radical leaves 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, often purplish, obovate, or oblong, obtuse, serrate-dentate, sparingly ciliate, and the upper surface sprinkled with short ap- pressed hairs, subsessile, or tapering to a broad petiole ; stem-leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, sessile, sagittate-auriculate, very smooth, thin and membranaceous, pale green and glaucous, the lower ones remotely serrate, or repand-denticulate, the upper ones entire, or obscurely re- pand. Racemes 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches long; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, erect. Petals ochroleucous, oblanceolate, obtuse, scarcely longer than the calyx. Siliques an inch and half to 2 and a half inches long, (3 to 4 inches, Bart.)linear, slender,often somewhat recurved, or spreading; valves flat, veined, rarely nerved; style short. Seeds compressed, roundish-ovate, conspicuously margined, reddish brown. Hab. Low grounds, along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. June-July 06s. Collected by D. Townsend Esq. in 1828. Unquestionably distinct from the following,—though apparently doubted by Mr. Nuttall. 3. A. Canadensis, L. Radical leaves obovate-oblong, petiolate ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, sub-acuminate, denticulate, sessile ; ped- icels 3 times as long as the calyx, hairy, finally reflexed ; siliques sub- falcate, pendulous. Beck, Bot. p. 30. A. falcata. AIx. Am. 2. p. 31. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 437. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 56. Bigel. Bost.p. 251. Florul. Cestr. p. 74. Canadian Arabis. Vulgo—Sickle-pod. Turkey-pod. Root perennial ? Stem 2 to 3 feet high, terete, smooth, or often sparsely hirsute at the base, frequently purple, simple, sometimes with several axillary branches near the summit. Radical leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, obovate, or oblong, nar- rowed to a petiole at base, often hirsute, dying early, and disappearing; stem- leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, tapering at each end, sessile, or subsessile, remotely denticulate, roughish-pubescent and ciliate with short hairs. Raceme 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, simple (when there are branches, a raceme terminating each branch); pedicels about half an inch long, somewhat hairy, spreading when in flower, reflexed in the fruit. Calyx hairy. Petals white, oblong-lanceolate, one half longer than the calyx. Siliques 2 to 3 inches long (3 to 5 inches, Ell.) and about 2 lines wide, pendulous, recurved, linear, acuminate, veined, mostly ancipital, or the valves with a keel-like nerve. Seeds compressed, ovate, roughish-punctate, reddish brown, with a broad cellular membranaceous margin, notched at the base, which is towards the apex of the silique. Hab. Hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. 06s. Three or four other species, as the genus is now constituted, have been found in the TJ. States. 317. CARDAMINE. L. ATutt. Gen. 558. [Greek, Kardia, the heart, and damao, to fortify; from its supposed virtues.] Calyx closed, or somewhat spreading, equal atbase. Petals ungui- culate ; border entire. Filaments without teeth. Silique linear, compressed ; valves flat, nerveless, mostly separating elastically; style short. Seeds in a single series, not margined; cotyledons accumbent; funiculus slender. 384 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 1. C. riiomboidea, DC. Root tuberous; stem erect, sub-simple; radical leaves cordate-orbicular, or oval, on long petioles, lower stem- leaves rhomboid-ovate, sinuate-dentate, on short petioles, upper ones lance-oblong, sessile ; petals large. Beck, Bot. p. 30. C. rotundifolia. Hook. Am. l.p. 44. Not of AIx. Pursh, DC. &c. Arabis rhomboidea. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 204. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 437. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 70. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 57. Ell. Sk.2. p. 149. Bigel. Bost. p. 252. Florul. Cestr. p. 74. A. bulbosa. Aluhl. Catal. p. 61. Also, A. tuberosa. Pers. I. c. Rhomboid Cariiamine. Vulgo—Spring Cress. Plant smooth. Root perennial, producing white tubers, mostly in small clusters, warmly acrid. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, erect, or slightly decumbent at base, sim- ple, or sparingly branched above, angular and striate. Radical leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, generally rather oval, entire, or obtusely re- pand, often cordate at base, petioles 2 to 4 or 6 inches long, proceeding from the tubers ; lower stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, ovate-oblong, or obscurely rhomboid, obtuse, remotely and obtusely sinuate-dentate, sometimes almost hastate-lobed at base, petioles gradually shorter as they ascend; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, and lance-oblong, rather acute, with a few coarse teeth, sometimes entire, sessile. Racemes 2 to 4 or 5 inches long ; pedicels half an inch to near an inch long, spreading. Sepals with a white margin. Petals white, obovate-cuneate, 3 to 4 times as long as the calyx. Sil- iques about an inch long, spreading, sublinear, acuminate. Hab. Springs, and swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl. April. FY. May. 2. C. rotundifolia, AIx. Root fibrous; stem decumbent, branch- ing ; branches slender, flaccid, elongating; leaves orbicular, or broad- oval, obtusely repand-dentate, all petiolate ; petals middle sized. Beck, Bot. p. 30. Not of Bigel. Round-leaved Cardamine. Plant smooth. Root perennial, of numerous long slender fibres. StemQ, to \i or 15 inches long, striate, decumbent, with numerous axillary branches ; branches weak, spreading, becoming procumbent, and often radicating. Leaves 1 third of an inch to 2 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, all nearly conformable, the lower ones large, often with a pair of minute lobes on the petiole, the upper one? gradually smaller to the extremities of the branches; lower petioles 1 to 2 inches long, dilated, nerved, gradually shorter as they ascend. Racemes 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, sometimes proliferous at the summit; pedicels half an inch to 3 quarters in length, spreading. Petals white, or ochroleucous, cuneate-obovate, about twice as long as the calyx. Siliques half an inch to 3 quarters in length, spreadin- linear, with a slender acumination. *' Hab. Shaded springs and rivulets ; Brandywine: not common. Fl. May. FT. June. 06s. This species is comparatively rare; but it has been found in several nla ces within the County, since my Catalogue was published. Though long confounded with the preceding it ,s now admitted, I believe, by all who have seen g oa spe cmens to be quite distinct Prof. Hooker has published excellent descriptions of both, accompanied with plates, in the Botanical Miscellany The C r. tundifolia, Bigel. is believed to be the C. bellidifolia L ' ^"^ rhe C' ro' TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 3S5 3. C. hirsuta, L. Leaves pseudo-pinnale; leaflets of the radical leaves petiolate, mostly rounded, of the cauline ones subpetiolate, lance- oblong, dentate, or entire ; petals small, cuneate-oblong; siliques erect. Beck, Bot. p. 31. C. pennsylvanica. Pursh, Am. 2. jb.440, ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 67. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 218, Ell. Sk. 2. p. 144. Bigel. Bost. p. 253. Florul. Cestr. p. 75. Also, Wi'ld. Sp. 3. p. 486. Pers. Syn.2.p. 196. Aluhl. Catal.p. 60.' DC. Prodr. 1. p. 151. Torr. Comp. p. 249. Lindl. Ency. p. 542. Eat. Alan. p. 67. C. virginica. AIx. Am. 2. p. 29. Also, Willd? Pursh, &c. not Of L. (vide DC. Syst. 2.p. 259.). Also? C. sylvatica, and C. parviflora. DC. Prodr. l.p. 152. Hirsute Cardamine, Vulgo—Water Cress. Jiooi annual f fibrous. Stfera 3 or 4 to 12 or 18 inches high, erect, often flexuose, striate-angled, more or less hairy, sometimes nearly glabrous, branching, and often several from the same root. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, petiolate, pin- nately dissected, mostly smooth; the leaflets of the radical leaves nearly orbicu- lar, dentate-angular, or sparingly and obscurely denticulate, shortly mucronate at apex, narrowed to a short slender petiole at base; leaflets of the stem-leaves vary- ing from oval to lance-oblong and linear, dentate, or entire, narrowed at base, subsessile, the terminal leaflet or lobe larger, obovate, sinuate-dentate, or trifid. Racemes 2 to 4 or 6 inches long; pedicels 1 eighth to near half an inch long, rather erect. Petals white, narrow, nearly twice as long as the calyx, but rather inconspicuous. Siliques about an inch long, erect, linear, slender, compressed, Seeds compressed, oval, with one groove on each side, appearing as if doubled (cotyledons accumbent), pale reddish brown. Hab. Springs, and along swampy rivulets: frequent. FA May. Fr. June. 06s. This is a variable plant, both in size and appearance, and with us is gen- erally much smoother than in my European specimens: But I incline strongly to the opinion of Prof. Hooker, and Dr. Beck, that the Synonyms, quoted above, all refer to mere varieties of this species. The C. virginica seems to be a slender starved variety, commonly growing in dry upland situations. The leaves of young luxuriant specimens afford a pleasant Cress, in the spring of the year. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the TJ. Stales. 318. DENTARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 557. [Latin, Dens, dentis, a tooth; from the tooth-like tubers of the root.] Calyx rqual at base, erect. Petals unguiculate, the border obovate. Filaments without teeth. Silique compressed, lanceolate, with a long acumination ; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elastically. Seeds in a single series, ovate, not margined ; funiculus dilated; cotyledons accumbent, thickish. I. D. laciniata, Aluhl. Leaves in threes, subverticillate, deeply 3- parted, on short petioles ; segments lance-linear, coarsely incised-ser- ra'e, or laciniate. Beck, Bot. p. 28. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 72. D. concatenata, Mx. Am. 2. p. 30. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 194. Laciniate Dentaria. Vulgo—Tooth-wort. Root (rhizoma 1) perennial, fibrous and moniliform, or bearing horizontal whitish ovoid-oblong tubers (usually 2 or 3, sometimes more) half an inch to an inch in length, tapering at each end and connected by coarse fibres. Stem 6 to 13 33 386 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA inches high, simple, striate, more or less pubescent. Leaves usually 3, near the summit of the stem, each mostly 3-parted to the base; segments an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, lance-linear, acute> or often obtuse, mucronate, mostly laciniate-serrate, smoothish, or slightly pubes- cent; petioles halfan inch to an inch and half long; sometimes, but rarely, a laciniate radical leaf on a long petiole. Raceme terminal, loose, at first corym- bose, finally 2 or 3 inches long ; pedicels half an inch lo an inch long, pubescent. Sepals linear-oblong, 1 third of an inch in length, with a white margin. Petals pale rose-color, or sometimes nearly white, about 3 fourths of an inch long, cune- ate-obovate, attenuated below. Siliques about an inch long, lance-linear, tapering ai apex, and pointed with the style which is 1 fourth to near half an inch long ; septum thick at the margins. Seeds ovate-oblong, obtuse, reddish brown \funi- sulus flat, dilated. Hib. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. April. FY. June. 06s. The tubers of this are warmly acrid. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 319. SISYMBRIUM. All. A'utt. Gen. 560. [An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus] Calyx equal atbase, closed, or spreading. Petals unguiculate, entire. Filaments without teeth. Silique subterete, or angular ; valves con- cave ; style very short. Seeds in a single series, ovate, or oblong; cotyledons incumbent (sometimes obliquely), flat. 1. S. officinale, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones sub- hastate ; racemes spikeform, slender and virgate; siliques erect, subu- late, subsessile, appressed to the rachis. Beck, Bot. p. 33. Erysimum officinale. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 509. Mx. Am. 2. p. 31, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 199. Muhl. Catal. p. 61. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 436. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 68. Bart. Phil. 2. p. bb. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 148. Bigel. Bost. p. 253. Florul. Cestr. p. 74. Officinal Sisymbrium. Vulgo—Hedge Mustard, Gallice-Herbe au Chantre. Germ.-Der Hederich. //z's/i.-Jaram&go. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, terete, pilose with acute and rather retrorse hairs, branched, branches spreading. Leaves more or less pilose, especially on the under surface, petiolate ; lower leaves 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, somewhat runcinately pinnatifid; upper leaves smaller, sub-lanceo- late, sinuate-dentate, mostly hastate-lobed at base ; petioles half an inch to 1 or 2 inches long, somewhat margined. Racemes elongating, 6 to 12 or 15 inches in length, slender j pedicels clavate, thick, and very short (scarcely a line in length) erect. Petals greenish yellow, small, longer than the calyx, cuneate-oblong. Siliques halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, smooth, terete-subulate, or somewhat nerved and angular, tapering at apex, closely appressed to the rachis. Hab. Cultivated grounds, lanes, & roadsides; common. Fl. May-Au". Fr. Aug-Oct. 06s. A naturalized foreigner; and somewhat troublesome as a weed. It was formerly in some repute, as a remedy for hoarseness, coughs, &c,—but was proba- bly much overrated, and is now neglected. 2. S, canescens 1 ATutt. var. major ? Hook. Subcanescent and glau- cous ; leaves bipmnatifid, segments ovate-oblong, and lance-linear, ob- tuse, dentate, or entire; racemes elongated, loose, petals as long as the TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 387 calyx; pedicels slender, spreading, longer than the siliques. Hook. Am. l.p. 62. S. Sophia? Aluhl. Catal. p. 61. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 440. Torr. Comp. p. 251. Beck, Bot.p. 33. Not of Linn. DC. &c. Hoart Sisymbrium. Plant pale green and somewhat glaucous, or canescent. Root annual, terete, tapering, with a few coarse branches. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, subterete, smooth ish very pale green, or whitish, more or less branched, often much branched from near the base. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 i nches long, bipinnately and rather finely dis- sected, smoothish, or sparingly pilose, pale green, or glaucous; segments of the lower leaves ovate-oblong and obovate, mostly obtuse, incised-dentate,—of the upper leaves lance-linear, incised-serrate, or entire (the uppermost leaves often simply and deeply pinnatifid, With narrow sublinear entire segments halfan inch to 3 quarters in length); petioles short, dilated, nerved. Racemes slender, 4 to 12 or 15 inches long; pedicels half an inch to an inch long, slender, spreading. Petals pale yellow, or ochroleucous, obovate-oblong, small, about as long as the calyx. Siliques about half as long as Ihe pedicels, linear-oblong, abruptly acute, rather erect, or ascendiug, often slightly curved, smooth; valves with a central keel-like nerve. Seeds ovate-oblong, striate-punctate, reddish brown. Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill; Black Rock: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. This has been found only in the above locality, in Chester County,—where it was collected by Mr. John Marshall, in 1829. I collected specimens cf it on the banks of the Potomac, near Georgetown, in 1820; and Mr. Schweinitz pro- nounced them to be a variety of S. canescens. Our plant, however, is much less pubescent and hoary than the true S. canescens of the Southern States,—and the siliques are longer. It is probably the one referred to by Mr. Elliott, in his note on S. canescens; and I have supposed it may be the var. major, of Prof. Hooker. 3. S. arabidoibes, Hook. Radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, subhir- sute, stem leaves linear, entire, smoothish ; siliques erect, twice as long as the pedicels. Hook. Am. l.p. 63. Icon, tab. 21. Arabis lyrata. L. and the Authors quoted in this work. Also? A. hispida. Aluhl. Catal.p. 61. Not of Linn. Arabis-like Sisymbrium. Root perennial, Nutt. biennial, 7"orr. Beck, annual, Willd. Hook, somewhat fusiform. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, branched, often numerous from the same root, flexuose, striate, hispid at base, smooth above, and somewhat glaucous. Radical leaves numerous and tufted, 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, lyrate-pinnatifid, hirsutely pilose and ciliate, petiolate; lower stem-leaves oblong, tapering at base to a petiole, pinnatifid and sinuate-dentate, more or less pilose ; upper ones half an inch to an inch and half long, and I to 2 lines wide, sublinear, narrowed at base, sessile, obtuse, entire, or remotely denticulate, smooth or sparingly pilose. Racemes 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, loose ; pedicels 1 third to half an inch long, spreading. Petals white, or ochroleucous, rarely tinged with purple, obovate-oblong, spreading, conspicuous, more lhan twice as long as the calyx. Siliques about an inch long, narrow, linear, rather erect, pointed with a very short style ; valves with a slender keel-like nerve. Seeds oval, reddish brown; cotyledons (obliquely?) incumbent. Hab. Dry, rocky hills; Serpentine ridge: frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. May-June. 06s This is abundant on the Serpentine rock; but not very common elsewhere. The pubescence is generally long and simple ; but I have seen some specimens 388 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA in which it was short and branched (2 or 3-forked), especially on the disk of the leaves. Authors differ much with respect to the duration of the root. I incline lo the opinion of Mr. Nuttall, that it is perennial. 4. S. Thalianum, Hook. Leaves obscurely dentate, pilose; radical ones numerous, elliptic-oblong, sub-petiolate, cauline ones lanceolate, sessile; siliques ascending, rather longer than the pedicels. Hook. Brit. Flora, ed. 2. p. 303. Arabis Thahana. L. and the Authors quoted in this work. Thalian Sisymbrium. Vulgo—Wall Cress. Mouse-ear Cress. Gallice—Arabette des Dames. Germanice—Das Gaensekraut. Root annual. Stem 3 or 4 to 12 inches high, oflen several from the same root, striate, hirsute below, and often purple at base, smoothish above, branched, branches axillary, slender and flaccid. Radical leaves numerous, spreading on the ground in a circle, 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, hir- sutely scabrous, tapering to a flat petiole al base ; stem-leaves distant, smaller, lanceolate and lance-linear, hairy and roughish, denticulate, ciliate, narrowed at base, sessile. Racemes 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, loose ; pedicels about half an inch long, spreading. Petals white, oblong, erect, obtuse, inconspicuous, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Siliques about 3 fourths of an inch long, narrow, linear, ascending, pointed with a very short style ; valves with a very slender central nerve. Hab. Old fields; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06s. This is probably an introduced plant; but is extensively naturalized. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 320. BRASSICA. L. DC. Syst. 2. p. 582. [Supposed to be from Bresic ; the Celtic name for the Cabbage.] Calyx equal at base, erect. Petals obovate. Filaments entire. Si- lique subterete ; valves concave, or slightly keeled with a central nerve; style short, obtuse. Seeds in a single series, subglobose; cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate. 1. B. oleracea, L. Leaves fleshy, repand, or lobed, glaucous, always glabrous. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 213. Oleraceous Brassica. Vulgo—Cabbage. Gallice—Choupotager. Germanice—Der Kohl, Hispanice—Berza. The following Sub-species, or Varieties, are more or less cultivated, here— Sub-species C. bullata, DC, Stem somewhat elongated; young leaves subcapitate, finally expanding, bullate-rugose, or curled ; racemes paniculate. Vulgo—Savoy Cabbage. Curled Cabbage. Brussels Sprouts. Gall.— Chou de Savoie. Geim.-Savoy er Kohl. Hisp.-Berza crespa. Sub-species D. capitata, DC. Stem short ,• leaves concave, not bullate, packed in a dense head before flowering,- racemes panicu- late. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA 389 Vulgo—Head Cabbage. Sugar-loaf Cabbage. York Ca'jbage. Gall.— Chou en.tete. Germ.—Kopfkohl. Hisp.—Berza repolluda. Sub-species F. botrytis, DC. Peduncles of the raceme? corym- bose, short fleshy and conglomerate before flowering ; flowers often abortive. Var. a. cauliflora. Stem low; leaves oblong, bluish glaucous ; heads thick, compact, terminal. Vulgo— Cauliflower. Gall.— Chou fleur. Germ.—Blumenkohl. Hisp.—Berza florida. Var. b. asparagoides. Stem taller; leaves elongated, bluish glau- cous ; heads sub-ramose,- branches fleshy at apex, or bearing clus- ters of abortive flower-buds. Vulgo—Broccoli. Biennial. Root coarsely fibrous. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, thick, fleshy, terete, marked with cicatrices of fallen leaves, mostly simple,—branching or elongating, the second year,from the summit, or head; branches erect, 2to3 feet long. Leaves large, suborbicular, oblong, or obovate, repand, sometimes lobed, those at the sum- mit of the stem densely imbricated in a head. Racemes long, loose ; pedicels about an inch long, Petals greenish yellow, obovate, unguiculate, about twice as long as the calyx. Siliques as long, or longer than the pedicels, somewhat tor- vlose. Hab. Kitchen gardens : common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. Obs. The varieties of Cabbage, properly so called, are extensively cultivated for the table ; but the Cauliflower and Broccoli are not often to be met with, here, —as they require more care, to ensure success, than farmers and country garden- ers, generally, are disposed to bestow upon them. 2. B. campestris, L. Leaves somewhat fleshy,'glaucous ,- the lower ones lyrate, dentate, sub-hispid and ciliate, those above cordate, acuminate, amplexicaul. DC. Prodr, 1. p. 214, Field Brassica. Sub-species C. napo-brassica, DC. Root tumid, turnep-shaped. Var. a. communis. Root white, or purplish. Vulgo—Turnep-rooted Cabbage. Gallice—Chou-navet. Germ.—Die Kohl-ruebe. Hisp.—ATabiza. Var. b. Rutabaga. Root yellowish, subglobose. Vulgo—Rutabaga. Swedish Turnep. Yellow Turnep. Gallice—Chou de Suede. ATavei jaune. Biennial. Root thick, turnep-shaped, fleshy. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, terete, smooth, glaucous, branched above. Lower leaves hispid, upper ones glabrous. Racemes loose. Petals yellow, Siliques obsoletely quadrangular, Hab. Gardens, and Lots: not common. Fl. June. Fr. July—August. Obs. Afew years since, both varieties were frequently to be seen under cultiva- tion; but eur farmers are not partial lo root crops,— aud the culture of these is now generally neglected. 33* 390 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOsa 3. B. Rapa, L. Radical leaves lyrate, hirsutely scabrous, not glau cous, lower stem-leaves incised, upper ones entire, smooth. DC Prodr. 1. p. 214. Sub-species A. depressa, DC. Root tumid below the neck, orbic- ular, or depressed-globose, abruptly contracted to a slender tapering radicle beneath. DC. 1. c. Vulgo—Turnep. Common Turnep. Gallice—A'avet. Grosse Rave. Germ.—Die Ruebe. Hisp.—A'aba. Biennial. Root fleshy, white (rarely yellow), depressed, orbicular, horizontal diameter 3 to 6 inches, vertical diameter about 2 inches. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched, smooth, or hirsute at base. Radical leaves 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 2 or 3 to 5 inches wide, scabrous, deep green, petiolate, lyrate, the terminal lobe rounded; stem-leaves smaller, the upper ones lance-oblong, smooth, entire, sessile, auriculate and amplexicaul. Racemes loose, corymbose-paniculate. Petals pale greenish yellow. Siliques about an inch long. Seeds globose, small, reddiat. brown. Hab. Gardens, and fields: common. Fl. May. Fr. June—July. Obs. Generally cultivatedfor the table. The seeds are usually sown about the last of July, and the roots are full grown in November. There are no native spe- cies in the TJ. States. 321. SINAPIS. Tournef. DC. Syst. 2. p. 607. [An ancient name, of obscure derivation.] Calyx equal at base, spreading. Petals obovate. Filaments entire. Silique subterete ; valves concave, or nerved, smooth, or hispid ; style short and subulate, or ensiform. Seeds in a single series, subglobose ; cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate. 1. S. nigra, L. Lower leaves lyrate, upper ones lanceolate ; siliques somewhat 4-angled, smooth, appressed to the rachis. Beck, Bot.p. 33. Black SiNAns. Vulgo—Mustard. Black Mustard. Gallice—Moutarde noir. Germanice—Der Senf. Hisp.—Mostazo. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, terete, smooth, much branched. Leaves petiolate, variously lobed, and toothed ; radical ones scabrous, cauline ones smooth, the upper ones narrow, pendulous, serrate, or entire. Racemes slender, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; pedicels 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch long, erect. Sepals linear-oblong, yellowish. Petals greenish yellow, obovate, unguiculate. Anthers sagittate. Siliques halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, 4-angled, slightly torulose smooth, beaked with the slender 4-sided style. /Seeds numerous, minute, globose. dark brown. Hab. Fields, fence-rows, and waste places : frequent. F}. June—July. Fr. Aus 06s. This is naturalized to a considerable extent, about old settlements ; and is sometimes, though rarely, cultivated. The highly acrid seeds afford a valuable rubefacient to the Physician,-and a stimulating condiment well known, and gen- erally used, at table. 2. S. alba, L. Leaves lyrate,smoothish; siliqueshispid,spreading, scarcely as long as the ensiform beak. Beck, Bot, p. 33. White Sinapis. Vulgo—White Alustard. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA i*y 1 Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or o feet high, thickish, striate, branched, sparsely and retrorsely hirsute. Leaves petiolate, lyrately pseudo-pinnate, dentate, the ter- minal segment large, 3-lobed. Racemes 3 to 6 inches long; pedicels about halfan inch long, spreading. Petals yellow, obovate, rather large. Siliques hispid, spread- ing, about 4-seeded, terminating in a long compressed ensiform beak. Seeds large, subglobose, pale brown. Hab. Gardens: not very common. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This is occasionally cultivated for its seeds,—which are used as a condi- ment; and, in latter times,have been somewhat celebrated as aremedyfor nervous complaints, dyspepsia, $c. They are administered whole. There are no native species in the U. Stales. b. Silique indehiscent, lomentaceous. 322. RAPHANUS. L. DC. Syst. 2.p. 662. [Greek, Ra, quickly, andphainomai, to appear; from its speedy germination.] Calyx erect, somewhat gibbous or bi-saccate at base. Petals ungui- culate ; border obovate. Filaments without teeth. Silique terete, acuminate, valveless, suberose, transversely many-celled, or dividing into joints. Seeds in a single series, globose, pendulous ; cotyledons thick, incumbent, conduplicate. 1. R. sativus, L. Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate,- siliques terete, torose, acuminate, scarcely longer than the pedicels. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 228. Cultivated Raphanus. Vulgo—Radish. Garden Radish, Gallice—Radis. Raifort. Germ.—Der Rettig. Hisp.—Rabano. Sub-species A. radicula, DC. Root more or less fleshy, tender, white, or red. Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Vulgo—Turnep Radish. Var. b. oblonga. Root oblong, terete. Vulgo—Common Radish. Sub-species B. nigeR, DC. Root fleshy, solid, hardish, more or less acrid. Var. a. vulgaris, (also, b. rotundus). Root black externally, white within, oblong, or subglobose. Vulgo—Black Turnep Radish. Spanish Radish. Annual. Root fleshy, oblong, or roundish, often large. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, sparingly hispid, branched. Leaves hispid; radical ones lyrately pseudo- pinnate, the terminal segments laige, rounded, often emarginate; upper ones ovate-oblong, serrate, somewhat hastate-lobed at base, subsessile. Racemes sub- corymbose, elongating; pedicels about an inch long. Sepals lance-linear, erect, sparingly hispid, 2 of them gibbous at base. Petals nearly twice as long as the talyx; border purple (sometimes white), obovate, spreading ; claw greenish white. Siliques torose. Seeds few, large. Hab. Gardens, fyc. common. Fl. June—September. Fr. July—October. Obs. Very generally cultivatedfor the table,—especially the sub-species A, There are no native species in the U. States. 392 CLASS XV. MOIVAWELPIIIA, Order 1. Triandria. [Sisyrinchium. Triandria Monogynia.'] Order 2. Pentandria. [Lobelia. Pentandria Monogynia.} Order 4. Decandria. 323. GERANIUM. /,. ATutt. Gen. 574. [Greek, Geranos, a crane; the beaked fruit resembling a Crane's bill ] Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens slightly monadelphoue ; the alternate ones longer, with nectariferous glands at base. Carpels 5 ; styles cohering round the elongated axis, finally indurated, smooth internally, separating elastically and recurving from the base to the apex. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose: leaves mostly opposite, palmate-lobed; pe- duncles axillary, 1 or 2-flowered. Nat. Ord. 122. Lindl. Geeaniace^. 1. G. maculatum, L. Stem erect, somewhat angular, dichotomous above ; leaves 3 to 5-parted, incised-dentate, the radical ones on long petioles, the upper ones opposite, on short petioles, or subsessile; petals entire, twice as long as the calyx; filaments scarcely ciliate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 67. Spotted Geranium. Vulgo—Crow-foot. Spotted Crane's-bill. Root perennial, tuberous. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender, clothed with retrorse or spreading hairs, simple below, di- or tri-chotomously branched at summit; branches with stipules at base. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, hirsutely pubescent, palmate-lobed, lobes spreading, cuneate, incised-dentate, and often «f ifid at apex ; radical leaves on petioles 3 to 6 or 9 inches long, with membranous stipules at base; stem.-lea.yes opposite, at the base of the branches, on villose peti~ oles 1 fourth of an inch to 2 or 3 inches long, the uppermost leaves often solitary and subsessile. Peduncles subcorymbose, 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, mostly 2-flow- ered, oflen a long dichotomal one in the lower bifurcations ; pedicels half an inch to an inch and half long, in terminal unequal pairs, with small membranous lance- linear bracts at base. Sepals lance-ovate, conspicuously mucronate, 3 or 5-nerved, pilose. Petals purple, spreading, cuneate-obovate,5-nerved, villose atbase within. Carpels hirsute, indehiscent, each 1-seeded, the beak of cohering styles about an inch long, finally separating at base, and recurving outward and upward. Hab. Woodlands, fence-rows, & meadows: common. Fl. May-June. Fr. June-July. 06s. The root of this is astringent; and has been found useful in diarrhaea, haemorrhage, &c. 2.- G. carolinianum, L. Stem diffuse, di-or tri-chotomously branch- ed; leaves deeply 5-parted, segments 2 or 3-parted, incised-dentate; petals emarginate, about as long as the calyx ; carpels pilose. Beck, Bot. p. 68. Carolinian Geranium. Root annual, somewhat fusiform, with a few coarse fibres. Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, oblique, or decumbent, often several from the root, dichotomoisly MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA 393 branching and diffuse, nerved, tumid at the joints, clothed with a spreading or retrorse villose pubescence; branches with stipules at base. Leaves about an inch long, and wider than long, reniform-orbicular in their outline, multifid, hir- sute ; petioles villose, the radical-ones 2 to 6 inches long, wilh linear-lanceolate acuminate hairy stipules atbase, those of the stem-leaves halfan inch to 3 inches long. Flowers small, sub-fasciculate among the leaves at summit; Peduncles half an inch to an inch and half long, 2-flowered, usually a 1-flowered dichotomal one in the lower forks; pedicels 1 fourth to half an inch long; bracteate at base. Sepals lance-ovate, conspicuously mucronate, 3-nerved, hairy. Petals pale red, or whitish with pale red stripes, cuneate-oblong, emarginate, narrowed and cili- ate at base, scarcely longer than the calyx. Carpels hairy, each 1-seeded (2 seed- ed, Ell.), the beak of cohering styles about 3 fourths of an inch long, hairy. Seeds oval, reticulately rugose, reddish brown. Hab. Fields; along Brandywine: not common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This is somewhat rare,—and has the appearance ofa stranger, here. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. States. 324. OXALIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 420. [Greek, Oxys, sharp, or sour ; in allusion to the acid quality of the plant.] Sepals 5, free, or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter. Styles b, capitate, or pencilform at apex. Capsule oblong, pentagonal, 5-celled, opening at the angles. Seeds covered with an elastic arillus. Herbaceous: caulescent, or stemless ; leaves alternate, mostly trifoliate; flowers subcymose on axillary peduncles, or subumbellate, or solitary, on scapes. Nat. Ord. 123. Lindl. OxALinEJ-:. 1. O. stricta, L. Caulescent; stem mostly erect, branched, pilose ; stipules none; peduncles longer than the petioles, 3 to 10-flowered ; petals entire. Beck, Bot. p. 70. Also, O. corniculata. Florul. Cestr. p. 76. Not 1 of Willd. Pursh, DC. &c. Upright Oxalts. Vulgo— Wood Sorrel. Root perennial 1 (annual, DC.) creeping, or soboliferous. Stem 2 or 3 inches to near 2 feet high, hairy, mostly erect, branched, often spreading, or bushy, and sometimes nearly prostrate. Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long, and wider than long, obcordate, slightly ciliate, smoothish, sessile ; common petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, pilose, articulated at base, often nearly opposite, or 3 or 4 approximated on the stem, with long naked intervals. Pedun- cles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, axillary, pilose, tumid at base, dichotomously branched at summit, in the larger specimens mostly wilh a central pedicel, the principal branches diverging horizontally and cymosely subdivided ; branches and pedi- cels mostly bracteate at base. Petals yellow, obovate, entire, about twice as long as the calyx. Styles subcapitate, scarcely as long as the longest 3tamens, persist- ent. Capsules half an inch to near an inch long, and 1 to 2 or 3 lines in diam- eter, 5-angled, hairy, subacuminate. Seeds obovoid, striate, transversely rugose, reddish brown, emerging,at maturity, from the subcarnose bivalved arillus. Hab. Fields, and woodlands: very common. Fl. May—Sept. Fr. July—Octo. 06s. This plant, so well known for its sprightly acid flavor, varies exceedingly in size, and somewhat in habit,—being often of humble growth, diffuse, and occa- 394 MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA sionally almost prostrate : but I can discover nothing in my specimens to warrant a specific distinction. If the O. corniculata be really distinct, I have not observed it, here. 2. O. violacea, L. Stemless; scapes subumbellate, 3 to 9-flowered, flowers nodding ; sepals callous at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 69. Violet Oxalis. Root perennial, bulbous ; bulb composed of ovate acuminate imbricated scales, —the outer ones membranaceous, 3-nerved, fringed with long curled hairs (these scales are apparently the dilated persistent bases of former petioles),—the inner ones thick, fleshy, and minutely ciliate. Leaves radical, trifoliate; leaflets about half an inch long, and wider than long, broadly cuneate-obcordate, sessile, punc- tate, smooth, often purplish ; petioles 3 to 6 inches long, dilated membranaceous and 3-nerved at base. Scapes 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, naked, subumbel- late at summit, 2 or 3 to 6 or 9-flowered ; rays, or pedicels, half an inch to an inch long (sometimes subdivided), with membranaceous involucre-like bracts at base. Sepals lance-oblong, thickened at apex, or tipt with a subcordate grooved orange- colored callus. Petals violet-purple, obovate, nearly 3 times as long as the calyx. FYlaments ciliate. Styles hirsute with short spreading hairs, often as long or longer than the stamens (shorter, Ell. Torr.) ; stigmas capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 5-angled and sulcate, or 5-lobed. Hab. Woodlands ; fence-rows &c frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. This pretty species often sends up a scape and produces flowers in the latter part of summer, after the leaver have all disappeared. Six or seven addi- tional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States,—some of which, I suspect, are scarcely more than varieties. The O. acetosella (O. americana, Bigel. in DC. Prodr. l.p. 700.) I have seen in abundance on Pokono Mountain, in this Slate • and il seems to be very much restricted to such regions. Order 5. Polyandria. SI. Calyx double, or with involucre-like Bracts at base, 325. MALVA. L. ATutt. Gen. 578. [An ancient Latin name, of obscure etymology.] Calyx 5-cleft, mostly tribracteate at base ; bracts oblong, or setaceous. Carpels numerous, arranged orbicularly, mostly 1-seeded. Herbaceous, or shrubby: leaves alternate, stipular, undivided, or palmate-lobed • flowers axillary and terminal, more or less aggregated. Nat. Ord. 24. Lindl. Malvace^:. 1. M. stlvestris, L. Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves somewhat acutely 5 or 7-lobed; petals obcordate, 3 times as long as the calyx Beck, Bot. p. 57. Woodland, or wild Malva. Vulgo—High Mallows. Gallice—Grande Mauve. Germ.—Die Waldmalve. Hisp.—Malva. Plant hairy. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, somewhat branched. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, and wider than long, 5 to 7-lobed, lobes rather acute, incised-crenate ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, very hairy, with 2 stipules at base. Flowers large, axillary, 3 or 4 together, subumbellate; pedicels halfan inch to an inch long. Calyx with 3 oblong obtuse bracts at base. Petal* MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA 395 purple, veined, obcordate-oblong. Carpels arranged in a depressed umbilicate orb, laterally cuneate, reticulately rugose on the back. Seed roundish-reniform and cuneate, pale brown. JFfa6. Fields, and waste places : not unfrequont. Fl. July—August. Fi: Sept. 06s. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, and is partially naturalized in many places. 2. M. rotundifolia, L. Stem herbaceous, prostrate; leaves cor- date-orbicular, doubly crenate ; petals cuneate-oblong, emarginate, twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels of the fruit deflected. Beck, Bot. p. 57. Round-leaved Malva. Vulgo—Running Mallows. Low Mallows. [ja redonda. Gall.-Peiite Mauve. Germ.-Rundblaetrige Malve. Hisp.-Ma.ha de ho- Plant pubescent. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, branching only from the root, procumbent. Leaves roundish-reniform, wilh the sinus at base deep and nearly closed, 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter, 7-nerved, obscurely 5 or 7-lobed, lobes rounded, crenate-dentate; petioles 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Flowers small, ax. lary; pedicels 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches long, mostly in pairs, unequal in length, when in fruit bent downwards. Calyx with 3 linear rather acute 6rut/s at base. Petals reddish white, with purple veins. Hab. Yards, gardens, and grass-lots : common. Fl. May—Sept. Fr. Aug-Octo. 06s. This foreigner is extensively naturalized ; and somewhat troublesome about gardens. It is mucilaginous,—and quite a popular ingredient in cataplasms, demulcent drinks, &c. The M. crispa, and M. moschata, are frequent in our gar- dens;—and the latter has in a few instances strayed beyond the garden limits,— but can scarcely be considered as naturalized. Several species have been recently found in the distant territories of this Republic, and in British America ; but it is doubtful whether any genuine Malva is indigenous in the old thirteen Slates. 326. ALTH.EA. L. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 436. [Greek, altho, to heal; from its reputed medical virtues] Calyx 5-cleft; involucre 5 to 10 or 12-cleft. Carpels numerous, arranged orbicularly, 1-seeded. Herbaceous: leaves alternate, stipular, angulate-lobed ; flowers axillary, or somewhat in terminal spikes. Nat. Ord. 24. Lindl. Malvaceae. 1. A. officinalis, L, leaves ovate, or subcordate, dentate, often somewhat 3-lobed, softly tomentose on both sides ,- peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 57. Officinal Althjea. Vulgo—Alarsh Alallows. Althaea. Gallice—La Guimauve. Germ.—Der Eibisch. Hisp.—Malvavisco. Plant densely clothed with a sift stellate pubescence. Root perennial, fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, terete, simple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, coarsely and unequally dentate and sub-lobed, often some- what 3 or 5-lobed ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, with slender filiform deciduous sti- pules at base. Flowers sub paniculate ; common peduncles axillary, about as long as the petioles, 3 to 6-flowered ; pedicels 1 fourth to half an inch long, wilh minute bracts at base. Involucre or outer calyx usually 9 or 10parted ; segments unequal, lance-linear, or subulate, embracing the calyx. Calyx segments ovate, 396 M0NADELPH1A POLYANDRIA acuminate. Petals pale re 1, or flesh-colored, broad-cuneate, retuse, or emarginate, 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx. Hab. Gardens : frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. September—October. Obs. A mucilaginous plant; and occasionally cultivated as a medicinal herb. There are no native species in the U. Stales; but the A. rosea, or Hollyhock, is Very common, and almost naturalized, about our gardens. 327. HIBISCUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 580. [An ancient Greek name of a plant of the Mallow tribe.] Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed ; involucre mostly many-leaved, leaves linear, sometimes united at base. Stigmas 5 to 10. Carpels united in a 5 or 10-celled capsule; valves septiferous in the middle; cells many-seeded, rarely 1-seeded. Herbaceous, or shrubby: leaves alternate, stipular, palmate-lobed, or undivi- ded ; flowers axillary and terminal. Nat. Ord. 24. Lindl. MalVace^. 1. H. esculentus, L. Herbaceous ; leaves somewhat obtusely and palmately b-lobed, cordate at base, lobes dentate,- calyx bursting lat- erally ; fruit pyramidal, sulcate. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 450. Esculent Hibiscus. Vulgo—Okra. Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, stout, somewhat branched, sparsely and hispidly pilose. Leaves 3 or 4 to 6 inches long, and wider than long, sparsely liirsute and roughish-dotted, pentagonal in their outline, lobed about half icay to the base; petioles 3 to 6 inches long, hirsute, especially along the upper side ; sti- pules lance-linear, hispid-ciliate. Flowers axillary, solitary; peduncles half an inch to an inch long, hispid. Involucre hispid, cup-shaped ai base, with about 10 lance-linear erect distant segments, which are halfan inch to 3 quarters long, and deciduous. Calyx membranous, 5-toothed, hispid on both sides, bursting later- ally. Petals about an inch and half long, and an inch wide, roundish-obovate, palt greenish yellow, with a dark purple spot at base. Stigmas 10, purplish,pubescent. Capsule about 2 inches long, erect, Id-angled, 10-celled, oblong, or raiher pyra- midal. Hab. Gardens : not very common. Fl. August. Fr. September—October. Obs. This is occasionally cultivated in kitchen gardens, as a pot-herb, 2. H. Trionum, L. Herbaceous; leaves deeply 3-parted, lobes lance- oblong, coarsely and obtusely incised-dentate, the middle lobe much the longest ; calyx inflated, membranaceous, ribbed, 5-winged at apex. Beck, Bot, p. 58. Vulgo—Bladder Ketmia. Venitian Mallow. Flower of an hour. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, somewhat branched, sparingly hispid, with an alternating line of finer pubescence. Leaves sparingly pilose, deeply 3-parted, the upper ones almost ternate ; segments of the lower ones halfan inch to an inch long, cuneate, incised-dentate at apex,—of the upper ones 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, somewhat pinnatifidly incised-dentate, the middle segment nearly twice as long as the lateral ones ; petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, pubescent, with subulate stipules ai base. Flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncle's about as long as the petioles, pubescent. Involucre of about 9 or 10 linear hispid- ciliate leaves. Calyx membranaceous, inflated, ovoid, \\ iih 20 tuberculate hispid- ribs, 5-cleft and 5-winged at apex ; segments ovate, acute, the margins re Hexed, MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA 397 forming wings. Petals greenish yellow, with a purple spot at base, fugacious, Capsule roundish-ovoid, hispid. Seeds cuneate-obovoid, scabrous. Hab. Gardens ; and cultivated grounds .' frequent. Fl. July. FY. September. 06s. This foreigner is becoming naturalized about our gardens, and corn fields. It appears to be the var. ternatus, of Willd. DC. &Ci Eight or nine species- some of them very ornamental—are enumerated as indigenous in the U. States j but none have been yel detected in Chester County. The H. syriacus is a very common ornamental shrub in yards, and about houses. b. Calyx naked at base, 328. SIDA. L. ATutt. Gen. 577. [An ancient Greek name ; of uncertain etymology.] Calyx 5-cleft, often angled, naked at base. Style many-parted. Car- pels numerous, capsular, 1-celled, 1 or few-seeded, arranged verticil- lately, more or less united with each other. Herbaceous, or shrubby : leaves alternate, stipular ; flowers axillary, or term- inal; pedicels articulated. Nat. Ord. 24. Lindl. Malvaceje. 1. S. spinosa, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate-dentate, with a subspinose tubercle at the base of the petiole; stipules setaceous; ped- icels axillary, subsolitary, mostly shorter than the stipules and petiole; carpels 5, bi-rostrate. Beck, Bot. p. 58, Spinose Sida. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, suffruticose below, roughish-pubescent, with a few spreading branches near the base. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long) and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, serrate-dentate, pubescent, especiallyjon the under surface, obtuse at base, the lower ones nearly ovate, or sub-cordate ; petioles half an inch to 3 quarters in length, with a short subspinose tubercle at base, and a filiform stipule on each side 1 third to half an inch long. Peduncles about half an inch long, 1 or 2 in each axil, pubescent, articulated near the flower. Calyx ribbed and angled, pubescent. Petals yellow, obovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Carpels 5, each 1-seeded, wilh2 erect hirsute beaks. Seeds tri- quetrous-ovoid, smooth, dark purplish brown. Hab. Road sides, and waste places: frequent. F?. July—August. Fr, September. 06s. Apparently an introduced plant,—which is gradually extending itself through the County. 2. S. Abutilon, L. Leaves Orbicular-cordate, acuminate, crenate- dentate, softly tomentose; peduncles shorter than the petiole ; carpels about 15, truncate, obliquely birostrate, hairy. Beck, Bot. p. 58. Vulgo—Indian Mallow. Dewitt weed. Velvet leaf. Plant softly tomentose. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, cordate-orbicular, with an abrupt slender acumination ; petioles 3 to 5 inches long ; stipules subulate, ca- ducous. Flowers axillary,—usually a 1-flowered peduncle about an inch long,— and a second one (or slender branch) an inch and half long, bearing 1 or 2 small leaves, and 2 or 3 pedicellate flowers which are apt to be abortive* Calyx subcam- panulate, 5-parted, scarcely angled. Petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, a little longer Mian the calyx. Carpels 12 to 15 each, 3-seeded, verticillately arranged in a trun- eate subcampanulate head about 3 fourths of an inch long, and the diameter equal 34 398 DIADELPIIIA HEXANDRIA to the length, crowned with oblique radiating beaks at summit. Seeds subreniform. •r lunate, somewhat scabrous, dark brown. Hab. Cultivated lots; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Aug—Octo. 06s. This foreigner is completely naturalized ; and is becoming a troublesome weed in our cultivated grounds. It is said that the seeds, roasted, make a tolera- ble substitute for coffee. CkA&S XVI. DIADELPHIA. Order 2. Mexandria. 329. DIELYTRA (Diclttra. DC). Hook. Am. l.p. 35. [Gr. Dis, double, and Elytron, an involucre, or sheath; in allusion to the flowers] Sepals 2, membranaceous, small, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, the 2 outer ones equally spurred, or gibbous, at base. Capsule oblong, siliquose, 2-valved, dehiscent, many-seeded. Herbaceous: mostly stemless ; root tuberous; leaves radical, multifid ; flowers racemose on scapes. Nat. Ord. 10. Lindl. Fumariace.e. l.-D. Cucullaria, Hook. Tubers trigonous-ovoid ; raceme4tol0- flowered, secund; spurs elongated, straight, rather acute, divergent. Hook. Am. l.p. 35. ( Diclttra. DC. Beck, Bot. p. 23. ). Fumaria Cucullaria. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 857. Mx. Am. 2. p. 51. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 238. Corydalis Cucullaria. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 269. Muhl. Catal. p. 63, Pursh, Am. 2. p. 462. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 86. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 68, Bigel. Bost. p. 263. Florul. Cestr. p. 78. Torr. Comp.p.2b9. Eat^ Alan. p. 110. Hood-like Dielttra. Vulgo—Dutchman's Breeches. Root perennial, tuberous, with fibres below; tubers trigonous-ovoid, acuminate (often trigonous-turhinate, and scarcely acuminate), pale red, thickly sprinkled over with small oblong purple dots, the flesh within whitish,—the principal tuber* surrounded atbase with numerous smaller ones sub-imbricated after Ihe manner of bulb-scales. Leaves radical, somewhat triternate, multifid, smooth, glaucous beneath, the segments linear-oblong, mucronate wilh a short purplish cartilagin- ous point; petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Flowers inodorous. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, slender, naked ; raceme simple, elongated, 4 to 6,. 8, or 10-flowered, abound ; pedicels short, with each a roundish-ovate concave denticulate 6raci at base,—and also a pair of lance-ovate opposite spreading bracts near the flower crosswise with the sepals, or in a line with the spurs. Sepals white, lance-ovale keeled, mostly appressed, nearly half as long as the corolla. Petals 4- the 2 outer ones larger, arranged crosswise with the sepals, produced at base into 2 straight tapering diverging spurs 1 third to half an inch long, white, contracted »nd yellow at the throat, with an ovate concave spreading apex, or border the 2 inner petals opposite the sepals, linear-oblong, keeled, dilated and fiddle-form at summit, concave, with the keel dilated to a crest, cohering with each other, at apex, and embracing the stigma, yellowish. Ovary subcompressed, with a rib or suture on each side ; style ancipital, tapering; stigma compressed crosswise with the style, broad-ovate. Hab. Rich, moist, shaded grounds: frequent. Fi. April—May. FY. May—June. Obs. I find this species to be much more common than I formerly supposed. DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA 399 2. D. eximia, Hook. Tubers depressed-globose ; raceme about 4-flow- ered ; spurs short, slightly incurved, obtuse, nearly parallel. Hook. Am. l.p. 35. (DtcLTTiiA. DC. Beck, Bot. p. 23.). Also, D. canadensis. DC. Prodr. l.p. 126. Lindl. Ency. p. 600 Choice, or excellent Dielttua. Root perennial, tuberous, wilh numerous slender fibres below; tubers depressed- globose, smooth, tawney-yellow throughout, clustered and concatenated, the lar- gest ones half an inch in diameter. Leaves nearly as in the preceding,—but the segments narrower, more linear, and of a deeper green, or not quite so glaucous. Flowers very fragrant. Scape 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, slender, naked ; raceme simple, short, 3 lo 5- (usually 4-) flowered; pedicels short, wilh each an ovate-ob- long bract at basa which is oflen mucronate, serrate, and marked wilh lines of purple dots on the back,—also a pair of opposite bracts near the 'flower, colored slightly on Ihe back. Sepals very small, dentate—sometimes a mere subulata point, or rudiment. Petals 4; the 2 outer ones gibbously produced atbase, or with nearly parallel short rounded spurs about 2 lines long, very white, contracted at throat, wilh an ovate concave spreading border, which is mostly white, some- times tinged with purple,—the 2 inner petals linear, strongly keeled, the summits dilated, concave, fiddleform, broadly crested on the back, dark purple within, eohering at apex and embracing the stigma. Style somewhat quadrangular ; stigma compressed, roundish-ovate. Hab. Rich, moist grounds; Kimberton : rare. Fl. April—May. Fr. May—June. 06s. This is the D. canadensis, DC. or var. b. (canadensis) of Prof. Hooker,— who thinks it is not specifically distinct from D. eximia. It may, also, be the P. formosa. of some of the American Botanists; but that species, as I recollect it some years since in the Bartram Bntanic Garden, has brightpurple flowers. The flow- ers of our plant are remarkably fragrant,—the odor resembling that of the lilac. It was firsl detected in this County by Miss A. Kimber, in 182;),—in ihe meadows along French Cr<;ek, near Kimberton. I have received very fine specimens from Kentucky, from my friend Prof. Short. One or two additional species are enu- merated in the U. Slates. 330. ADLUMIA. Rafi DC .Syst. 2. p. 111. [Dedicated to the late Major John Adlum; a distinguished cultivator of the vine.] S'pals 2, lance-ovate, membranaceous, deciduous. Petals 4, cohering in a monopetalous spongy persistent corolla, 4-lobed at apex, andbi-gib- bous atbasa. Capsule siliquose, linear-oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded, invested by the fungous corolla. Herbaceous: caulescent; climbing; leaves alternate, bipinnately dissected ; flowers in axillary corymbose racemes. Nat. Ord. 10. Lindl. Fumakiace^. 1. A. cirrhosa, Raf. Stem slender, climbing by the cirrhose peti- oles ; leaves superdecompouiiJ, glaucious. Beck, Bot. p. 24. Fumaria fungosa. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 857. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 239. F. recta, AIx. Am. 2.p.b\. Corydalis fungosa. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 269. Aluhl. Catal. p. 63. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 463. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 86. Bigel. Bost. p. 263. Torr. Comp. p. 259. Eat. Alan. p. 110. Cirrhose Adlumia. Vulgo—Climbing Fumitory. Plant smooth. Root biennial. Stem 8 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching and climbing. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, bipinnately dissected, or branched 400 DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA Die principal divisions distant, on slender petioles, the midrib or common petiole twining like a tendril, and supporting the plant; segments one third to 3 fourths ff an inch long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, obliquely ovate, or cuneate- obovate, incised, or entire, subpetiolate. Racemes axillary, compound, 3 or 4 to 10 or 12-flowered, branches trifid, the common peduncle mostly arising from, or adnate to, the base of the petiole ; pedicels about half an inch long, with minute bracts at base, thickened at apex. Sepals small, lance-ovate, acuminate, striate, produced at base. Corolla pale violet-purple, one half to 2 thirds of an inch long, compressed, lance-oblong, subcordate at base, contracted at throat, of a cellular spongy texture, persistent, and becoming a dirty white. Capsule about half an inch long, 4 to 6-seeded, sheathed by the persistent corolla. Seeds subreniform- globose, slighlly compressed, smooth, shining black. Hab. Banks of Ihe Brandywine ; Coatesville: rare. Fl. July-Aug. FY. Aug-Sept. 06s. Collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1835. It is the only species of the genus ; and is often cultivated as an ornamental climber, upon arbors, &c. 331. CORY'DALIS. Vent. ATutt. Gen. 587. [An ancient Greek name for the fumitory; from which it has been separated] Sepals 2, membranaceous, minute, deciduous. Petals 4, somewhat cohering, the upper one produced into a spur at base. Capsule sili- quose, linear-oblong, mostly acuminate with the persistent style, 2-val- ved, many-seeded. Herbaceous: caulescent; leaves mostly alternate, multifid; flowers racemose, terminal, and opposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 10. Lindl. Fumariace^. 1. C. aurea, Willd. Stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, pin- nately divided, divisions incised-pinnatifid, segments linear-oblong, acute ; bracts oval-lanceolate, acuminate, subdenticulate, mostly longer than the pedicels ; siliques terete, torulose. Beck, Bot. p. 24. Golden Corydalis. Plant smooth. Root annual ? Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, striate-angled, often diffusely branching from the base. Leaves peliolate, 3 to 5-parted ; divis- ions petiolate, pinnatifidly incised; segments oflen bifid, the terminal ones trifid ; radical or lower leaves mostly numerous, on long petioles. Racemes mostly op- posite the leaves ; pedicels 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch long ; bracts rather large, at first longer, finally often shorter, than the pedicels. Sepals very minute, lance- linear or subulate (orbicular, DC), slightly produced at base. Corolla bright yel- low, somewhat ringent,—the upper petal produced at base into a short obtusa slightly incurved spur; the border or summit of the upper and lower petals dila- lated, ovate, dentate, crested on the back—that of the upper pelal diverging, with the margins reflexed. Hab. Bank of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. May. Fr. June, 06s. This pretty little plant was found growing on a rock, in the above locality, by Miss Martha Kimber, in 1835. It is very rare,—and ihe specimens are small (2 to 4 inches high): under culture, in gardens, it becomes much slouter. One or two additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 332. FUMARIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 588. [Latin, Fumus, smoke ; perhaps in allusion to iis glaucous hue.] Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, the lower one linear, free, the others cohering at base, the upper one produced into a spur at base. Capsule DIADELPH1A OCTANDRIA 401 siliculose, obovoid, or subglobose, not pointed with the style, inlehis- cent, 1-seeded. Herbaceous: caulescent; leaves mostly alternate, decompound ; flowers race- mose, terminal, or opposite the leaves. Nat. Ord. 10. Lindl. Fumariaceje. 1. F. officinalis, L. Stem sub-erect ; leaves superdecompound, incised, segments sub-linear ; racemes rather loose ; pedicels of the fruit erect, twice as long as the bracts ; capsule subglobose, retuse. Beck, Bot. p. 23. Officinal Fumaria. Vulgo—Common Fumitory. Gallice—La Fumeterre. Germ.—Der Erdrauch. Hisp.—Palomilla. Plant smooth, glaucous. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branched, somewhat straggling. Leaves petiolate,bipinnately branching; divisions distant, petiolate; subdivisions cuneate, pinnatifidly incised ; segments sublinear, short. Racemes 1 to 2 or 3 inches lo ii ; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long, thick, clavate ; bracts small, oblong, acuminate. Sepals lance-ovate, acuminate, denticulate, produced and dentate atbase. Corolla slender, pale violet purple with a leaden tinge, deep- er purple at summit, with green keels. Style deciduous/ Capsule roundish-ob- ovoid, retuse, slighlly compressed, striate, smooth. Seed 1, subreniform-globose. Hub. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. May—Aug. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. This is naturalized to some extent, about our gardens, &c. There are no native species, as the genus is now restricted, in the TJ. States. Order 3. Octaiadria. 333. POI.YGALA. L. A'utt. Gen. 589. [Gr. Poly, much, & Gala, milk ; from its supposed influence in producing milk.] Sepals 5, irregular,—the 3 outer ones smaller, bract-like, the 2 inner ones larger, wing-like, petaloid. Petals 3 to 5, somewhat cohering, united with the stamens, the lower one keel-form. Capsule compres- sed, elliptic, obovate, or obcordate. Seeds pubescent, with arillus-like processes from the hilum. Herbaceous, or frutescent: leaves mostly alternate and simple, without stipules ; fi-owers in terminal racemes, often spikeform, or capitate; pedicels braUeate. Noi. Ord. 123. Lindl. Polygale^:. 1. P. pukpdhea, ,Yh«. Leaves alternate, oblong-linear ; flowers im- bricated in ovoid-oblong heads ; wings of the calyx ovate, twice as long as the capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 44. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 47. Not of Ait. nor Lindl.- P. sanguinea. AIx. Am. 2. p. 52. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 275. Muhl. Catal. p. 63. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 465. Bigel ? Bost. p. 264. Not of lAnn. Purple Poltgala. Root annual. Stem erect, 6 to 9 or 12 inches high, smooth, angular and slightly winged, somewhat corymbosely branched above, the smaller specimens often simple. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, and 1 to 2 lines wide, mostly acalr, subsessile. Heads of flowers halfan inch to near an inch long, and 1 third to half an inch in diameter, ovoid-oblong, or subcylindric, obtuse, the lower flowers fall. ing ofifand leaving the angular rachis squarrose wilh the persistent bracts; pcdieeli 34* 402 DIADELPIIIA OCTANDR1A about a line in length, each wilh 3 bracts atbase,—the lower bract keeled, shorter than the pedicel, the lateral ones membranaceous, and very minute. Sepals very unequal,-the 3 outer ones small, bract-like, 2 on the lower side, and i rather larger on the upper side,—the 2 inner ones (called wings) much larger, situated on the lower side of the flower, erect, ovate, unguiculate, mostly bright purple, with tin- ges of green, sometimes almost entirely green. Petals linear-oblong, or spatulate, more or less cohering together, and adnate to the stamens, yellowish-green, tipt with deeper yellow at summit. Capsule compressed, roundish-ovate, emarginate, 2-celled; cells i-seeded ; the dissepiment tra.ns\erse. Seeds pyriform, pendulous, hairy, dark brown,—wilh 2 linear cellular arillus-like processes from the pointed summit, or hilum, lying parallel along one side, the length of the seed. Hab. Low grounds; borders of woods: frequent, Fl. July-Sept. FY. Aug-Octo. 06s. This seems to have been confounded with P. sanguinea, until Mr. Nutt- all drew the distinction between them. 2. P. a?ibiqua, A'utt. Stem with erect virgate branches ; leaves lin- ear, the lower ones verticillate, the others alternate ; racemes spikeform, on long peduncles; wings of the calyx orbicular-ovate, veined, as long as the capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 45. Amriouous Poltgala. Root annual. Stem erect, 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, smooth, angular, with numer- ous slender erect branches. Leaves 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long, and about 1 line wide, acute, narrowed at base, sessile,—the lower ones somewhat verticil- late, the upper ones scattered, remote, and small on the branches. Racemes half an inch to an inch or inch and half long, and 2 or 3 lines in diameter, acute, on slender naked peduncles 1 to 2 inches long ; pedicels short but distinct, each with 3 small caducous bracts at base, the 2 lateral bracts very minute,—the lower flowers falling off, leaving a naked dentate rachis at the base of the racemes. Flowers green, or greenish white, more or less tinged with purple,—the purple hue not unfrequently predominating. Seeds small, pyriform-oblong, hispid, dark brown, the arillus-like processes somewhat spatulate, diverging, scarcely half as long as the seed. Hab. Sterile soils ; Mica-slate hills, &c. frequent. Fl. July-Sept. Fr. Sept—Octo. 3. P. verticillata, L. Stem with spreading subverticillate branches; leaves lance-linear, mostly verticillate, or opposite; racemes spikeform, on rather short peduncles; wings of the calyx orbicular-ovate, shorter than the capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 4b. Verticillate Poltgala. Root annual. Stem erect, 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, smooth, angular, diffusely and brachiately branched, the principal branches subverticillate. Leaves 1 third of an inch to an inch long, and about 1 line wide, acute, narrowed at base, sessile, verticillate or opposite at the base of the branches, with a few alternate ones on the branches. Racemes 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and 2 or 3 lines in diameter, acute, on slender peduncles 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long; pedicels ▼ery short, each with 3 minute caducous brads at base,—the lower flowers falling off, leaving a naked dentate rachis at the base of the racemes. Flowers greenish white, rarely tinged wilh purple, mostly smaller than in the preceding species. Capsule mostly longer than the wings of the calyx. Seeds very similar to those of the preceding. Hab. Dry banks; borders of woodlinds: frequent. Fl. July-Sept. Fr. Aug-Octo. 06s. This is certainly nearly allied to the preceding ; buj may be readily dis- DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 403 languished, on comparison, by its generally verticillate leaves,—and its spreading branches, which are also more or less verticillate, and brachialely subdivided. It i s a humbler plant, and less frequent, than P. ambigua. 4. P. Senega, L. Stems numerous, simple, terete, rather eTcct; leaves alternate, broad-lanceolate, tapering at each end ; raceme spike- form, elongated, flaccid ; wings of the calyx elliptic-ovate, veined, a* long as the capsule. Beck, Bot. p. 45. Vulgo—Seneka Snake-root. Milk-wort. Mountain Flax. Root perennial, large, fir.Ti and ligneous, with coarse branches. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, mostly several from the same root, simple, herbaceous, rather flaccid and oblique, terete below, slightly angular above, minuiely roughish-pubescent, with numerous small ovate sessile scale-like leaves al and near ihe base. Leavet 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to near an inch wide, smoothish, slightly serrulate or scabrous on the margin, more or less acuminately tapering al apex, and narrowed at base to a short petiole. Raceme 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch in diameter, somewhat nodding, or flaccidi terminal, on a naked peduncle about an inch long ; pedicels very short, each with a lance-oblong bract at base longer than the pedicel, and 2 very minute lateral bracts. Flowers greenish white. Capsule compressed, orbicular, retuse. Seeds large, pyriform, hairy, the avillus-like processes nearly as long as the seed. Hab. Hilly woodlands; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July. 06s. The root of this is well known, in the shops, for its active medical prop- erties. Il is particularly valuable as a stimulating expectorant. Sixteen or sti-r- tnteen additional species are enumerated in the U. States. Order 4. Decandria.* Dir. I. Cubvsmbris. The radicle curved back upon the cotyl- edons. Sub-Obd. 1. Papilionace.s. Calyx with the segments distinct. Corolla papili- onaceous. Stamens perigynous. A. Phyllolobejs—Seeds with the cotyledons foliaceous, or becom- ing green leaves in germination ; not esculent. I. Sophora Tribe. Stamens distinct. Legume continuous. Sophore*. DC. 334. BAPTISIA. Vent. ATutt. Gen. 400. [Greek, Bapto, to Dye, in allusion to its coloring properties.] Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, sub-bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal; vexiltum * The plants of this Order all belong to a large and highly natural Family (Nat. Ord. 77. Lindl. LEGUMiNosiE); and I have transferred to it a few kindred Genera which are usually placed in the Class Decandria,—but which, I think, may be ar- ranged here without much violence to the Linnaean System, and thereby render the groupe more complete. The Leguminosee comprise Trees, Shrubs, and Her- baceous plants, of various habit; leaves alternate, stipular, mostly compound— the petiole usually tumid at ba,se; flowers axillary, solitary, racemose, or panicu- late,—the corolla mostly irregular, and generally papilionaceous ; fruit chiefly a coriaceous or membranous 2-valved Legume; seeds reniform, or oval, rarely aril- late, affixed alternately to each valve, along the upper suture of the legmme, 404 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA with the sides reflexed. Stamens deciduous. Legume ventricose, stipitate, many-seeded. 1. B. tinctoiita, Br. Leaves trifoliate, petiolate, the upper ones subsessile ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules minute, subulate, decid- uous ; racemes terminal, few-flowered ; legume on a long stipe. Beck, Bot. p. 77. Podalyria tinctoria. Willd. Sp. 2. p. 503. AIx. Am. 1. p. 265. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 453. Muhl. Catal. p. 41. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 308. Bigel. Bost. p. 170. Dter's Baptisia. Vulgo— Wild Indigo. Plant glabrous, turning bluish black in drying. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, herbaceous, much branched and bushy. Leaflets halfan inch to an inch long, and 1 fourth to halfan inch wide, cuneate-obovate, rounded at apex and often slightly emarginate, subsessile ; common petiole 1 line to 1 fourth of an inch long, Flowers in small terminal racemes ; pedicels 1 to 3 or 4 lines long. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper segment larger, (or 2 segments cohering in one), and rather obtuse. Petals yellow. Legumes 1 third to half an inch long, inflated or roundish, wilh keel-like margins, mucronate wilh the subulate persistent style,—finally elevated on a slender exserted stipe as long or longer than the pedicel of the flower, and leaving the calyx apparently near the middle of the pedicel. Hab. Dry hilly woodlands: common. FL June—August. Fr. September. 06s. It is said this plant will yield a considerable quantity of inferior Indiga. Six or seven additional species are enumerated in the Southern Slates of this Union. 2. Lotus Tribe. Stamens with the filaments united. Legume continuous. Lote^e. DC. Sub-Tribe 1. Mostly fruticose. Leaves simple, or trifoliate, rarely pinnate. Stamens mostly Monadelphous. Geniste^s. DC. 335. CROTALARIA. /,. ATutt. Gen. 593. [Greek, Krotalon, a rattle ; the seeds becoming loose in the mature pods.] Calyx 5-parted, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip bifid, lower lip trifid. Vexii- lum large, mostly obcordate ; keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments all united, or often with a fissure on the upper side. Legume turgid, in- flated, stipitate, mostly many-seeded. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Stem erect, hirsute; leaves simple, oblong- lanceolate, hairy ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent; racemes about 3-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 77. var. oblonga. Mx. Am. 2. p. 55. Arrow-like Grotalaria. Vulgo—Rattle-box. Root annual. Stem herbaceous, 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, somewhat branched above. Leaves half an inch to 2 inches long, and 2 or 3 lines to halfan inch wide, sessile, the lower ones somewhat elliptic-lanceolate, the upper ones sublinear ; stipules of the upper leaves decurrent, sagittate at summit. Racemes mostly op- posite the leaves, pedunculate,2to 4-flowered; pedicels 2 or 3 lines in length, hir- »ute, with a small leaf-like lanceolate 6racf at base. Calyx hairy; segments lin. ear-lanceolate, rather longer than the corolla. Corolla yellow; vexillum broad, euneate-obovate. Legume 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to half an iaoh in diameter, inflated, smooth, finally nearly black, obliquely mucronat DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 405 with the persistent base of the style, supported on a short stipe in the tube of ihe calyx. Seeds becoming loose, and rattling in the parchment-like legume. £Ta6. Dry, sandy banks; roadsides: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Aug—Sept. 06s. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States;—though I have a suspicion the C. Purshii, DC. (C. laevigata, Pursh,) may be only a varie- ty of the C. parviflora. There is a species of this genus (C. juncea, L.) which in 1807,1 observed was extensively cultivated in Bengal, near Calcutta, as a substi- tute for Hemp. I succeeded in growing it, al West Chester, on my return ; but I doubt its being worthy of culture in this country. Sub-7Yibe 2. Mostly herbaceous. Leaves mostly trifoliate ; primordial ones alternate. Stamens Diadelphous. Trifoliea:. jDC. 336. MEDICAGO. L. A'utt. Gen. 624. [So named, by the Greeks, from its having been introduced by tbe Medea."] Calyx subcylindric, 5-cleft. Keel somewhat remote from the vexil- lum. Legume of various forms,—always more or less falcate, or spi- rally twisted,—mostly many-seeded, rarely 1-seeded. 1. M. lupulina, L. Stem procumbent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, denticulafe at apex ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly den- tate ; racemes capitate, ovoid, on longish peduncles; legumes reniform, reticulately veined, scabrous, 1-seeded. Beck, Bot. p. 78. Hop-like Medicago. Vulgo—None-such. Gallice—Luzerne houblonnee. Germanice—Die Hopfen luzerne. Root biennial, Willd. DC. &c. annual, Sm. Torr. Beck, &c. Stem 6 to 9 or 12 inches long, mostly several from the same root, procumbent, or ascending, some- what branched, angular, pilose. Leaflets half an inch to near an inch long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, mostly cuneate-obovate, sometimes nearly rhomboid, obtusely denticulate above the middle, retuse at apex, with a short broad acute central point,—lateral leaflets subsessile, terminal one petiolate; com- mon petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long; stipules semi-amplexicaul, acu- minate, generally dentate. Heads of flowers small, at first roundish, finally ob- long, on slender axillary pubescent peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length ; pedicels very short, with minute subulate-filiform bracts at base. Calyx hairy, with acute unequal segments. Corolla yellow, small. Legume short, compressed, curved or reniform, rugose-nerved and hairy, 1-cellei and 1-seeded. Hab. Fields, and roadsides; Marshallton: rare. Fl. June— Aug. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late Hum- phrey Marshall's Botanic garden. 2. M. sativa, L. Stem rather erect; leaflets obovate-oblong, or cuneate-oblong, dentate and mucronate at apex,- stipules lanceolate, nearly entire,- racemes oblong, rather loose ; legumes spirally con- torted, smoothish, many-seeded. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 173, Cultivated Medicago. Vulgo—Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil. Ga\\-Luzerne. Germ.-Der Schneckenklee. Kisp.-Alfalfa. Mielga. Root perennial, subligneous. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, or oblique, sub-terete, smoothish, or slightly pilose, branched. Leaflets halfan inch to an inch long, and 2 or 3 lines to half an inch wide, oflen emarginate, pilose beneath,—lateral ones subsessile, terminal one petiolate ; common petiole 1 fourth to3fourths of an inch 406 DIADELPH1A DECANDRIA long; stipules mostly entire, tapering to a long slender point. Racemes erect, on axillary peduncles half an inch to an inch long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines in length, with each a subulate bract at base as long as (hepedicel. Calyx hairy; segments nearly equal, subulate. Corolla violet-purple, nearly twice as long as the culyx* Legumes cochleate or spirally coiled, reticulately veined, somewhat pilose. Seeds several. Hab. Cultivated Lots: not common. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. Obs. 77us has been occasionally cultivated, on a small scale, but it is not mwh esteemed by our farmers, and is now generally neglected. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 337. TRIFOLIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 604. [Latin, Tres, three, and Folium, a leaf; characteristic of the genus.] Calyx tubular, persistent, 5-clef1: ; segments subulate. Keel shorter than the wings and vexillum. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, 1 or 2- ( rarely 3 or 4- ) seeded, mostly included in the calyx. Flowers densely spiked, or capitate. 1. T. arvense, L. Stem erect, branched, pilose; leaflets obovate- linear, or cuneate-oblong, somewhat 3-toothed at apex ; stipules narrow, hairy, terminating in a long subulate point; spikes oblong, cylindric, softly villose, without bracts at base, pedunculate ; calyx-segments equal, setaceous, plumosely villose, longer than the corolla. Beck, Bot. p. 79. Fielo Trifolium. Vulgo—Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit foot. Gall.—Pied de Lievre. Germ.—Der Hasenklee. Hisp.—Pie de Liebre. Plant softly pilose. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, terete, generally much branched. Leaflets half an inch to near an inch long, and 1 lo 3 or 4 lines wide, subdentate near the apex, obtuse, mostly emarginate and mucronate, all subsessile; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch'to an inch long; stipules adnata lo the petioles, membranaceous, nerved, with along subulate-filifirm acumination. Spikes half an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to half an inch in diameter, cyl- indric, obtuse, very villose, and of a pale ta wney color, naked at base, on terminal and axillary peduncles half an inch to an inch and half in length. Corolla smallj inconspicuous, whitish, or pale pink, with a purple spot on the wings. Legume 1-seeded. Seed oval. Hab. Sterile, sandy old fields: frequent. Fl. June— August. Fr. August—Octo. 06s. Supposed to be a native; if so, it is common to both hemispheres. It is a worthless species,—and indicative of a poor soil, and nejzlected agriculture. 2. T. pratense, L. Stems asce/iding; leaflets oval, or oblong- ovate, often retuse, or emarginate ,- stipules broad, terminating in a subulate point ,- heads ovoid, obtuse, dense-flowered, bracteate at base, subsessile,- calyx-segments subulate-linear, sub-pilose, scarcely half as long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the rest Beck Bot. p. 79. Meadow Trifolium. Vulgo—Red Clover. Common Clover. Gallice—Trtfle des Pr6s. Germ.—Der Klee. Hisp.—Trebol. Root biennial 7 (perennial Willd. DC. &c.) large, somewhat fusiform, branching below. Stems several from the same root, 1 to 2 or 3feet long, ascending, or pasite subsessile trifoliate bracts (one qf the bracts sometimes with a single leaflet) with dilated stipules embracing the bast thes. Vulgo—Pencil Flower. Root perennial. StcmD to 15 inches high, somewhat branched above, often sev- eral from the root, slender, firm, terete, marked with a broadish alternating pu- bescent line, the branches at summit hispidly pilose. Leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and quarter long, and 1 eighth to 1 third of an inch wide, rugose dot- ted beneath, subsessile ; common petiole 1 fourth to half an inch long, pubescent; stipules sheathing the stem, nerved, pubescent, adnate to the common petiole, with a free subulate-linear acumination. Flowers in small terminal clusters, invested with hispid-ciliate bracts which are trifoliate, or trifid and membranaceous. Calyx with the limb unequally 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments broader, more obtuse, and less deeply cleft; the tube long and slender, giving the flower a stipitate appear- ance. Corolla bright yellow, inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube. Legume somewhat obovoid and 1-celled, or often articulated in the middle and 2-celled, ihickish and suberose, nerved and veined, pubescent, slightly compressed, with a keel-like suture at each margin, and a short abrupt oblique acumination, with ihe point uncinately recurved. Hab. North hills of the Great Valley: not common. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept-Octo. 06s. The only species known in the TJ. States. There is a procumbent variety, very common in New Jersey; but I have not seen il on this side of the Delaware, 342. DESMODIUM. Desv. DC. Prodr. 2.p. 32b. [Gr. Desmos, a chain, and et'dos, form ; the articulated pods resembling a chain.] Calyx mostly 5-cleft, sub-bilabiate; upper lip bifid, lower one 3-parted. Vexillum suborbicular; keel obtuse, not truncate; wings a little longer than the keel. Legume mostly with several joints, compressed, mem- branaceous or coriaceous, tenaciously hispid; joints 1-seeded, separa- ting at maturity, scarcely dehiscent. Leaves trifoliate; flowers mostly racemose ; pedicels in 2's, or 3's, with unequal bracts at base. 1. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem erect, smooth; leaflets oblong-lan- ceolate, rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules subulate; panicle terminal; legumes with 3 or 4 sub-rhomboid pubescent joints. Beck, Bot. p. «5. 412 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA Hedysarum paniculatum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1196. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. Ait. Kew, 4. p. 344. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 483. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 109. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 79. Ell? Sk. 2. p. 210. Bigel. Bost. p. 276. Florul. Cestr. p. 82. Torr. Comp. p. 269. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Eat. Man. p. 166. Not of Mx. Also ? H. glabellum. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 210. Not 1 of Jl£r. Paniculate Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender, striate, nearly smooth, often branching. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, obtuse at base, tapering to the apex but rather obtuse, mostly smooth and shining green above, paler and sparingly pilose beneath, slighlly revolute on the margin,—the lateral leaflets on very short petioles wilh each a filiform-subulate stipule atbase, the terminal leaflet with 2 similar stipules near the base, on a partial petiole (or rather a prolongation of the common petiole,) about halfan inch long; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long; stipules lance-subulate, deciduous. Flowers in paniculate racemes ; branches uncinately pubescent; pedicels by twos or threes, slender, pubescent, wilh caducous bracts at base, the middle or lower bract larger, lance-ovate, acuminate. Calyx pubescent, the 2 upper segments co- hering in one, or slightly cleft at apex, the lower one nearly twice as long as the others. Corolla purple. Legume mostly of 3 or 4 joints (sometimes 2, and even 1), adhesive by short uncinate hairs ; joints subtriangular, or somewhat rhomboid by an obtuse angle on the upper margin. Hab. Woodlands, and borders of thickets: common. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. I have not observed the bracts at the base qf the calyx, mentioned as part of the generic character, by De Candolle and Beck. This is readily distinguished from the other species in our County, by its comparatively long and narrow leaf- lets. It is, however, not the paniculatum, of Mx. which is the strictum, of Pursh and DC. Whether it be the glabellum, of Mx. and Ell. I have not the means of determining. There is some obscurity, and confusion, among a portion of our Desmodiums, which I am by no means confident of being able to remove,—although I have examined the plants as carefully as I could, and have had the benefit of some valuable assistance. 2. D. marilandicum. Stem erect, slender, smoothish ; leaflets round- ish-ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base, smoothish; stipules lance-subu- late ; panicle terminal; legumes with 2 or 3 semi-orbicular reticulate hispid joints. Boott (in Litt.). Not of DC nor Beck. D. obtusum. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 329. Beck, Bot. p. 84. Hedysarum marilandicum. L. & Clayt. (fide Boott. in Litt.). Not of Willd. Muhl. &c. H. obtusum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1190. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 321. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 482. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 109, Ell. Sk. 2. p. 212. Florul. Cestr. p. 82. Torr. Comp. p. 268. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Eat. Alan. p. 166. Maryland Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, slender, striate, smooth, or very sparingly pilose, mostly simple, or paniculate at summit, often several from the same root. Leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, obtuse or rounded at apex, sometimes emarginate, slightly cordate at ba3e, thinnish, the lower ones oflen orbicular, all nearly smooth, or with a fow hairs on ihe margin and nerves beneath; common petioles half an inch to an DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 413 inch long, smoothish ; stipules lance-subulate, nerved, smoothish. Flowers in a terminal erect panicle; branches minutely pubescent; pedicels slender, about half an inch long; lower bract lance-ovate, acuminate. Calyx smoothish; lower segment longer, acute, the others rather obtuse. Corolla violet-purple. Legume mostly of 2 or 3 joints (sometimes 1), hirsute with short uncinate hairs: joints semiorbicular, or slightly rounded on the upper margin. Hab. Dry hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September—October. 06s. This species, so generally known by the name of obtusum, since Willd- cnow's time, proves to be the true and original marilandicum, of Linnaus (" foli- olis subrotundis. &c") ;—as I am assured by my highly-valued friend and corres- pondent, Dr. Boott, of London,—who has obligingly compared our Desmodiums with those in the Herbariums of Linnaus, Pursh, and others, in that City. 3. D. ciliare, D C. Stem erect, rather slender, pilose; leaves some- what crowded, on short hairy petioles ; leaflets small, ovate or oval, obtuse, subcoriaceous, ciliate, and pilose with appressed hairs ; stipules subulate-linear,; racemes paniculate, terminal; legumes with 2 or 3 semiorbicular hispid joints. Beck, Bot. p. 84. Hedysarum ciliare. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1196. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. Aluhl, Catal. p. 66. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 482. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 109. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 79. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 212. Torr. Comp. p. 268. Eat. Alan. p. 166. Fringejj Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, rather slender, angular-striate, hairy and minutely roughish-puberulent, mostly simple, paniculate at summit. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, ovate, or elliptic, obtuse, often subcordate ai base, thickish and subcoriaceous, ciliate, and pilose on both sides with appressed hairs ; common petioles 1 fourth to near half an inch long, very hairy ; stipules lance-linear or subulate, nerved, and pilose. Flowers in terminal paniculate racemes ; branches clothed with a roughish uncin- ate pubescence ; pedicels roughish-pubescent; lower bract lance-ovate, acuminate, pilose and ciliate. Calyx pubescent. Corolla violet-purple. Legume of 2 or 3 joints (sometimes one), hispid ; joints semi-orbicular, or obliquely oval or obovate, more or less rounded or convex on the upper margin. Hab. Sterile old fields ; Mica-slate hills : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq.. in 1833. This has considerable resem. blance to the preceding; but may be distinguished by its pubescence, its smaller and more coriaceous leaflets, and especially by the very short hairy petioles. There is a variety, however, with longer petioles, and larger thinner leaflets ;— which may, perhaps, be the var. oblongifolium, of Elliott,—and seems to be inter mediate between this and the following. 4. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, roughish-pubescent; leaflets ovate- oblong, rather obtuse, reticulate, ciliate, scabrous above, pilose and can- escent beneath, the terminal one longer; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acu- minate, ciliate ; racemes paniculate, erect, very long; legumes with 2 or 3 semiorbicular, or oval, hispid joints. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 330. Hedysarum rigidum. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 215. Eat. Man. p. 167. Rigid, or stiff Desmodiu:i. Whole plant subcanescent. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate, clothed with a roughish uncinate pubescence, paniculate at summit, often with numerous long erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, and halfan inch to an 35* 414 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA inch wide, ovate-oblong, or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse (the lateral ones often ellip- tic), slightly mucronate, sometimes emarginate, rounded at base, reticulately veined, somewhat coriaceous, yellowish green and scabrous on the upper surface, hairy and somewhat canescent beneath,—the terminal one 1 fourth to 1 third longer than the lateral ones; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long, hairy; stipules ovate-lanceolate, wilh a long acumination, nerved, hairy and cili- ate. Flowers in long paniculate racemes ; branches rough with an uncinate pu- bescence ; pedicels pubescent; lower bract lance-ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Calyx hairy; segments acute, the lower one longer, conspicously pilose. Corolla violet- purple, becoming greenish. Legume mostly of 2 or 3 joints, uncinately hispid ; joints semiorbicular, oval, or obliquely obovate. Hab. Dry open woodlands, and clearings: frequent. Fl. Aug. FY. Sept—Octo. 06s. This was collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1831. It is in Muhlenberg's Herbarium, along with his Hedysarum ciliare, and i3 labelled "H. canadensi off." I sent it to Dr. Boott, who pronounced it quite new to him, but suggested that it might be the rigidum, of Elliott; and in confirmation of that suggestion, I find the plant so labelled in the Herbarium of the late Mr. Schweinitz, at the Phila- delphia Academy. Dr. B. also noticed its affinity to the canadense. In its gene- ral habit, it has some resemblance to D. paniculatum,—and in fact it seems to be intermediate between that species and D. canadense ; but apparently distinct from both. It must be confessed, however, that there are varieties which seem to connect the present species with D. ciliare on the one side, and withD. cana- dense and D. Dillenii (or D. marilandicum, Willd. &a.) on. the other,—so as to render the discrimination somewhat difficult. 5. D. Dillenii. Stem erect, branching, pilose; leaflets oblong, or ovate-oblong, somewhat glaucous and villose beneath ; stipules subu- late ; racemes paniculate, rather loose and slender; legumes with 3 or 4 rhomboid reticulated pubescent joints. Icon, Dill. Hort. Eltham* tab. 144./. 171. D. marilandicum. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 328. Beck, Bot. p. 84. Hedysarum marilandicum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1189. Pers. Syn. 2. p, 321. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 342. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 482. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 109. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 78. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 214. Torr. Comp. p. 268. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Eat. Man. p. 166. Not of Linn. and Clayt. (fide Boott. in Litt.). H. canadense. Florul. Cestr. p. 82. Not of Linn. &c. Dillenius's Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, striate, puberulent and pilose, branch" ing, branches angular and striate. Leaflets an inch and half to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, varying from oval to oblong, and ovate mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, pilose with appressed hairs on both sides villose when young; common petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, pilose • slip. ules subulate, a little dilated at base, pilose. Flowers in rather slender paniculate racemes; branches angular, and often sulcate, roughish with uncinate pubescence. pedicels roughish-pubescent; lower bract lance-ovate, acuminate, pilose. Calyx pilose ; segments lance-ovate, the lower one longer. Corolla purple. Legume mostly of 3 or 4 joints, uncinately pubescent; joints more or less rhomboid by an obtuse angle on the upper margin. Hab. Woodlands, and borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr- Sept—Octo* DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 415 06s. This was mistaken for D. canadense, when my Catalogue was published ; and indeed I received a specimen of it under that name, from Mr. Schueinitz. As it has been ascertained, by Dr. Boott, not to be the original marilandicum,— and as the figure of Dillenius seems to be intended for it,—I have, at the suggestion of Dr. B. given it the above name. 6, D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem erect, striate, hairy, scabrous at summit; leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, softly villose beneath; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; panicle terminal, very long, naked; legumes with 3 or 4 obtusely triangular pubescent joints. Beck, Bot. p. 84. Not of DC. Hedysarum viridiflorum. L. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 217. Torr. Comp. p. 268. Eat. Alan. p. 166. Not of Willd. Pers. Ait. Pursh, Florul. Cestr. &c. Green-flowered Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rather stout, striate, clothed with a hirsute uncinate pubescence, especially towards the summit, paniculately branching, branches long, erect, scabrous, mostly streaked wilh green and yellow. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 and a half inches wide, ovate, or oblong-ovate, often rather acute, scabrous above, bluish glaucous beneath, and rather densely clothed with a soft villose pubescence; common petioles half an inch to an inch long, very hairy,—the terminal leaflet on a petiole as long or often longer than the common petiole; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy and ciliate, striate, smooth within and mostly ofa bright chestnut-brown. Flowers in long paniculate leafless racemes ; branches very rough with uncinate hairs; pedicels roughish-pubescent; lower bract ovate, acute, pilose. Calyx pilose ; segments lance-ovate, acute, the lower one longer. Corolla violet-purple within, bluish green externally. Legume mostly of 3 or 4 joints, uncinately pubescent; joints obtusely triangnlar, more or less convex or rounded on the upper margin. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets ; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept-Octo. 06s. This is pronounced, by Dr. Boott, to be the true viridiflorum, of Linn. and Clayton. Ii was collected in this County in 1830, by D. Townsemd, Esq. 7. D. canescens, DC? Stem erect, branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; leaflets ovate, acute, or sub-acuminate, scabrous on both sides ; stipules large, obliquely ovate, acuminate, persistent; panicle large, very hairy, canescent; legumes with 5 or 6 oblong-triangular reticulated uncinately-hispid joints. Beck ? Bot. p. 84. Also, D. viridiflorum. DC. Prodr. 2.p. 329. Also, D. Aikinianum. Beck, I. c. Hedysarum canescens. L. & Clayton (fide Boott. in Litt. ). Muhl. Catal.p. 66. Pursh? Am. 2. p. 482. ATutt? Gen. 2. p. 109, Torr? Comp. p. 268. Eat? Man. p. 165. Not of Willd. Pers. Ait. and Lindl. H. viridiflorum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1192. Mx. Am. 2. p. 72. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 343. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 78. Florul. Cestr.p. 82. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Also, Pursh, I. c. ATutt? I. c. Not of Linn. Muhl. Ell. Torr. Beck, and Eat. H. scaberrimum ? Ell. Sk. 2. p. 217. Also, H. Aikini. Eat. Man. p. 166. Hoary Desmodium. 416 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA Root perennial. Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout, branching, striate, hairy. Leaf- lets 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, ovate, often sub-deltoid, very obluse at base, acute, or acuminately tapering to the apex (the lower terminal ones some- limes rhomboid-orbicular), pale green, much veined, scabrous with short appres- sed hairs, especially on the under side, which is sometimes glaucous ; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, stout, striate, pilose ; stipules large, obliquely ovate, acuminate, nerved, ciliate, persistent. Floioers in paniculate racemes; racemes terminal, and axillary on leafy branches, conspicuously clothed wilh canescent spreadiug hairs; pedicels hairy ; lower bract large, lance-ovate, acuminate, nerved, pilose and ciliale. Calyx pilose, mostly 4-clefl; segments lanceolate, acute, the lower one much longer. Coiolla large, about 3 times as long as the calyx, violet- purple with tinges of green,—becoming greenish on shrivelling, and sometimes deep blue. Legume long, mostly of 5 or 6 joints, reticulately veined, uncinately hispid and tenacious ; joints oblong-triangular, sometimes rather rhomboidal, or obtusely angled on the upper margin. Hab. Moist grounds ; borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Sept. 06s. Dr. Boott informs me that this is the canescens, of Linn, and Clayton,— and the viridiflorum, of Pursh. Il is also, probably, the scaberrimum, of Elliott; but I have some doubts whether the canescens, of Pers. Ait. Pursh, &c. be not founded on Willdenow's plant of that name,—which is believed to be the rotund- ifolium, Mx. R. D. bracteosum, DC. Stem erect, smooth ; leaflets ovate, or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate, smooth ; stipules obliquely lance- olate, or lance-subulate, acuminate; panicle terminal, elongating, rather slender; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth ; legumes with 4 to 6 triangular-oblong reticulated sparingly-hispid joints. Beck, Bot. p. 85. Hedysarum bracteosum. AIx. Am. 2. p. 73. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 482. Bart. Phil. 2. /». 78. Ell. Sk. 2.p. 213. Florul. Cestr. p. 82, Eat. Alan. p. 167. H. cuspidatum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1198. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 109. Bigel. Bost. p. 276. Torr. Comp. p. 269. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Also, Pers. 1. c. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 483. Bracteate Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, rather stout, simple, or sparingly branched, smooth, or slightly scabrous near the summit. Leaflets 2 lo 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, ovale, or oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, tapering to an acute point, oflen with a slender conspicuous acumination, thin and smooth, slightly ciliate and scabrous on the margin; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, striate, smooth ■ stipules obliquely lanceolate with a long acumination, nerved, smooth, sparingly ciliate, deciduous,—the partial stipules filiform-subulate, persistent. Flowers in a terminal slender racemose panicle ; the branches scabrous with short uncinate hairs ; pedicels slightly pubescent; lower bracts ovate, conspicuously acuminate smooth, minutely ciliate, imbricated over the flower-buds. Calyx smooth, thin and membranous; segments lanceolate, acute, the 2 upper ones cohering nearly to the apex, the lower one much longer. Corolla reddish purple tinged with violen nearly 3 times as long as the calyx. Legume long (often 2 inches) mostly of 4, 5, or 6 joints, strongly and reticulately veined, sparsely uncinate-hispid on the sides, more densely on the margins, very tenacious ; joints triangular-oblong, slighlly convex on the upper margin. Hab. Along shaded rivulets ; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Septem- DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 4l7 06s. Prof. De Candolle makes the cuspidatum, of Muhl. and Willd. a variety of this. Our plant seems to present the principal characters of both. 9. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at summit; leaflets ovate, the terminal one broader and orbicular-ovate, all abruptly and conspicuously acuminate, sprinkled with appressed hairs ; common petioles long ; panicle slender, on a very long terminal peduncle; legumes stipitate, with 2 or 3 semi-oval pubescent joints. Beck, Bot. p. 85. Hedysarum acuminatum. AIx. Am. 2. p, 72. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 483. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 209. Bigel. Bost. p. 275. Florul. Cestr. p. 81. Torr. Comp. p. 269, Eat. Alan. p. 167. H. glutinosum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1198. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. ATutt. Gen, 2. p. 109. Bart. Phil. 2.p. 79. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Also, Eat. Alan.p. 167. Acuminate Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, striate-sulcate, sprinkled wilh soft hairs,—the leaves all crowded near the summit. Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 to 4 inches wide,—the lateral ones obliquely ovate, the terminal ones larger, orbicular ovate,—all abruptly acuminate, thin, sprinkled with short appressed hairs on both sides; common petioles 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, striate-sulcate and pilose ; stipules subulate, pilose. Flowers in a slender racemose panicle, on a terminal pubescent peduncle 12 to 18 inches long; pedicels about 1 third of an inch long, slender, minutely pubescent, finally scabrous ; lower bract linear-lanceolate, nerved, ciliate. Calyx minutely hirsute ; segments ovate, nearly equal. Corolla pale purple. Legume elevated on a smooth angular stipe about as long as the pedicel; joints 2 or 3 (often 1), slightly connected, broad, semi-oval, or rather semi-obovate, concave on the upper margin, rounded on the lower, pubescent on the sides, and tenacious. Hab. Rich woodlands: common. Ft. July. Fr. August—September. 06s. This is probably the glutinosum, of Willdenow; but his phrase, "panicula scapiformi e caulis basi," is a palpable mistake, which has puzzled American Bot- anists,—and seems to have arisen from confounding this species with some speci- men of the nudiflorum. 10. D. pauciflorum, DC. Stem decumbent, or sub-erect, low and slender, mostly simple, pilose ; leaves alternate and distant; lateral leaf- lets obliquely ovate, the terminal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate, all sub- acuminate and pubescent-ciliate ; common petioles rather long; stipules obsolete; raceme slender, few-flowered, on a terminal peduncle ; leg- umes stipitate, with 2 or 3 semi-oval pubescent joints. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 330. Hedysarum pauciflorum. ATutt, Gen. 2. p. 109. Eat. Man. p. 167. Few-flowered Desmodium. Root perennial, creeping. StemQ to 9 inches high, rather erect, or decumbent at base, rarely branched, very slender, sulcate-angled, pilose and minutely scab- rous,—with the leaves scattered, but more approximated near the base and summit. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, abruptly acute, or subacuminate, thin, sprinkled with appressed hairs, and pubescent-cili- ate on the margin,—the lateral ones obliquely ovate, the terminal one larger, dila- ted and rhomboid-ovate ; common petioles 1 to 3 inches long, slender, striate-sul. cate, pilose and roughish; stipules obsolete. Flowers few (3 or 4 to 8 or 10), in a 418 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA slender loose raceme, on a terminal peduncle often shorter than the upper leaves, oblique (sometimes nearly twice as long, and erect) ; pedicels 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, very slender, minutely pubescent; lower bract lance-subulate, hirsute. Calyx minutely hirsute ; segments short, ovate, nearly equal. Corolla whitish, or reddish white, small. Legume on a stipe nearly as long as the pedicel; joints 2or3, (sometimes 1), slighlly connected, broad, semi-obovate, concave on ihe upper margin, or often nearly straight, rounded on the lower one, clothed on the sides with a short cinereous and very tenacious pubescence. Hab. Eachus's clearing, West Chester: rare. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1831. This seems to be rare, here ; and is liable to be passed over as a starved variety of D. acuminatum,—wilh which it agrees pretty closely in its fruit; though the leaves are differently disposed, and have more resemblance to those of D. nudiflorum. It was sent, wilh some other species, to Dr. Boott, who promptly recognized it. I have since received good Kentucky specimens from my indefatigable and obliging friend, Prof. Short. 11. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem erect, simple, puberulent, leafy at summit; lateral leaflets obliquely ovate, the terminal one dilated, rhom- boid-ovate, all subacuminate and pubescent-ciliate; racemes paniculate, on a very long naked scape from the base of the stem ; legumes stipi- tate, with 3 or 4 obtusely-triangular joints. Beck, Bot. p. 85. Hedysarum nudiflorum. L. and most of the Authors here quoted. Naked-flowered Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, angular-striate, minutely pubescent, —the leaves all crowded at the summit. Leaflets an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, abruptly acute, or subacuminate, green and a little scabrous on the upper surface, somewhat glaucous beneath, and slightly hairy on the nerves, pubescent-ciliate on the margin,—the lateral ones obliquely ovate, the terminal one larger, rhomboid-ovate ; common petioles 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, striate-sulcate, somewhat pilose ; stipules subulate-linear, hairy, caducous. Flow- ers in a slender racemose panicle, on a scape 18 inches to 3 feet in length, which proceeds from near the root, and is mostly decumbent at base, becoming nearly upright at a little distance from the stem, and appearing like a distinct plant,— scape smoothish, mostly naked, sometimes wilh 1 or 2 trifoliate leaves below the panicle (often 2 scapes from the base of the same slem); pedicels half an inch lo near an inch long, very slender ; lower bra-t lance-subulate, pilose. Calyx smoothish, whitish, striate with purple, finally spreading; segments short,obtuse, nearly equal, the lower one more acute, and somewhat pilose. Corolla purple, with the keel whitish,—vexillum roundish-obovate, emarginate, with 2 fuscous or dark purplish-brown spots near the base, within. Legume on a slender stipe nearly as long as the pedicel; joints usually 3 or 4, rather slightly connected, somewhat triangular, the lower angle obtuse or rounded, the upper margin nearly straight, or slightly concave, the sides rather sparingly and inconspicuously un- cinate-pubespent. Hab. Woodlands: common. Fl. July—August. FY. September. 12. D. rotundifoltum, DC. Stem prostrate, angular, hirsute; leaf- lets orbicular, hairy ; stipules obliquely ovate, reflexed ; racemes axillary, and terminally paniculate, few-flowered ; bracts cordate; legumes with 3 to 5 subrhomboid reticulated uncinately-hispid joints. Beck, Bot. p. 86. Hedysarum rotundifolium. AIx. Am. 2. p. 72. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 419 Aluhl. Catal, p. 66. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 484. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 110. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 80. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 213. Bigel. Bost. p. 274. Florul. Cestr. p. 82, Torr. Comp. p. 268. Eat. Alan. p. 166. H. canescens. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1189. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 342. Lindl. Ency. p. 632. Also 1 Pers. Syn. 2. p. 321. Not oi Linn. Aluhl. Pursh ? &c. Round-leaved Desmodium. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, trailing, somewhat branched, angular, hirsute wilh spreading hairs. Leaflets nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 and a half inches in diameter, thin, pilose with appressed hairs on both sides, ciliate on the margin, somewhat glaucous beneath, the terminal one larger, rhomboid-orbicular ; common petioles 1 to near 3 inches long, sulcate-striate, hairy; stipules obliquely ovate, acuminate, nerved, hairy and ciliate, persistent, mostly reflexed. Floicers in axillary pedunculate racemes, also in a loose slender terminal panicle ; pedi- cels about halfan inch long, pubescent; lower bract cordate, acuminate, nerved, ciliate. Calyx smoothish; segments lanceolate, acute, the lower one prolonged —or sometimes the segments ovale, nearly equal, densely ciliate. Corolla bright purple, with tinges uf violet. Legume subsessile, of 3 to 5 subrhomboid tenaciously hispid joints. Hab. Hilly, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September—October. 06s. This is the canescens, of Willd. according to Muhlenberg,—who, it may be presumed, was correctly informed on that head ; and I apprehend the circum- stance has led several subsequent Botanists to confound it (or at least the descrip- tion of it) with the true canescens, of Linnaus. Eight or len additional species are enumerated in the U. States ; and probably others remain to be detected. They require to be all brought together, and compared, in order to have them determ- ined accurately. As Prof. De Candolle remarks, it is a "genus viatoribus mono- graphisque valde commendandum." 343. LESPEDEZA. Mx. ATutt. Gen. 607. [Dedicated, hy Michaux, to Governor Lespedez, of Florida.] Calyx bibracteate at base, 5-parted ; segments nearly equal, lance-lin- ear, or subulate. Keel obtuse. Legume lenticular, unarmed, 1-seed- ed, indehiscent. Leaves trifoliate ; stipules cauline, setaceous, partial ones wanting; flowers racemose, or spiked; pedicels mostly in pairs, with 3 nearly equal bracts at base. 1. L. reticulata, Pers. Stem erect, subsimple; leaflets narrow, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, reticulately veined, hairy beneath; racemes numerous, subumbellate, axillary, subsessile ; legumes ovate, acute, or acuminate, reticulate, longer than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 86. L. sessiliflora, var. AIx. Am. 2. p. 70. var. reticulata. Eat. Man. p. 203. L. angustifolia. Florul. Cestr. p. 81. Not of Ell. D C. &c. Hedysarum reticulatum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1194. Aluhl. Catal. p. 66. Reticulated Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, striate, roughish-puberulent, simple, or with short slender erect branches (sometimes corymbosely branched). Leaflets half an inch to an inch long, and 1 to 2 or 3 lines wide, thickly sprinkled with shirt appressed hairs on the upper surface, pilose beneath with longer appressed and somewhat canescent hairs ; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch 420 D1ADELPHIA DECANDRIA long; stipules setaceous-subulate. Flowers in numerous short clustered axillary racemes ; pedicels scarcely a line in length, pubescent; bracts short, lance-subu- lale. Calyx pubescent, with 2 slender subulate bracts at base ; segments of the calyx subulate. Corolla pale purple, with deeper tinges of violet. Legume more than twice as long as the calyx, compressed, ovate, with a short abrupt acumin- ation, strongly and reticulately veined, pilose with short appressed hairs. Hab. Dry banks; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. I can perceive but little to distinguish this from the following, except the narrow sublinear leaves. It was erroneously inserted in my Catalogue as the L. angustifolia, of Elliott,—a. species bearing about the same relation to L. frutes- cens, as this does to L. sessiliflora. m 2. L. sessiliflora, ATutt. Stem erect, somewhat branching; leaflets oblong-oval, obtuse, subvillose beneath ; racemes fasciculate, axillary, subsessile; legumes ovate, acute, or acuminate, much longer than the minute calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 86, Sessile-flowered Lespedeza. Vulgo—Bush Clover. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, striate, somewhat pubescent, sometimes paniculately branched, often simple. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, ovate-oblong, oval, or sometimes ob- ovate, often retuse at apex, mucronate, the upper surface smoothish, or slighlly sprinkled with short appressed hairs, somewhat glaucous and villose beneath; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long; stipules subulate-filiform. Flowers in subsessile axillary clusters. Calyx pubescent. Corolla violet-purple. Legume 3 times as long as the calyx, compressed, ovate, mucronate, or acumin- ate, reticulately veined, and pilose with short appressed hairs. Hab. Dry woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October 06s. In our Chester County specimens, the upper surface of the leaves is greem and generally smoothish; but in my specimens from N. Carolina, both sides of the leaves are densely clothed wilh appressed cinereous and somewhat silky hairs. 3. L. Nuttallii. Stem erect, hairy, somewhat branched; leaflets oval, ovate and obovate, villose beneath; racemes somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legumes lance-ovate, acuminate, very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx. L. virgata. ATutt. Herbar. Not of D C. L. Stuvei. Florul. Cestr.p. 81. Not of ATutt. DC. Beck, &c. Nuttall's Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate, oflen angular towards the sum. mU, mostly very pubescent, more or less brancned, sometimes virgately. Leaflets half an ineh to an inch and quarter long, and 1 third of an inch to near an inch wide, varying from oblong-ovate to oval and obovate, rounded, or retuse at apex, sometimes rather acute, mucronate, the upper surface more or less sprinkled wilh short appressed hairs, the lower mostly quite villose ; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long, very pubescent; stipules lance-subulate. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedunculate racemes ; peduncles axillary and term- inal, very pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves. Calyx clothed with appres- sed hairs; segments long, lance-subulate, or linear-lancepjate, pubescent-ciliate. Corolla purple, with linges of violet. Legume scarcely 1 fourth longer than the calyx, compressed, lance-ovale, acuminate, clothed with longish cinereous ap- pressed hairs. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 421 Hab. Dry hills ; Mica-slate range : frequent. Fl. August—Sept. FY. October. 06s. This is in Mr. Nuttall's Herbarium, in the Philadelphia Academy, under the name of L. virgala; but as that name is preoccupied, I have ventured to pro- pose the one here substituted. When my Catalogue was published, I mistook it for the L. Stuvei, of Nuttall,—to which, in fact, it has some resemblance. 4. L. frutescens, Ell. Stem erect, subsimple, villose; leaflets ellip- tic-oblong, silky-pubescent beneath; common petioles very short; spikes capitate, ovoid, on short axillary peduncles; legumes elliptic-ovate, pu- bescent, much shorter than the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 87. L. fruticosa. Pers. Syn. 2. p 318. Lindl. Ency. p. 630. L. capitata. AIx. Am. 2. p. 71. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 480. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 107. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 76. Bigel. Bost. p. 272. Eat. Man. p. 202. Also, Pers. I. c. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 349. Lindl. I. c. Beck, I. c. Hedysarum frutescens. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1193. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 343. Aluhl, Catal. p. 66. Shrubby Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 (usually about 3) feet high, leafy, sulcate-striate, very villose, and often tawny, especially when young, mostly simple, sometimes branched at summit, firm when old, but not frutescent. Leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, mostly obtuse, slightly mucronate, silky-villose beneath (sometimes on both surfaces, especially when young), the upper surface reticulately veined, finally smoolhish ; common. petioles 1 or 2 lines in length, very pubescent,—the partial petiole of.the terminal leaflet 2 or 3 limes as long as the common petiole; stipules lance-subulate. Flow- ers crowded in oblong-ovoid or subglobose heads, on axillary peduncles 1 fourth lo halfan inch long; pedicels very short; biacts subulate, hairy. Calyx very hairy, deeply 5-parted ; segments about as long as the corolla, lance-linear, acuminate, 3-nerved, hairy and ciliate. Corolla white, or ochroleucous, with a purple spot on the vexillum. Legume compressed, elliptic-ovate, pilose, 1 third to 1 half shorter than the calyx-segments. Hab. Mica-slate hills : not very common. FZ. August—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. Collected near Shugart-town, in E. Goshen, by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829 I have also collected beautiful specimens near Mr. John D. Steele's, in W. Brad- f :>rd,-with the leaves narrower, silky-pubescent on 60/6, sides, and the stem densely clothed with a tawny villus. 5. L. polvstachta, AIx. Stem erect, paniculate at summit, hoary- villose ; leaflets roundish-oval, pubescent ; common petioles short; spikes oblong, on long axillary peduncles; legumes elliptic-ovate, pilose, nearly as long as the calyx. Beck, Bot. p. 87. Icon, AIx. Am. 2. tab. 40. L. hirta. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 207. Torr. Comp. p. 267. Florul. Cestr. p. 81. Hedysarum hirtum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1193. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 344. Aluhl. Catal. p. 66. Manx-spiked Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, leafy, striate-sulcate, very hairy paniculately branched at summit. Leaflets 2 thirds of an inch to an inch and half long, and half an inch to an inch wide, roundish-oval, often rather obovate. and retuse, or emarginate, slightly mucronate, pubescent with appressed rather silky 36 422 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA hairs; common petioles 1 line to half an inch long, veryjhairy; stipules lance-lin- ear, nerved, hairy externally. Flowers crowded in oblong spikes about an inch in length and 2 thirds of an inch in diameter, on axillary villose peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Calyx very hairy, deeply 5-parted ; segments about as long as the corolla, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 nerved. Corolla ochroleucous, with a purple spot on the vexillum. Legume compressed, elliptic-ovate, very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments. Hab. Dry, hilly woodlands : frequent. FL August—September. Fr. October. 6. L. violacea, Pers. Stem sub-erect, slender, pubescent, diffusely branching, and somewhat nodding at summit; leaflets oval, or ovate- oblong, hairy beneath; common petioles elongated; racemes subum- bellate, on filiform axillary peduncles mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate; legumes rhomboid-ovate, reticu- late, smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 87. Also ? L. divergens. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 481. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 77. Bigel. Bost. p. 273. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 350. Florul. Cestr. p. 81. Eat. Alan. p. 203. Hedysarum violaceum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1195. Ait. Kew. A. p. 344. Muhl. Catal. p. 66. Also ? H. divergens. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1196. Aluhl. I. c. Violet Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, rather erect, more or less hairy, flaccid at summit, and often nodding, or semi-procumbent, with numerous slender spread. ing leafy branches. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third of an inch to near an inch wide, varying from ovate-oblong, to elliptic and obovate, mostly obtuse (sometimes acute), often emarginate, slightly mucronate, smoothish above, pilose with appressed hairs beneath ; common petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch and half long, channelled on the upper side, pilose; stipules subulate. Flowers in 2 or 3 pairs, mostly approximated near the summit of the common pe- uncle, on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long ; common peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, filiform, often in pairs on the branches, and 1 or 2 subsessile flowers in Ihe axils'of the stem leaves. Calyx pubescent with appressed hairs; segments lance-subulate. Corolla violet-purple. Legumes 2 or 3 limes as long as the calyx, compressed, elliptic, or rhomboid-ovate, acute, reticulately veined, more or loss sprinkled with short appressed hairs, sometimes nearly smooth. Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. Judging from all the specimens which I have seen, I incline to think, with Mr. Nuttall, Dr. Boott, and others, that the L. violacea, and divergens, are not distinct species. At all events, I am satisfied that our plant is the true divei'gens, of Authors. The more slender, semi-procumbent specimens, approach the follow- ing,—and, I suspect, have been sometimes confounded wilh it. 7. L. procumbens, Mx. Pubescent ; stem procumbent, slender, branching, branches assurgent; leaflets oval, obtuse ; racemes subum- bellate, on long erect axillary peduncles ; legumes orbicular-ovate, pu- bescent. Beck, Bot. p. 88. Icon, Mx. 2. tab. 39. L. prostrata? Bigel. Bost. p. 274. Hook. Am. l.p. 156. Also? Pursh, Am. 2. p. 481. DC. Pro dr. 2. p. 350. Eat. Man. p 203 Not! of A'utt. Ell. Torr. and Beck. Hedysarum prostratum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1200. Aluhl. Catal. p. 66. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 322. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 423 Procumbent Lespedeza. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, oflen several from the same root, very pubescent, trailing, branching; branches erect, or assurgent. Leaflets 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, oval, or obovate, often emarginate, mucronate, pubescent; common petioles 1 line to half an inch long, grooved on the upper side, very pubescent; stipules subulate. Flowers cap- 'tate or in a subumbellate (sometimes oblong) raceme, at the summit of erect axil- lary peduncles 1 to 2 or^3 inches long. Calyx pilose ; segments subulate-lanceo- late. Corolla purple with strong tinges of violet. Legume 2 or 3 times as long as lhe calyx, compressed, orbicular-ovate, pubescent with short appressed hairs. Hab. Sandy banks, and dry woodlands : frequent. Fl. August. FY. October. 06s. I have smoother specimens, collected on the Brandywine hills by D. Townsend, Esq. which seem to be intermediate between this and the true pros- trata (or repens, of Muhl. and Bart. Phil.); but I have some doubts of their being really distinct from the present species. Two or three additional species are enu- merated in lhe U. States. B. Sarcolobe2e—Seeds with thick fleshy or farinaceous cotyledons, not becoming green leaves in germination ; esculent. 4. Vicia Tribe. Legume many-seeded, dehiscent. Leaves mostly even-pinnate and cirrhose, the primordial ones alternate. Vicie^:. DC. 344. CICER. Tournef. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 354. [The Latin name for a species of vetch; applied to this genus.] Calyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the vexillum; tube more or less gibbous at base on the upper side. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous, mucronate. 1. C. arietinum, L. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate ,- stipules lanceolate, subdenticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 354. Rim CrcER. Vulgo—Coffee Pea. Chick Pea. Gallice—Le Pois chiche. Germ.—Die Kicher. Hisp,— Garbcinzo. Plant canescent, glandular-pilose, the hairs secreting oxalic acid. Root annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, sulcate-striate, somewhat flexuose, branching. Leaflets ubout half an inch long, and 1 sixth to 1 fourth of an inch wide, in 4 to 6 pairs (often alternate), with a terminal odd one instead qf a tendril; stipules ovate-Ian. ceolate, often trifid. Flowers solitary, axillary; peduncles halfan inch to an inch long, slender, with 2 opposite subulate bracts near the middle. Calyx-segments lanceolate, unequal, the longest ones about as long as the wings of the corolla. Corolla white. Legume about 3 fourths qf an inch long, and near half an inch in diameter, turgid, clothed with glandular hairs. Seeds gibbous, inform remarka- bly resembling a rain's head. Hab. Gardens: not very common. Fl. July—September. Fr. August—October. Obs. This is sometimes cultivatedfor the seeds,—which, it is said, afford a tol- erable substitute for coffee. There are no native species in the TJ. Slates. 345. FABA. Tournef. DC. Prodr, 2. p. 354, [The Latin name for a bean; appropriated to this genus.] Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent at a r 424 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA right angle with the ovary ; stigma villose. Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. Seeds oblong; hilum terminal. 1. F. vulgaris, Moench. Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate ; tendrils obsolete,- stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 354. Vicia Faba. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1111. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 308. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 316. Florul. Cestr. p. 131. Lindl. Ency. p. 622. Eat. Man. p. 388. Common Faba. Vulgo—Horse Bean. Windsor Bean. Gallice—Five de marais. Germ.—Die Feld-bohne. Hisp.—Hdba. Root annual. Stem 1 lo 2feet high, erect, simple, striate, smooth. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, elliptic, or ovate, sometimes nearly rhomboid^ entire, smooth; stipules large. Flowers in simple erect axillary racemes. Calyx smooth; tube about half an inch long; segments lance-linear. Corolla white, with a large black spot on each wing. Legume torulose. Seeds very large, with the hilum at one end. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. Obs. Often cultivated for the table ; but not generally admired. It is the only species qf the genus. 346. VICIA. L. ATutt. Gen. 597. [The Latin name for the Vetch, or Tare.] Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth shorter. Style filiform, bent at a right angle with the ovary; stigma villose. Legume oblong, many-seeded. Seeds with the hilum lateral, oval, or linear. 1. V. americana, Muhl. Leaflets 8 to 12, (elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, smooth; stipules semi-sagittate, deeply toothed; racemes 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Beck, Bot. p. 88. American Vicia, Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, somewhat 4-angled, striate, smooth, branching near the base, slender, climbing and supported by the tendrils at the end of the common petioles. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 fourth to near 2 thirds of an inch wide, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly ob- tuse, often slightly retuse at apex, mucronate, sometimes obscurely repand-dentic- ulate, smooth; common petioles about 3 inches long, pinnate to the base, termin- ating in a slender branching tendril; stipules semi-sagittate, tapering to an acute point, with several coarse lanceolate acute teeth near the base, nerved, smoo,th, Racemes 4 to 6 or 8-flowered; peduncles about an inch long, axillary, angular, slightly pubescent; pedicels 1 to 2lines long. Calyx smoothish, nerved ; segments lance-ovate, father short, sparingly ciliate. Corolla palish-purple, rather large (about 3 fourths of an inch long). Ovary compressed, lance-linear, or oblanceo" late, narrowed at base, smooth ; style about a line in length, turned up at a right angle with the ovary; stigma bearded with a white villus. [Legume linear-ob- long, compressed, reticulate, smooth. Hook.~] Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Obs. Collected at the above locality, in 1829, by D. Townsend, Esq. and subse- quently by Miss A. Kimber. I have not seen the fruit. 2. V. Cracca, L. Leaflets numerous, lance-linear, or oblong, mucro- nate, pubescent beneath ; stipules lance-linear, with a divaricate subu- DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA 425 late-linear segment at base on one side, pilose ; Tacemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers secund, crowded, retrorsely imbricated. Beck, Bot. p. 88. [gePwicke. Vulgo—Tufted Vetch. Gall.—Vesce a bouquets. Germ.—Die Vo- Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet long, slender, 4-angled, striate, pubes- cent, branching, and climbing by tendrils. Leaflets in 5 to 10 pairs, opposite, or alternate, about an inch long, and 1 to 2 or 3 lines wide, sublinear, or lance-oblong, rather obtuse, mucronate, silky-pilose beneath ; common petioles 2'to 3 inches long, pubescent, pinnate to the base, terminating in a long branching tendril; stipules lance-linear, entire, or mostly wilh a divaricate subulate segment at base on one side, pilose and ciliate. Racemes 1 to 2 inches long, 10 lo 20-flowered, secund, mostly recurved, on axillary sulcate-striate pubescent peduncles 1 to 3 inches long ; flowers deflected, or imbricated backwards, on short pubescent pedicels. Calyx somewhat hairy; upper segments very short, obtuse, the lower ones lance- olate, pilose-ciliate. Corolla pale violet-purple, scarcely half an inch long. Style pilose near the stigma; stigma bearded. Legume compressed, oblong, coriaceous, reticulated, smooth, fuscous. Seeds subglobose, nearly black. Hub. Borders of woods, and meadows: not common. Fl. June—July. Fr. Auj. 06s. This occurs in several localities,—and is even troublesome about many gardens ; but I am not quile satisfied of its being a native, here. 3. V. sativa, L. Leaflets 10 or 12, ovate-oblong, or linear-oblong, retuse, mucronate, more or less pilose beneath; stipules semi-sagittate, more or less dentate; flowers axillary, mostly in pairs, subsessile. Beck, Bot. p. 89. Cultivated Vicia. Vulgo— Common Vetch, Tare. Gallice—La Vesce. Germ.—Die Futterwicke. Hisp.—Alverjana. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, striate, more or less pubescent, mostly sim- ple, procumbent, or climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, & I or 2lines to half an inch wide, varying from sublinear to ovate and obovate-oblong.(the narrow ones often the longest), mostly truncate and retuse at apex ; common petioles an inch and half to 3 inches long, pinnate to the base, terminating in a long branching tendril; stipules semi-sagittate, nerved, with un- equal acuminate teeth, somewhat ciliate, often marked with a dark spot near the base. Flowers mostly in pairs, sometimes solitary, axillary, subsessile. Calyx tubular, nerved, somewhat pilose ; segments as long as the tube, nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, nerved, ciliate. Corolla pale violet-purple, about half an inch long. Style short; stigma bearded. Legume an inch to an inch and half long, compressed, torulose, reticulate, minutely pilose. Seeds orbicular, subcompressed, dark brown. Hab. Cultivated grounds: not common. Fl. June— July. Fr. August. 06s. This is occasionally to be met with; but certainly, I think, not a native; here. Three or four addilional species are enumerated in the U. States. 347. ERVUM. L. D C. Prodr. 2. p. 366. [The Latin name for a species of Vetch, or Tare.] Calyx 5-parted; segments lance-linear, acute, nearly equal, about as long as the corolla. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2 to 4-seeded 1. E. Lens, L. Stem erect, bra?iching ; leaflets elliptic-oblong, somewhat pilose ; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; pedun- 36* 426 DIADELPIIIA DECANDRIA cles 2 or 3-flowered; legumes broad, short, finely reticulated, smooth, 2-seeded,- seeds lenticular. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 366. Cicer Lens. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1114. Vulgo—Lentil. Gallice—La Lentille. Germanice"—Die Linse. Hispanice—Lenteja. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, somewhat 4-angled, slightly pubescent, branched. Leaflets in 3 to 6 or 8 pairs, half cm inch to near an inch long, and 1 or 2 lines to 1 third of an inch wide, elliptic-oblong, often raiher acute at each end, more or less pubescent; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long, terminating in a sub- simple tendril; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pnbesce?it and ciliate. Peduncles half an inch to an inch long, axillary, pubescent, 2 or 3flowered; pedi- cels 2 or 3 lines long. Calyx pilose ; segments rather longer than the corolla, pi- lose-ciliate. Corolla white. Legume about half an inch long, and 1 third of an inch wide. Seeds 2, orbicular, compressed. Hab. Gardens : not common. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. Obs. Occasionally cultivated as a culinary vegetable ; but is not likely to come into general use. 2. E. hirsutum, L. Stem slender, diffuse, scandent; leaflets cuneate- linear, emarginately truncate, mucronate ; stipules lance-subulate ; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered; legumes oblong, obliquely truncate, hirsute, 2-seeded ; seeds subglobose. Beck, Bot. p. 89. Vicia Mitchelli. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 224. Also, D C. Prodr. 2. p. 360. Hirsute Ervum. Root annual 1 Stem 2 to 3 feet long, very slender, angular and striate, slightly pubescent, branching, and climbing by tendrils. Leaflets numerous (8 to 16 or 20), 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch long, and scarcely a line wide, sublinear, incli- ning to cuneate, truncate or retuse at apex, mucronate, often appearing somewhat tridentate, smoothish ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long, terminating in a slender branching tendril; stipules narrow, entire, or often cleft, forming a slender sub- ulate diverging segment on one side. Peduncles half an inch to an inch long, pu- bescent, axillary, 3 to 6-flowered at summit. Calyx pilose; segments rather shorter than the corolla, subulate. Corolla bluish white. Legume scarcely half an inch long, and about 2 lines wide, obliquely truncate, torulose, hirsute, 2-seeded. Seeds orbicular, somewhat compressed, reddish brown (variegated, DC). Hab. Schuylkill, at Black Rock : rare. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. Collected by Miss A. Kimber, in 1834. It is a rare plant, here ; and I sus- pect is not indigenous. It is doubtful whether there are any native species in the U. Stales. 348. PISUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 594. [The Latin name for the Pea.] Calyx-segments foliaceous; the 2 upper ones shorter. Vexillum large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villose on the upper margin. leg- ume oblong, sub-compressed. Seeds numerous, globose, with an orbic- ular hilum. 1. P. sativum, L. Leaflets ovate, entire; stipules ovate, semi- sagittate, dentate at base ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered,- legumes subcamose. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 368. Cultivated Pisum. Vulgo—Pea, Garden Pea. DIADELPIIIA DECANDRIA 427 Gallice— Pois Cultivie. Germ.—Die Erbse. Wtsp.— Guis&nte. Plant smooth and glaucous. Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 4 feet long, some- what branching, climbing by tendrils. Leaflets usually 4, 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, more or less ovate, oflen rhomboid, rather obtuse, mucronate; common petioles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, stout, terete, naked below, terminating in long branching tendrils ; stipules rather la, ger than the leaflets, produced at base on one side, and dentate or crenate on that side. Pe" duncles axillary, 1 or 2 to 6 inches long, tcith 2 or more flowers at summit. Calyx nerved and veined ; segments lance-oblong, acuminate. Corolla white, sometimes tinged with purple. Style reflexed. Legume about 2 inches long, sub- terete. Hab. Gardens, and Lots: common. Fl. June—July. Fr. July—August. Obs. Several varieties qfthis are cultivated,—chiefly for the young seeds, which afford a favorite dish, at table. There is one species given as a native of the U. States,—though Us generic character has been doubted. 5. Phaseolus Tribe. Legume many-seeded, dehiscent. Leaves not cirrhose ; the primordial ones opposite. Phaseoleje. DC. 349. AMPHICARP.EA. DC. Prodr. 2./».383. [Gr. Amphi, double, & Karpos, fruit; producing fruit both above & underground.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-toothed, naked and slightly gibbous at base. Petals oblong ; vexillum broader, incumbent, subsessile. Ovary stipitate, the stipe invested at base with a small tubular sheath; style filiform, smooth; stigma capitate. Legume compressed, stipitate, 1 to 4-seeded. 1. A. monoica, DC. Stem volubile, pilose; leaves trifoliate; leaflets ovate, smoothish ; cauline racemes pendulous, with the flowers clustered, petaliferous and mostly abortive ; radical peduncles bearing sub-solitary apetalous fertile flowers. D C. I. c. Amphicarpa. Ell. A'utt. Torr. Beck, &c. Glycine monoica. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1025. AIx. Am. 2. p. 64. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 299. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 296. Aluhl. Catal. p. 64. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 485. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 83. Bigel. Bost. p. 276. Lindl. Ency. p. 618. Also? G. comosa. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1058. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 300. Muhl. I. c. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 486. Lindl. I. c. Phaseolus, Sub-genus Amphicarpa. Eat. Alan. p. 259. Monoicous Amphicarpasa. Root perennial, Ell. Torr. Beck, Sec. (annual. Willd. Muhl. Bigel. DC. &c). Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, slender, angular, sparingly branched, volubile and climbing over shrubs, &c. retrorsely pilose, (sometimes densely clothed with spreading hairs). Leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, more or less sprinkled with hairs (sometimes quite hairy when young)) ovate, acute, the terminal ones often somewhat rhomboid, and the lateral ones mostly obliquely ovate ; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long ; stipules oblong- evate, striate-nerved, smoothish, or sometimes pilose. Racemes axillary,—the upper cauline ones mostly pendulous, often branched, on peduncles half an inch to near 3 inches long, with the flowers clustered, pedicellate, in pairs from the axils of broad rhomboid-ovate obtuse bracts,—the peduncles from near ih« base of 428 diadelphia decandria the stem, 2 to 8 or 10 inches long, filiform, often branching, and minutely bracteate near the middle, retrorsely pubescent, mostly wilh a solitary legume at the ex- tremity, which is buried in the loose earth, or under old leaves, near the root. Calyx tubular, a little gibbous at base on lhe upper side, pilose, 4-cleft; segments lance-ovate, acuminate, nearly equal. Corolla pale purple tinged with violet (oflen nearly white). Cauline legumes about an inch long, and 1 fourth of an inch wide, subfalcate, acuminate at each end, stipitate, the stipe with a short cylindric sheath at base; valves smoothish, the sutures hirsute; seeds 3 or 4, sub-reniform, dark purple. Hypoga.au legumes about 1-third of an inch long, compressed, sub-or- bicular, or pyriform-obovate, sessile, hirsute, tawny, 1-seeded; seed large orbicu- lar, compressed, of a motley reddish-brown. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September—October. 06s. The cauline petal-bearing flowers of this curious plant are generally abortive ; but I have occasionally found clusters of perfect legumes. There is one other species in the U. States, viz. the A. sarmentosa;—which, from my ignorance of the plant, and at the suggestion of a Botanical friend, I inserted, with a mark of doubt, in my former Catalogue. On re-examining my specimen, since the Des- modiums of this work were printed, I have the mortification to find-that my sup- posed A. sarmentosa is neither more nor less than Desmodium pauciflorum! 350. APIOS. Boerh. ATutt. Gen. 614. [Greek, Apios, a Pear; in allusion to its pyriform tubers.] Calyx bibracteate at base, campanulate, with 4 rounded obsolete teeth, and 1 longer acute tooth under the keel. Keel linear, falcate, reflect- ing the apex of the vexillum. Ovary shortly stipitate, the stipe with a minute sheath at base ; stigma emarginate. Legume coriaceous, many-seeded. 1. A. tuberosa, Atoench. Stem volubile ; leaves odd-pinnate; leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate. Beck, Bo!, p. 91. Glycine apios. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1067. Mx. Am. 2. p. 63. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 301. Ail. Kew. 4./>. 298. Muhl. Catal. p. 64. Bigel. Bost. p. 277. Lindl. Ency. p. 618. Phaseolus, Sub-genus Apios. Eat. Man. p. 259. Tuberous Apios. Vulgo—Ground nut. Wild Bean. Root perennial, producing oval tubers half an inch or more in diameter, at the base of the stem, and moniliform on the principal fibres. bracts subulate-lanceolate. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with a subulate acuminatum pilose externally along the middle, yellowish brown. Petals deep bright yellow' obovate, 2 or 3 of them with a purple spot atbase. Stamens 10, unequal, all fertile; anthers very long, subsessile, 4 of them yellowish, and 6 purple. Ovary villose > style long, rather slender, recurved; stigma small. Legume about 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, compressed, sublinear, with a short abrupt oblique acumination, hairy along the sutures, sparingly so on the valves. Hab. Chestnut hill, near Pughtown: rare. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Sept—Octo. 06s. This resembles the preceding; but is a stouter, and more erect, showy plant. It was detected in the above locality, the present season (1836), by Mr Joseph Risehart. Six or seven additional species, of ihis very extensive genus, have been found in the TJ. States. 354. CERCIS. L. ATutt. Gen, 402. [Greek, Kerkis, a weaver's shuttle ; from the form of the legume] Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Corolla somewhat papil- ionaceous ; petals all distinct, unguiculate, the wings larger. Stamens free, unequal. Ovary substipitate. Legume oblongT much compres- sed, 1-celled, many-seeded, the upper suture margined. Seeds obovate. Leaves simple, cordate. 1. C. canadensis, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, villose in the axils of the nerves beneath ; flowers fasciculate ; legumes shortly rtipitate. Beck, Bot. p. 94. Canadian Cercis. Vulgo—Red bud. Judas tree. A small Tree, 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, with somewhat geniculate branches, and a greyish brown dotted bark. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and rather wider than long, cordate, with a short abrupt acumination, entire, smooth, strongly 7-nerved 37 434 SYNGENESIA [Ctkaheje beneath, and more or less villose in the axils of the nerves; petioles 1 to 2 inches long; stipules lance-ovate, small, membranaceous, smooth, deciduous. Flowers in numerous small lateral fascicles on the limbs, and often on the trunk, appear- ing before the leaves ; pedicels about half an inch long, filiform, smooth, 4 to 6 or 8 from a bud. Calyx subcampanulate, gibbously dilated, smooth ; segments short, rounded, very minutely ciliate. Corolla bright purple; vexillum small, covered by the wings; keel of 2 distinct petals, larger than the wings. Ovary linear, ta. pering gradually into a style ; stigma simple. Legume about 3 inches long, and half an inch wide, oblong, subcoriaceous, smooth, much compressed, acute at each end, the upper suture with a winged margin. Seeds obovate, or oval, somewhat compressed, dark brown. Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill: not common. Fl. April, Fr. June. 06s. This little tree is much admired for its clusters of small flowers,—which clothe the limbs in purple before the leaves appear. The flowers are acid to the taste. It is the only species in the U. States. CLASS XVII. SYNGEXE.SIA.* I. Ctnara Tribe. Heads ovoid, mostly homogamous (sometimes dioicous),—when heierogamous, with the florets of the circumference always in a single series, rarely pistillate. Corolla tubular, mostly regular, b-cleft. Cynareje. Lessing. Sub-Tribe 1. Centauries. Akenes not beaked, smoothish when the areola is terminal. Pappus bristly, the base invested by a prominent margin which sur- rounds the epigynous disk ; rarely warning. Involucre of many scries, with the leaflets distinct. Receptacle brisily-paleaceous. 355. CENTAUREA. L. ATutt. Gen. 694. [From the Centaur, Chiron ; who, it is said, cured his wound with the plant.] Heads heterogamous. Involucre imbricated ; leaflets scarious, or var- iously serrate, on the margin. Corolla of the neutral or ray florets, when present, 5-parted, funnel-form, larger than the others. Filaments papillose. Pappus in many series, pilose. Akenes compressed, with a lateral areola. Receptacle bristly-paleaceous. * The plants of this Class constitute a very large natural Family (Nat. Ord. 186. Lindl. Composite.). They are generally herbaceous (rarely shrubby), with the leaves alternate, or opposite, without stipules, and usually simple ; the apparently large flowers composed of numerous florets, which are monoclinous, or diclinous, collected in den3e heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by a many. leaved involucre,—the florets often with chaffy bracts at base, commonly called palea. qf the receptacle; calyx superior, or rather closely adnate to the ovary,— the limb membranous, divided into chaffy scales, bristles, or hairs, crowning the ovary, and called pappus, often obsolete, or wanting ; corolla monopetalous, usu- ally deciduous, ligulate, or funnel-form,—in the latter case mostly 5-lobed, wilh a valvate aestivation; stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, the anthers cohering and forming a cylindrical tube embracing the style; ovary inferior, 1-cel- led, with a single erect ovule ; style simple, mostly bifid at summit; fruit a small dry indehiscent pericarp (called an akene), crowned with the limb of the calyx, often rostrate, rendering the pappus apparently stipitate ; seed solitary. Instead of using the Linnezan Orders of this Class, I have attempted to follow the arrangement of Lessing's Synopsis Generum Compositarum,—grouping lhe Genera into Tribes. Ctsabejb] SYNGENESIA 435 1. C. Ctanus, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, the lower ones dentate at base; leaflets of the involucre serrate. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2291. Vulgo—Blue-bottle. Ragged Robin. Blue-bonnets, of the Scotch. Gallice—Bluet. Germanice—Die Kornblume. Hispanic^—Ciano. Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, much branched, striate-angled, clothed wilh a cinereous cobweb-like villus. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and 2 or 3 lines to halfan inch wide, acute, sessile, hoary-villose, or lanuginous, especially on the under surface,—the upper ones entire, the lower ones dentate, or some. times pinnatifid, near the base. Heads roundish-ovoid, terminal, pedunculate; involucre imbricated, the lower or outer leaflets ovate, serrate, the inner ones longer, lanceolate, scarious and entire on-the margin, serrate at apex; florets of the centre, or disk, perfect, regular, with a slender tube, mostly purplish, with darker colored anthers, those of the circumference obsoletely pisiillate, larger, spreading or recurved, funnel-form, with a long tube, blue, or sometimes varying to purplish, and white. Akenes oblong, compressed, striate, pilose, with an open. ing, or cavity, on one side of the base (lateral areola) ; pappus of numerous rufous scabrous hairs of unequal lengths. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: not uncommon. Fl. July. Fr. August. 06s. This species is frequent about gardens ; and is becoming partially natur- alized in some of our fields. Two or three others are said to be naturalized in the U. States,—and one very pretty native species has been found in the South, by Mr Nuttall. 356. CARTHAMUS. Gxrtn. Less. Syn. p. 8. [Arabic, qorthom, to paint; from its coloring properties.] Heads homogamous. Involucre imbricated ; the exterior leaflets foli- aceous. Florets all tubular, perfect. Filaments smooth. Pappus 0. Akenes 4-angled, 4-ribbed, with a lateral areola. Receptacle bristly- paleaceous. 1. C. tinctorius, Willd. Stem glabrous s leaves lance-ovate, entire, spinose-denticulate. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1706. Dter's Carthamcs. Vulgo—Saffron. Sajflower. Gall.—Safran bdtard. Gerra-Das Buerstenkraut. Hisp.-Cdrtamo. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2feet high, branching, striate, very smooth. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, lance-ovate, or lance- oblong, spinose-cuspidate, spinulose on the margin, strongly and reticulately veinedi smooth and shining, sessile and semiamplexicaul. Heads large; lower leaflets qf lhe involucre foliaceous and lance-ovate at apex, narrowed and thicker at base. Flo- ats qf a deep reddish orange-color, with a long slender tube, and 5-parted limb. Akenes bald, or destitute qf pappus. Hab. Gardens:frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. Obs. Occasionally cultivated for the florets; which are used as a domestic dye- stuff,—and are also highly popular, among Nurses, as a remedy for various infan- tile complaints. There are no native species in the U. States. Sub-Tribe 2. Carduineje. Akenes not beaked, with the areola terminal. Pappus pilose, or plumose, the base not invested by a margin, often long, and de- ciduous. Involucre of many leaflets, distinct, and mostly spinose. Receptacle alveolate, or bristly. 436 SYNGENESIA [Ctnare/b 357. ARCTIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 636. [Greek, Arktos, a bear; the involucres being rough like a bearskin.] Heads homogamous. Involucre sub-globose ; leaflets squarrose, unci- nately incurved at apex. Florets all tubular, perfect. Pappus in many series, pilose, the hairs short, distinct at base, and caducous. Akenes compressed, ribbed, with the areola terminal. Receptacle bristly-pal- eaceous. 1. A. Lappa, L. Leaves cordate-oblong, denticulate, petiolate ; invo- lucre smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 171. Lappa. Less. Syn. p. 8. Vulgo—Bur-dock. Gallice—Glouteron. Germ.—Die Klette. Hisp.—Bardana. Root perennial 1 (biennial, Willd. &c). Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, striate-sulcate, roughish-pubescent. Leaves alternate, petiolate, scab- rous above, paler and lanuginous beneath; radical ones large (1 to 2 feet long, and 6 to 10 or 12 inches wide), cordate-oblong, acute, wavy on the margin, denticulate, or erosely dentate, sometimes pinnatifid; cauline leaves smaller, more or less ovate. Heads globose, or rouridish-ovoid, half an inch to 3 quarters in diameteri on short peduncles, terminal and axillary ; leaflets of the involucre subulate-lan- ceolate, keeled, minutely serrulate, smoothish, spreading, with the point incurved and hooked. Florets purple, with bluish anthers. Akenes compressed, angular, rugose, crowned with a short pilose scabrous pappus. Bristles of the receptacle smooth, longer than the akenes. Hab. Fence-rows, and waste places : common. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. The A. Bardana, of Willd. (A. tomentosum, Pers.) with an arachnoid. tomentose involucre, is thought to be only a variety of this. A variety has been observed here, occasionally, with pinnatifid leaves. The Bur-dock is known to every one ; and although an introduced plant, has become a common and trouble- some weed, on premises which are neglected. An infusion of the root is a popu- lar remedy for colic ; and the leaves are a favorite external application, in fevers, head ache, &c. It is the only species in the U. States—if not of the genus. 358. CARDTJUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 638. [The Latin name for the Thistle.] Heads homogamous. Involucre tumid, ovoid, imbricated; leaflets mostly spinose. Florets all tubular, perfect. Pappus in many series, long, pilose, or plumose, united in a ring at base, deciduous. Akenes oblong, compressed, not ribbed. Receptacle bristly. ( § 1. Pappus pilose. None of this section in the U. States.) § 2. Pappus plumose. (Cnicus. Willd. &c.) * Leaves all pinnatifid. 1. C. lanceolatus, L. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments lanceolate, bifid, divaricate, spinose; leaflets of the involucre lanceolate, spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 17b. Cnicus lanceolatus. Willd. and most of the Authors here quoted. Lanceolate Carduus. Vulgo—Common Thistle. Gallice—Chardon lanceole". Germ.—Die Distel. Hisp.—Cardo. Cynarbje] SYNGENESIA 437 Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout, erect, branching, striate-sulcate, hairy, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inches long, and I to 2 or 3 inches wide (the radical ones much larger than the cauline), prickly-hispid on the upper surface, lanuginous beneath. Heads terminal, erect, ovoid, about an inch in diameter; leaflets of the involucre lanceolate, sharply spinose at apex, connected by a cobweb-like villus. Florets purple, with yellowish anthers. Akenes small, compressed, obovate-oblong, smooth ; pappus about an inch long, silky, plumose. Hab. Pastures; along fence-rows, &c. common. Fl. June—July. FY. July—Aug. 06s. An introduced and troublesome weed,—delighting in a rich soil, and re: quiring some attention to keep it in subjection. 2. C. discolor, ATutt. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smoothish and green above, densely hoary-tomentose beneath, the segments ciliate and spinose; leaflets of the involucre lance-ovate, appressed. Beck, Bot. p. 173. Cnicus discolor. Willd. Aluhl. Florul. Cestr. &c. Two-colored Carduus. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, with rather slender spreading branches, striate-sulcate, somewhat pubescent with crisped membranous hairs. Leaves 3 or 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear-lanceolate, and lance-oblong, cuspidate and spinose-ciliate,—the under surface bluish-white with a soft dense tomentum. Heads terminal, erect, ovoid-oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, and an inch or more in diameter; lower leaflets of the involucre lance-ovate, upper or inner ones linear-lanceolate, all appressed, somewhat arachnoid-villose, and terminating in slender spreading spines. Florets reddish purple, with whitish anthers. Hab. Old fields; borders of thickets, &c frequent. FZ.Aug-Sept. Fr. Sept-Octo. 3. C pumilus, ATutt. Stem low and retrorsely pilose, few-flowered ; leaves semi-amplexicaul, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, green on both sides, the segments irregularly lobed, spinose-ciliate and pointed with sharp spines; involucre large, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, appres- sed, terminating in a short spine. Beck, Bot, p. 173. Cnicus pumilus. Torr. Comp. p. 282. C. odoratus. Muhl. Catal. p. 70. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 95. Florul Cestr. p. 85. Eat. Man. p. 100. Dwarf Cardttus. Plant pale greyish-green. Root biennial (perennial, Muhl.). Stem 1 to 2 feet high, stout, erect, or subdecumbent, sparingly branched, striate, hairy. Leaver 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide (the radical ones large), more or less hairy, densely pilose on the midrib beneath. Heads 1 to 3, terminal, round- ish-ovoid, very large (1 to 2 inches in diameter), often with pinnatifid spinose bract- like leaves at base ; leaflets of the involucre nearly naked, appressed,—the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rather short subulate spines,—the upper ones long, lance-linear, acuminate, not spinose, serrulate near the apex. Florets often 2 inches in length, of a rather pale reddish purple, with whitish anthers. Pappus an inch to an inch and half long. Hab. Old fields; Mica-slate hills: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. August. 06s. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant; and the heads rather hand- some,—being the largest of any of our native thistles. 37* 438 SYNGENESIA [Ctnaree 4. C. spiN09issiMtrs, Walt ? Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, acutely subdivided, very spinose, lanuginous beneath; heads with a verticil of pectinately spinose bracts at base ; leaflets of the involucre linear-lanceolate, very acute, scarcely spinose. Beck, Bot. p. 173. Cirsium horridulurn. Mx. Am. 2. p. 90. Cnicus spinosissimus 1 Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1684. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 484, Lindl. Ency. p. 684. Cn. horridulus. Muhl. Catal. p. 70. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 507. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 130. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 95. Ell? Sk. 2. p. 272. Bigel. Bost. p. 291. Torr. Comp. p. 281. Eat. Man. p. 100. Also, Per*. .Si/n. 2. p. 390. Most spinose Carduus. Vulgo—Yellow Thistle. Root perennial, Pursh, Ell. Beck, &c. biennial, Bigel. Torr. Stem erect, 18 inches to2 or 3 feet high, mostly simple, striate, lanuginous, fistular. Leaves hairy above, lanuginous beneath, semi-amplexicaul, pinnatifid, the segments raiher short, incised, and dentate, pointed with short rigid spines. Heads mostly solitary, ter- minal, large (sometimes as large as in the preceding), embraced at base by a ver- ticil of numerous lance-linear bracts about as long as the involucre,—the bracts sub-pinnatifid, or sinuate-dentate, pectinately spinose, with the spines somewhat in pairs; leaflets of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, not spinose, min- utely ciliate on the margin. Florets yellow (pale purple, Ell.), an inch to an inch and half long. Pappus about an inch long. Hab. Fields; New London, Londongrove: rare. Ft. July. Fr. August. 06s. This was observed in the above localities, by Dr. E. Michener, in 1828,— but is still rare, in this County. I have received, from the Rev. M. A. Curtis, a N. Carolina specimen, which has the florets purple, as described by Mr. Elliott; and which may, possibly, be distinct,—though in its general appearance it agrees pretty well with our plant. If ours be really identical with the C. spinosissimttsi of Europe, I should sirongly suspect it to have been introduced. I am satisfied it is not indigenous in this County. 5. C. muticus, ATutt. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lanuginous beneath, the segments lanceolate, acute, spinulose ; branches rather naked; in- volucre sub-globose, the leaflets unarmed, viscid, arachnoid-villose. Beck, Bot. p. 172. Also ? C. glutinosus. Beck, Bot. p. 173. Cirsium muticum. Mx. Am. 2. p. 89. Cnicus muticus. Muhl. Catal. p. 70. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 506. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 268. Torr. Comp. p. 281. Florul. Cestr. p. 85. Eat. Man. p. 100. Cn. glutinosus ! Bigel. Bost. p. 291. Mutic, or awnless Carduus. Root biennial (perennial, Muhl.). Stem 3 to 5or6 feet high, erect, rather slender angular-sulcate and striate, more or less pubescent, paniculately branched, branches slender, virgate, rather few-leaved. Leaves roughish-pubescent above, lanuginous beneath. Heads solitary, terminal, sub-globose, half an inch to an inch in diameter, leaflets of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute, not spinose, closely appressed, viscid, and connected by a hoary cobweb-like villus, which stives the involucre a chequered appearance. Florets purple. Pappus mostly plumose, oflen partly pilose and scabrous. Hab. Low grounds; swamps, and thickets : frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept. Obs. I have very little doubt this is the Cn. glutinosus, of Bigelow. CrsAREs] SYNGENESIA 439 6. C. arvensis, Sm. Stem paniculate ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid and dentate, spinose, undulate, smoothish ; involucre ovoid, small, the leaflets lance-ovate, mucronate, appressed. Beck, Bot. p. 172. Serratula arvensis. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1646. Ait. Kew. A. p. 473. Cnicus arvensis. Muhl. Catal. p. 70. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 506. Bigel. Bost. p. 291. Torr. Comp. p. 281. Eat. Man. p. 100. Breea arvensis. Less. Syn.p. 9. Field Carduus. Vulgo—Canada Thistle. Gallice—Chardon aux anes. Germanice—Die Ackerdistel. Root perennial, creeping, and exceedingly tenacious of life. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, erect, slender, siriate, smoothish, paniculately branched, branches slender, lanuginous. Leaves sessile, slightly decurrent, smoothish, sometimes lanuginous beneath. Heads numerous, terminal, sub-pedunculate, ovoid, small (1 third to 2 thirds of an inch in diameter); leaflets of the involucre appressed, lance-ovate, mucronate, with the point a little spreading, smoothish, minutely cil- iate. Florets purple (rarely whitish), mostly perfect t (dioicous, Lessing). Akenes linear-oblong, slightly 4-cornered ; pappus finally longer than the florets. Hab. Great Valley; Kimberton: rare. Fl. July. Fr. August. 06s. This foreigner,—the vilest pest that ever invaded the farms of our coun- try, in the form of a weed,—was first observed in the Great Valley, near lhe War- ren Tavern, in 1828, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes ;—and has been found, since, at Kim- berton, and in one or two other localities. It appears to have been introduced among Timothy seed. The utmost vigilance will be required, to prevent it from spreading. It was a singular taste, in Lessing, to dedicate so hateful a plant lo a respectable Botanist. * * Radical leaves only pinnatifid, 7. C. altissimus, L. Stem-leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, dentate and somewhat spinescent-ciliate, roughish above, tomentose beneath, radical ones petiolate, pinnatifid; involucre oblong-ovoid, bracteate at base; leaflets of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed, with a spread- ing spine at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 172. Cnicus altissimus. Willd. and most of the Authors here quoted. Tallest Carduus. Root perennial ? Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, erect, branching and slender above sulcate-striate, roughish-pubescent. Leaves hoary-tomentose beneath, the radical ones large (12 to 18 inches long, and 3 to 5 or 6 inches wide), pinnatifid, petiolate, the cauline ones sessile, dentate or denticulate, ciliate with slender spines, or spinescent bristles. Heads oblong-ovoid, about an inch in diameter, with linear- lanceolate spinescent-ciliate bracts at base ; leaflets of the mi?o/ucre ovate-lance- olale, appressed, slightly connected by a lanuginous web, of a livid color near the apex, terminating in a subulate keeled spreading spine—the inner leaflets lance- linear and scarcely spinose. Florets purple, often palish. Hab. Fence-rows; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. This is usually taller than our other species of Carduus,—and is readily distinguished by its stem-leaves not being pinnatifid. One or iwo additional spe- cies are enumerated in the U. States. 440 SYNGENESIA [Cichobaceje III. Cichorium Tribe. Heads radmri/brm, homogamous, with the florets all nearly equal, never dioicous. Corolla ligulate, b-toothed. Plants lactescent. Cichorace:e. Lessing. Sub-Tribe 3. Hyoserideje. Pappus crown-like, or of numerous broadish chaffy scales. Receptacle without bracts. 359. CICHORIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 625. [Etymology obscure ; probably derived from the Arabic, Chicouryeh-1 Involucre with the leaflets in a double series. Akenes turbinate, not beaked. Pappus of chaffy scales, short, nearly equal, in a double 1 series. Receptacle sub-paleaceous. 1. C. Inttbus, L. Radical leaves runcinate; heads of flowers axil- lary, subsessile, mostly in pairs. Beck, Bot. p. 171. Vulgo—Wild Succory, Gall. La Chicoree sauvage. Germ. Der Wegewart. Hisp. Achicoria, Root perennial, somewhat fusiform, often branching. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, an gular-striate, roughish-pubescent, with numerous and somewhat virgate scabrous branches. Railical leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, numerous, runcinate like those of the Dandelion ; stem-leaves smaller, inconspicuous on the branches, cordate. lanceolate, sub-amplexicaul, sinuate-dentate, roughish-pubescent. Heads axillary, on the side of the stem and branches, sessile, or subsessile, in pairs, or often soli- tary ; leaflets of the involucre in two series,—the outer or lower ones 5 in number, lance-ovate, acute, glandular-ciliate, rather spreading,—the inner ones about 8, lance-linear, nearly equal, somewhat ciliate and viscid, forming a slightly angular cylinder, or prism. Florets flat, linear, 5-toothed, all radiating towards the circum- ference, pale blue, or sometimes purplish, and often white. Pappus of small chaffy scales, oblong, obluse, or emarginate, apparently in a single series (double, Less.). Hab. Fields, and meadows, near Kimberton : rare. Ft. Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized in our country, and has made its appearance in the N. Easterly portion of Chester County. The roasted or parched root is said to be used as a substitute for coffee, in Europe. The C. Endivia, er Endive,—especially the var. crispa.—is much cultivated as a Salad, near the City of Philadelphia; but is rarely cultivated in this County. There are no native species in the U. States. 360. KRIGIA. Schreb. ATutt. Gen. 633, [Named in honor of David Krieg ; a German Botanist.] Involucre many-leaved, sub-simple. Akenes turbinate, not beaked. Pappus in a double series ; the outer series crown-like, of 5 short chaffy scales, the inner series of 5 long scabrous bristles. Receptacle naked 1. K. virginica, Willd. Leaves mostly lyrate, smooth, glaucous; heads solitary, on scapes finally longer than the leaves; involucres glabrous. Hook. Am. 1. p. 301. Also, K. dichotoma. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 127. Hyoseris virginica. Mx. Am. 2. p. 88. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 369. Cynthia virginica. Beck, Bot. p. 169. Not of Don {fide Lessing.). Virginian Krigia, Vulgo— Dwarf Dandelion. Plant glaucous, small. Root annual. Leaves all radical,—the primary ones orbicular, or spatulate, entire, the others sub-lyrate, often lanceolate and sinuaw- Cichoiucejb] SYNGENESIA 441 dentate, 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, narrowed to a petiole at base. Scapes 3 to 9 inches high, usually 2 to 4 or 5 from a root, sometimes solitary, slender, naked, smooth, elongating. Head of flowers terminal, small; leaflets of the involucre nearly in a simple series, linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, spreading. Flo- rets deep yellow. Akenes oblong-turbinate, sulcate-striate, scabrous, reddish brown, crowned with 5 roundish or cuneate-obovate membranous scales, and 3 scabrous white bristles. Hab. Dry, sandy grounds; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. May-Aug. Fr. June-Sept. 06s. This plant varies considerably in appearance, in different stages of its progress to maturity. It is the only species of lhe genus. 361. CYNTHIA. Don. Less. Syn. p. 129. [Perhaps from Mount Cynthus ; which was sacred to Apollo and Diana] Involucre many-leaved, in a double series. Akenes oblong, striate, smoothish, not beaked. Pappus in many series, unequal, the outer series very short, of many palea? 1 the others hair-like, scabrous, cadu- cous. Receptacle naked, 1. C. amplexicaults, Beck. Stem scape-like, often bifid, or trifid, few-leaved; radical leaves sublyrate and spatulate-lanceolate, cauline ones lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire. Beck, Bot. p. 168. Hyoseris amplexicaulis. Mx. Am. 2. p. 87. H. prenanthoides. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1615. Muhl. Catal. p. 69. Troximon virginicum. Pers. Syn. 2. p 360. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 505. Lindl. Ency. p. 666. Krigia amplexicaulis. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 127. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 93. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 266. Torr. Comp. p. 280. Eat. Man, p. 196. Amplexicaul Cynthia. Plant Smooth and glaucous. Rnol poronniol. Sl»m 10 to 18 inches high, scopo- like, oflen 2 or 3 from the root, nearly naked, mostly once or twice bifid, or dichot- omous, with an amplexicaul leaf at the forks, often trifid, or with 3 slender upright naked branches, or peduncles, at summit. Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and one or two inches wide, spatulate-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, sublyrate, or nearly entire, narrowed to a petiole at base. Heads terminal on the branches, often a little hairy at base, or on the summit of the peduncles; leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, united at base, arranged alternately somewhat in a double series. Florets deep yellow. Hab. Mica-slate range: not common. Fl. May—June. Fr. July. 06s. The pappus, in my specimens, seems to consist entirely of brittle scabrous hairs, withont any exterior chaffy scales. This has been found in several places in the Northern side of the County ; but is not very common. It is probable this Genus may embrace one or two other American plants, which were formerly re- ferred to Krigia. Sub-Tribe 5. Scorzonereje. Pappus paleaceous, of very narrow semi-lan- ceolate brisile-like scales, mostly plumose, at least the interior ones,—rarely all scabrous. Receptacle without bracts. 362. TRAGOPOGON. L. Less. Syn. p. 133. [Greek, Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard; in allusion to the pappus.] Involucre many-leaved, sub-simple. Akenes striate, scabrous, termin- 442 SYNGENESIA [Cichosaceje ating in a long continuous beak; areola lateral. Pappus of several series, plumose. Receptacle naked. 1. T. porrifolius, L. Leaves lance-linear, entire, erect; pedun- cles thickened upwards,- involucre longer than the florets. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1493. Leek-leaved Tragopogon. Vulgo—Oyster-plant. Salsify. Gall.—Salsifis. Germ.—Der Bockbart. Hisp.—Barba cabruna. Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous. Root biennial, fleshy andfusiform. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, somewhat dichotomously branching. Leaves 3 to 9 or 12 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, lance-linear, ovately dilated at base, and tapering to a long narrow acumination, sessile and semi-amplexicaul. Heads terminal, on enlarged clavate peduncles; leaflets of the involucre in a nearly simple series, lanceolate, acute, longer than the florets. Florets violet-purple, with a fuscous tinge. Akenes lance-oblong, about half an inch in length, striate-sul. cate, scabrous, tapering to a smooth slender beak about an inch long, which supports the pappus, and renders it apparently stipitate. Pappus plumose, pubescent at base, with about 5 qf the linear palea, or rays, longer than the rest, and naked at apex. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July. Obs. Cultivated for the root,—which, when properly cooked, has something qf the flavor of oysters—whence a common name qf the plant. There are no native species in the U. States. Sub-Tribe 6. Lactuce^. Pappus hair-like, mostly unequal, silvery, very soft, fugacious, never plumose; the hairs exactly linear, not flatted and Lroader atbase. Receptacle mostly without bracts. 363. LACTUCA. L. ATutt. Gen. 629. [Latin, Lac, milk ; on account of the milky juice of the plant.] Breads few-flowered. Involucre cylindric ; with the leaflets erect, im- bricated, the exterior ones broader. Akenes compressed, with a long filiform beak. Pappus in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. 1. L. sativa, L. Stem corymbose ; leaves suborbicular, the cauline ones cordate. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1523. Cultivated Lactuca. Vulgo—Garden Lettuce. Salad. Gallice—La Laitue. Germanice—Der Salat. Hisp.—Lechuga. Plant smooth, yellowish-green and glaucous. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, striate, corymbosely branched above, branches clothed with small leaves. Leaves oval, or suborbicular, somewhat ciliate, the radical ones wavy, the cauline ones cordate at base and amplexicaul. Heads numerous, terminal, small, nearly cylindric ; leaflets qf the involucre lanceolate, lhe outer or lower ones ovate. Flo- rets yellow. Akenes compressed, lance-obovate, striate-ribbed ; beak filiform, about twice as long as the akene, supporting the pappus at summit. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. July. Fr. August. Obs. Very generally cultivated for its young radical leaves,—which are used as a Salad. There are apparently several varieties,—especially one with the leaves densely imbricated, called Head-Salad—var. capitata, Willd. 1. c. 2. L. elongata, Muhl. Lower leaves runcinate, amplexicaul, upper ones lanceolate, sessile; heads of flowers racemose-paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 169. Cichobaceje] SYNGENESIA 443 L. longifolia. AIx. Am. 2. p. 85. Also ? L. integrifolia. Bigel. Bost. p. 287. Eat. Man. p. 197. Elongated Lactuca. Vulgo—Wild Lettuce. Plant smooth. Root perennial? Stem 3to 6 feet high, sparingly branched. Lower leaves 8 to 12 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, deeply runcinate, sometimes sublyrate, often long-lanceolate with 2 or 3 conspicuous lanceolate di. varicate segments on each side, near the middle; segments dentate, or entire ; upper leaves gradually smaller, narrow-lanceolate, or lance-linear, long, and often entire,—sometimes broad-oblanceolate, acuminate, and dentate. Heads numer- ous, subcylindric, in a long racemose panicle, sometimes the branches rather cor. ymbose ; peduncles short, bracteate ; lower or outer leaflets of the involucre lance- ovate, spreading, inner leaflets longer, sublinear, appressed. Florets yellow. Akenes compressed, elliptic-oblong, obscurely 3-nerved and margined, the central nerve on each side keeled, the whole surface transversely rugulose and minutely scabrous, with a slender beak at apex nearly as long as the akene, and supporting the pappus at summit. Hab. Fence-rows, thickets, &c frequent. Fl. July. FY. August. 06s. The leaves of this plant are exceedingly variable in form ; and, as Dr. Bigelow remarks, when the main stem is cropped, or broken, young branches shoot up with linear entire leaves, appearing like a different species. I have spe. cimens In which the leaves are all more or less obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, amplexicaul, and sagittate at base,—more resembling Sonchu* acuminatus, than the usual form of L. elongata: Yet Dr. Pickering thought them not distinct from the present species. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 364. LEONTODON. L. ATutt. Gen. 627. [Greek, Leon, a lion, and Odous, a tooth; from the toothed margins of the leaves] Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated, with the leaflets appres- sed, or the outer ones spreading. Akenes terete, or angular, denticulate at apex, terminating in a long slender beak. Pappus in many series. Receptacle rather convex, naked, punctate. I. L. Taraxacum, L. Leaves runcinate, dentate, smooth ; head solitary, terminal, on a fistular scape; outer leaflets of the involucre reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 168. Taraxacum Dens leonis. Less. Syn. p. 135. Vulgo—Dandelion. Gall.—Dent de Lion. Germ.—Der Loewenzahn. Hisp.—Amargon. Root perennial. LeavesM radical, 4 to 12 inches long, and lto2or3 inches wide. lance-oblong, runcinate, somewhat pubescent, finally smooth. Scapes several from the root, 4 to 12 or 15 inches in length (elongating), terete, fistular, smooth, each bearing a single head of florets. Leaflets of the involucre numerous, some- what in a double series,—the inner ones lance-linear, appressed, with scarious margins,—the outer or lower ones reflexed, slightly ciliate,—at length the entire involucre reflexed. Florets yellow. Akenes oblong, striate-ribbed and angular minutely muricate, terminating in a beak which is short at first, finally about 3 fourths of an inch long, filiform, bearing the pappus at summit, and diverging in all directions, forming a globose head. Ilab. Pastures, roadsides, &c. very common, Fl. April—Aug. FY. May—Sept. 06s. When the heads of florets first expand, the pappus is nearly sessile ; as soon as the florets shrivel, the inner series of the involucre closes up for a short 444 SYNGENESIA [Cicbobace*: time, in a cylindrical form,—the beak of the akene3 then becomes suddenly elon- gated, the whole involucre is reflexed, and the elevated pappus displayed in a globular head. This foreigner is completely naturalized ; and rather more abund- ant than welcome, in ©ur pastures. It is said to be esteemed, by some, as a salad; and to possess diuretic properties—as one of its vulgar names would indicate- There are no native species in the U. Stales. 365. PRENANTHES. L. ATutt. Gen. 628. [Greek, Prenes, drooping, and Anthos, a flower; from its nodding flowers] Heads few-flowered, nodding. Involucre cylindric, calyculate at base. Akenes subterete, not beaked. Pappus in several series, scabrous. Receptacle naked. 1. P. alba, L. Radical and lower leaves angulate-hastate, dentate, palmate-lobed, and sinuate-pinnatifid, upper leaves more or less ovate, and lanceolate, all petiolate ; racemes subfasciculate, nodding; in- volucres about 8-leaved, 5 to 12-flowered. Bigel. Bost. p. 286. P. 8erpentaria. Florul. Cestr. p. 83. Also, Pursh, Am. 2. p. 499. Icon, tab. 24. Also ? P. altissima. Willd. Pursh, Ell. Florul. Cestr. &c. Also ? P. cordata, and deltoidea. Ell. Florul. Cestr. &c. Nabalus albus. Hook. Am. l.p. 294. Also ? N. altissimus, cordatus, and serpentarius. Hook. I. c. Harpalyce alba. Beck, Bot.p. 167. Not Harpalyce of DC. Also ? H. altissima, cordata, and serpentaria. Beck, I. c. White Phenanthes. Vulgo—Lion's foot. Rattle-snake root. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, sometimes nearly simple, oflen much branched, generally purplish, smooth. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and often as wide as long, very variable in form, from deltoid to hastate-lobed, palmate- and pinnatifid-lobed, roundish-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, more or less dentate, or denticulate, smooth, rather thin and membranaceous, often decurrent on the peii- oles,—the radical leaves large, and on long petioles. Heads of flowers cylindric, numerous, nodding, in paniculate racemose fascicles, terminal and axillary ; in- volucres often purplish, the inner leaflets in a single series, sublinear and equal, lhe outer ones short, ovate, imbricated. Florets whitish, or ochroleucous. Akenes Bubterete, striate, not beaked, but crowned by a sessile scabrous tawny pappus. Hab. Woodlands; clearings, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept—October. 06s. This is a remarkably heterophyllous and variable plant; and I am strongly inclined to the opinion of Drs. Bigeloie, Torrey, Hooker, &c. that several of the species, in the books, are nothing more than varieties. In revising our Chester County specimens, I have thought it safest, for the present, to refer them all to this species;—though it must be confessed, we often meet with one in which the involucres are usually much smaller, greenish, about 5-flowered, and the floras more yellow (which I take to be the P. altissima, of Authors)—and may, perhaps, prove to be distinct. The root of the P. serpentaria, IHirsh—with lareer purplish sub-glaucous involucres—is said to be intensely bitter, and isoneof the many fron- tier remedies for the bite of snakes. Eight or ten additional species have been enumerated in the TJ. States ; but a careful revision of them will probably reduce the number. I am gratified to find the following good authority for retaining un- disturbed the old generic name, Prenanthes—with which we have been so'long familiar. "Genera Doniana Harpalyce (Nabalus, Cass.), Lygodesmiu, et Atalan- thus, vix atque ne vix quidem separari merentur." Lessing. Cichorace;e] SYNGENESIA 445 366. SONCHUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 630. [An ancient CrreeA name, of obscure meaning.] Heads ventricose, or dilated at base. Involucre many-leaved, closely imbricated, connivent at summit. Akenes not beaked, truncate at apex, ancipital-compressed, about 5-ribbed on each side, transversely rugu- lose. Pappus of several series. Receptacle naked. * Flowers yellow. 1. S. oleraceus, L. Leaves lyrate-runcinate, and sinuate-pinnatifid, acutely dentate, sagittate-amplexicaul; peduncles subcymose, flocculent- tomentose; involucres smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 171. Pot-herb Sonchus. Vulgo—Common Sow-thistle. Gallice—Le Laiteron. Germ.—Die Saudistel. Hisp—Cerraja. Root annual, fusiform. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, fistular, tender, gland- ular-pilose above. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, smooth, sessile and amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, runcinate, and variously pinnatifid, and sinuate-den- late, the teeth and segments cuspidate. Heads in terminal and axillary cymose panicles; peduncles thickish, 1 third of an inch to an inch and half long, clothed when young with a loose flocculent white tomentum. Involucre dilated or tumid at base, orbicular, abruptly contracted above, or acuminate. Florets pale yellow. Pappus very white, and silky-pilose, the rays fasciculately connate at base. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated Lots: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Sept. Obs. An introduced weed,—completely naturalized in our cultivated grounds. 2. S. spinulosus, Bigel. Leaves amplexicaul, lance-oblong, undu- late and spinulose-dentate on the margin; peduncles subumbellate. Beck, Bot. p. 171. Prickly Sonchus. Root annual. Stem about 2 feet high, branched, smoothish, or slightly glandular- pilose above. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, lance-oblong, wavy and sinuate, with numerous prickly teeth on the margin, sometimes pinnat- ifid, smooth. Heads in terminal subumbellate panicles; outer leaflets of ihe in- volucre acuminate, appressed. Florets yellow. Pap/pus very white, silky-pilose. Hab. Along Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. August. FY. September. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend Esq. in 1832. I have some doubts whether this be really more than a variety of the preceding. * * Flowers blue. 3. S. floridanus, L. Leaves lyrate-runcinate, denticulate ; heads of flowers paniculate; peduncles squamose-bracteate. Willd. Sp. 3, p. 1520. Agathyrsus floridanus. Beck, Bot, p. 170. Flowering Sonchus. Root biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, smooth, or a little hairy near the insertion of the leaves, often purplish, paniculate at summit. Leaves 3 to 8 or 12 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches wide, lance-oblong, lyrate-runcinate, or deeply pin. natifid, the segments sinuate- or repand-denticulate, smoothish above, often pilose en the nerves beneath,—the radical ones on long petioles, cauline ones sessile, or 38 446 SYNGENE9IA [Cichobaceje the lower ones narrowed to winged petioles. Heads of flowers rather small (about half an inch long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch in diameter, in an oblong ter" minal panicle 9 to 18 inches in length; peduncles half an inch to an inch long, rather slender, clothed with a few small lance-ovate bracteate scales. Involucre ovoid-oblong, ventricose at base; leaflets^often tinged with dark purple. Florets blue. Akenes strongly ribbed; pajjpus somewhat scabrous, britlle, pale brown, or dirty white. Hab. Fence-rows ; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. 1 have often observed specimens with the florets pale blue,—which I for- merly supposed to be the S. leucophaus, Willd. and accordingly inserted that species in my Catalogue ; but upon a review of all my collections, I am unable to perceive any distinctive characters, sufficient to justify the continuance of that species in this work. 4. S. acuminatus, Willd. Radical leaves slightly runcinate, cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petiolate; heads of flowers paniculate ; pedun- cles somewhat squamose-bracteate. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1521. Lactuca villosa. Beck, Bot. p. 170. Acuminate Sonchus. Root biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, terete, smooth, paniculate at summit. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, generally lance-ovate (sometimes nearly deltoid, or triangular-hastate), acuminate, sinuate-denticulate, smooth above, often pilose on the nerves benealh, abruptly narrowed at base to a winged tapering petiole 1 or 2 inches in length. Heads of flowers small, in a rather loose panicle, sometimes racemose on the branches; peduncles 1 line to halfan pnch long, slender, with a few minute bracteate scales. Involucre oblong, slightly ventricose ; leaflets often tinged with dark purple, the outer ones lance-ovate, short. Florets blue. Akenes compressed, ovate-lanceolate, acuminately tapering at apex, but scarcely beaked (pappus stipitate, Ell); pappus minutely scabrous, rather brittle, white. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August. FY. September. 06s. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the U. States. Sub-Tribe 7. Hieracie*. Pappus hair-like,stiffish and very brittle,becoming a dirty yellow, never plumose, the hairs exactly linear. Receptacle with, or with- out bracts. 367. HIERACIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 631. IGr.Hierax, a hawk; from a notion that hawks sharpened their sight with its juice.] Involucre ovoid-oblong, imbricated. Akenes terete, 10-ribbed, not beaked, truncate at apex. Pappus in a single series. Receptacle naked, alveolate, or villose. 1. H. venosum, L. Stem scape-like, mostly naked, smooth, co- rymbose-paniculate ; leaves obovate-oblong and lanceolate, entire margin ciliate, veins purple ; involucres smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 166. Veined Hieracium. Vulgo—Hawkweed. Root perennial. Stem 1 lo 2 feet high, scape-like, naked, or with few leaves corymbose-paniculate at summit. Leaves mosily all radical, 2 to 4 or 5 inches' long, and 1 to near 2 inches wide, varying from obovate to lance-oblone, tapering almost to a petiole at base, more or less hairy, especially on the midrib beneath^ eften nearly smooth above, the veins conspicuous, dark purple, or someiimes Cichoraceje] SYNGENES1A 447 small and scarcely colored. Heads of flowers in a loose corymbose panicle, the branches slender, smoothish; involucre smoothish, the inner leaflets about 10, lance-linear, nearly equal, the outer ones much shorter, imbricated. Florets yel- low. Akenes oblong, striate; pappus scabrous. Hab. Woodlands, and clearings: frequent. Fl. May—June. FY. June—July. 06s. The variety with inconspicuous veins is not unfrequent, here.—and is very common in the Pines of New Jersey. A few years since, this plant was an- nounced as a certain remedy, or antidote, for the poison of the Rattle Snake ; but I believe its virtues remain lo be aulhenticated. 2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem simple, more or less leafy, very hairy below; leaves elliptic-obovate, and oblanceolate; panicle few-flowered, rather compact; pedicels and involucres pubescent, glandular-hispid. Beck? Bot. p. 166. Var. a. nudicaule, Mx. Stem nearly naked above; panicle sub- fastigiate ; pedicels rather slender. Var. b. foliosum, Mx. Stem leafy; panicle oblong ; pedicels thick" ish, divaricate, very hirsute. Also ? H. marianum. Willd. Pers. Ell &c. Al°o, H. scabrum. Florul. Cestr. p. 84. AIx ? Am. 2. p. 86. Gronovius' Hieracium. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, mostly simple, scabrous,clothed with long spreading canescent hairs, especially towards the base. Leaves 1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, hairy, the lower ones taper- ing to a petiole at base, those on the stem sessile (in var. a. few, lance-oblong—in var. b. more numerous, broader, obovate, and ovate). Heads of flowers in an oblong terminal panicle (in var. a. smaller, wilh the branches more erect, corym- bose, slender, and less hispid); involucre glandular-pilose. Florets yellow. Ak- enes oblong, striate-sulcate. Hab. Woodlands; and sterile meadows: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. The var. b. above mentioned, is the H. scabrum, of my Catalogue,—which Prof. Hooker thinks is not specifically dislinct from H. Gronovii. The var. a. however, has more of the habit of H. venosum; but is much more hairy. Dr Aikin (in Eat. Man. p. 175.) is moreover of opinion that the H. venosum is only a var. of H. Gronovii. 3. H. paniculatum, L. Stem leafy, loosely paniculate, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, smooth, membranaceous; pedicels very slender, divaricate ; bracts subulate. Beck, Bot. p. 166. Paniculate Hieracium. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, striate, smoothish, loosely and paniculately branched at summit. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, acute at each end, remotely denticulate, thin and smooth, sessile. Heads of flowers in a long loose compound panicle, with very slender branches, and minutely bracteate pedicels , involucre smooth, the inner leaflets very narrow, linear. Florets yellow. Akenes oblong, deeply striate-sulcate, or ribbed, reddish brown. Hab. Woodlands ; and old meadows : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. Six or eight additional species are enumerated in theU. Slates ; and Prof, Hooker describes 14 in British America. 448 SYNGENESIA [Vernoniaceje IV. Vernonia Tribe. Heads homogamous with perfect florets, or rarely heterogamous with florets in a single series, the pistillate ones bearing ligulate corollas in the circumference, the rest perfect. Corolla of the perfect florets mostly regular, b-bleft, wilh diverging lobes. Style wilh the branches mostly long and subulate. Vernon- iace£. Lessing. Sub-Tribe 1. Vernonieje. Heads many-flowered and homogamous, or 1-flow- ered ; involucre imbricated, in many series. Branches of the Style acuminate. 368. VERNONIA. Screb. ATutt. Gen. 640. [Dedicated to William Vernon; an Engish Botanist] Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovoid, imbricated. Florets all tub- ular, perfect. Pappus in several series; the outer series short, bristly- paleaceous, the inner hair-like. Receptacle naked. 1. V. prjealta, Willd. Leaves numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, scabrous; corymb fastigiate; leaflets of the involucre ovate, acute, or filiform at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 175. Also, V. noveboracensis, of the Authors here quoted. Vert tall Vernonia, Vulgo—Iron weed. Root perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, striate-sulcate, roughish-pubes. cent, somewhat branching at summit. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 or 3 inches (usually about an inch or inch and half) wide, lanceo- late, or lance-oblong, sessile or subsessile, serrate, mostly somewhat scabrous and coriaceous. Heads of flowers in a large terminal corymb; leaflets of the involucre imbricated, ovate, with a subulate or filiform acumination, mostly dark purple. Florets of a bright deep purple. Akenes oblong-turbinate, sulcate, scabrous wilh short hairs ; pappus a dirty white, or often purplish, scabrous, in a double series, lhe outer one consisting of short chaff-like bristles. Hab. Meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Ft. August. Fr. September. 06s. I have long thought lhat this, and V, noveboracensis, were scarcely distinct species ; and am pleased to find that opinion sanctioned by the high authority of Prof. Hooker, and others. This is a well known and raiher obnoxious weed, in our meadows. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. Slates. V. Eupatorium Tribe. Heads homogamous with perfect florets, rarely heterogamous, very rarely sub-dioicous. Corolla regular, mostly b-toothed, with the teeth erect. Style with the bra?iches mostly very long and clavate. Eupatoriaceje. Lessing. Sub-tribe 3. Eupatorie*. Heads homogamous with the florets all perfect. Pappus consisting of hairs or very narrow bristles, oflen plumose. 369. LIATRIS. Schreb. A'utt. Gen. 639. [A name of uncertain derivation.] Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many series, oblong, imbricated. Corolla with the limb not distinct from the tube. Pappus in several series, plumose. Akenes obconic, ribbed, hairy. Receptacle naked. 1. L. spicata, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, cil- Ecpatortaceb] SYNGENESIA 449 iate at base; heads in a long terminal spike ; leaflets of the involucre oblong, obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 175. L. macrostachya. AIx. Am. 2. p. 91. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 507. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 96, Spiked Liatris. Vulgo—Blue Blazing Star. Button Snake-root. Root perennial, tuberous, with many small fibres. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, simple, striate, smooth. Leaves numerous, alternate, 1 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 line to 1 third of an inch wide, entire, sessile, the larger ones narrowed tow- ards the base and a little dilated at the insertion, nerved, pilose along the nervesj somewhat ciliate at base. Heads of flowers sessile, or subsessile, in the axils of lance-linear bracts, mostly crowded in a dense terminal spike 6 to 12 or 15 inches in length ; involucre oblong, terete, punctate, about 8-flowered,—the outer or lower leaflets ovate, acute, or acuminate, the inner ones oblong, obtuse, the margin thin and somewhat scarious, minutely ciliate, often purple. Florets bright purple. Akenes obconic, angular and ribbed, puncticulate, hirsute, pale brown ; pappus scabrous-plumose. Hab. Moist grounds; borders of woods, &c. frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 06s. The root of this handsome plant is a popular medicine,—the tincture, or infusion, being often used in cases of chronic rheumatism, debility, &c. About 20 additional species are found in the U. States,—chiefly in the South and West. 370. KUHNIA. L. Arutt. Gen. 641. [In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Penn. "Linnao ex discipulis acceptissimus."] Heads many-flowered. Involucre of several series, cylindric. Corolla with the limb not distinct from the tube. Pappus in a single series, plumose. Akenes subcylindric, not beaked, many-striate, pubescent. Receptacle naked. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves lanceolate and lance-ovate, serrate, petiolate; corymb contracted, few-flowered. Beck, Bot.p. 195. EUPATORIUM-LIKE KuHNIA. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched, striate, pu- bescent, especially on the young branches. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and I third of an inch to an inch wide, mostly alternate, rather thin and membrana- ceous, coarsely and irregularly serrate, slightly scabrous above, somewhat pubes- cent beneath, and thickly sprinkled with resinous dots, the lower ones shortw and broader, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-nerved, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, all narrowed at base to a short petiole. Heads of flowers in a small terminal co- rymb ; involucre cylindric, pubescent, the outer leaflets small, acuminate. Florets whitish. Akenes finely striate ; pappus plumose, white, or often tawny. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. September. FY. Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1833, at the above locality,—where, however, it is more rare than the following. 2. K. Critonia, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, mostly entire and sessile ; panicle corymbulose, spieading, many-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 195. Critonia Kuhnia. Mx. Am. 2. p. 101. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, striate, roughish-puberulent, often dark purple, corymbosely branched at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 2or 3 lines to near halfan inch wide,, alternate, acute at each end, mostly entire, and somewhat revolute on the margin, slightly pubescent, punctate beneath 38* 450 SYNGENESIA [Eupatoriaces the lower ones on short petioles, those above sessile. Heads of flowers in a rather large panicle consisting of numerous corymbose clusters; involucre cylindric, pubescent, containing about 8 or 10 florets, the outer leaflets lanceolate, shorter, the inner ones linear, obtuse, mucronate, 3 nerved, 1 fourth to 1 third longer than the akenes. Florets pale yellow, or ochroleucous. Stamens and style included . anthers distinct. Akenes about 2 lines long, nearly cylindric, finely striate, pu- bescent, corneous at base, with the areola sub-lateral; pappus plumose, while, or often becoming tawny, about as long as the akene. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: not common. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. Collected in 1832, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall. One or two additional species have been found in the South. 371. EUPATORIUM. L. A^utt. Gen. 64 2. [From Eupator, king of Pontus ; who, il is said, first used the plant.] Heads few- or many- ( but not 4- ) flowered. Involucre of few or many series (rarely simple), oblong. Corolla with the limb not distinct from the tube. Pappus in a single series, not plumose. Akenes mostly 5-angled, not beaked. Receptacle naked. ft. Leaves opposite, j" Florets white. * Involucre 3—b-flowered. 1. E. rotundifolium, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate at base, crenate-serrate, sessile, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; invo- lucre about 5-flowered, the inner leaflets acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 196. Round-leaved Eupatorium. Vulgo—Wild Hore-hound. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, slender, roughish-pubescent, corym- bose at summit. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, sessile, roundish-ovate, rather acute, subcordate or truncate at base, 3-nerved, resinous-punctate. Heads of flowers in a fastigiate corymb 1 involucre very pubescent; outer leaflets lanceolate, shorter, inner ones lance-lin- ear, abruptly acute, or acuminate. Florets white. Style much longer than the corolla. Akenes oblong, 5-angled, dark brown, sprinkled (as in many of the spe cies) with resinous particles ; pappus scabrous, longer than the corolla, white. Hab. Woodlands ; Mica-slate hills: not common. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. The infusion of this is bitter, and is used as a febrifuge, in the South ; but is not equal to that of E. perfoli- alum. 2. E. verbenjefolium, Mx. Leaves ovate-oblong and lance-ovate, mostly acute, coarsely and irregularly incised-dentate, roughish-pubes- cent, sessile; involucre 5-flowered, the inner leaflets lance-oblong, not acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 196. E. teucrifolium. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1753. Pers. Syn. 2./>.399. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 513. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 135. Torr. Comp. p. 284. Lindl. Ency. p. 688. Also? Muhl. Catal.p. 71. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 99. Also ? E. pubescens. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 400. Not? of Willd. Muhl. Ell. &.c. Verbena-leaved Eupatorium. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feel high, striate, roughish-pubescent, corymbosely branched at summit. Leaves fcto 4 inches long, and 3 fuunhs of an Inch to an Eupatoriace:e] SYNGENES1A 451 inch and half wide, sessile, obtuse at base, more or less ovate, tapering gradually lo the apex, and mostly erect, coarsely and unequally incised-serrate (occa- sionally sub-lobed near the base), the serratures or segments raiher obtuse,—the upper leaves, especially on the branches, smaller, and mostly entire. Heads of fljwers somewhat clustered, corymbose ; involucre very pubescent, the inner leaf. lets lance-oblong, rather acute, scarcely acuminate, scarious on the margin. Flo- rets white. Style, &c. resembling the preceding. Hab. Low swampy grounds; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This is somewhat variable in the size and form of the leaves,—the lower ones being sometimes broadish-ovate and rather obtuse. Collected in 1827, by D, Townsend, Esq. 3. E. sf.ssilifolium, L. Leaves long-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, punctate beneath, rounded or sub- cordate at base, sessile, distinct; involucre 5-flowered, the leaflets ob- tuse, punctate. Beck, Bot. p. 197. SESSILE-LEAVED EUPATORIUM. .Roof perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, corymbose at summit, striate, smioth, the branches and pedicels pubescent. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, tapering to a long slender acute point, sharply and nearly equally serrate, smooth, paler and minutely punctate beneath, sessile, the base very obtuse, often subcordate, and apparently slightly amplex- icaul. Heads of flowers clustered, corymbose; involucres pubescent, the leaflets lance-oblong, obtuse, punctate with numerous brown dots, scarious on the margin. Florets white. Hab. Borders of woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept. * * Involucre more than b-flowered. 4. E. perfoltatum, L. Leaves connate-perfoliate, lance-oblong, ac- uminate, crenate-serrate, rugose, very pubescent beneath. Beck, Bot. p. 198. E. connatum. Mx. Am. 2. p. 99. [an Sage. Perfoliate Eupatorium. Vulgo—Thorough-stem. Bone-set. Indi- Root perennial. Stem2 to 4 feet high, striate, hirsutely pubescent, corymbose at summit, the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, opposite, and completely united at base, or sometimes contracted at base and scarcely connate, (rarely ternate and connate), tapering lo a slender point, obtusely and nearly equally serrate, rugose and very pubescent, especially on the under side, sprinkled with minute resinous particles. Heads of flowers clustered, in large corymbs ; involucres about 10-flowered, pubescent, the leaflets lance-linear, rather acute. Florets white. Anthers dark brown. Hab. Low, swampy grounds: common. Fl. July—August. FY. Septemher. 06s. This species is generally well known for its valuable medicinal proper- ties—being either tonic, cathartic, or emetic, according to the dose, or mode of exhibition. I have employed it extensively, and with much satisfaction,—especi- ally as a tonic 5. E. aoeratoides, L. Stem smooth; leaves broad-ovate, acumin- ate, coarsely and unequally serrate, thin and smoothish, on long peti- oles; involucre simple, smoothish. Beck, Bot. p. 198. 452 SYNGENESIA [Ecpatokiace^ E. urticaefolium. Mx. Am. 2. p. 100. Not of Willd. Ait. Pers. Lindl. &c. Ageratum-like Eupatorium. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, smooth, the summit and branches pubescent- Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches widei orate, acuminate, coarsely and rather sharply serrate, the base dilated, obtuse and often almost truncate, sometimes abruptly tapering to the petiole, thin, membran- aceous, and shining, 3-nerved, sparingly pilose, and ciliate; petioles half an inch to 2 or 2 and a half inches long. Heads of flowers in terminal cymose corymbs ; pedicels pubescent, with filiform-subulate bracts at base ; involucres usually 12 to 15-flowered, simple, the leaflets nearly equal, linear-oblong, raiher obtuse, slightly pubescent, scarious on the margin, and finely ciliate. Florets very white. Hab. Moist woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Sept—Octo. 6. E. aromaticum ? L. Stem roughish-pubescent; leaves lance- ovate, acute, rather obtusely serrate, roughish, and slightly rugose-vein- ed, on short petioles; involucre sub-simple, pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 198. Also, E. melissoides. Florul. Cestr. p. 86. Not ? of Willd. &c. AnoMATic Eupatorium. Root perennial % (annual 1 Bigel.). Stem 18 indie's to 2 feet high/subsimple, or corymbose at summit, more or less pubescent. Leaves an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, lance-ovate, or oblong- ovate, acute but scarcely acuminate, obtuse at base (the lower ones often sub-cor- date), 3-nerved, reticulately veined, subrugose, and rather scabrous; petioles 1 fourth of an inch to near an inch long. Heads of flowers in small erect corymbs ; pedicels very pubescent, with subulate bracts at base; involucres 8 to 20-floweredj simewhat imbricated, the leaflets nearly equal, lance-linear, pubescent and cili- ate. Florets very white, rather larger than the preceding. Hab. Rocky banks ; thickets and clearings: frequent. Fl. Aug-Sept. Fr. Sept-Octo, Obs. This is somewhat variable—but has considerable general resemblance to the preceding; and, as it is usually found in poorer soils, and on dry rocky banks, may be readily mistaken for starved specimens of it. I have a suspicion that E. melissoides, and E. ceanothifolium, of Authors, are scarcely more than varieties of this. ■)■ f Florets purple. 7. E, cielestinum, L. Leaves lance-ovate, or deltoid-oblong, obtusely serrate, roughish-pubescent, petiolate; involucre imbricated ; receptacle conic. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 306. Coelestina cserulea. Less. Syn.p.lbb. Beck, Bot. p. 198. Also ? C. ageratoides. Lindl. Ency. p. 690. Also (fide Lessing.), Ageratum corymbosum. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 402, Celestial, on Blue Eupatorium. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, terete, firm, scabrous-pubes- tent, branching. Leaves an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, obtuse at baae, tapering to the apex, 3-nerved, somewhat rugose, scabrous-pubescent, especially on the nerves beneath; petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long, pubescent. Heads of flowers in rather dense cymose co rymbs; pedicels with filiform-subulate bracts at base; involucres many-flowered Eupatoriacex] SYNGENESIA 453 (30 to 60), the leaflets linear-subulate, nerved and striate, slighlly scabrous, imbri- cated. Florets light bluish-purple, fragrant. Akenes angular, resinous-dotted; pappus pilose, scabrous (crown-form, entire, Lessing; a membranaceous crown, Beck.). Receptacle conic, naked, punctate. Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets ; Londongrove: rare. Fl. Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. This pretty species was collected in 1827, by Wm. Jackson, Esq. It is very abundant along the Susquehanna, towards its mouth ; butrare in this County. I have not observed lhe crown-form membranaceous pappus—on which, in part' this has been generically separated from Eupatorium. b. Leaves verticillate .- florets purple. 8. E. purpureum, L. Stem mostly fistular, glaucous; leaves in ver- ticils of 4 to 6, lance-oblong, or lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, more or less rugose-veined and scabrous-pubescent. Beck, Bot. p. 197. Purple Eupatorium. Root perennial. Stem 3 or 4 to 6 or 7 feet high, simple, more or less fistular, striate, smoothish and generally glaucous-purple. Leaves usually in verticils of six, 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 lo 2 inches wide, Iince-oblong, acuminate at each end, smoothish above, rugose-veined and roughish-pubescent beneath, on petioles half an inch to an inch long. Heads of flowers in a large terminal compound cor- ymb; branches and pedicels roughish-pubescent; involucre imbricated, mostly purple, the outer leaflets ovate, pubescent, the inner ones lance-linear, longer, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, minutely ciliate. Florets pale purple. Akenes linear. oblong, angular, sprinkled with resinous dots ; pappus hair-like, scabrous. Var. maculatum. Stem nearly solid, sulcate-striate, more scabrous, with dark purple linear spots; leaves (sometimes ternate) broader and more ovate, more rugose, resinous-dotted and scabrous. E. maculatum. Willd. tjfc. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 102. Also? E. punctatum. Pursh, Am. 2. p. bib. Beck, I. c. Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept—Octo. 06s. I think, with Prof. Hooker, that E. maculatum must be referred to TL.pur- pureum,—though it often seems to present a pretty well-marked variety. Dr- Barton speaks highly of it, as a tonic. 9. E. trifoliatum ? L. Stem solid; leaves mostly in verticils of 3, large, lance-ovate, or oblong-ovate, cuneate at base, coarsely serrate. Beck, Bot. p. 196. E. ternifolium ? Ell. Sk. 2. p. 306. Also ? E. verticillatum. Willd. and the Authors here quoted. Three-leaved Eupatorium. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, simple, mostly solid with pith, striate, more or less pubescent. Leaves usually ternate, sometimes in fours, 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches wide, oblong-ovate, acuminate, very coarsely serrate, entire and abruptly narrowed at base, cuneately decurrent on the pet'mlei of a Ihinnish texture, more or less roughish-pubescent, and sprinkled wilh resinous dots beneath; petioles half an inch to 2 inches long. Heads of flowers in a ter- minal corymb which is usually much smaller than in the preceding, and not so purple ; in other respects very similar. Hab. Borders of woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. I have no doubt this is the E. vsrticillatum of Elliott. In its usual appear- 454 SYNGENESIA [Asteroideje ance it seems sufficiently distinct from the preceding; but it must be confessed, that there are intermediate specimens by which the two are connected, or blended, so as to render it extremely difficult to make a satisfactory discrimination. Prof. Hooker is of opinion that both they, and the Synonyms here cited wilh them, may be safely referred to E. purpureum. Some twenty or more additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States,—and there are a few others known, in the South and West, which appear not to be described. A good monograph of the genus is much wanted,—and would be an acceptable treat to American Botanists. 372. MIKANIA. Willd. ATutt. Gen. 643. [Dedicated to Joseph Mikan; a Botanist of Prague.] Heads mostly 4-flowered. Involucre in a single series; leaflets 4 or 5, nearly equal. Corolla with the limb campanulate. Pappus in a single series, not plumose. Receptacle naked. 1. M. scandens, Willd. Stem volubile, climbing, smooth ; leaves subhastate-cordate, acuminate, repand-dentate. Beck, Bot. p. 198. Eupatorium scandens. Mx. Am. 2. p. 97. Climbing Mikania. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet long, slender, striate, smoothish, twining Leaves an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inchei wide, somewhat hastate-cordate, with a conspicuous slender acumination, irregu- larly repand or angular-dentate, thin, slighlly pubescent and scabrous; petioles 3 fourths of an inch to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, flat, nerved, opposite. Heads of flowers in clustered cymose corymbs, on axillary branches 3 to 6 inches in length,—the branches wilh a pair of leaves near lhe corymbs; pedicels sparingly bracteate; involucres 4 or 5-flowered, the leaflets lance-linear, raiher acute, some- what scabrous-pubescent, scarious on the margin. Florets whitish, tinged wilh pale bluish-purple. Hab. Swampy thickets, and along rivulets: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This has been found in various parts of the County ; but is by no means common. The leaves have a considerable resemblance lo those of the common Buckwheat. There is another species in the U. Slates,—scarcely differing from this, except in pubescence: and, indeed, the genus itself,—as Elliott, Lessing, &c. have remarked,—is hardly distinct from Eupatorium. VI. Aster Tribe. Heads mostly heterogamous, with pistillate or neutral florets, in one or many series, in the circumference; rarely dioicous. Corolla of the perfect florets mostly regular, b-ioothed. Style, in the perfect florets, bifid, the branches linear, flattish, mostly with a straight acumination. Asteroideje. Lessing. Sub-Tribe 1. Astereje. Heads never dioicous, mostly heterogamous, with pis. tillate florets in the circumference, in 1 or several series, bearing ligulate corollas and with perfect florets in the disk. Receptacle mostly without bracts. 373. SOLIDAGO. L. ATutt, Gen. 660 [Latin, solido, to make firm, or to heal; from its supposed virtues.] Heads small, few-flowered. Involucre imbricated, with the leaflets appressed. Florets of the ray few (about 5), in a single series pis- tillate,—of the disk perfect. Pappus in a single series, pilose. Ak- Asteroids*] SYNGENESIA 455 enes sub-terete, many-ribbed. Receptacle mostly naked, punctate. Root perennial; leaves alternate, more or less lanceolate, or spatu- late, never cordate; inflorescence generally racemose-paniculate; florets, both of ray and disk, yellow. § 1. Receptacle naked, j- Racemes secund. * Leaves sub-triplinerved. 1. S. canadensis, L. Stem villose; leaves lanceolate, serrate, tripli- nerved, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent beneath; racemes paniculate, recurved; rays short. Beck, Bot.p. 188. Canadian Solidago. Vulgo—Golden rod. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, erect, striate, villose-pubescent, simple, somewhat corymbose-paniculate at summit. Leaves numerous, sessile, 2or3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 third of-an inch to an inch wide, very acute, or acuminate, narrowed atbase, more or less serrate (the upper ones often entire), roughish above, with triple whitish nerves, and a short softish somewhat hoary pubescence, beneath. Heads of flowers in secund racemes, on recurved corymbose-paniculate branches ; branches and pedicels pubescent; bracts lance-linear, and subulate, pubescent and ciliate ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets narrow, sublinear, rather obtuse ; florets of the ray inconspicuous. Akenes scabrous-pubescent; pappus scabrous, often flexuose, white. Hab. Hilly woodlands; N. Valley Hill: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq- in 1833. 2. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, triph- nerved, scabrous on the upper surface, margin, and nerves beneath; racemes paniculate ; branches and pedicels roughish-pubescent ; rays short. Beck, Bot. p. 189. Also ? S. serotina. Ait. Willd. Pursh, Beck, &C. Gigantic Solidago. Stem 4 to 6 or 7 feet high, striate, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, acuminate, sessile, or subsessile, reticulately veined, scabrous above, and especially along the margin, also rough- ish-pubescent on the nerves beneath (sometimes nearly smooth beneath). Heads of flowers in secund paniculate racemes; branches and pedicels roughish-pubes- cent; bracts lanceolate, scabrous-ciliate; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance- oblong, rather acute, minutely ciliate; rays rather larger than in the preceding. Akenes pubescent. Hab. Low grounds; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. In Muhlenberg's Herbarium this is marked '■'■serotina off. "—and is, per. haps, not distinct from that species. It has considerable resemblance, also, to the preceding: indeed, Prof. Hooker remarks, that "probably all the 'triple-nerved' species might, without violence to nature, merge into one." 3. S. ciliahis, Aluhl. Stem smooth ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, subtriplinerved, reticulately veined, smooth, scabrous-ciliate on the margin ; racemes paniculate ; branches and pedicels smooth ; bracts ciliate ; rays short. Beck, Bot. p. 189. S. pyramidata. Florul. Cestr. p, 89. Not of Pursh, Ell. &c. 456 SYNGENESIA [Asteroideje Fringed Solidago. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angular-striate, smooth, often purple. Radical leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and an inch and half to near 3 inches wide, elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, subcoriaceous, tapering at base to a margined ciliate petiole 2 to 3 or 4 inches long; stem leaves varying from elliptic-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate, scabrous on the margin, narrowed at base to a short margined petiole. Heads of flowers in secund paniculate racemes ; branches and pedicels smooth ; bracts linear-oblong, mostly ciliate, especially near the base ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; rays about as large as in No. 2. Akenes somewhat pubescent. Hab. Meadows, fields, and woods : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. September. 06s. The species inserted in my Catalogue, under the name of "S. pyramid- ata ? " is, I believe, not distinct from this. * * Leaves veined. 4. S. altissima, L. Stem hirsute; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumin- ate, serrate, rugose-veined, very scabrous; racemes spreading, or recur- ved. Beck, Bot. p. 189. S. rugosa. Florul. Cestr. p. 89. Also, Willd. Pursh, Ell. &c. Highest Solidago. Stem 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, striate, roughly pubescent, often dark purple. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from lance-oblong to ovate, acute, or acuminate, irregularly serrate, rugose and rough, hirsute on the veins beneath, sessile. Heads of flowers in secund spreading ra- cemes, branches often recurved, and, with the pedicels, pubescent; bracts small, lance-oblong, scabrous-ciliate; involucre smoothish, the leaflets linear-oblong, rather obtuse ; rays short. Akenes pubescent. Hab. Low grounds ; borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This presents several varieties,—of which the S. rugosa, of Authors, is a very common one. 5. S. nemoralis, Ait. Stem subtomentose; radical leaves somewhat cuneate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones oblanceolate, nearly entire, roughish-pubescent; racemes paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 190. Wood, or Grove Solidago. Whole plant of an ash-colored or greyish aspect,—being clothed with a short cinereous pubescence. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, striate, simple, or corymbosely branched above, (in stunted specimens often much branched from near the base). Radical leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from lance-oblong to spatulate and obovate, coarsely and sparingly cren- ate-serrate, tapering at base to a.petiole 1 to 3 inches long ; stem-leaves narrower, obovate-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, roughish-puberulent, tapering at base almost to a petiole, entire, or obscurely serrate, the lower ones sometimes distinctly ser- rate. Heads of flowers in secund racemes, often corymbose-paniculate, with the branches recurved (m stunted branched specimens often in small axillary clus- lers); involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-oblong, obtuse, minutely ciliate-pu- beseem on the margin; rays raiher short, spatulate-oblong. Akenes pubesoem wilh white hairs. " Hab. Sterile old fields, and borders of woods: frequent. Fl. Aug-S.pt. FY. Oslo Asteroideje] SYNGENESIA 457 6. S. odora, Ait. Stem partially pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth, pellucid-punctate, scabrous on the margin; racemes pan- iculate. Beck, Bot. p. 191. Odorous, or fragrant Solidago. Stem about 3 feet high, simple, rather slender, striate, with lines of pubescence •decurrent from the base of the leaves. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, scarcely narrowed at base, sessile, tapering to an acute point, very entire, smooth, with a conspicuous midrib, and numerous pellucid punctures, minutely scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers in secund racemes, which are mostly spreading or recurved, and form a terminal pyramidal panicle ; branches and pedicels slender, roughish-pubescent; bracts small, lance- subulate ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-linear, raiher acute, slightly keeled, scarious on the margin : rays oblong, or linear-oblanceolate, rather con- spicuous. Akenes hairy ; pappus scabrous. Hab. Borders of woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. August-Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected by Wm. Jackson, Esq. in 1829. This is a very fragrant, pleas- ant species—the leaves yielding a volatile oil by distillation, and the flowers making an agreeable tea. 7. S. ulmifolia, Aluhl. Stem smoothish, striate; leaves elliptic- lanceolate, acuminate, deeply serrate, ciliate, hairy beneath; racemes paniculate; rays short. Beck, Bot. p. 190. Elm-leaved Solidago. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, often with numerous long slender branches at summili strongly striate, mostly smooth, with the branches hairy. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from oblong-lanceolattf to elliptic-ovate, tapering at base, sessile, incised-serrate (the small ones on the branches entire), scabrous-ciliate, somewhat pellucid-punctate, hairy beneath, especially on the midrib and veins, the upper surface sprinkled with hairs, or finally smoothish. Heads of flowers in secund racemes, the ra- cemes often on long slender branches, which are sometimes flaccid and strag- gling ; branches pilose ; pedicels short, smoothish ; bracts lanceolate, subciliate ; involucre smooth, the leaflets lance-oblong, rather acute; rays small. Akenes hairy. Hab. Low grounds, woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. The leaves are somewhat variable in form; but I have seen none which would have suggested to me the name of ulmifolia. It is, however, lhe S. ulmi- folia of Muhlenberg's Herbarium. 8. S. patula, Muhl. Stem smooth, angular-striate ; leaves elliptic, acute, serrate, scabrous on the upper surface, smooth beneath, the radi- cal ones oblong-spatulate ; racemes paniculate, spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 190. S. scabra. Florul. Cestr. p. 89. Not of Aluhl. Willd. &c. Spreading Solidago. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout, somewhat angular and sulcate-striate, smooth, dark green, or often purple, branched at summit. Radical leaves 3 to G inches long. and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, somewhat crenate-serrate, with the serra. tures rather appressed, subcoriaceous, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, ab. ruptly narrowed to a margined petiole about as long as the leaf; stem-leaves gradually smaller, elliptic, acute, serrate, narrowed at base, sessile. Heads of 39 458 SYNGENESIA [Asteroide;e flowers rather large, in secund spreading paniculate racemes ; branches una ped- icels roughish-pubescent; involucre minutely pubescent, green, the leaflets lance- oblong, keeled, rather acute, sometimes obtuse; rays oblong, middle-sized. Ak- enes slightly puberulent and bristly. Hab. Low grounds ; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. This is the S. patula, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium ; and is remarkable for the shagreen-like roughness on the upper surface of the leaves,—a circumstance not noticed in any description which I have seen. It is the plant intended by S. scabra, in my Catalogue,—and is there erroneously and unaccountably described as having the leaves "scabrous beneath." 9, S. arguta, Ait. Stem smooth ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acu- minate, acutely and unequally serrate, smooth, the radical ones spatu- late-ovate ; racemes paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 190. Sharp (notched) Solidago. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, sulcate-striate, smooth, simple, or virgately branched. Radical leaves nearly of the size and form of those in the preceding species, but more sharply serrate, thinner, and smooth on both sides; stem-leaves gradually smaller, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,sharply serrate, narrowed atbase, subses- sile, the uppermost ones lanceolate, entire,—all thinnish, chartaceous, smooth, and minutely scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers rather large, racemes Becund, in an elongated and rather slender panicle ; branches and pedicels some- what pubescent; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-oblong, scarious on the margin, and very minutely ciliate-serrulate ; rays spatulate-oblong, middle-sized. Akenes nearly smooth, or very minutely puberulent. Hab. Low, shaded grounds; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 06s. This was collected in 1829, by D. Townsend, Esq. It has considerable general resemblance to the preceding ; but is a more delicate plant, wilh the leaves thinner, more acuminate, very smooth, and sharply serrate. f f Racemes erect. 10. S. bicolor, L. Stem and leaves hairy; leaves elliptic-lanceo- late, acute, the lower ones serrate; racemes erect; leaflets of the in- volucre obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 191. Also, S. erecta. Florul. Cestr. p. 89. Not of Pursh, ATutt. Ell. &c. Two-colored Solidago. S/e77j 1 to 3 feet high, striate, hairy, mostly simple, sometimes branched at sum- mit, with the branches leafy. Radical leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, elliptic-oblong (the young ones often spatulate), acute, serrate, tapering at base to apetiole nearly as long as the leaf; stem-leaves elliptic-lance- olate, gradually smaller, and less serrate as they ascend, the upper ones entire all hairy, tapering at base, sessile, or subsessile. Heads of flowers rather large, in short axillary racemes, forming altogether a kind of spike, or long dense compound leafy terminal raceme (when the stem is branched at summit, forming a terminal raceme on each branch); involucre smoothish, the leaflets oblong, mostly obtuse, scarious on the margin, and minutely ciliate-serrulate, sometimes a little spreading at apex; rays middle-sized, whitish, or ochroleucous. Akenes striate, sparsely pubescent, finally smooth. Hab. Woodlands, clearings, & low grounds: frequent. Fl. Aug-Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. The S. erecta, of my Catalogue, is nothing but a variety of this. Asteroids] SYNGENESIA 459 11. S, puberula, ATutt. Stem and leaves minutely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at each end, mostly entire, sessile, the lower ones subserrate; racemes axillary, erect, condensed; leaflets of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute. Beck, Bot. p. 193. Puberulent Solidago. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, terete, striate, very finely pubescent, mostly dark purple. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wid«, the lower ones rather oblanceolate, tapering to the base, all very minutely pubes- cent, and ciliate-serrulate or scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers in short erect axillary racemes, forming a kind of compound terminal leafy spike 4 to 8 or 10 inches in length ; branches and pedicels pubescent; bracts lance-linear, pubescent; involucre puberulent, yellowish, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute, minutely pubescent-ciliate; rays middle-sized. Akenes finely pubescent. Hab. Swamps, and low grounds; J. D. Steele's: rare. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. In its foliage, this has some resemblance to S. nemoralis,—as remarked by Mr. Nuttall. 12. S. sauAHRosA, Muhl. Stem smooth below, pubescent above ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, serrate, smoothish, scabrous on the margin, the uppermost ones nearly entire, lower ones broad, spatulate- oval; racemes axillary, glomerate; involucre many-flowered, squarrose. Beck, Bot. p. 193. SauARRosE Solidago. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, stout, simple, striate, smooth below, pubescent at summit. Radical and lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 and a half inches wide, spatulate-oval, acjte, serrate, and scabrous-ciliate on the margin, narrowed at base to a margined petiole 2 to 4 inches long; stem-leaves gradually smaller, elliptic-lanceolate, and lance-oblong, acute, more or less ser- rate, narrowed at base, sessile, the uppermost ones nearly or quite entire,—all subcoriaceous, smoothish, somewhat scabrous-pubescent on the midrib and prin- cipal veins, scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers large, in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy compound spike ; branches and pedicels very pubes- cent; bracts lance-oblong, ciliate; involucre puberulent, the leaflets numerous, oblong, minutely lacerate-ciliate on the margin, the apex spreading or reflexed, green ; rays raiher elongated. Akenes striate, smooth. Hab. Schuylkill, at Black Rock: not common. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. 13. S. speciosa, ATutt. Stem smooth, simple, or virgately branched; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, subcarnose and coriaceous, smooth, more or less serrate, scabrous on the margin, the uppermost ones entire, the radical ones large, ovate; racemes erect, paniculate; rays large. Beck, Bot. p. 191. S. sempervirens ? Mx. Am. 2. p. 119. Not of Ait. Willd. Hook. &c. S. integrifolia ? Pers. Syn. 2. p. 449, S. petiolaris. Muhl. Catal. p. 76. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 121. Not of Ait. &c. Handsome Solidago. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, stout, sulcate-striate, smooth, often dark purple. Radical leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches wide, ovale, more or 460 SYNGENESIA [Asteroide^ less serrate-dentate, on a margined petiole 2 to 4 or 5 inches long; stem-leaves gradually smaller, varying from elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, and lanceolate, nar- rowed at base to a short petiole, more or less serrate, the upper ones entire, sessile, or subsessile,-all smooth, coriaceous, and scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers rather large, numerous, clustered and racemose on axillary branches, which are somewhat elongated, forming a terminal panicle ; branches and pedicels pubescent ; 6raers lance-oblong, smoothish ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets oblong, mostly obiuse ; rays large. Akenes striate, smooth. Hab. Schuylkill, at Black Rock; West Chester: rare. Fl. Sept. Fr. October. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. This appears to be the S. peti- olaris, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium ; but it can hardly be Aiton's plant,—if the description may be relied upon. It may, also, be lhe S. sempervirens, of Mx., but certainly not of Linn. Ait. Hook. &c. The specimen of S. sempervirens men- tioned by Prof. Hooker (Flor. Bor. Am. 2. p. 3.) as having been received from West Chester, was, in fact, collected in North Carolina; and sent to me (labelled S. limonfolia) by my obliging friend, the Rev. M. A. Curtis. 14. S. flexicaulis, L. Stem smooth, mostly flexuose, angular ; leaves lance-ovate, and elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smoothish above, more or less pilose beneath ; racemes axillary, erect, somewhat oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 192. Crooked-stem Solidago. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, rather slender, simple, generally flexuose, some- what angular, striate, smooth, and mostly green. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near2 inches wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneately tapering at base, subsessile, sharply and unequally incised-serrate, smooth above, Bomewhat pilose on the midrib and veins beneath, scabrous-ciliate on the margin the uppermost ones entire. Heads of flowers middle-sized, in short racemose rather oblong axillary clusters; branches and pedicels pubescent; bracts spatu- late-oblong; involucre smooth,the leaflets spatulate-linear, obiuse, minutely cili- ate; rays middle-sized. Akenes hairy. Var. b. latifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, sharply laciniate-serrate, pilose beneath. S. latifolia. Aluhl. Catal. p. 76. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 123. Torr. Comp. p. 304. Lindl. Ency. p. 712. Eat. Alan. p. 349. Stem mostly flexuose, angular, smooth. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and an inch and half to near 3 inches wide, of a ihinnish texture, ovate, or broad-elliptio conspicuously acuminate, sharply deeply and unequally serrate, so as often to appear somewhat laciniate, scabrous on lhe margin, and somewhat so on the veins of the upper surface, hairy beneath, abruptly narrowed at base to a tapering margined and mostly ciliate petiole about as long as the acumination ».i apex. In- florescence nearly similar to that of the other variety. Hab. Woodlands ; along Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. October. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. The var. latifolia has been made a distinct species by Muhlenberg, and others,—and it certainly does often assume a strikingly different appearance in its foliage ; but as we find specimens of an intermediate character, which evidently connect the extremes of variation, I have thought it best to reduce them to one species. A.5. S. ca;siA, L. Stem smooth, upright, terete, glaucous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth; racemes axillary, erect sub- globose. Beck, Bot. p. 191. Asteroide;e] SYNGENES1A 461 Also, S. axillaris. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 542. Lindl. Ency. p. 712. Beck, Bot. p. 193. Eat. Man. p. 349. Gret-blue Solidago, Vulgo—Blue-stemmed Golden Rod. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, nearly straight, simple, or sometimes con- siderably branched, terete, very smooth, mostly dark purple, and withal of a glaucous hue. Leaves an inch and half to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly serrate, smooth on both sides, scabrous on the margin, subsessile. Heads of flowers middle-sized. in numerous axillary and mostly subglobose clusters (sometimes in oblong racemes); branches and pedicels pubescent; bracts subulate; involucre smooth- ish, the leaflets oblong, rather obtuse, minutely pubescent-ciliate on the margin ; rays middle-sized. Akenes pubescent. Hab. Woodlands, and thickets: common. Fl. September. Fr. October. 06s. This is undoubtedly allied to the preceding,—and Prof. Hooker has united them; but I am inclined to think they may, with propriety, be continued as dis- tinct species. If, however, they should finally be reduced to one, it will then pre- sent three strongly-marked varieties,—somewhat as Michaux has given them. § 2. Receptacle bristly-paleaceous. 16. S. lanceolata, Ait. Stem roughish-pubescent, corymbosely branched ; leaves lance-linear, very entire, 3-nerved, somewhat scabrous; corymbs terminal, fastigiate ; heads clustered. Beck, Bot. p. 194, var. major. Mx. Am. 2. p. 116. S. graminifolia. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 391. Eat. Man. p. 347. Euthamia graminifolia. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 162. Lanceolate Solidago. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-striate, with green and yellow stripes, roughish" pubescent (elabrous, Willd. Bigel. Hook. &c), corymbosely branched at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 or 3 lines to halfan inch wide, acute, sessile, 3- or often somewhat 5-nerved, slightly pubescent, scabrous on the margin and nerves. Heads of flowers rather large, aggregated in clusters at the summit of the corymbose branches ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ciliate; involucre smoothish, shinin" and slighlly viscid, the leaflets lance-oblong, rather obtuse, appressed, deeper green at apex: rays rather small. Akenes pubescent. Hab. Moist, low grounds; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo. 06s. About 35 additional species, of this formidable genus, have been enumer- ated in the U. States ; some of which, however, are scarcely more than varieties. 374. ASTER. L. ATutt. Gen. 659. [Greek, Aster, a star ; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars.] Heads many-flowered. Involucre with the leaflets loose and foliaceous, or imbricated, more or less membranaceous and whitish at base, and with a rhomboid herbaceous disk, or green spot, near the apex. Flo- rets of the ray numerous, in a single series, pistillate,—of the disk perfect. Pappus simple, scabrous, persistent, Akenes subcompres- sed, cuneate, mostly pubescent. Receptacle alveolate. Root peren- nial ; leaves alternate, varying from oblong to linear, sometimes cordate; inflorescence generally corymbose-paniculate,- florets of the ray never yellow. 39* 462 SYNGENESIA [ Astrroideje §2. Amelli.* Leaflets qf the involucre ciliate, mostly squarrose, the outer ones herbaceous. Akenes hairy, or sometimes smooth. Heads of flowers large. 1. A. nudiflorus, ATutt. Stem smooth, simple, corymbose at sum- mit ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, sharply serrate, the upper surface scabrous; corymb simple, few-flowered; peduncles pubescent, naked, mostly 1-flowered; involucre hemispherical, closely imbricated, the leaflets oblong, ciliate. Beck, Bot. p. 183. Naked-flowered Aster. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, striate, smooth, simple, with a few short spread- ing corymbose branches at summit. Leaves about 3 inches long, and an inch wide, ovate-lanceolate, or lance-oblong, the upper ones not much smaller, acute or subacuminate, serrate, entire and often cuneately tapering towards the base, scabrous on the upper surface and margin, the apex and serratures mucronale, the under surface pilose on the nerves and veins. Heads of flowers few, large ; peduncles half an inch to 2 or 3 inches long, pubescent, often somewhat in threes at the summit of the branches, the lateral ones longest; involucre smooth ; the leaflets linear-oblong, often slighlly spatulate. rather acute, pubescent-ciliate on the margin, the apex deeper green; rays palish violet-purple, numerous, lance. linear, longer than the involucre ; disk yellowish brown. Akenes smooth ; pappus reddish tawny. Receptacle alveolate or pitted, the pits wilh chaffy dentate mar- gins. Hab. Low grounds ; in the Great Valley : rare. Fl. August. FY. September. 06s. This is rather a pretty species, and quite rare, here ;—having only been found, as yet, near R. M. Thomas's Mill Dam, in the Great Valley,—where it was collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. 2. A. Novas Anglic, L. Stem hirsute, corymbose-paniculate at summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,amplexicaul, auriculate atbase, scabrous-pubescent; leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, loose, spread- ing, foliaceous, hairy, longer than the disk. Beck, Bot, p. 182. Nhw England Aster. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather stout, scabrous and hairy, mostly dark purple, often numerous from the same root. Leaves 1 to 2or 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide at base, tapering gradually to the apex, reticulately veined, pubescent, numerous on the stem and branches, the upper ones mostly purplish. Heads of flowers numerous, raiher large and crowded, in terminal corymbose panicles; peduncles halfan inch to 3 or 4 inches long, pubescent and leafy ; invo- lucre ecabrous-pubescent, the leaflets long, narrow, lance-linear, acute, 3-nerved herbaceous, loose and spreading, generally dark purple ; rays bright deep purple with a tinge of violet; disk yellow. Akenes mostly very hirsute. Receptacle ah veolate, the alveoli wilh dentate margins. Hab. Low grounds ; Great valley : rare. Fi. September. FY. October. 06s. This is a very ornamental species, and is often introduced into flower gardens. It was first collected in this County by Mr. Joseph JAcoBs-and subse- quently by Mr. Joshua Hoopes ; but it is by no means common. The leafy pan- icles are slightly viscid, and emit a pleasant resinous odor. * I have mainly adopted Nees von Esenbeck's arrangement of our Asters — although I think, with Prof. Hooker, that in the creation of new Genera from them the learned Author has refined his generic characters almost too much for orac- lical utility. We have no species here, belonging to his first section AsTEROiDEiu] SYNGENESIA 463 3. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely paniculate ; leaves ovate- oblong, acute, entire, cordate and amplexicaul at base, scabrous-pubes- cent on both sides; branches of the panicle spreading, clothed with numerous small leaves; leaflets of the involucre loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, scabrous, subsquarrose. Beck, Bot. p. 183. A. amplexicaulis. AIx. Am. 2. p. 114. Bigel. Bost. p. 312. Not of Willd. Pers. Pursh, Torr. Beck, &c. A. diversifolius. AIx. {fide A'ees. et al. sed qu?). A. undulatus. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 361. Eat. Alan. p. 39. Also, Aluhl. Catal. p. 74. Not of Willd. Ait. Pursh, Torr. Beck, &c. Spreading Aster. Slcm 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, roughish-pubescent, branched above ; branches often elongated, slender, spreading, and clothed with minute bract-like leaves (var. gracilis, ramis longissimis, foliis parvis. Hook.). Leaves half an inch to 2 or 3 inches long, and 1 fourth of an inch to an inch wide, ovate-oblong rather acute, scarcely narrowed towards the base, entire, scabrous and serrulate. ciliate, cordate at base, sessile and amplexicaul. Heads of flowers middle-sized, subsolitary on the slender branches; involucre minutely scabrous, the leaflets lance-oblong, subacuminate, slightly spreading and deeper green at apex: rays purplish blue. Akenes very hairy; pappus reddish-tawny. Var. b. phlogifolius, Arees. Leaves lance-oblong, mostly narrowed below the middle, auriculate at base, somewhat villose beneath; pani- cle few-flowered, A'ees, Ast. p. 49. A. phlogifolius. Aluhl. TVilld. and the Authors here quoted. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat villose, often simple. Leaves mostly lareer than in the preceding (sometimes 5 or 6 inches long, and an inch and half wide), more tapering at apex, generally contracted below the middle, cordate, auriculate and a little dilated at base, more villose beneath, and ciliate on the margin. Heads of flowers often very few; rays violet-purple. Hub. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. I believe the A. phlogifolius has been very properly reduced, by Prof. A'ees, to a variety of the A. patens. There seems to be great confusion among Authors respecting the A. diversfolius, of Mx. and the A. undulatus, of Linn. Nees and others cite Michaux's diversifolius as a synonym of the patens; but that cannot be correct,—for the lower leaves of the diversifolius have winged petioles. Elliott, again, says this A. patens is the true undulatus, of Linn, according to Smith. I cannot, of course, determine how the fact is ; but I shall, for the pres- ent, follow those who appropriate the name, undulatus, to another plant,—and which I take to be the ti ue A. diversifolius, Mx. § 3. Genuini. Leaflets of the involucre more or less membranaceous on the margin. Akenes smooth, or sparsely pubescent. a. Heterophyllous,—or the leaves of different forms. 4. A. cordifoltus, L? Stem smooth, racemose-paniculate at sum- mit ; leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, the upper ones spatulate-ovate and lanceolate; petioles margined, ciliate ; involucre closely imbricate. Beck, Bot. p. 187. Not of ATees, Ast. A. heterophyllus. ATees, Ast. p. 55. Also, Pursh, Am. 2. p. 552. Lindl. Ency. p. 710. Eat. Alan. p. 44. 464 SYNGENESIA [Asteroide* Heart-leaved Aster. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat flexuose, striate, smooth below, paniculate ai summit, with the branches pubescent in lines. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long> and half an inch to 2 and a half inches wide, acuminately tapering at apex, serrate (the acumination entire), slightly scabrous above, the under surface some- what pilose, often smooth,—the lower leaves cordate and rather unequal at base, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, with narrow ciliated margins,—the upper leaves smaller, ovate, or spatulate-ovate, and lanceolate, contracted at base to short margined petioles. Heads of flowers raiher small, numerous, in somewhat race- mose or compact oblong panicles ; bracts small; involucre smoothish, the leaflets linear-oblong, raiher acute, often purple at apex, scarious and minutely pubescent- ciliate on the margin; rays about 12, pale purple, or sometimes nearly white. Akenes smooth. Hab. Woodlands : frequent. Fl. September. Fr. October. 06s. This is somewhat variable in its minor characters; but it is the A. cordi' folius, of the American Botanists,—and, I suspect, will scarcely prove to be dis- tinct from the Linnaan species of that name,—although Nees von Esenbeck so considers it. 5. A. paniculatus, Ait. Stem smooth, paniculately branched, branches erect, racemose-thyrsoid ; leaves oblong- and ovate-lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at apex, the lower ones subcordate, on long petioles, the petioles with narrow smoothish margins; involucre loosely imbri- cate, smoothish, the leaflets subulate-linear. Beck, Bot. p. 187. Paniculate Aster. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, striate, smooth, with numerous erect branches above. Radical leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, ovate- oblong, acuminate, serrate, more or less cordate at base, somewhat pilose on bolh sides, especially beneath, and ciliate on the margin, the petioles 2 to 6 inches long, striate, smooth, with narrow margins ; stem-leaves gradually smaller, ovate-lance- olate, and oblong-lanceolate, with a slender tapering apex, serrate, narrowed rather abruptly at base to a margined petiole,—those on the branches sessile lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end. Heads of flowers rather small, numerous, racemose-paniculate, racemes often compound, or thyrsoid, on the branches; branches and pedicels pubescent; bracts subulate-lanceolate ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets subulate-linear, acute, with green keel and scarious margins; rays pale purple, or bluish, sometimes white ; disk yellow, or brown. Akenes smooth. Hab. Woodlands; along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. August—Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. This is the A. paniculatus, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium, but not of Nuttall • the latter being nothing but a -par. of A. undulatus. The plant inserted in my Catalogue as " A. lanceolatus ? " appears not to be distinct from this. 6. A. undulatus, L? Stem roughish-pubescent, paniculate above, branches spreading, leafy ; radical leaves cordate, serrate, petiolate', stem-leaves ovate, subentire, with broad-winged petioles, the upper ones sessile, all subtomentose-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; involu- cre imbricate, pubescent, the leaflets lance-oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 186 A. diversifolius. Mx. Am. 2. p. 113. Aluhl. Catal. p.7'4. Ell Sk 2. p. 361. Bigel. Bost. p. 312. Florul. Cestr. p. 90. Eat. Man. p. 39. Asteroidejj] SYNGENESIA 465 A. patens. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 113. Not of Ait. &c. Also, A. paniculatus. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 156. Not of Ait. Aluhl. &c. Undulate Aster. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent and roughish, often purple, paniculate and often bushy at summit, the branches and branchlets (or pedicels) leafy. Radical leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and about an inch wide, oblong-cordate, oflen obtuse, and some- times reniform, serrate, pubescent, on striate pubescent slightly-margined petioles 1 to 3 inches long ; stem-leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and half an inch to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, ovate, acuminate, mostly entire and slightly undulate on the margin, scabrous above, more downy-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted at base into a broad-winged petiole, which is usually dilated and amplexicaul at the insertion (the lower slem-leaves sometimes distinctly cordate at base, and on narrow petioles), the upper leaves oblong-ovate, sessile and amplexicaul. Heads of flowers middle-sized ; branches and pedicels pubescent, clothed with small pince-oblong acute leaves, or bracts; involucre pubescent, the leaflets lance- oblong, acute, ciliate; rays pale violet-purple, or bluish ; disk yellow, becoming purplish. Akenes slightly pubescent, finally smoothish, 5-ribbed. Hab. Dry woodlands; fence-rows, &c. common. Fl. Sept—Octo. FY. Octo. 06s. The slem and leaves of this usually have a greyish appearance, by reason of the cinereous pubescence. fo. Homophyllous,—or the leaves all of a similar form. 7. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem and branches pilose in lines, corymbose-paniculate; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised- serrate in the middle, auriculate-amplexicaul at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath; involucre loosely imbricate, the leaflets linear, squar- rosely spreading at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 185. A. serotinus. Florul, Cestr. p. 91. Not of Willd. &c. Prenanthes-like Aster. Stem 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, angular-striate, often purple, smoothish, sometimes tuberculate, or muricately scabrous, and usually with pilose lines decurrent from lhe base of the leaves, corymbosely branched above, the branches conspicuously pilose in lines. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half or 2 inches wide, more or less spatulate-lanceolate, with an entire con- spicuous acumination, incised-serrate in the middle, tapering entire and often narrowed almost to a petiole below the middle, a little dilated at the base, sessile, auriculate and amplexicaul, the upper surface and margin scabrous, smooth beneath. Heads of flowers rather above the middle size, often numerous, in a spreading corymbose panicle ; involucre minutely roughish-pubescent, the leaflets linear, acute, spreading at apex; rays pale violet-purple, or lilac, sometimes nearly white. Akenes cuneate-oblong, nerved, pilose, yellowish. Hab. Low grounds ; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. Sept—Octo. Fr. Octo. 06s. This is evidently allied to the following,—but may, perhaps, be sufficiently distinct. The plant intended by " A. serotinus ? " in my Catalogue, proves to be a specimen of this. 8. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, paniculate ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, appressed-serrate in the middle, sessile, amplexicaul, scabrous above, smoothish beneath; involucre loosely imbricate, the leaflets subulate-linear, nearly equal. Beck, Bot. p. 184. 466 SYNGENESIA [ Asteiioidejb Red (stalked) Aster. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, hispidly scabrous with short conic bristles, mostly purple (sometimes green), paniculately branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, acute, or acuminate, more or less taper- ing at base, oflen rather sparingly serrate. Heads of flowers rather above the middle size, paniculate; leaflets of the involucre linear, with a white membran- aceous margin, minutely pubescent-ciliate ; rays violet-purple. Akenes pubescent- Hab. Swampy thickets, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. October. 06s. The A. puniceus, of Elliott,—of which I have received specimens from my friend, the Rev. M. A. Curtis,—seems to be nearly intermediate between this and the preceding. Our Chester County plant presents several varieties; and I have a suspicion it will yet be found, in some of its variations, to be almost too near akin to A. prenanthoides. 9. A. miser, ATutt. Stem roughish-villose, sub-simple ; leaves cune- ate-lanceolafe, acute, serrate, scabrous-pubescent, sessile ; heads of flowers in short axillary racemes; involucre imbricate, the leaflets oblong, acute; rays small. ATees, Ast. p. 111. Not of Ait. &c. Miserable, or starved Aster. Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches high, rigid, subtomentose, often purple, generally simple, or with very short axillary branches. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, varying from elliptic-lanceolate to oblong- or cuneate-lanceolate, acute, sometimes nearly entire, or obsoletely serrate, ihickish and subcoriaceous, scabrous above, and roughish-pubescent beneath. Heads of flowers small, clustered in short leafy axillary racemes ; involucre minutely pu- bescent, the leaflets oblong, acute, green at apex ; rays white, small; disk brown' or finally purplish. Akenes pubescent. Hab- Sterile banks, N. of Shugart-town : not common. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This has been collected at different times, in the above locality,—and has lhe appearance of a plant which is stunted by the sterility of the soil. 10. A. parviflorus, ATees. Stem somewhat pilose in lines, panicu- late ; leaves lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, more or less serrate in the middle, scabrous along the margin, sessile; involucre imbricate, the leaflets linear, acute ; rays short. ATees, Ast. p. 99. A. miser. Of the Authors here quoted,—except ATutt. & A'ees. Also ? A. divergens, A. diffusus, and A. pendulus. Ait. ATees &c. Sarall-flowered Aster. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular-striate, pubescent in lines, sometimes smooth- ish below, often much branched, the branches slender and leafy, spreading, or pendent. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed to a p'eti- ole at base ; stem-leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 fourth of an inch to an inch wide, lanceolate and lance-linear, acuminate, more or less serrate in the middle, the base and acumination entire, smoothish beneath, slightly scabrous on the upper surface, and more so on and near the margin ; branch-leaves mostly numer- ous, small, varying from ovate-lanceolate to elliptic and lance-linear, mostly very acute, entire. Heads of flowers small, often very numerous, in loose paniculate leafy, and sometimes pendulous, racemes ; branches and pedicel pubescent- invo- lucre smoothish, the leaflets linear, rather acute, keel green, margin scarious and minutely ciliate ; rays white, or tinged with purple, linear, a little longer than Asteroidbje] SYNGENESIA 467 ,he inner leaflets of the involucre ; disk often becoming purple. Akenes obconic, s cabrou s-pube scent. Hab. Old fields; borders of thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. October. 06s. Several Asters have been described, as species, which are so nearly allied to this, that I think the attempt to keep them distinct, only tends to perpetuate the confusion now existing, in relation to them. I have therefore cited them, or some of them, at least, as Synonyms. 11. A. tenuifolius, L ? Stem mostly smooth, much branched, branches virgate, with the branchlets subsecund ; leaves narrow, lance- linear, tapering at each end, entire, slightly scabrous on the margin; involucre somewhat hemispherical, loosely imbricate, the leaflets linear- oblong, acute, spreading at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 181. Also ? A. dumosus, A. ericoides, &c. of Authors. Slender-lfaved Aster. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, smooth, sometimes a little pubescent, with numerous leafy branches. Radical leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, lanceolate, or sometimes spatulate, sparingly serrate, smooth, ciliate tapering to a. petiole nearly as long as the leaf; stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 to 4 or 5 lines wide, those on the branches smaller, subulate-linear, or oblong. Heads of flowers small, numerous, solitary on the leafy peduncles, or branchlets, which are mostly secund on the principal branches ; leaflets of the involucre lin_ ear, or cuneate-oblong, acute, white, with a green rhomboid-lanceolate spot at apex ; rays white, or pale purple. Akenes minutely pubescent. Hab. Old fields; roadsides, &c. common. Fl. August—Sept. FY. October. 06s. The Asters allied to this, as well as to the preceding species, are so vari- able, and yet apparently so blended by intermediate specimens, that I have thought it best, wtth my imperfect means of determining them, to pass them over as var- ieties. We have, however, some small-flowered bushy specimens,—with the stems more pubescent, and the leaves more lanceolate, or elliptic-oblong,—which may be specifically distinct; and in their characters agree partly with A. coridifolius% Mx. and partly with A. multiflorus, Ait. as described by A'ees. But the truth is, they seem to run into each other so that I find it impracticable to draw a satisfac- tory line of demarcation between them. 12. A. salicifolius, Ait. Stem smoothish, paniculate; leaves lin- ear-lanceolate, attenuate, sessile, smooth, scabrous on the margin, caul- ine ones subserrate, upper ones entire; involucre loosely imbricate, the leaflets lance-linear, acute, unequal, often recurved at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 182. Not of Florul. Cestr. A. pnealtus. JYees, Ast. p. 71. Willow-leaved Aster. Stem 18 inches to 5 or 6 feet high, terete, striate, smoothish, often purple, branch- ed above, the branches and upper part of the stem more or less marked with pilose lines decurrent from the base of the leaves. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, and 2 or 3 lines to half an inch wide,—radical ones 1 or 2 inches long, oblong-spatu- late, obtuse, mucronate, sparingly crenate-serrate, tapering and ciliate towards the base,—stem-leaves 3 or 4 inches long, linear-lanceolate, slender, very acute, remotely and sparingly, but sharply serrate, scabrous on the margin, and sparsely pilose with appressed hairs on the upper surface, sessile and sub-amplexicaul,— branch-leaves half an inch to an inch and half long, numerous, narrow, lance- 468 SYNGENESIA [Asteroids linear, cuspidate, entire. Heads of flowers middle-sized, paniculate, the panicle often somewhat corymbose ; branches and pedicels angular, pilose on the angles ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-linear, acute, minutely pubescent-ciliate, the apex oflen spreading, or recurved; rays pale bluish-purple; disk yellowish, finally purplish-brown. Akenes pubescent. Hab. Margins of swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl. September. Fr. October. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1833. The plant called " A. salicifo- lius ? " in my Catalogue, turned out, as I suspected at the time, to be nothing but A. amygdalinus, Lam. (Diplopappus amygdalinus, oi the present work). 13. A. ljbvis, L. Stem smooth, corymbose-paniculate at summit; leaves linear-lanceolate and lance-oblong, entire, or sub-serrate, subam- plexicaul, coriaceous, smooth and shining ; involucre imbricate, the leaflets oblong, keeled, acute, green and thickish at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 185. A. lasvigatus. Florul. Cestr, p. 90. Also 1 Willd. and others. Also, A. concinnus. Florul. Cestr.p. 91. Not? of Willd. (Jc. Smooth, or Polished Aster. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, often dark purple, especially near the base, more or less branched at summit. Radical leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, oval and spatulate-ovate, or oblong, obscurely cren- ate-serrate, smooth, scabrous on the margin, narrowed to a margined petiole about as long as the leaf; stem-leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and 1 third of an inch lo an inch and half wide, sessile, subamplexicaul, varying from lance-linear to oblong and ovate-lanceolate, entire and somewhat revolute on the margin, or sparingly incised-serrate, coriaceous, smooth and shining green,—the broader leaves often abruptly Darrowed at base to a margined petiole, and sometimes inclining to pan- duriform ; the branch-leaves mostly numerous, small, oblong. Heads of flowers large, more or less corymbose-paniculate ; involucre smooth, the leaflets white, with green keel and apex, acute, or acuminate, minutely ciliate ; rays long, mostly deep violet-purple, sometimes paler; disk yellow. AJcenes ribbed, smooth ish. Hab. Borders of woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. This is a handsome plant. I have specimens which answer well to the descriptions both of A. lavis, and A. Icevigatus, of Authors ; but there are inter- mediate ones which appear to connect them very intimately : and I am not with. out suspicions that A. amplexicaulis, A. mutabilis, A. rubricaulis, A. cyaneus, and perhaps one or two others, are too nearly akin to this. A. concinnus, of my Cata- logue, belongs also to this species. The U. States are the principal region of Asters,—in which are enumerated some 60 or 65 additional species,—even as the genus is now restricted; though it is probable a number of them are mere varieties. 375. EURYBIA. Cass. ATees, Ast. p. 136. [Perhapsfrom the Gr.Eurybias, broad or wide spreading; in allusion to the leaves.] Heads many-flowered. Involucre subcylindric, with the leaflets closely imbricated, broadish, membranaceously margined, the herbaceous disk at apex narrow. Florets of the disk with the tube and limb distinct. Pappus simple, stiffish, scabrous, persistent. Akenes elongated, sub- linear, 3 to 5 ribbed, striate, smooth, or slightly pubescent. Recepta- cle alveolate. Asteroids] SYNGENES1A 469 1. E. kacrophylla, Cass. Stem mostly roughish-pubescent; leaves cordate, and ovate, serrate, mostly scabious above and hirsute beneath, radical ones very large, cordate, petiolate, cauline ones ovate, contracted at base to a winged petiole, the uppermost ones sessile; involucre roughish-pubescent, the leaflets elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse. ATees, Ast. p. 140. Aster macrophyllus. L. Willd. AIx. Pers. Pursh, Beck, &c. Also? A. divaricatus. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2044. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 446. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 60. Aluhl. Catal. p. 75. Large-leaved Eurtbia. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, rather stout, somewhat angular and striate-sulcate, mostly roughish-pubescent, sometimes nearly smooth, often purple, corymbosely branched, the branches rigid, and, with the upper part of the stem, often flexuose. Radical leaves 3 or 4 to 8 inches long, and 2 to 6 inches wide, varying from roundish-cordale to cordate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely cren. ate-serrate with mucronate serratures, often very scabrous on the upper surfacei and hirsute beneath, sometimes nearly smooth and Ihinnish, the lobes at base often large, and overlapping so as to close the sinus, petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; stem-leaves much smaller, ovate, and abruptly contracted at base to a winged petiole (the lower ones often cordate, and on narrow petioles),—the upper- most ones sessile. Heads of flowers rather large, in a spreading terminal corymb; involucre roughish-pubescent, the leaflets pubescent-ciliate; rays white, or often purplish. Akenes linear, about 3-ribbed, striate, sparsely pilose, finally nearly Btnooth; paprpus reddish-tawny. Hab. Woodlands ; clearings, &c. frequent. Fl. August—Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. There are 2 or 3 varieties of this ;—in one of which the leaves are thick- ish, somewhat rugose and very scabrous,—in another thinner, and nearly smooth. 2. E. cortmbosa, Cass. Stem smooth, dichotomously corymbose at summit; leaves cordate and ovate, conspicuously acuminate, sharply serrate, smoothish, petiolate ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets linear- oblong, obtuse, pubescent-ciliate on the margin, the exterior ones ovate. A'ees, Ast. p. 143. Aster corymbosus. Ait. Willd. Pursh, Beck, &c. Cortmbose Edrybia. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, slender, terete, often flexuose, smooth, sometimes purple, branched at summit, the branches somewhat dichotomous, and forming a subfdSligiate corymb. Leaves2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 2and a half inches wide, thinnish and nearly smooth,—the lower ones cordate, strongly and unequally serrate, on naked petioles 1 to 2 inches long,—the upper ones ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, on shorter petioles (which are sometimes margined),—all acu- minate, the lower ones remarkably so. Heads of flowers middle-sized, often few, in a terminal corymb; branches more or less pubescent in lines; involucre smoothish, the leaflets pubescent on the margin, the outer ones shorter, ovate, and ovate-oblong, the inner ones narrow, sublinear, and almost wholly mem- branaceous ; rays while. Alcenes cuneate-linear, striate, sparsely pilose ; pappus reddish-tawny. Hab. Dry open woodlands: frequent. Fl. July—August. FY. September. 06s. Nees von Esenbeck enumerates 2 or 3 other species as natives of the U. States; but I suspect they will prove to be varieti.s of E. macrophylla. The ge- nus, itself, is scarcely distinct from Aster. 40 470 SYNGENESIA [Asteroide* 376. SERICOCARPUS. ATees, Ast. p. 148. [Greek, Serikos, silky, and Karpos, fruit; descriptive of the akenes.] Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, or ovoid, with the leaflets imbricated, broad, whitish and sub-cartilaginous at base, the apex her- baceous, thickened and often spreading. Florets of the ray few (about 5), distant, broadish,—of the disk subcylindric, with the tube and limb confluent. Pappus simple, stiffish, scabrous, persistent. Akenes short, obversely pyramidal, densely silky-pilose. Receptacle small, alveolate, irregular. 1. S. solidagineus, ATees. Stem smooth, angular, subsimple; leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse, entire, smooth, scabrous on theTnargin; corymb small, terminal, fastigiate; involucre oblong, subcylindric, squarrose; rays as long as the involucre. ATees, Ast. p. 149. Aster solidagineus. Mx. Am. 2. p. 108. Bigel. Bost. p. 308. A. solidaginoides. Willd. Pers. Pursh, Ell. Beck, &c. SoLIDAGO-LIKE Sf.RICOCARPUS. Plant pale or yellowish green. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, often several from the same root, slender, angular, smooth, nearly simple, or wilh a few short corymbose branches at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 2 to 4 or 5 lines wide, sublinear, or spatulate-linear, obtuse, entire, narrowed at basei sessile, obscurely punctate and 3-nerved, smooth with the margin scabrous. Heads of flowers mostly few, oblong, subcylindric, or slightly turbinate, somewhat clus- tered in a small terminal fastigiate corymb ; involucre smooth, the leaflets oblong, obtuse, rigid, subcartilaginous and whitish at base, the outer ones green and sub" squarrose at apex; rays white. Akenes clothed with hoary shining appressed hairs; pappus "white. Hab. Moist woodlands: not very common. Fl. August—Sept. FY. October. 06s. This has been found in various parts of the County,—but is by no means common. 2. S. conyzoides, ATees. Stem slightly pubescent, terete, corymbose at summit; leaves elliptic, or lance-oval, acute at each end, ciliate, the lower ones serrate towards the apex, narrowed to a petiole at base; involucre turbinate, squarrose, mostly naked at base; rays shorter than the involucre, ATees, Ast. p. 150. Aster marilandicus. Mx. Am. 2. p. 108. A. conyzoides. Willd. Pers. Pursh, Ell. Bigel. Beck, &c. CoNTZA-LIKE SeHICOCARPUS. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often 2 or 3 from the same root, rather slender, but rigid, terete, smoothish and often purple below, pubescent towards the summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch and half wide, varying from elliptic-lanceolate to lance-obovate, somewhat scabrous abovei smoothish beneath, ciliate on the margin, the upper ones sessile and mostly entirei the radical ones coarsely and sparingly serrate towards the apex, tapering at base to a margined ciliate petiole nearly as long as the leaf. Heads of flowers oblong, subturbinate; branches roughish-pubescent; involucre smooth, the leaf- lets oblong, often rather acute, whitish at base, green and subsquarrose at apex, finely ciliate-serrulate on the margin ; rays white. Akenes short, silky-villose; pappus reddish tawny. Asteroideje] SYNGENESIA 471 Hab. Woodlands, and clearings : frequent. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. There is one other species in the U. States. 377. ERIGERON. /,. A'utt. Gen. 657. [Greek, Er, spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in the spring.] Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated, the leaflets narrow. Florets of the ray in several series, numerous, very narrow. Pappus mostly simple. Receptacle naked, punctate. 1. E. canadensis,/,. Stem hirsute, paniculate; leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, ciliate; heads of flowers small, numerous, racemose on the branches; rays minute. Beck, Bot.p. 180. Canadian Erigeron, Vulgo—Horse-weed. Butter-weed. Root annual. Stem 6 inches to 5 or 6 feet high, sulcate-striate, very hairy, much branched above. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 line to near half an inch wide, lance-linear, acute, tapering at base, sessile, hirsute and ciliate, the lower ones sparingly dentate. Heads of flowers small, numerous, loosely racemose on the branches, forming an oblong panicle ; branches and pedicels hirsute, slender, with subulate-linear leaves or bracts at base; leaflets of the involucre narrow, lance-linear, acute, membranaceous on the margin, somewhat pilose and ciliate ; rays white, capillary, scarcely longer than the pappus. Akenes oblong, sprinkled with short hairs, whitish; pappus simple, pilose, the hairs numerous, scabrous, pale straw-color. Hab. Fields, roadsides, &c. common. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. A common weed, and very variable in size. The E. pusillus, of Nuttall, is perhaps scarcely more than a variety. 2. E. strigosus, Aluhl. Stem hairy, corymbose-paniculate; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at base, dentate, or entire, the radical ones spatu- late-lanceolate ; rays spreading, scarcely twice as long as the involucre. Beck, Bot. p. 180. Also ? E. integrifolium. Bigel. Bost. p. 302. Torr. Comp. p. 289. Beck, Bot. p. 179. Eat. Man. p. 135. Also ? E. nervosum. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 534, Eat. I. c. Not of Willd. Strigose Euigeron. Vulgo— Flea-bane. Daisy. Root biennial t Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular and sulcate-striate, more or less hairy, corymbosely branching above, sometimes simple, or with a small co- rymb at summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 eighth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, more or less pubescent,—the radical and lower ones somewhat spatulate- lanceolate, sparingly dentate, 3-nerved, attenuate at base to a margined petiole nearly as long as the leaf,—the stem-leaves varying from lanceolate to oblong and lance-linear, acute, sparingly dentate, or entire, often 3-nerved, somewhat ciliate, sessile. Heads of flowers rather small, in terminal corymbs at the summit of the branches; leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, acute, minutely pubescent; rays white, narrow, sub-linear. Akenes oblong, angular, or ribbed, sparsely pilose ; pappus white, the hairs few, brittle. Hab. Pastures, and upland meadows: common. Fl. June— Aug. FY. July—Sept. 06s. This is also a very common, and worthless weed,—especially in the first crop of our upland meadows, after a course of grain crops. We have what ap- 472 SYNGENESIA [ Asteroide.h pears to be the E. integrlf ilium, of Bigelow ; but it is so blended with this, by intermediate specimens, that I suspect it is nothing more than a variety. 3. E. philadelphicus, L. Stem pubescent, weak, simple, corymbose at summit; leaves lance-oblong, subserrate, semiamplexicaul, the lower ones cuneate-oblong; peduncles elongated, clavate; rays capiilaiy, more than twice as long as the involucre. Beck, Bot. p. 179. Also? E. purpureus, of the Authors here quoted. Philadelphian Eiugeron. Root perennial 1 Stem 2 to 3 feet high, sulcate-striate, pubescent, hoary and subvillose near the base, simple, or with a small corymb at summit. Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, spatulate-lanceolate, or oblong, crenate-serrate, or sometimes nearly entire, thin and membranous, pubescent, cuneately tapering at base to a winged petiole about as Jong as the leaf;—stem- leaves gradually smaller, lance-ohlong, acute, sparingly serrate, or entire, sessile and amplexicaul, ihe lower ones cuneately narrowed at base, the upper ones often dilated and cordate-amplexicaul at base,—all thin, more or less pilose and ciliate. Heads of flowers middle-sized, mostly few, in a terminal corymb; peduncles leaf- less, pubescent, thickened at summit; leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, acute, membranaceous at apex and on the margin, pubescent; rays pale purple, or flesh- colored, very narrow and numerous. Akenes oblong, sparsely hispid ; pappus whitish, the hairs few. Hab. Woodlands; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. June-Aug. Fr. July-Sept. 06s. Judging from all the Erigcrons which I have seen, I incline to think. Ihat E. purpureus, and E. philadelphicus, may be safely reduced to one species. 4. E. pulchellus, Mx. Hairy and canescent; radical leaves spatu- late, entire, or subserrate, cauline ones few, distant, lance-oblong, entire ; heads large, few; rays linear, more than twice as long as the involucre. Hook. Am. 2. p. 19. E. bellidifolium. Willd. and most of the Authors here cited. Handsome Eiugeron. Whole plant somewhat hoary. Root perennial, stoloniferous. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, striate, simple. Radical leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, spatulate, and obovate, obtuse, often entire narrowed to a margined petiole, very hairy, especially on the nerves and petiole beneath ; lower stem-leavesspalulate-oblong, subserrate, ihe upper ones smaller distant, lance-oblong, acute, entire, or denticulate, sessile and subamplexicaul. Heads of flowers large, few (2 or3to 5, rarely 7 or 9), in a loose terminal corymb, the lower peduncles axillary, long and flaccid; involucre pubescent, the leaflets lance-linear, acute; rays pale bluish-purple, lance-linear, mostly bidentate at apex. Akenes oblong, compressed, smoothish ; pappus whitish, or pale tawny the hairs numerous, scabrous. Hub. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. May-June. Fr. June-July. 5. E. HETERorHYLLus, Muhl. Radical leaves roundish-ovate, coarsely and deeply dentate, petiolate, cauline ones lanceolate, aculc, serrate in the middle; rays the length of the involucre ; pappus double Rerk Bot.p. 180. lt ' ' E. annuus. Hook. Am. 2. p. 20. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 431 Aster annuus. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 59. Also, Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2041. Stenactis annua. A^ees, Ast. p. 273. Asteroideje] syngenesia 473 Variocs-leaved Erigeron. Root biennial ? Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, striate, often angular, more or less hirsute, sometimes nearly smooth below, corymbose at summit. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, ovate, somewhat scabrous and pilose, coarsely serrale-dentate, the teeth mucronate, petioles about twice as long as the leaves, narrow-margined, dilated at base ; stem-leaves gradually smaller, lanceolate, acute, with 3 or 4 coarse serratures in the middle, pilose on the nerves, and ciliaie on the margin, cuneately tapering at base, sessile,—the lower ones often ovate, and on margined petioles. Heads of flowers rather small, or middle- sized; peduncles subterminal, axillary, corymbose, rather slender, hairy, leafless, or with a few lance-subulate appressed bracts; involucre pilose, the leaflets lance-linear, acute, with membranaceous margins; rays white, or tinged with purple, very narrow, linear. Akenes oblong, compressed, hirsute ; pappus whitish, double, the outer one short, subpaleaceous. Hab. Pastures, and waste places: frequent. Fl. June—July. Fr. August. 06s. Some 8or 10 additional species have been enumerated in lhe U. States ;— though I suspect a portion of ihem require to be revised. '378. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass. Less. Syn. p. 163. [Gr. Diplos, double, & Pappos, pappus ; descriptive of that portion of the florets.] Head? many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Florets of the ray pistillate, in a single series,—of the disk perfect, with the corolla Teg- ular. Pappus double. Akenes not beaked. Receptacle alveolate. 1. D. linariifolius, Less. Stem terete, suffruticose, simple, or sub- corymbose at summit; leaves linear, entire, keeled, rigid, serrulate- ciliate on the margin ; involucre somewhat loosely imbricate, the leaf- lets lance-linear, obtuse. Hook. Am. 2. p. 21. Aster linariifolius. AIx. Willd. Pursh, Ell. Bigel. Beck, &c. Icon, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 104. Also, A. rigidus. Mx. Willd. Muhl. Pursh, Torr. &c. Chrysopsis linariifolia. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 152. Diplostephium linariifolium. ATees, Ast. p. 199. LlNARIA^LEAVED DlPLOPAPPUS. Root perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, slender, suffruticose, rigid, roughish- puberulent, oflen purple, simple, or with a few short corymbose branches at summit. Leaves about an inch long, and 1 or 2 lines wide, sessile, linear, abruptly acute, keeled, coriaceous and rigid, very scabrous on the margin, often glaucous beneath. Heads of flowers rather large, solitary and terminal on the branches ; branches erect, crowded, or subumbellate, hoary-pubescent and clothed wilh small subulate-linear leaves; involucre minutely puberulent, the leaflets lance-linear, obtuse, slightly keeled, pubescent-ciliate on the margin especially at apex, the apex mostly tipt with dark purple; rays violet-purple; disk yellow. Akenes densely clothed with a whitish silky villus; pappus white, or slightly tawny, in a double series, both series setaceous, the outer one nearly as long as the akene- Hab. Hilly, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. September. Fr. October. 2. 1). amygdalinus, Less. Stem striate-angular, smoothish, corym- bose-fastigiate at summit; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate at base, subsessile, entire, scabrous on the margin, smooth beneath; ia- 40* 474 SYNGEXESIA [ Asteuoidejb volucre somewhat loosely imbricate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, rather obfuse. Hook. Am. 2. p. 23. Also, D. umbellatus. Hook. Am. 2. p. 22. Aster amygdalinus. AIx. Pers. Pursh, Torr. Beck, &C. A. umbellatus. Ait. Willd. Aluhl. Bart. Bigel. &c. Chrysopsis amygdalina. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 153. Doellingeria amygdalina. A'ees, Ast. p. 179. Also, D. umbellata. A'ees, Ast. p. 178. Amygdalus-like Diplopappcs. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular-striate, smooth, or sometimes scabrous on the angles, often purplish, branched at summit, the branches corym- bose-fastigiate. Leaves an inch and half to 4 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, lanceolate and lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth beneath, some- what scabrous above, and especially along the margin, which is entire and slighlly revolule, narrowed at base to a very short petiole. Heads of flowers middle- sized, often numerous, in a level-topped corymb ; branches angular and more or less scabrous; peduncles slender, scalirous-putcscent, naked, or with a few small subulate-lanceolale bracts ; involucre slightly pubescent, the leaflets linear- lanceolate, rather obtuse, with a narrow membranaceous ciliate margin; iays about 12, white, orochroleucous ; disk yellowish. Akenes 3or5-ribbed, somewhat hirsute ; pappus whitish, or sometimes reddish-tawny, the outer scries short, the hairs of the inner one slightly thickened at apex. Hab. Low grounds ; moist thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. The angles, or ridges, on the stem are often more or less scabrous, and the leaves vary a little ; but it seems to be refining entirely too much, to make two species of this,—as proposed by Nees von Esenbeck. 3. D. cornifolius, Less. Stem terete, smoothish, subflexuose, spa- ringly and dichotomously corymbose-paniculate at summit; lea^s elliptic, acuminate, sub-cuneate at base, subsessile, entire, ciliate-hir- sute on the margin, hairy on the veins beneath ; involucre imbricate, the leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, ciliate. Aster infirmus. AIx. Am. 2. p. 109, A. humilis. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2038. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 445. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 548. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 366. Torr. Comp. p. 300. Florul. Cestr. p. 90. Lindl. Ency. p. 708. Beck, Bot. p. 188. Eat. Man. p. 38. A. cornifolius. Aluhl. Catal. p. 74. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 114. Bigel. Bost. p. 313. Also, Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2039. Pers. I. c. Pursh, I. c. Lindl. I. c. Eat. I. c. Chrysopsis humilis. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 153. Doellingeria cornifolia. ATees, Ast. p. 181. CORNUS-LEAVED DlPLOPAPPUS. Root perennial. Stem I to 2 feet high, slender, terete, striate, smooth, or spa- ringly pilose in decurrent lines from the base of the leaves, often flexuose. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 2 thirds of an inch to 2 inches wide, elliptic, or subrhom- boid-oval, acuminate, entire, somewhat cuneate at base (upper ones lanceolate, lower ones often spatulate, obtuse), subsessile, reticulately and rather promi' nently veined, nearly smooth above, roughly pilose on the margin, midrib and veins beneath. Heads of flowers middle-sized, generally few, corymbose-panic- ulate, oflen in pairs, or the branches dichotomous; branches and peduncles p*. Asteroide^e] SYXGEXESIA 475 bescent, nearly naked, or the leaves and bracts small; involucre pubescent; rays about 8, while, or ochroleucous, broadish: disk yellowish. Akenes rather large, compressed, subcuneate, about 5-ribbed, smooth, brown; pappus reddish- lawny, the outer series short, the hairs of the inner one thickened at apex. Hab. Woodlands ; clearings, &c. common. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 4. D. -marianus, Less. Stem and leaves somewhat silky-lanugin- ous; leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, remotely denticulate, the lower ones spatulate-lanceolate, attenuate to a petiole at base; co- rymb simple ; peduncles and involucre glandular-pubescent, viscid. Inula mariana. AIx. Am. 2. p. 122. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2099. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 451. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 80. Aluhl. Catal. p. 76. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 531. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 108. Torr. Comp. p. 291. Lindl. Ency. p. 714. Chrysopsis mariana. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 151. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 335. Beck, Bot. p. 177. Eat. Alan. p. 94. Maryland Diplopappus. Root perennial. Stem I to 2 feet high, simple, terete, often purple, sparingly clothed with long soft hairs. Leaves loosely clothed with long silky-lanuginous canescent hairs, especially on the underside, remotely serrate-denticulate, raiher obtuse, or sometimes acute, mucronate with a short gland-like point,—the radical and lower ones 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 2 thirds of an inch to near an inch and half wide, spatulate-lanceolate and lance-oblong, narrowed at hase to a peti- ole,—the upper ones smaller, elliptic and ovate-oblong, sessile, often entire. Heads of flowers rather large, few, in a simple terminal subumbellate corymb (sometimes a few lateral axillary peduncles); peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, rather slender, sulcate-striate, glandular-pubescent, nearly leafless, or with a few small bracts ; involucre glandular-pubescent, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute, with mem- branaceous margin, and green keel at apex ; rays yellow, spatulate-linear; disk yellow. Akenes ovoid-oblong, hirsute, reddish-brown, or purplish ; pappus yellowish, or pale tawny, the outer series short, the hairs of the inner one scab- rous, scarcely thickened at apex. Hub. Sandy soils; Oxford ; Diamond Rock : rare. Fl. September. FY. Octo. 06s. This was collected near Oxford, in 1828, by D. Townsend, Esq.—and also the present year (1836), at Diamond rock, on the N. Valley hill, by Mr. Albert Townsbnd; but it is quite rare. The genus, as I understand it to be now consti- tuted, seems to be rather an arbitrary one,—and embraces plants ofa very dis- similar appearance;—of which some twelve, or more, additional species have been found in the U. States. The true Chrysopsides, of Nuttall and Elliott— wilh yellow flowers,—present a very natural groupe. Sub-Tribe 2. Inule;e. Heads never dioicous, when heterogamous the marginal florets pistillate, with ligulate corollas, the rest perfect. Anthers caudate. Pappus various, the rays never connate, occasionally none. Receptacle mostly wilhoiit bracts. 379. INULA. L. ATutt. Gen. 658. [A. name of obscure and uncertain derivation.] Heads heterogamous, many-flowered. Involucre loosely imbricated, the outer leaflets foliaceous. Florets of the ray very numerous, linear. Anthers bisetose at base. Pappus simple. Akenes not beaked. Receptacle naked. 476 SYNGENESIA [Asteroidejb 1. I. Helenium, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate, rugose, softly tomentose beneath, sessile and amplexicaul; involucre tomentose, the leaflets ovate. Beck, Bot. p. 176. Vulgo—Elecampane. Gallice—Aunee. Germ.—Der Alant. Hisp.—Enula campana. Root perennial, thick, branching. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout, sulcate, pubes- cent, branching above. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches wide, ovate-oblong and lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, denticulate, hoary-tomentose beneath,—the radical ones petiolate, cauline ones amplexicaul. Heads of flowers large, solitary, terminal, subcorymbose ; peduncles stout, sulcate-striate, densely tomentose ; inner leaflets of the involucre sublinear, scarious, the outer ones ovate, tomentose ; rays deep yellow, long, narrow, linear, trifid at apex ; disk yellow. Anthers caudate, or produced at base into 2 setaceous appendages. Ak. enes linear-oblong, quadrangular, striate, smooth; pappus pale tawny, simple, scabrous, the hairs united in small parcels at base. Hab. About houses, roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. July—August. FY. Sept. 06s. This foreigner has become naturalized about many old settlements. The root is mucilaginous ; and is a popular ingredient in the preparation of pectoral syrups. It is said, also, to be one of the countless quack nostrums for the preven- tion and cure of Hydrophobia. Sub-Tribe 7. Melampodie*. Heads dioicous, subdioicous, or radiate wilh ihe disk staminate, and the ray pistillate in a single series. Pappus 2-horned, or 0. Receptacle mostly bracteate. 380. POLYMNIA. I. A'utt. Gen. 697. [So named from one of lhe Muses ; but the reason does not appear.] Heads rather small. Leaflets of the involucre in a double series, concave,—the outer series 4 or 5-leaved, spreading, larger than the many-leaved inner one. Corolla of the ray ligulate. Style of the disk pubescent above, bifid at apex. Akenes obovoid, subcompressed, 3-ribbed. Pappus 0. Receptacle paleaceous. 1, P. canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent; leaves angulate and hastate- lobed, acuminate, denticulate, the lower ones pinnatifid; rays very small, trifid. Beck, Bot. p. 208. Canadian Polymnia. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, angular-striate, scabrous-pubescent and somewnat viscid, branching. Leaves 4 to 8or 10 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide, very thin, roughish-pubescent, mostly 3-lobed and rather dilated towards the apex, and deeply hastate-lobed at base, repand-denticulate, petiolate oflen alternate,—the lower ones deeply pinnatifid, with stipule-like amplexicaul appen- dages at the base of the petioles. Heads of flowers small, somewhat hemispheric, loosely paniculate; peduncles slender, glandular pubescent; ouler leaflets of the' involucre ovate and linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, glandular-pubescent and viscid ciliate, the inner leaflets oblong, scarious, ciliate at apex ; rays white, or ochro-' leucous (yellow, Ell.), scarcely 1 third of an inch long, obovate-cuneate obtusely 3-lobed at apex; disk pale yellow. Akenes (of the ray-florets, at least) obovoid subcompressed, smooth, dark brown, or nearly black, with a prominent rib on each margin, and one on the inner face, crowned at summit with a whitish protu berant ring ; pappus none. Senecionidejs] SYNGENESIA 477 Hab. Along Brandywine ? very rare. Fl. August, FY. September. 06s. This was formerly collected along the west branch of the Brandywine, by Mr. John Jackson,—and transferred to his Botanic Garden. Il has not been found growing wild, in ihis County, for a number of years ; and I presume it is now very scarce. My specimens are from Mr. Jackson's garden. The recent plant has a considerable odor, something between that of Yarrow and 7'ansey. 2. P. Uvedalta, L. Leaves ovate, sinuate-lobed, roughish, the lower ones broad, subpalmate, narrowed at base to a sinuate winged petiole; rays elongated, tridentate. Beck, Bot. p. 208. UvEDAL's PoLYJIXIA. Root perennial. Stem 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, stouter than the preceding, angular and sulcate-striate, smoothish below, branched above, the branches mostly oppo- site and axillary, roughish-pubescent. Leaves 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, mostly opposite, thin, roughish-pubescent and ciliate,—the lower ones large, nearly as wide as long, palmately 3 or 5-lobed, abruptly contracted at base to a tapering winged petiole which is somewhat sinuate-lobed, and 2 to 4 inches long,—the upper ones smaller, subovate, acute or acuminate, sinuate-lobed, on shorter petioles. Heads of flowers something larger than in the preceding, in small loose panicles terminating the branches ; peduncles glandular-pubescent; outer leaflets of the involucre large, obovate, simewhal glandular-pubescent and ciliate, foliaceous, deep green, the inner ones smaller, lance-ovate, acuminate, thin and membranous, pubescent; rays deep yellow, oblong, about an inol» in length, 3-tooihed at apex ; disk yellow. Akenes roundish-obovoid, smooth. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 06s. This is also, rare, here,—having only been found, as yet, in the above locality,—where it was delected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1828. There are no other species known, in the TJ. States. VII. Senecio Tribe. Heads mostly heterogamous, with pistillate or neutral florets, in 1 or many series, in the circumference,—some- times monoicous, rarely dioicous. Style, in the perfect florets, bifid, —the branches longish, linear, mostly broader towards the apex, either truncate and penicillate only at apex, or terminating in a short pubescent cone, or narrow linear appendage. Senecionide;e. Lessing. Sub-Tribe 1. Ambrosieje. Heads monoicous, or heterogamous with staminate florets in the centre. Anthers ecaudate. Receptacle, in heterogamous heads, bracteate, the bracts glabrous. Corolla of the pistillate florets filiform: akenes bald, not beaked, often included in the involucre. 381. XANTHIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 704. [Greek, Xanthos, yellow; a color said to be produced by the plant.] Heads homogamous, monoicous,—the pistillate ones 2-flowered, invest- ed by an uncinately-spinose involucre. Akenes compressed, one in each cell of the bilocular, and finally indurated, involucre. 1. X. struuarium, L. Stem unarmed ; leaves ovate, angulate-den- tate, subcordate and strongly 3-nerved at base. Beck, Bot. p. 210. 478 SYNGENESIA [Senecionide* Scrophulous Xantiiium. Vulgo—Clot-weed. Cockle-bur. G«ii.-Lampourde. Germ.-Die Spitzklette. Jff*'s/;.-Lampazo pequeno. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, scabrous-pubescent, branching. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, alternate, broad-ovate, angulate-dentate, often somewhat 3-lobed, roughish-pubescent on both?sides, sub- cordate at base, but cuneately produced in the centre, at the union of the 3 prin- cipal nerves ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long, striate, scabrous-pubescent. Heads of flowers in axillary racemose clusters,-the staminate ones at the summit, the pistillate ones at the base, of lhe racemes ; involucre of lhe pistillate heads 2-flow- ered, elliptic-oblong, persistent, uncinately spinose, with 2 stouter straight spin- ose beaks at apex, 2-celled, each cell containing an oblong compressed akene. Hab. Farm-yards ; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This is an obnoxious weed—though not much inclined to spread ; and, with a little attention, is easily to be kept in subjection. The burs are a great annoyance in the fleeces of sheep. Mr. Nuttall says it is indigenous in the West; but to me it has the appearance of a stranger, here. 2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with stipular ternate spines; leaves ovate-lanceolate, finally often 3-lobed. Beck, Bot. p. 210. Spinose Xanthium. Vulgo—Thorny Clot-weed. Root annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, terete, striate, pubescent, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at apex, entire, or reaoand-denticulate, finally often 3-lobed, or with a lobe-like tooth on each side, ihe upper surface pale green, sprinkled with cinereous hairs, which are dense on the midrib, the under surface clothed with a short cinereous tomentum, the base narrowed to a short pubescent petiole, on each side of which is a triple or 3-forked spine, the branches or spines about an inch long, very sharp, yellowish, or straw-colored, on a common foot- stalk scarcely a line in length. Heads of flowers axillary, solitary ; involucre pubescent, that of the fruit uncinate-prickly. Hab. Farm-yards; Honey-brook: rare. Fl. September. Fr. October. 06s. This execrable foreign weed was found, about 3 years since, partially naturalized in the N. West side of this County; but it is as yet, happily, very rare. It will behove our farmers to be vigilant in arresting its progress, whilst il is yet wilhin their control. It is becoming abundant in the vacant lots of Philad- elphia, between Broad Street and the Schuylkill,—where it was introduced a few years ago, from the South. One other species, likewise a foreigner, occurs in the TJ. States. 382. AMBROSIA. I. ATutt. Gen. 703. [A poetical name: the food of the Gods; but the application seems forced.] Heads homogamous, monoicous,—the pistillate ones 1-flowered, inves- ted by an unarmed involucre,—the staminate ones many-flowered; receptacle without bracts. Akenes subglobose. 1. A. trifida L. Hairy and scabrous ; leaves 3- or 5-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate; racemes elongated, paniculate. Beck, Bot. p. 209. Trlfid Ambrosia. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, angular, striate, hairy and sobrous, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, mostly Senecionidek] SYXGEXESIA 479 opposite, palmate-lobed, hairy and scabrous, on slightly margined striate ciliate petioles. Heads of flowers small,—the staminate ones numerous, in long terminal paniculate racemes,—the pistillate ones in small clusters of 2 or 3 to 5 at the base of the racemes. Involucre of the staminate heads 1-leaved (or in a single series, with the leaflets connate), sublobed, or crenate on the margin, 'pilose externally , the florets small, tubular, whitish; involucre of the pistillate heads 5-lobed, per- sistent. Akene obovoid, acuminate, crowned with 6 short erect spines, or teeih, which surround the base of the acumination. Hab. Fence-rows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. October. 2. A. elatior? L. Leaves bipinnatifid, the petioles ciliate with long hairs ; racemes paniculate, terminal. Beck, Bot. p. 209. A. artemisifolia. Florul. Cestr. p. 101. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 133. arid others ? Taller Ambrosia. Vulgo—Bitter-weed. Rag-weed. Hog-weed. Root annual. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, hairy and somewhat scabrous, usually much branched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long bipinnately dissected, roughish- pubescent with short hairs, petiolate, the petioles mostly ciliate wilh long white hairs. Heads of flowers small,—the staminate ones numerous, in terminal slender paniculate racemes,—the pistillate florets in small bracteate or axillary clusters near the base of the staminate racemes ; sometimes the flowers are dioicous,—the terminal racemes (or rather spikes), as well as the clusters beneath, being all pistillate, with the flowers in small sessile bracteate clusters. Akenes obovoidi acuminate, with short erect teeth around the base of the acumination. Hab. Cultivated fields ; pastures, &c. common. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This worthless weed is usually very abundant among the stubble, after a crop of wheat; but, if the land be good, the plant seems to give place, the next season, to the crop of clover and timothy. I have been puzzled to determine this species satisfactorily. It is evidently, I think, the A. elatior, of Bigelow, and some others,—and as clearly the A. artemisifolia, of Barton, Sec. .-—whilst, at the same time, it agrees pretty well with Elliott's A. paniculata ! Are they all really dis- tinct species 1 Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. Sub-Tribe 2. Heliantheje. Heads, when heterogamous, with the marginal florets in a single series, bearing ligulate corollas, the rest perfect; never dioi- cous, nor monoicous. Receptacle mostly bracteate. Pappus either awned, or irregular and obsolete, or crown-form, or 0. Anthers blackish, ecaudate. § 2. Heliopsideje. Heads mostly heterogamous, wilh the marginal florets pistillate ; akenes without coating, wings, or beak, bald, or wilh a crown-form pappus. 383. HELIOPSIS. Pers. ATutt. Gen. 682. [Greek, Helios, the Sun, and Opsis, face, or aspect; in allusion to the flowers.] Involucre imbricated. Ray florets in a single series. Akenes quad- rangular, somewhat compressed, entirely bald, smooth, with the epigy- nous disk small. Receptacle convex, with long chaffy bracts. 1. H. l/Evis, Pers. Leaves opposite, lance-ovate, serrate,, 3-nerved, smoothish, petiolate. Beck, Bot. p. 204. Buphthalmum helianthoides. AIx. Am. 2. p. 130. Willd. Sp, 3. p. 2236. Ait. Kew. b. p. 125. 480 SYXGEXESIA [Seneciosibmi Smooth HELiorsis. A* perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, di- or tri-chotomously branch- ing at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 4 inches wide, varying from ovate-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, and ovate, acute, serrate, mostly smooth beneath, and sprinkled with short hairs on the upper surface, scabrous on the margin, obtuse at base, or abruptly narrowed to a petiole half an inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers middle-sized, on long naked striate-sulcate terminal pedunclei; involucre pubescent, the outer leaflets foliaceous, lance-ob ong, rather obiuse, pubescent-ciliate; rays yellow, an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 fourth to near half an inch wide. Akenes of the*.* 4 angled, of the ray 3 angled, lhe outer side convex,-all truncate at apex, smooth, reddish bjown. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff twice as long as lhe akenes. Hab. Banks of streams : frequent. Fl. July -August. FY. Sejjf. 06s. Collected by Dr. E. Michener, in 1827. Il is probably the only species in the U. Slates,—if not the only one of the genus ;-and is liable to be mistakeni by a young Botanist, for a Helianthus. § 3. Kudbeckiea^. Heads radiate, with the ray neutral, in a single series; Akenes without coaling, or beak, bald, or with an entire crown-form pappus. 384. RUDBECKIA.- /,. [In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, father and son; Swedish Botanists.] Involucre spreading, the leaflets somewhat in a double series. Cor- olla of the disk funnel-form, with erect teeth, and anthers included,— of the ray entirely neutral. Akenes nearly square on a transverse section, with a thick callous crown-form pappus, a large epigynous Lisk, and a lateral areola. Receptacle conic, with chaffy brae s. 1. R. fulgida, Jlit. Stem hairy and scabrous, the branches virgately elongated; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous-pubescent, narrowed at base,, sessile, and subamplexicaul; disk hemispherical. Beck, Bot. p. 204. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 5. R. chrysomela. Mx. Am. 2. p. 143. Shtning Ruddeckia. Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, raiher slender, terete, striate, rough and hairy, virgately branched, or sometimes simple. Leavesl or 2to 4 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, alternate, mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute (some- times inclining to spatulate), sparingly denticulate, hairy and scabrous on both sides, narrowed at base, sessile and subamplexicaul, or slightly cordate at the insertion. Heads of flowers rather small, solitary and terminal on the long nearly leafless peduncle-like -branches ; involucre foliaceous, "hirsute, the leaflets lance- oblong, outer ones largest; rays orange-yellow, bifidly .emarginate at apex, hairy beneath f disk very dark purple, convenor nearly hemispherical. Akenes 1-an- %le&; pappus a slight margin. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff spatulate- linear, abruptly acute, smooth, the summit dark purple and ciliate on the margin. Hab'. Old fields, and borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug. IY. Sept—Octo. 2. R. hirta, L. Very hirsute; stem virgate, sparinglv branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, subserrate, hirsute, the lower ones spatulate- lanceolate ; disk conical. Beck, Bot. p. 204. Rough-haired Rddbeckia. "Senecionideje] SYXGEXESIA 481 Root perennial 3 (biennial, Bart. Am.). Stem 18 inches to 3 or 4 feet high, stri- ate, rough and hirsute, often simple. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, more or less serrate, narrowed at base, sessile, very hairy, the lower cauline ohes spatulate- lanceolate, the radical ones on long hirsute petioles. Heads of flowers middle- sized, terminal oh long stoutish naked striate-sulcate peduncles,(single and termi- nating the stem, in unbranched specimens); involucre foliaceous, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, pilose-ciliate, outer ones longest; lays yellow, obliquely bifid at apex, hairy beneath; disk dark purple, conical. Akenes oblong, 4-angled, dark purplish-brown ; pappus a minute margin. Receptacle conical, chaffy, the chaff sublinear, rather acute, the summit dark purple, hairy and ciliate. Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets : not very common. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. This, has considerable resemblance to the preceding; but is usually a stouter, rougher plant, the heads larger, and with a more prominent conical disk. 3. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth; lower leaves pseudo-pinnate, segments lanceolate, incised-serrate, the terminal one trifid, upper leaves lance-ovate, mostly entire; pappus crenate. Beck, Bot. p. 205. Icon, Bart. Am. 1. tab. 16. Laciniate Rudbeckia. Root perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, striate, smooth, branching. Radical ■end lower leaves petiolate, large (4 to 8 or 10 inches long), pseudo-pinnate, with about 5 segments, segments oval-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less incised-ser- rate, often laciniate, the terminal one trifid ; stem-leaves often deeply 3-parted, lhe uppermost or branch-leaves lance-Ovate, entire, subsessile,—all somewhat hairy, scabrous on the upper surface and along the margin. Heads of flowers rather large, terminal on the corymbose-paniculate branches; involucre folia- ceous, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate, small, somewhat pilose and ciliate; rays yellow, 1 to 2 inches long, lance-oblong, and obovate-lanceolate, drooping, 2 or 3 Toothed at apex, minutely pubescent beneath; disk-greenish-yellow, conical- Akenes 4-angled, brownish ; pappus a crenate-dentate margin. Receptacle conical, chaffy, the chaff cuneate-oblong, concave" and keeled, obtuse, tomentose at sum/hit. Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. ©6s. Some 10 or 12 additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. § 4. Coreopsideje. Heads heterogamous, wilh neutral florets in a single series in the circumference ; akenes without coating, or beak, sometimes with a pappus awn-like, or chaffy, but not crown-form. 385. ACTINOMERIS. ATutt. Gen. 693. [Greek, Aktin, a ray; andme/ts, a part; the heads being imperfectly rayed.] Involucre spreading, or reflexed, the leaflets somewhat in -a single series, foliaceous. Rays few, distan't, elongated. Akenes compressed, 4-angled, 2-winged, with 2 smoothish persistent awns at summit. Re- ceptacle small, with chaffy bracts embracing the margin of the akenes. 1. A. sq.uarrosa, ATutt. Stem winged, corymbose-paniculate; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, serrate, roughish-pubescent; disk subglobose, in fruit squarrose. Beck, Bot. p. 206. A. alternifolia. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 132. Verbesina Coreopsis. Mx. Am. 2, p, 134. Pursh, Am, 2. p. 565> SLindl. Ency. p. 728. 41 482 SYXGEXESIA [Senecionide* Coreopsis alternifolia. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2257. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 478. Ait. Kew. b.p. 136. Muhl. Catal. p. 79. SaUARROSE Actinomeris. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, rather slender, striate, roughish- pubescent, yellowish, with green wings decurrent from the leaves, corymbose- paniculate at summit. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, narrowed at base to a tapering margined petiole which is decurrent on the stem, somewhat hairy and rough, the margin and upper surface quite scabrous, wilh the short hairs dilated and cinereous at base. Heads of flowers rather small, in a terminal leafy corym- bose panicle ; peduncles slender, striate, often densely pubescent; involucre loose, foliaceous, the leaflets lance-linear, or often spatulate-linear, with an inner series of lance-ovate acuminate scales; rays yellow, few (3 to 5 or 6), about an inch long, oblanceolate, narrowed at base, almost unguiculate.; disk greenish-yellow, subglobose, 1 third to half an inch in diameter. Akenes much compressed, obo- vate, somewhat hairy, with each margin conspicuously winged, and a keel-like rib (sometimes 2 or 3) on each flat side, crowned at summit by 2 subulate smooth- ish diverging horns. Receptacle small, subglobose, chaffy, the chaff ovate-lance- olate, acuminate, conduplicate, embracing one margin of the akenes. Hab. Moist grounds; along Pigeon creek: rare. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. This was collected the present year (1836), at the above locality, on the North side of this County, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. One or two additional spe- cies are enumerated in the U. Slates. 386. HELIANTHUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 689. [Greek, Helios, the sun, & Anthos, a flower; from the resemblance of the flowers.] Involucre foliaceous, many-leaved, the leaflets imbricated, subsquar- rose. Rays numerous. Akenes subcompressed; pappus mostly 2 unequal chaffy scales (sometimes additional smaller ones), more or less deciduous. Receptacle mostly large, flat, with chaffy bracts. f Leaves opposite. 1. H, ditaricatus, L. Stem smooth; leaves lance-ovate, tapering to the apex, rounded at base, 3-nerved, scabrous, sessile ; panicle tri- chotomous, slender, few-flowered; involucre loose, the leaflets lance- olate, acuminate, ciliate. Beck ? Bot, p. 202. Also? H. truncatus. Ell. Sk. 2.p. 416. Eat. Alan.p. 169. DlTARICATE HELIANTHUS. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, terete, striate, smooth, or •prinkled with hairs near the summit, sometimes purple and yet with a glaucous tinge, di- or tri-chotomously branched above, often subsimple. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, sessile or •ubsessile, the base very obtuse, or rounded, and ovately dilated, acuminately tapering to the apex, more or less serrate, scabrous above, roughish-pubescent and paler beneath, hirsute on the nerves. Heads of flowers small, few (often 3, the central one dichotomal); peduncles scabrous; leaflets of the involucre loose, lanceolate with a slender acumination, scabrous and ciliate; rays 8 to 10 or 12, about 3 fourths of an inch long, yellow, with longitudinal orange-colored veins, pubescent beneath; disk yellow, the florets rather few, tubular, contracted at base. Akenes compressed, striate, smooth; pappus chaffy, subulate, ciliate. Re- Senecionidek] SYNGENESIA 483 ceptacle chaffy, the chaff linear-oblong, acuminate, striate, pubescent at summit conduplicate and embracing the florets. Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. 06s. This I believe to be the H. divaricatus of the American Botanists, gener- ally ; but if it be the plant intended by Elliott and Beck, they have made a palpable mistake in speaking of the petioles. The leaves are constantly sessile, or on very short petioles. I received small specimens of it, from Mr. Schweinitz, under the name of H. truncatus. 2. H. frondosus, L. Stem smooth below ; leaves lance-ovate, acu- minate, serrate, thin and slightly scabrous, abruptly contracted to a petiole at base; peduncles scabrous; involucre squarrose, frondose, the leaflets undulate, ciliate; rays about 8. Beck, Bot. p. 202. Frondose, or Foliaceous Helianthus. Root perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, rather slender, somewhat angular, striate, smooth below, with alternate axillary scabrous branches at summit. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 3 Indies wide, lance-ovate, or ovate-oblong, acuminate, rather remotely but sharply and sometimes coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, thinnish, sparingly sprinkled and roughish with short hairs on both sides, scabrous-ciliate on the margin, abruptly and cuneately tapering at base to a petiole half an inch to near 2 inches in length,—the upper leaves mostly alternate. Heads of flowers rather small; peduncles sulcate-angled, scabrous-pubescent, slender; leaflets of Ihe involucre lance-linear, acute, ciliate, long, loose, foliaceous, sometimes undu- late, reflexed, or laterally curved ; rays about 8, palish or sulphur-yellow, oblong, about an inch in length, and 1 third of an inch wide. Akenes compressed, obo- vate-oblong, striate, smooth ; pappus consisting of 2 opposite unequal subulate pubescent chaffy scales. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff resembling that of the pre- ceding species. Hab. Alon? the Brandywine: frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October. 06s. This appears, by the description, to come very near Mr. Elliott's H. ten- uifolius. 3. H. decapetalus, L ? Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely serrate, scabrous above, softly pubescent and somewhat glaucous beneath, on short petioles; leaflets of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal, ciliate ; rays mostly 10. Beck? Bot. p. 203. H. mollis. Florul. Cestr. p. 92. ATot ? of the Authors here cited, Ten-petaled Helianthus. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rather slender, striate, smooth below, roughish-pubescent and somewhat branched at summit. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, 3-nerved, more or less serrate, sometimes obscurely so, green and scabrous on the upper surface, cinereous or glaucous beneath, and clothed with a short softish hoary pubescence, abruptly contracted at ba3e to a petiole which is 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch in length, and more or less ciliate,—the upper leaves sometimes, but rarely, alternate. Heads of flowers middle-sized ; peduncles striate-sulcate, scabrous-pubescent-/leaflets of the involucre ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, nearly equal in length, imbricated, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute, conspicuously ciliate on the margin; rays about 10, yellow, with longitudinal orange-colored veins, an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third to near half an inch wide, lance-Oblong, slightly pubescent beneath. Akenes rubcompressed, obovate, striate, variegated, hairy at summit; pappus consisting 484 SVXGENESIA [Senecionide -e ef 2 subulate-lanceolate chaffy scales about as long as the akene, and 2 or 3 addi- tional ones which are much shorter, ovate and acute,-all pubescent and ciliate, the small ones lacerately fringed. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff shorter than the disk-florets, oblong, abruptly acuminate, conduplicate, striate, pubescent at sum- mit, and on the keel, or back. Hab. Woodlands; borders of thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo 06s. This is the plant intended by H. mollis, in my Catalogue,-and I suspect it has passed under that name with some others ; but it is very distinct from H. mollis, of Willd.—which is synonymous with H. tomentosus, Mx. a plant of the Illinois prairies. Our plant is in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy under the name of H. trachelifolius; which, however, seems to be an obscure and very uncertain species. It also agrees pretty well with the description of Elliott's H. spathulatus. There is obviously.a great degree of confusion and obscurity respecting the species of this genus,—which can only be removed by a good Mong- graph. Mr. Nuttall, who obligingly examined my specimens, considers this as the H. decapetalus, L. and I have accordingly adopted lhe name. t t Upper leaves alternate. 4. H. giganteus, L. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate, ob- soletely 3-nerved, scabrous, narrowed and ciliate at base, subsessile■;. leaflets of ths involucre linear-lanceolate, attenuate at apex, ciliate. Beck, Bot. p. 202. Gigantic Helianthus. Vulgo—Wild Sun-flower. Root perennial. Stem 5 to 8 feet high, rather stout, terete, striate, more or less hit. Bute and scabrous, sometimes smoothish below, corymbose-paniculate at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long,, and half an inch to an inch wide, lanceolate» srnminate at each end, more or less serrate, thickish and subcoriaceous, very scabrous above, roughish and pilose benealh, narrowed almost to a petiole atbaae, the narrow portion ciliate,—the lower leaves generally opposite, the upper ones alternate. Heals of flowers raiher large, in a loose terminal corymbose panicle ; peduncles roughish-pubescent, leaflets of me involucre iineai-ianceuiate, ion", and attenuated at apex, hirsute and ciliate ; rays numerous (12 to 20), yellow, wilh longitudinal orange-colored veins, about an inch in length, lance-oblone; florets of the disk very numerous, greenish-yellow. Akenes subcompressed, cuneate- oblong, somewhat 4-angled, finely striate, smooth, dark brown ; pappus consisting of 2 lance-subulate chaffy scales, finely lacerate on lhe margin, rather shorter than the akene (longer, Ell.). Receptacle chaffy, the chaff shorter than the disk- florets, oblong, conduplicate, acute, with a short tooth on each side near the apex, striate, pubescent at summit and on the back. Hab. Borders of ihickets, &x. frequent. Fl. August—Sept. FY. October. 5. H. tuberosus, L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, scabrous, the lower ones subcordate ; petioles ciliate. Beck, Bot. p. 203. Tuberous Helianthus. Vulgo—Jerusalem Artichoke. Gallice— Topinambour. Germ.—Die Erdartischoke. Hisp.— Cotufa. Root perennial, tuberous. Stem 4 to 6 or 8/ee* high, stout, terete, striate, hirsute and scabrous, branching. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, very scabrous on the upper surf ace, pubes- cent and roughish beneath, abruptly contracted at base to a narrow cuneately tapering margined ciliate petiole Wo 2 or 3 inches in lcngth,-the lower leaves tub-cprdale at base, opposite (rarely ternate), the upper ones alternate. Heads of Sesecionideje] SYNGENESIA 485 flowers rather large, terminal; peduncles stout, angular, hirsutely pubescent; leaflets of the involucre lanceolate, hispid and ciliate; rJfys numerous, yellow; florets of the disk numerous, greenish-yellow. Akenes subcompressed, cuneate- oblong, somewhat 4-angled, smooth; pappus 2 subulate chaffy scales. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff oblong, acuminate, with an acute tooth on each side, near the apex, pubescent at summit. Hab. Gardens, and lots .-frequent. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. October. Obs. This is often cultivated for the firm fleshy tubers, at the root,—which are pickled and used as a condiment. The plant is apt to become troublesome in gar- dens. The H. annuus, or common Sun-flower, is very common about our gardens; —but it is neither naturalized, nor cultivated for any useful purpose, here,—though the seeds are said to afford a valuable oil. Some 18 or 20 additional species have been enumerated in the U. States,—and there are probably some, in the South and West, which are not yet described. Indeed the whole qf our North American species require a careful revision, by some competent hand. § 5. Bidentideje. Heads either heterogamous, with neutral florets in a single series in the circumference, or homogamous, and then the akenes awned ; akenes without coating, beaked, never with a crown-form pappus. 387. BIDENS. L. ATutt. Gen. 691. [Latin, bi-dens, having two teeth; alluding to the awns of the akenes.] Involucre many-leaved, the leaflets in a double series, unequal, the outer ones spreading. Rays often wanting. Akenes obcompressed, not winged; pappus 2 to 5 retrorsely hispid persistent awns. Re- ceptacle mostly flat, with chaffy bracts. 1. B. chrtsanthemoides, Mx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, sessile, and connate at base ; heads radiate, some- what nodding; rays 2 or 3 times as long as the iuvolucre. Beck, Bot. p. 207. Chrysanthemum-like Bidens. Vulgo— Beggar-ticks. Root annual 1 Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, or declining, oflen angular, striate, smooth, branching, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and half an inch to an inch and half wide, opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, den- tale-serrate, smooth, somewhat scabrous on the margin, narrowed at base, sessile and connate. Heads of flowers rather large, solitary, terminating the branches, erect, or often somewhat nodding; involucre double,—the outer leaflets about 8, foliaceous, spreading, linear-lanceolate, smooth, ciliate-serrulate on the margin, unequal, the largest sometimes nearly as long as the rays,—the inner leaflets membranaceous, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, striate, yellow on the margin, nearly equal, about as long as the florets of the disk; rays bright yellow, numerous, lance-oblong, about twice as long as the inner leaflets of the involucre; florets of the disk funnel-form, greenish-yellow. Akenes compressed, oblong-cuneate, re- trorsely aculeate on the margins, striate-ribbed, and somewhat keeled on the flatted sides; pappus usually consisting of 4 (2, Mx.) retrorsely hispid awns about as long as the disk-florets. Receptacle slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff spatulate- linear, scarious, with 3 central longitudinal striae, yellowish at summit, rather obtuse, remotely denticulate on the margin. Bab. Low grounds; along swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug—Sept. Fr. Octo, 41* 486 SYXGENESIA [Senecionidi* =. B. petiolata, A'utt. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nan- rowed at base to a margined petiole ; heads mostly without rays,-ratnei erect; outer series of the involucre bract-like, 3 times as long as the head. B. cemua. Florul. Cestr. p. 92. „Vo* of L. nor? others. Petiolate Bidens. Root annual % Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, erect, striate, smooth, often purple, branched. Leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch or inch and half wide, opposite, lanceolate, serrate, with a long entire acumination, smooth, somewhat scabrous on the margin, cuneately tapering at base lo a narrow- margined petiole half an inch to near 2 inches in length, the petioles sub-connate at base. Heads of flowers middle-sized, rather erect; involucre double,—the outer leaflets about 5, foliaceous, lance-oblong, rather obtuse, slightly mucronate, ?mooth, subciliate, 2, 3 or 4 times as long as the head,—the inner leaflets scarcely as long as the head, oblong-ovate, acute, membranaceous, striate, brown, with a scarious yellowish margin ; rays generally wanting; florets of the disk greenish- yellow. Akenes compressed, oblong- or obovate-cuneate, striate, retrorsely hispid on the margins; pappus consisting of 3 or 4 retrorsely hispid awns, the two middle ones shorter, and of these the inner one often entirely wanting. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff lance-oblong, nearly as long as the florets. Hab. Low, swampy grounds; ditches, &c. frequent. FZ.,Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. This was hastily and erroneously inserted in my Catalogue, as B. cemua. In fact, I have never yet met with an American specimen which agreed exactly with the B. cemua, of Europe. Mr. Nuttall, who examined our plant, calls it.B. pctinlota; and I believe he has somewhere published it by that name. I must confess, however, that with the exception of the "ternate" leaves, Mr. Elliott's description of B. connata comes very near it. 3. B. froxdosa, L. Lower leaves quinate-pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate; heads without rays; outer series of the involucre frondose, much longer than the head, the leaflets ciliate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 207. Frondose, or Foliaceous Bidens. Vulgo—Bur Marygold. Rcol annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, angular, striate, sprinkled with a few hairs, often dark purple, branched. Leaves opposite, pseudo-pinnate, the lower ones quinate, the upper ones ternate ; the leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and half in inch to an inch wide, lanceolate, acute, serrate, slightly ciliate, and pilose beneath, abruptly narrowed.at base to a short margined ciliate petiole,-the com. mon petiole 1 to 3 inches long, striate, somewhat margined and pubescent-ciliate. Heads of flowers rather small, on long slender naked axillary branches, or peduncles; involucre double-the outer leaflets 8 to 10 or 12, foliaceous, unequal, lanceolate acute, sparingly pilose, narrowed and conspicuously ciliate towards he base, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 times as long as the head,-the inner leaflets scarcely a, long as the head ovate-lanceolate, acute, striate, brown, with a scarious marein; rays none; florets of the disk yellowish. Akenes compressed, obovate-cuneate pubescent and cdiate with erect hairs; pappus consisting of 2 retrorsely hspid nSSrJS^"1"- ^'^ ^ ^ Chaff ^ar-lanceora^bS Bab. Gartens; fencs-rowa, &c. common. Fl. August-Sept. Fr. Octobsiv ^enecionide-b] SYXGEXESIA 48T 4. B. bipinnata, L. Leaves bipinnate; heads subradiate ; outer scries of the involucre scarcely as long as the inner. Beck, Bot. p. 207. Bipinnate Bidens. Vulgo—Spanish Needles. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, quadrangular, striate, smooth, branched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, smoothish, somewhat deltoid-ovate in the outline, bipinnately dissected, the segments irregu- larly lance-ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly mucronate, mostly cuneate and attenu- ate at base, the common petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, striate, smooth. Heads of flowers small, oblong, on long naked angular-sulcate terminal and axillary peduncles ; involucre double, the leafletsdance-linear, connate atbase,—the outer ones about 8, rather shorter and narrower than the inner ones,—inner ones scarcely as long as the head, brown, with a narrow scarious margin, and minutely pubes- cent-ciliate at summit; rays about 3, obovate, small, yellow,, with dark veins ; florets of the disk yellow. Akenes about 3 fourths of an inch long, sublinear, angular and sulcate, somewhat scabrous with short erect hairs, and often marked with rugose tawny spots ; pappus consisting of 3 or 4 retrorsely hispid awns about as long as the florets. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff lance-linear, shorter than the akenes. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. August—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. All the foregoing species are noted for the mature akenes adhering, by their barbed awns, to the clothing of those who go amongst them in autumn. The two first mentioned abound in our swampy low grounds; and the two latter are troublesome weeds about gardens, and cultivated lots. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the U. States. Sub-Tribe 5. Helenie^. Heads never dioicous,—when heterogamous, with pistillate or neutral florets in a single series in the circumference bearing ligulate corollas, the rest perfect. Anthers ecaudate. Akenes not beaked ; pappus of many chaffy scales. 388. HELENIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 684. [Said to have been derived from Helen, the wife of Menelaus.] Involucre many-leaved, the leaflets in a single series, connate at base. Rays numerous, pistillate, cuneate, mostly 3-lobed.at apex. Akenes striate-pilose ; pappus chaffy, acuminate, awned. Receptacle convex, with chaffy bracts on the margin only. 1. H. autumnale, L. Stem angular, sub-alate; leaves lanceolate, serrate, decurrent; disk globose ; rays spreading, or reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 201. Icon, Bart. Am. I. tab. 26. Autumnal Helenium. Vulgo—False Sun-flower. Sneeze-weed. Whole plant of a palish cinereous-green. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, corymbose-paniculate, angular, striate, minutely pubescent, yellowish, with lhe angles green and slightly winged by the decurrence of the leaves; branches angular and leafy. Leaves alternate, 2 to 4 inches long, and half aD inch to an inch wide, lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly serrate, narrowed atbase, sessile, minutely pubescent, and punxtioulata under.a lens. Heads of flowers middle- sized (an inch to an inch and half in diameter, including the rays), numerous; peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, rather slender, thickened near the involucre, sulcate- •iriate, pubescent, terminal and axillary on the corymbose-paniculate branches- 4S8 SYNGENESIA [Senecionide* the terminal ones often in pairs; involucre many-parted, or the leaflets united at base, subulate-lanceolate, pubescent, reflexed; rays yellow, strongly veined, cuneate, attenuale at base, 3-4-or 5-cleft at apex, mostly drooping; disk subglo- bose, 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch in diameter, greenish-yellow. Akenes' oaconic, 5-angled or ribbed, appressed-piloseon the ribs, crowned with a pappus of 5 chaffy ovate-lanceolate acuminate or awned scales. Receptacle hemispherical, naked, except a few lance-linear chaffy scales, between the ray-florets, about as long as the florets of the disk. Hab. Margins of streams; Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. 06s. The plant is bitter and aromatic. The powdered receptacle and involucre are said to possess active errhine properties. One or two additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. Sub-Tribe 6. Chrysanthemeje. Heads heterogamous, with pistillate or neu- tral florets in a single series in the circumference, of which some at least are ligulate. Anthers ecaudate. Akenes not beaked, mostly angular and ribbed ; pap- pus 0, or crown-form, entire, or rarely of minute chaffy semilanceolate equal •cales. § 1. Anthemide;e—the receptacle with chaffy bracts. 389. ANTHEMIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 679. [Greek, Anthemon, a flower; from the great number it produces.] Involucre campanulate, the leaflets nearly equal. Rays rather numer- ous, oblong, mostly pistillate. Akenes angular, smoothish, the areola terminal; pappus obsolete, or crown-form, callous, thick and entire. Receptacle convex, large, with chaffy or setaceous bracts. 1. A. nobilis, L. Stem prostrate, branching from the base,villose ; leaves decompound-pinnatifid, subvillose, segments linear-subulate ,- chaff of the receptacle scarious, lanceolate, scarcely as long as the florets. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 2180. Noble Anthemis. Vulgo—Chamomile. Garden Chamomile. Gall.- Camomille romaine. Gexm.-Bie Kamille. rlisp.-Manzanilla. Root perennial, ligneous. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, prostrate, or decumbent, branching, villose, leafy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, pilose, bipinnately dissected, the segments filiform, acute. Heads of flowers terminal, on elongated leafless striate pubescent peduncles; involucre pilose, the leaflets oblong, scarious on the margin,- rays white, elliptic-oblong, finally reflexed ; disk yellow, convex, at length conical. Akenes with a nearly obsolete crown-form pappus. Receptacle conical. chaffy, the chaff lanceolate and lance-oblong, scarious, awnless, shorter than th* florets. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. July. Fr. August—September. Obs. An aromatic bitter; generally cultivated, and deservedly popular as a r;Le^;;^^ 2 A. aryensis L. Stem erect, pilose; leaves bipinnatifid, hairy and canescent, the segments lance-linear; akenes crowned with a narrow margin; chaff of the receptacle 1 anceolate, cuspidate keeled rather longer than the florets. Beck, Bot. p. 212. piaale' *eele(I> $r.*EcioNiDE«] SYXGEXES-IA 489 Field Anthemis. Vulgo—Wild Chamomile. Plant nearly inodorous. Root annual. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, mostly erect, striate, pilose, branched. Leaves clothed with cinereous hairs, bipinnately dis,- eected, the segments flat, lance-linear, acute. Heads of flowers terminal on elon- gated leafless tomentose peduncles ; involucre sublanuginous, the leaflets lance- oblong, with ths margin and apex scarious, shining, and often rather tawny ; ray* white, spreading; disk yellow, convex. Akenes obconic, angular, smoothish, crowned with a thick narrow margin. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff mem- branaceous, lanceolate, keeled, with a subulate acumination, as long or longer (sometimes shorter 7) than the florets. Hab. Cultivated grounds: frequent. Fl. June. FY. August. 06s. A foreigner, gradually becoming naturalized. 3. A. Cotula, L. Stem erect, smoothish; leaves bipinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear ; ray-florets neuter ; akenes bald, ribbed, mostly tuberculale ; chaff of the receptacle bristle-form, shorter than; the florets. Beck, Bot. p. 212. Maruta fcetida. Less. Syn. p. 249. ■Vulgo—Stinking Chamomile. Dog's Fennel. Richardson's Pink.. Plant strongly foetid. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, mostly erect, striate, somewhat pilose, leafy, much branched. Leaves more or less pilose, green, bipinnately dissected, the segments flat, very narrow, linear, acute. Head of flowers term'na Ion elongated slender leafless striate pubescent peduncle s ; involucre pilose, the leaflets lance-oblong, with a green keel, scarious on ths margin; rays white, neuter, spreading, often drooping or reflexed ; disk yellow, prominently convex or subcylindric. Akenes oblong, somewhat obconic, striate. ribbed, mostly tuberculate, with a minute epigynous disk, but entirely bald, or destitute of any crown-like margin at summit. Receptacle oblong-conic, promi- nent, chaffy except at base, the chaff bristle-form, or subulate, shorter than the florets. Hab. Farm-yards, lanes, &c. frequent. Fl. June—Sept. F-.. August—Octo. 06s. A disagreeable little foreign weed, now extensively naturalized. It is readily distinguished from the preceding by its foetid odor ;—as well as by its bo- tanical characters,—on which it has been generically separated from Anthemis, by Cassini, Lessing, &c. There are no native species in the TJ. States. 390. ACHILLEA. L. ATutt. Gen. 680. [Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron ; who first used the plant.] Involucre cylindric-ovoid, the leaflets imbricated, unequal. Rays few, short and roundish-obovate, pistillate; tube of the disk-florets com- pressed, margined. Akenes bubcompressed, smooth, bald, the areola terminal. Receptacle small, flat, with chaffy bracts. 1. A. millefolium, L. Stem sulcate-striate, pilose; leaves bipin-. natifid, the segments linear, incised-serrate, acute; corymb compound. Beck, Bot. p. 212. Thousand-leaf Achillea. Vulgo—Yarrow. Milfoil. Gallice—La Millefeuille. Germ.—Die Schafgarbe. Hisp.—Milenrama. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angular and sulcate-striate, hairy and somewhat lanuginous, leafy, mostly simple, corymbose at summit. Leaves 2 or. 3 jo 6 inches long (the radical ones often still longer) and 3 fourths of an inch to %.. 490 SYXGEXF.SIA [Senecios •nches wide, subsessile, more or less pilose ^P^'^X^ntX segments very numerous, linear, mucronate, mciseu. .„_„,,.,„ subovoid numerous, in a dense terminal compound fastigiate corymb ; mvolure subov ,d pilose, th leaflets lance-oblong, unequal, imbricated with »P™'»«™r midrib; rays about 5, white, or often tinged with purple, 7^'-^°;^?^ ate-dentateatapex; disk-florets few, the tube sprinkled with ™™™£™]°* Akenes compressed, slighlly margined near the summit, bald, smooth. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff lance-oblong. Hab. Pastures, fence-rows, fcc. common. Fl. June-Sept. Fr. Atigust-Oclo. 06s. An aromatic bitter and astringent; and popular as atonic. This foreigner is now extensively naturalized. The Europeans seem to consider ,t as a plant u, some value in their pastures : But it is here universally, I believe, regarded as . mere weed. § 2. CHRYSANTHEMEiE-the receptacle without 6racrs. 391. CHRYSANTHEMUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 671. [Greek, Chrysos, gold, and Anthemon, a flower; from the yellow disk.] Involucre campanulate, the leaflets imbricated, the inner ones with dilated scarious margins. Rays numerous, long, ligulate, pistillate ; tube of the disk-florets fleshy, compressed, and somewhat margined. Akenes subterete, bald, with a large epigynous disk. Receptacle rather large, convex, naked. I. C. leccanthemum, L. Stem erect, subramose ; leaves oblong, crenately incised, subamplexicaul, the lower ones cuneate-spatulate, petiolate. Beck, Bot. p. 212. White-flowered Chrysanthemum. Vulgo—Daisy. Ox-eye Daisy. Gall. L'ceil de Bocuf. Ger. Die Wucherb'ume, Hisp. Margarita mayor. Root perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect, or subdecumbent at base, angular and striate, somewhat pilose, purplish on the angles, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, alternate, smooth, cauline ones oblong, mostly obtuse, incised, often pinnatifid near the base, sessile and subamplexicaul, the lower ones cuneate-spatulate, attenuate at base, radical ones orbicular-spatulate, crenately incised, and dentate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large (1 to 2 inches in diam- eter, including the rays), solitary, terminal; involucre smooth, dilated-campan- ulate, or depressed-hemispherical, the leaflets imbricated, lanceolate, the apex of the inner ones with a dilated scarious margin; rays white, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at base, spreading, in length about equal to the diameter of the disk ; disk yellow, slightly convex. Akenes subterete, ribbed, bald, smooth, dark purple, er nearly black. Receptacle slightly convex,-naked, dotted. Hab. Fields, and meadows : frequent. Fl. June— August. Fr. July—Sept. 06s. This vile foreign weed, from the culpable negligence of the farmers, has become a serious nuisance in many neighborhoods ; and threatens to overrun the whole country. In Europe, the C. segetum seems to be considered a greater evil; but that has not yet been introduced here. There are no native species known in the U. States,-though Pursh mentions one on the N. W. coast —and Prof. Hooker enumerates 2 or 3 in British America. Sknkcionide-e] SYXGENESIA 491 Sub-Tribe 7. Artemisie^e. Heads never dioicous, the marginal florets in one or several series, pistillate, bearing tubular or sometimes obsoletely ligulaie co- rollas. Pappus 0, or crown-form, or consisting of very short pale*, or hairs. Anthers ecaudate. 392. ARTEMISIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 653. [Said to be named from Artemis ; the Diana of the Greeks.] Heads small, numerous, often heterogamous, with the florets of the disk perfect,—those of the circumference in a single series, pistillate, not ligulate. Involucre subglobose, the leaflets closely imbricated, dry, scarious on the margin. Akenes obovoid, bald, with a minute epigynous disk. Receptacle naked, or pilose. I. A. Abrotanum, L. Stem terete, rigid, subsimple ; leaves bipin- natifid, segments of the upper ones capillaceous ; heads roundish- ovoid ; receptacle naked. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1818. Vulgo—Southern-wood. Old Alan. Gallice—Aurone. Germanice—Die Stabwurtz. Hisp.—Abrotano. Root perennial. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, subsimple, numerous from the root, suf- fruticose, upright, striate-sulcate, minutely puberulent, leafy. Leaves alternate^ petiolate, puberulent, bipinnately dissected, the segments linear, capillaceous. Heads qf flowers subglobose, small, numerous, in axillary racemes, forming a long slender terminal leafy racemose panicle; involucre pubescent, the leaflets elliptic- oblong, obtuse, closely imbricated, connivent, with green keel and scarious margins; florets inconspicuous. Akenes obovoid, smooth, bald. Receptacle small, naked. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept—October. Obs. Generally kept in gardens, as a medicinal plant,—being somewhat bitter and aromatic. 2. A. Absinthium, L. Stem angular-sulcate, paniculate at sum- mit ; leaves bipinnatifid, silky-pubescent and hoary, the segments elliptic-oblong,- heads hemispherical, nodding; receptacle pilose. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1844. Vulgo—Worm-wood. Gallice—L'Absinthe. Germanice—Der Wermuth. Hisp—Axenjo. Plant hoary with a short silky and rather dense pubescence. Root perennial. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, numerous from the root, angular, and striate-sulcate, panic- ulately branching at summit. Leaves alternate, petiolate, multifid, irregularly bipinnatifid, the principal segments often trifid, cuneate at base, the subdivisions elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire. Heads of flowers hemispherical, rather larger than the preceding, numerous, in leafy paniculate racemes ; bracts or floral leaves mostly undivided; involucre pubescent, the outer leaflets linear-oblong, the inner ones roundish or elliptic-obovate, scarious on the margin ; florets yellowish. Ak- enes obconic-oblong, smooth, bald. Receptacle very hairy. Hab. Gardens: common. Fl. August. Fr. Sept—October. Obs. This plant, proverbial for its bitterness, is kept in almost every garden; and is valuable for its medical properties, as a tonic, vermifuge, Sec. The A. vul- garis, or common Mugwort,—with pinnatifid leaves, green above, and whitish. tomentose beneath,—is occasionally to be found about old gardens; but can hardlif, in strictness, be considered either as naturalized, or cultivated for any useful pur ^92 SYNGEXES1A [Se-necioxibe* .rose. // is certainly not a native, here; although usually given as a *^^ ican plant, along with some 12 or 14 other species. Prqf. Hooker enumeiates -A species in British America. 393. TANACETUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 652. [Corrupted from Alhanasia, Gr. a.not, & Thanatos, death; from its durable flowers.] Heads rather large, homogamous, or heterogamous with pistillate florets in a single series in the circumference, the rest perfect. Involucre campanulate, imbricated. Rays trifid, often obsolete, or wanting. Akenes angular, with a large epigynous disk; pappu? crown-form, minute, sometimes obsolete, often more conspicuous on the outer side. Receptacle more or less convex, naked. 1. T. vulgare, L. Leaves smoothish, pseudo-pinnate, segments lance-oblong, pinnatifid and incised-serrate ; heads heterogamous, co- rymbose. Beck, Bot. p. 211. Common Tanacetum. Vulgo—Tansey. Gallice—Tanaisie. Germanice—Der Rainfarn. Hisp.—Tanaceto. Root perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terete, ribbed and striate, smoothish, somewhat branched above. Leaves alternate, smoothish, punctate, 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, the segments pinnatifid, unequally and sharply incised-serrate. Heads of flowers depressed-hemispherical, in densa terminal fastigiate corymbs; involucre smoothish, the outer leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, the inner ones oblong, obtuse, the margin and apex scarious ; floreti deep yellow, sprinkled with resinous particles, very numerous and crowded in lhe disk, the marginal ones pistillate, trifid, obsoletely radiate. Akenes 5-angled, -smooth; pappus crown-fopm, of minute scales. Receptacle naked, nearly flat. Hab. About gardens, fence-rows, &c. frequent. Ft. July—August. Fr. Sept 06s. This foreigner is becoming gradually naturalized. The plant is bitter and aromatic,—and the infusion a very popular domestic medicine. Mr. Nuttall -mentions one native species in the U. Stales. Sub-Tribe 8. Gnaphalieje. . Heads many-flowered, or often few-flowered, rarely radiate, sometimes dioicous- Corolla of the pistillate or neutral florets filiform, rarely ligulate. Anthers caudate. Pappus hair-like, or setaceous, often long, Tarely crown-form, sometimes none. 394. GNAPHALIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 656. [Greek, Gnaphalon, soft down, or wool; with which the plants are clothed.] Headsmostly many-flowered, the pistillate florets numerous, in several series in the circumference; sometimes dioicous. Involucre imbricated, the leaflets scarious, often colored. Florets tubular, filiform. Akenes not beaked; pappus in a single series, capillary, or clavate. Receptacle mostly flat, naked. r f Heads heterogamous .- Pappus all capillary. 1. G. purpureum, L. Stem erect, simple; leaves oblong-spatulate, tomentose beneath; heads of flowers sessile, clustered, axillary and temunaL Beck, Bot. p. 179. 3 Sknecionidms] SYNGENESIA 493 PORPLB GNAPHALIUM. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, simple, clothed with a white tomentum. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch loan inch and half long, and 1 fourth lo 1 third of an inch wide, alternate, oblanceolate, or oblong-spatulate, rather obtuse, slightly mucronate, entire, tapering to the base, sessile, the upper surface green, somewhat lanuginous, lhe under surface densely clothed with a white to- mentum. Heads of flowers small, in compact axillary and terminal sessile clus- ters ; involucre somewhat ventricose, lanuginous at base, the leaflets oblong- lanceolate, acute, smooth, of a dingy purplish tawny, or leaden color; florets very slender, white, wilh a minute purplish limb. Akenes obconic-oblong, small, mi- nutely scabrous; pappus capillary, scabrous, white. Receptacle flat, roughish- dotted. Hab. Dry, open woodlands ; clearings, &c. frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Aug-Sept. 2. G. uliginosum, L. Stem diffusely branched, lanuginous; leaves linear-oblanceolate, tomentose on both sides; heads of flowers in dense terminal clusters, shorter than the leaves at their base. Beck, Bot. p. 178. Filago uliginosa. Lindl. Ency. p. 744. Miry, or Marsh Gnaphalium. Vulgo—Marsh Cud-weed. Root annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, bushy, or much branched from the base, leafy, very woolly. Leaves about an inch long, and 1 or 2 lines wide, lance- linear and linear-oblanceolate, acute, slightly mucronate, entire, tapering gradu- ally -to the base, sessile. Heads of flowers small, in dense clusters in the bosom of the leaves at the summit of the branches; involucre very woolly at base, the leaflets lanceolate, acute, smooth and shining, yellowish-tawny. Akenes obovoid- oblong, smooth ; pappus capillary. Receptacle flat, minutely scrobiculate, or Irregularly pitted. Hab. Low grounds ; exsiccated ponds, &c. frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Aug-Sept. 3. G. germanicum, Sm. Stem mostly dichotomous, or proliferously branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, tomentose ; heads few- flowered, in subglobose clusters, terminal and dichotomal; leaflets of the involucre cuspidate. Beck, Bot. p. 178. Filago germanica. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 422. Lindl. Ency. p. 74*. Gifola. Less. Syn. p. 333. German Gnaphalium. Vulgo—Common Cud-weed. Root annual. SlemQ lo 9 inches high, lanuginous, mostly dichotomous above, or with 2 or more proliferous and often divaricate branches at summit, sometime* nearly simple, and occasionally with numerous principal branches from near the root. Leaves alternate, numerous, halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, and 1 to 3 or 4 lines wide, lance-linear, or oblong, acute, entire, erect, sessile and semi- amplexicaul, woolly on both sides. Heads of flowers small, in dense ronndish- ovoid capitate clusters, which are solitary, leafy at base, terminal and dichotomal; involucre woolly at base, the leaflets lanceolate, with a subulate acumination, smooth, scarious, pale tawny, or straw-colored, with a green midrib or keel ;floretn very slender. Akenes oblong, minutely scabrous; pappus capillary. Receptacle small, convex, tuberculate. Hab. Dry hills; old fields, roadsides, &c. not very common. Ft. July. Fr. Aug. Obs. This species is preity common on the northern side of the Geunty; b«t raiher scarce in the central and southern portions. 494 SYNGEXESIA [Senecioicids* 4. G. polycepualum, AIx. Stem paniculate ; leaves linear-oblance- olate, acute, smoothish above, tomentose beneath ; heads of flowers in terminal corymbose clusters. Beck, Bot. p. 178. G. obtusifolium. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1880. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 16. Antennaria obtusifolia. Lindl. Ency. p. 700. Mant-headed Gnaphalium. Vulgo— Life everlasting. Root annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hoary-tomentose, paniculately branched Dear the summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 or 2 lines to near half an inch wide, attenuate, linear-oblanceolate, acute, entire, somewhat undulate on the mar- gin, narrowed towards the base, sessile, nearly smooth and green on the upper surface, densely tomentose and whitish beneath. 7/eorfs of flowers rather small, very numerous, oblong-ovoid, whitish or ochroleucous, aggregated in dense term- inal corymbose clusters, forming altogether a large corymbose panicle, very fra- grant; involucre longer than the disk, lanuginous at base, the leaflets ovate and ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, scarious, smooth, unequal, imbricated, whitish, the inner ones with a green midrib near the base ; florets slender, yellowish. Akenes oblong, smooth; pappus capillary, scabrous, somewhat tawny. Receptacle flat, punctate. Hab. Old fields, and pastures: common. Fl. August—Sept. FY. Octo. 06s. The infusion of this plant is a popular remedy in Dysentery ; but scarcely lo be relied on, in severe cases. Dr. Barton, in his note on G. margaritaceum iFlor. Phil. 2. p. 104.), must certainly have reference to this species. + + Heads dioicous: pappus of the staminate heads clavate. B. G. margaritaceum, L. Stem branched at summit; leaves linear- lanceolate, acuminate, lanuginous above, tomentose beneath; corymb fastigiate; heads pedunculate. Beck, Bot. p. 179. Antennaria margaritacea. Lindl, Ency. p. 700. Less. Syn. p. 354. Pearly Gnaphalium. Root perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, hoary-tomentose, subsimple, corym- bose at summit. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 or 2 to 4 lines wide, alternate, tapering at apex to an acute point, entire, narrowed a little atbase, sessile, loosely woolly on the upper surface, densely tomentose beneath. Heads of flowers raiher large, roundish-ovoid, obiuse, crowded in a terminal subfastigiate corymb; pedun. ties thickish, densely lanuginous, often pale tawny, or nankeen-color ; involucre at first a little longer than the disk, finally rather shorter, woolly atbase, the leaf- lets very numerous, imbricated, unequal, lance-ovate, rather obtuse, slightly plicate, smooth, of a pearly white, lhe inner ones narrow, acute, greenish at base, or along the midrib; disk tawny, or light brown, the florets yellowish, very slender. Akenes oblong, minutely scabrous,—in the staminate heads abortive ; pappus capillary, slightly tawny,—that of the staminate heads clavate, or the hairs thick- ened towards the apex. Receptacle nearly flat, scrobiculate. Hab. Mica-slate range, near W. Chester: rare. FZ. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. This handsome species was collected in 1830, by D. Townsend, Esq. 8. G. dioicum, L. Stem simple, erect, with procumbent shoots from the base; radical leaves spatulate; corymb simple, clustered, terminal; inner leaflets of the involucre elongated, rather obtuse, colored. Willd Sp.3.p. 1882. G. plantagineum, var. dioicum. Eat. Man. p. 159. Antennaria dioica. Lindl. Ency. p. 700. Sbnecionidejs] SYNGENESIA 495 Dioicous Gnaphalium. Vulgo—Mouse-ear Cud-weed. Root perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 6 inches high, lanuginous, hoary with a bluish tinge, simple, mostly with 2 or 3 procumbent shoots from the base nearly as long as the stem. Radical leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide, spatulate, obiuse, attenuate at base, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, green and smoothish (or often loosely lanuginous) above, hoary and densely tomentose benealh ; stem-leaves smaller, lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile, alternate, lanu- ginous on both sides,—those on the shoots or runners spatulate, small. Heads few (3 to 6 or 8) oblong, or subturbinate, in a dense terminal corymbose cluster; involucre lanuginous, the leaflets unequal, spatulate-linear, rather obtuse, often lacerate-dentate at apex, greenish at base, the summit white, or sometimes pur- plish,—the inner ones longest,—all shorter than the disk ; florets very slender, almost concealed in the copious pappus. Akenes oblong, miuutely scabrous, abor- tive in the staminate heads; pappus capillary, longer than the corolla, nearly while,—that of the staminate heads clavate. Receptacle convex, serobiculate. Var. b. plantaginifolium, Mx. Radical leaves broader, spatulate- ovate, conspicuously 3-nerved; inner leaflets of the involucre acute. AIx. Am. 2. p. 128. G. plantaginifolium. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1882. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 420. Ait. Kew. b.p. 17. G. plantagineum. Muhl. Catal. p. 72. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 525. ATutt- Gen. 2. p. 146. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 104. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 327. Bigel. Bost. p. 300. Torr. Comp. p. 288. Beck, Bot. p. 179. Eat. Man. p. 159. Antennaria plantaginea. Lindl. Ency. p. 700. Vulgo—White Plantain. Plantain-leaved Cud-weed. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches high. Radical leaves an inch or more in width, elliptic, or spatulate-ovate, mucronate, strongly nerved beneath, contracted at base to a narrow-margined petiole. Inner leaflets of the involucre lance-linear, acute. Hab. Sterile knolls, in moist grounds: frequent. Fl. April-May. Fr. May-June. G6s. The G. plantagineum, of Authors, is a stouter plant than the G. dioicumt —and certainly affords a strongly marked variety; but I doubt whether it can, with propriety, be considered any thing more. They are both frequent, on sterile banks in moist meadows and woodlands. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States. Sub-Tribe 11. Senecioneje. Heads never dioicous; when heterogamous, with the marginal florets pistillate, mostly in a single series, the rest perfect. Corolla of the pistillate florets ligulate, or rarely filiform. Anthers ecaudate. Pappus setaceous, many-rayed, nearly equal. 395. ARNICA. L. ATutt. Gen. 663. [Etymology obscure : said to be corrupted from Ptarmica.] Heads large, many-flowered, radiate. Involucre campanulate, the leaf- lets somewhat in a double series, nearly equal. Style of the disk-florets with the branches puberulent, truncate, or terminating in a short cone. Akenes not beaked; pappus setaceous, in a single series, uniform. Receptacle naked. 496 SYNGEXTESIA [Senecionide* 1. A. nudioaulis, A'utt. Hirsute ; radical leaves opposite decussate, elliptic-ovate, nerved, nearly entire; stem almost leafless branched at summit into a few loosely-corymbose peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 17 /. A. Claytoni. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 527. Also, Eat. Man. p. 29. Doronicum nudicaule. Mx. Am. 2. p. 121. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 455. Aluhl. Catal.p.77. Naked-stem Arnica. Vulgo—Leopard's Bane. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple and scape-like, with a few peduncle-like branches at summit, striate, clothed with a roughish pubescence which is somewhat glandular and viscid. Radical leaves 2 lo 4 inches long, and I to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, mostly spreading on the ground, ellip- tic-ovate, or oblong-oval, rather obtuse, narrowed at base, sessile, opposite and crowded at the base of the stem, usually in 3 or 4 pairs, entire, or obsoletely dentate, often undulate on the margin, strongly nerved, hirsute, somewhat punc- tate ; cauline leaves generally in a single pair near the middle of the stem, 1 to .2 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, lance-ovate, sessile, mostly opposite, —and a few smaller alternate bract-like leaves at summit, one at the base of each branch, or peduncle- Heads of flowers large (1 to 2 inches in diameter, including the rays).terminal on loosely-corymbose peduncles ; involucre hirsute, the leaflets lanceolate, nearly equal, about as long as the disk, somewhat in a double series, connate at base; rays deep yellow, numerous, lance-oblong, 2 or 3-toothed at apex; disk greenish-yellow. Akenes somewhat compressed, linear-oblanceolate,.striate- ribbed, sparsely pilose, nearly black when mature ; pappus simple, setaceous, scabrous, nearly as long as the florets of the disk, alike on all the akenes, of a dirty white color. Receptacle flat, naked,, scrobiculate. J5fa6. Meadows, near Jennerville : rare. Fl. June. Fr. July. 06s. This was collected at the above locality, in 1835, by Wm. Jackson, Esq.— butitis very rare in this Cnunty. I observed it in great abundance around Suffolk, in Virginia, in 1832—in full bloom in the middle of May. Two or three additional species are enumerated in the Western Territories of the U. States. 396. SENECIO. L. ATutt. Gen. 664. [Latin, Senex, an old man; the pappus resembling a white beard.] Heads mostly heterogamous, radiate, or discoid. Involucre sub-cylin- dric, the leaflets linear, often sphacelate or colored at apex, in a single series, with smaller accessory ones at base. Style of the perfect florets with the branches truncate and penicillate at apex, or terminating in a short puberulent cone. Akenes oblong, subterete not beaked • pappus capillary, in several series, nearly equal, uniform.' Receptacle naked. L f Heads radiate,- branches of the Styles truncate,penicillate. LS'ntrini"78' L'v Radical,Ieaves cordate-ovate, obtuse, serrate, on long petioles, cauline ones lance-oblong, pinnatifid, sessile; corymb «mpb3, subumbellate; peduncles thickened at summit. Beck,Bol Also? S. Cymbalaria. Pursh, Am. 2.p. 530. Eat. Man. p. 335. Golden Senecio. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet hi'h atrial* =«,„„.u- u ,_ Senecionidejb] SYNGENESIA 497 bellate at the summit of the stem, somewhat lanuginous. Leaves alternate, smooth,—the radical ones 1 to 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 and a half inches wide, ovale, more or less cordate at base, thinnish, crenate- serrate, the serratures slightly mucronate, petioles 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, —stem-leaves 1 to 3 inches long, sessile, amplexicaul, deeply pinnatifid, the seg- ments incised-dentate. Heads of flowers middle-sized, terminal on the corymbose branches; branches resembling peduncles, lhe upper ones subumbellate, some- what lanuginous, and sparsely bracteate, a little thickened near the involucre ; involucre lanuginous at base, the leaflets narrow, linear, acute, smooth, purplish at apex, in a single series, wilh 2 or 3 small bract-like leaflets at base ; rays and disk yellow ; branches of the style truncate, those of the disk-florets with a pen- cil-like pubescence at the end. Akenes linear, prominently striate-ribbed, smooth, of a pale straw-color; pappus capillary, scabrous, white, as long as the disk-florets, alike on all the akenes. Receptacle flat, naked, roughish-scrobiculale. Hab. Banks of streams; meadows, & woodlands: frequent. Fl. May-June. Fr. July. 06s. Mr. Nuttall thinks the S. Cymbalaria, of Pursh, may be only a starved variety of this; and I have specimens, with the radical leaves sub-lyrate, the terminal segment rounded, and truncate at base, which tend to confirm that opinion. 2. S. obovatus, Aluhl. Radical leaves obovate, crenate, petiolate, cauline ones oblong, pinnatifid, sessile; corymb nearly simple, subum- bellate ; peduncles scarcely thickened at summit. Beck, Bot. p. 200. Obovate Senecio. Root perennial. Stem § to 15 inches high, striate, smoothish, corymbosely branched at summit. Leaves alternate, smooth,—the radical ones 1 to near 3 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch lo an inch and half wide, varying from roundish-obovate to spatulate, crenate, somewhat fleshy (when dry thickish and subcoriaceous), often purplish, narrowed more or less abruptly at base to a taper- ing margined petiole half an inch to 2 inches in length ; stem-leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, oblong, mostly obiuse, pinnatifid and dentate,—those near the base of the stem mostly spatulate-oblong, and crenately incised. Heads o>f flowers rather small, terminal on the corymbose peduncle-like branches ; branches slender, scarcely thickened at the involucre, lanuginous atbase, sparingly brac- teate, the upper ones crowded or suhumfiellate ; involucre smoothish, the leaflets lance-linear, acute, with 1 or 2 minute subulate bracts at base; rays and disk yellow. Akenes linear-oblong, striate, smooth ; pappus capillary, white. Hab. Along Schuylkill; Black Rock: not common. Fl. April— May. FY. June. 06s. Collected at the above locality, in 1830, by D. Townsend, Esq. An agri. cultural writer, in New York, denounces the plant—under the name of "Squaw- weed"—as poisonous to sheep; but I have no knowledge of its properties. 3. S. Balsamitje, Muhl. Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate- dentate, on long petioles, cauline ones lance-oblong, pinnatifid, sessile; corymb compound, subumbellate. Beck, Bot. p. 200. (excluding the Synonym of AIx.) Balsamita-like Senecio, Vulgo—Groundsel. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, striate, slighly lanuginous, more densely BO at base, subsimple, corymbose at summit. Leaves alternate, more or less pubescent,—the radical ones 1 to 3 inches long, and I third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, varying from elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, crenately serrate- 4entate, narrowed at base to a slender pubescent petiole 1 or 2 to 6 inches long; 42* 498 9YNGENESIA [Sen eCionide;B stem-leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches Inns, sessile, with a loose flocculent tomentum at base, lance-oblong, raiher acute, pinnatifid, the segments subcuneate, dentate at apex,-the lower stem-leaves often s. mcwhat lyrate. Heads of flowers rather small, in a terminal somewhat compound and coarctaie fastigiate corymb,the pe- duncle-like branches suuumhellate, lanuginous at base, very sparingly bracteate ; involucre smooihish, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute, purplish at apex, with 1 or 2 minute subulate Insets at base ; rays and disk yellow—the rays linear- oblong, minutely 3-loothed at apex (linear-lanceolate, deeply 3-cleft, Ell.). Ak- enes oblong, angular-striate, minutely hispid or scabrous on the angles (naked, Ell.), reddish-iawney ; pappus capillary, white. Hab- Moist sterile fields, and meadows: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June. 06s. This is often abundant in moist places on Serpentine banks, and other sterile soils. Our plant differs somewhat from Mr. Elliott's description, and may be distinct from his. Pursh and Dr. Beck cite the S. lyralus, Mx. (S. lobatus, Pers. Ell.) as a synonym of this ; but ours is widely different from that plant,— as I have received it from my friend, lhe Rev. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina. f f Head', discoid; branches of the Styles conic at apex. 4. S. HiEnAciroLius, L. Stem virgate, paniculate; leaves lance- oblong, acute, deeply unequally and acute'y dentate, sessile and semiam- plexicaul ; involucre cylindric-oblong, smooth, with linear-setaceous bracts at base. Beck, Bot. p. 201. Erecthites prrealta. Raf. Less. Syn. p. 395. Hieracidm-leaved Senecio. Vulgo—Fire-weed. Root annual. Stem2 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout, succulent and tender when young, striate-sulcate, more or less hairy, sometimes nearly smooth, paniculately branch- ed, occasionally subsimple and virgate. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and half an inch to 2 inches wide, alternate, lance-oblong, acute, very unequally dentate, with lhe teeth mucronate, slightly scabrous above, 3omewhat pilose beneath, espe- Cially on the midrib, and scabrous-pubescent on the margin, narrowed below the middle, sessile, sagittate-auriculate and semi-amplexicaul atbase. Heads of flowers middle-sized, oflen numerous, in small cymose corymbs terminating the panicu- late branches; peduncles somewhat pilose, bracteate, the bracts subulate-linear; involucre subcylindric, slightly ventricose, half an inch to 3 quarters in length^ smooth, the leaflets sublinear, acute, scarious on the margin, equal, a little longer than the disk, striate, with numerous subulate-linear or setaceous bracts at base • rays none ; florets of lhe disk numerous, very slender, whitish, or ochroleucous' Akenes oblong, striate-ribbed, pubescent, dark brown ; pappus very white, copious and silky-pilose, finally rather longer than the florets. Receptacle flat naked roughish-dolted. ' "*"U| Hab. Moist grounds; recent clearings, &c. common. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept 06s. This plant is remarkable for its prevalence in newly cleared grounds - especially in and around the spots where brush-wood has been burned -whence Its common name "fire-weed." The specific name of sonchifolius would hav been mora appropriate for this .pec.es.-a. its eniire habit is much more that of a Sonchus than a Hieracium. Ten or twelve additional species are^numeraled In the U. States ; and a number of new sn^i». «^ "««•; filiform ai base, capillaceously fringed at apex; spur about as long as the slender sessile ovary, filiform-clavate, rather acuie at apex. Hab. Moist woodlands, and ihickeis : not very common. Fl. June-July. FY. Obs. This is not a showy species. Some 15 or 18 additional ones are ent.in.r- tled in the TJ. Stales. § IIL Pollen cohering in waxy masses, which are definite •* number. Anther mostly terminal, deciduous. 407. CORALLORHIZA. Haller. ATutt. Gen. 720. [Greek, Korallion, Coral, and Rhiza, a root; from its coral-like roots. Perianth with the segments distinct, nearly equal, mostly connivent Lip produced at base on the under side; th£ spur short and adnate to the ovary. Column free. Pollinia 4, oblique (not parallel), sub-Jen* ticular. Plants leafless; root coral-like; scape sheathed; flower* in a terminal raceme. 1. C. vr.nNA, ATutt. Lip oblong, without spots, bidentate at base,: the apex recurved and ovate; spur obsolete, adnate; capsule elliptic- obovoid. Beck, Bot.p.3i5. Icon, Journ, Acad. ATat. Sc. Philad*. 3. tab. 7. Vernal Corallorhiza. Root perennial, coraloid, or branching with tooth-like processes. Leant* none Scape 6 to 12 inches high, embraced by 3 or 4 membranous sheaths, smooth,. tawny, inclining to dark purple above. Flowers rather small, mostly few (5 to 10 or 12) and distant, in a terminal raceme; bracts very small, acute. Segments of ihe perianth of a dingy purple, lance-linear, the outer ones spreading; lip nearly while, mostly without spots, oblong-oval, with 2 ridges on the palate, and a smalt incised tooih on each margin near the base ; spur nearly obsolete, adnate to th* pedicellate ovary. Capsule obovoid-oblong, finally reflexed. Hab. Rich, moist woodlands : not very common. Fl. May. Fr. Obs. Collected at Black Rock, by D. Towhsend, Esq. in 1831; and subsequently in East Goshen, by Mr. George "W. Hall. 2..C. odontorhiza, ATutt. Lip oval, or obovate, crenulate, spotted; •pur obsolete, adnate; capsule subglobose. Beck, Bot. ft. 345. Ophrys corallorhiza. Mx. Am. 2. p. 158. Cymbidium odontorhizon. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 110. Pert. Syn^ 2 p S17. Muhl? Catal.p. 81. Pursh, Am. 2. ft. 593. Tooth-rooted Corallorhiza. Vulgo—Coral-root. Root perennial, coraloid. Leaves none. Scape 4 to 8 or 10 inches hbjh, rather slender, embraced by 2 or 3 membranous sheaths, smooth, tawny. Flowers 10 t* 1», small, somewhat pendulous, in a terminal raceme ; bracts very small, subulate egments of the perianth brownish, or purplish tawny, lanceolate, connivent Up dilated, obovate, obtuse, crenulate, white, spotted wilh purple ; spur obsolete. Capsule subglobose, or roundish-oval, smooth, rather small, nodding on a short pedicel. »»6. Woodlands, about roots of trees, frequent, Fi Augn^-Sept. Fr, GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA It *".> C. multiflora, ATutt. Scape many-flowered; lip spotted, eune- atc-oval, trifid, the middle lobe broad, recurved, the lateral lobes short and tooth-like; spur conspicuous, adnate; capsule elliptic-obovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 345. Icon, Journ. Acad. ATat. Sc. Philad. 3, tab. 7. C. innata. ATutt. Gen. 2, p. 197. Bart. Phil. 2. ft. 143. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 504. Not of Br. Mawt-flowerbd Corallorhiza. Root perennial, coraloid. Leaves none. Scape 9 to 15 inches high, rather stout, embraced by 2 or 3 membranous oblong sheaths, smooth, purplish tawny. Flowers larger than in either of the preceding, and more numerous (15 lo 30), in a terminal raceme; bracts small, often broad and very obiuse. Segments or the perianth purplish brown, connivent, the outer ones linear-lanceolate, rather obiuse; lip whitish, tinged with purple, and spotted, cuneate-oval, trifid, or with a-small tooth-like lobe on each side ; spur rather conspicuous, tawny, adnate lo the ovary. Capsule elliptio-obovoid, raiher large, smooth, pedicellate, reflexed. Hab. Woodlands, about roots of trees : frequent. Fl. July—Sept. Fr. Octo. 06». Collected in 1829, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall. There are no other specter known in the TJ. States. 408. APLECTRUM. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 197. [Greek, a, privative, and Plektron, a spur; the lip not being spurred.! Perianth with the segments distinct, nearly equal, connivent Lip unguiculate, not produced at base. Column free; anther situated e little below the summit. Pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular. 1. A. htemale, ATutt. Leaf solitary, radical, petiolate, elliptic, stri- ate-nerved; lip obtuse, 3-lobed, the central lobe rounded, crenulate, th* palate ridged. Beck, Bbt. p. 346. Cymbidium hyemale. Willd. Sp. 4./>. 107. Pers. Syn. 2. ft. 516. Muhl. Catal. p. 81. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 593. Corallorhiza hyemalis. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 144. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 505. Bart. Am. 2. p. 46 (Icon, tab. 52.). Florul. Cestr. p. 95. Winter Aplectrum. Vulgo—Adam & Eve. Putty-root. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous, bearing subglobose tubers half an inch to as inch or more in diameter, which are propagated laterally and are generally found in pairs (sometimes 4 or 5), connected by a coarse fleshy horizontal fibre. Leaf solitary (in pairs, Willd. Pursh), 3 to 6 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, elliptic, or lance-oval, acute at each end, sub-plicate, striate wilh numerous whitish nerves (which converge at each end like those of Veratrum viride), smooth; petiole 2 to 3 inches long, inserted on the tuber a little remote from the scape. Scape 9 to 15 inches high, terete, smooth, purplish, invested with about 3 striate loose membranaceous sheaths, the lowest one proceeding from the tuber, flowers a dingy greenish brown, with strong tinges of dark purple, stib- •essile, in a terminal bracteate raceme, erect,—the fruit reflexed, or pendoloos; bracts linear-lanceolate, small. Segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate, or oblong. Lip nearly as long as the perianth-segments, dilated near the apex, un- juicalate. Column shorter than the lip, slightly curved; pollinia 4, wasy, lenUe- alar. Capsule ovoid-oblong, large, smooth. Hab. Rich woodlands: not very common. Ft. May—June. Fr. Octo. Obs. The arid silvery-nerved leaf lives through the winter. H appear* ta be •ansUttllysaWary; and I cannot comprehend how Willdenots and P*r*h eeeee 5f2 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA 10 describe It as being in pairs. The /u6ers contain a viscid gom, which, according to Pursh, affords a strong cement f,>r broken china, or glass ; but I believe he 1* mistaken in that fact, also. It is the only species of the genus; and, in its Inflor- escence, has much resemblance to Corallorhiza. 409. LIPARIS. Rich. Lindl. Ency. p. 751. [Supposed from the Gr. Liparos, fat, or unctuous ; from its smooth shining leaves.] Perianth with the segments distinct, spreading, or deflected, sublinear, narrow. Lib flat, dilated, entire, turned various ways. Column. winged. Pollinia 4, parallell, without pedicels or glands. 1. L. liliifolia, Rich. Leaves ovate, shorter than the scape; inner lateral segments of the perianth filiform, deflected ; lip broad, obovate- cuneate, mucronate. Beck, Bot. p. 350. Malaxis liliifolia, of the Authors, generally, here cited. Lilt-leaved Liparis. Vulgo—Tway-bladc. Root perennial, fibrous and fasciculate, bearing an ovoid bulb at the base of the scape. Leaves'2, radical, opposite, rather spreading, 2 to 4 inches long, and. 1 to 3 inches wide, varying from lance-ovate to elliptic, and orbicular-ovate, mostly acute, slightly nerved, very smooth, yellowish-green, shining, membrana- ceous and diaphanous when dried, narrowed at base, subsessile, loosely sheathing the base of the scape, and embraced below by a sheathing membrane, or rudiment of a third leaf. Scape 3 to C inches high, angular, smooth, the angles often mem- branaceously margined. Flowers raiher large, and spreading, in a loose oblong terminal raceme; bracts small, lanceolate, membranaceous. Segments of the perianth pale straw-color, or ochroleucous, narrow, sublinear, the 2 inner lateral ones filiform, deflected; lip generally purplish, as long as the perianth-segments, broad-cuneate, wilh a very short abrupt acumination ; ovary slender, clavate, angular, and, with the pedicel, often purple. Capsule about 3 fourths of an inch long, erect, angular, oblong, or somewhat tapering below to an angular clavate pedicel aboul as long as the capsule. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. June. FY. September. t. L. ConREANA, Sprang. Leaves lance-oblong, as long as the scape; segments of the perianth involute on the margin, spreading; lip oblong, channelled, cordately recurved at apex. Beck, Bot. ft. 350. Malaxis Correana. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 196. M. longifolia. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 142. Bart. Am. 3. ft. 12 flooK, tab 75.). Eat. Man. p. 219. V Correa's Liparis. Root perennial, fibrous and fasciculate, bearinga bulb at the base of the scape. Leaves 2, radical, opposite, rather erect, 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inchee wide, lance-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, smooth, yellowish-green narrow ed at base to a margined sheathing petiole 1 to 2 inches in len°th,-the'base or petioles, embraced by a membranous sheath. Scape 3 to 6 inches high, smooth, salcate-angled, the angles often membranaceously margined. Flowers rather •mall, erect, or almost appressed, in a terminal raceme; bracts small, lance-ovate membranaceous Segments of the perianth pale yellowish-green,-the outer one* Unce-l.noar, or l.near-oblong, with the margins folded in, the inner lateral one. ^rj narrow linear, spreading; Up pale yellowish-green, shorter than th, perl- Mrth-aegmeata, oblong; ovary clavate, yellowish-green. Capsule abow half ta GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA 51S inch long, elliptic-oblong, erect, or appressed, on an angular clavate pedic*4 about half the length of the capsule. Hab. Moist meadows; E. Goshen: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Soptember. 06s. This was first collected in 1833, by Mr. Geo. W. Hall, in a meadow near the Gen. Greene Tavern, in East Goshen,—the only locality yet known in this County. There are no other species known in the TJ. States. 410. MICROSTYLIS. ATutt. Gen. 2. ft. 196. [Greek, Mikros, little, and Stylos, a column; from its slender column] Perianth with the segments distinct, I of them deflected, the 2 inner lateral ones filiform. Lip sessile, concave, erect, the summit truncata and bidentate. Column minute. Pollinia 3, or 4, loose. 1. M. ophioglossoides, ATutt. Scape 1-leaved; leaf ovate, amplex- icaul. Beck, Bot. p. 351. Malaxis unifolia. Mx. Am. 2. p. 157. Bigel. Bost. p. 324. M. ophioglossoides. Willd. Sp. l.p. 90. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 514. AfuhL Catal. p. 81. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 592. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 143. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 503. Bart. Am. 3. p. 61 (Icon, tab. 92. /. 2.). Torr. Comp. ft. 322. Ophioolossum-like Microsttlis. Vulgo—Adder's tongue. Plant yellowish-green. Root perennial, fibrous and fasciculate, bearing a bulb, or tuber, at the base of the scape. Scape 3 or 4 to 9 inches high, angular, smooth, with a sheath at base, and bearing a solitary leaf near the middle. Leaf 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and 2 thirds of an inch to 2 inches wide, ovate, mostly rather acute, smooth, sessile and sheathing, or amplexicaul. Flowers pale green, or greenish-white, small, in an oblong obtuse terminal raceme 1 to 2 inches in length, many of the flowers abortive ; pedicels very slender, 1 fourth to half an j^b lon^ 2?rCu-i^, Ii£iii CruvYucu nl siimmtt, me losrer snes distant; hrtuUs small, lance-ovate, acute, membranaceous. Segments of thepert'aratfA minute,one of them deflected, and involute on the margin ; lip erect, cleft at summit, with a tooth in the division. Capsule about 1 fourth of an inch Jong, sub-turbinate, or obovoid-oblong, on a slightly clavate angular pedicel. Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets: not very common. ■ Fl. July., Fr. Octo. Obs, The only known species of lhe genus. Order 2. Diandria. § IV. Lateral anthers perfect, the intermediate one abortive, petaloid. 411. CYPRIPEDIUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 722. [Gr. Kypris, Venus, and Podion, a shoe ; the inflated lip resembling a slipper.J Perianth with the 2 outer lateral (or lower) segments mostly united nearly to the apex. Lip Ventricose, or saccate, inflated, obtuse. Col- umn terminating in a petaloid appendage. 1. C. pubescens, Swarz. Stem leafy; outer segments of the peri- anth ovate-oblong, acuminate, the inner ones long, lahce-linear, contor- ted ; lip shorter than the perianth-segments; appendage of th«, coK 514 GYNANDRIA IIEXANDR'fA Bmn, triangular-oblong, obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 351. Icon, Bart. Am. 3. tab. 74. Pobescent Cipripedium. Vulgo—Noah's Ark. Mocasin flower. Root perennial, with very numerous coarse fibres. Stem 1 to near 2 feel high, simple, often flexuose, striate, pubescent, lealy. Leaves alternate, 3 lo 6 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, varying from elliptic to ovate and elliplic-lanceolale, acuminate, striate-nerved, pubescent, contracted at base, sessile and sheathing. Flower mostly solitary and terminal, wkh a foliaceous bract at base, sometimes a • econd one from the axil of the penultimate leaf. Segments of the perianth appa- rently 4, green, wilh purple stains,—the 2 outer lateral ones cohering nearly to lhe apex, and constituting one bifid segment on the lower side of the flower,—lhe inner lateral segments longer, much narrower, undulate, or spirally curled ; lip yollow, large (an inch to an inch and half long), inflated and saccate ; petaloid appendage of the column ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, subcordate or sagittate at base. Capsule oblong, tapering at each end, recurved, pubesceht, pedunculate. Hab- Rich, moistwoodlands : frequent. Fl. May. FY. August. 2. C. acaule, Ait. Scape leafless, 1-flowered ; radical leaves 2, ellip- tic-oblong ; segments of the perianth oblong-lanceolate ; lip longer than the perianth-segments, with a fissure in front; appendage of the column roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, deflected. Beck, Bot. p. 352.. C. humile. Willd. Sp. A. p. 144. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 525. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 595. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 221. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 199. Bart.. Phil. 2. p. 145. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 509. Bart. Am. 3. p. 35 (Icon, tab. 83.). Florul. Cestr. p. 95. Lindl. Ency. p. 766. Stemless CrpRiPEDiuar. Vnlgo—Lady's Slipper. Root perennial, coarsely fibrous. Leaves 2, opposite, near the base of the scape. 8 V (J inches long, and 1 to 3 or 3 and a half inches wide, varying from oval to elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute, nerved, pubescent, narrowed atbase, sessile auase to a slender petiole 1 fourth of an inch to an inch and half long,—the leaves on ihe branches small, linear-ellipiic, or oblong, obtuse, setaceously mucronate. Flowers pale green, inconspicuous, in small axillary bracteate clusters ; brads lance-subulate, spinescently acuminate, longer than the flowers. Seed 3inall, orbicular, somewhat compressed, wilh a aarrow margin, smooth and shining, dark purple . Hab. Barnyards, and cultivated grounds: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Sept. 06s. I have always supposed this to be the A. albus, and Mr. Nuttall so con- siders it,—but it agrees better with the description of A. graeizans; wiiich, how- ever, Willdenow says is very nearly allied to A. albus. Il is given, in lhe books, as a native of Pennsylvania ; and yet, to me, it has much the appearance of a naturalized weed. Doctors Torrey and Beck lake no notice of il. 2. A. hthridus, L. Stem sulcate-angled, roughish-pubescent, spa- ringly branched ; leaves ovate, and lance-ovate ; flowers pentandrous, in dense compound axillary and terminal spikes. Beck, Bot. p. 294. Hthrid Amaranthus. Root annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout, sulcate-angled, somewhat hairy, and branched, often nearly simple. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches lone, and I to3 inches wide, ovate, or lance-ovate, naked, roughish-dotted, entire, tap"erin» to ihe apex but the point mostly obtuse, emarginate, and setaceously mucronate, abruptly narrowed albase to a petiole 1 to 3 inches in length. Flowers small, *rcen some- times becoming purplish, the staminate and pistillate ones intermin-led, and densely clustered in ovoid-oblong compound sessile crowded spikes, axillary and terminal, the terminal spike elongated and sub-cylindric; bract, subulate, with a M0N0EC1A POLYANDRIA 527 slender sharp acumination, longer th^n the flowers. Seed resembling that of the preceding, nearly black. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. 06s. A homely weed, and rather troublesome about our gardens. It Is also said to be a native ; but I am not quite satisfied of the fact. 3. A. spinosus, L. Stem striate, smoothish, much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate; axils spinose; flowers pentandrous, in compound terminal and axillary spikes. Beck, Bot. p. 294. Thorny Amaranthus. Root annual. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, angular-striate, smoothish, often purple, generally much branched and bushy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronate, entire, naked, minutely roughish-dotted, wilh glaucous blotches benealh ; petioles about as long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spinose stipules at base 1 fourth to half an inch in length. Flowers small, clustered in oblong terete erect terminal and subterminal spikes. Hab. Cultivated lots, near West Chester: not common. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. 06s. This is undoubtedly an introduced plant; and a vile nuisance it is, where- e'ver it prevails. It is abundant in the unimproved streets and alleys, of Philad- elphia ; but is yet rare in Chester County. It was collected near West Chester i n 1829, by D. Townsend, Esq. Six or eight addiiional species are enumerated in the U. Stales. [Celtis. Pentandria Digynia.} [Xanthium. Ambrosia. Syngenesia Senecionidea.} Order 6. IBexandria. [Zizania. Triandria Digynia.} [Melanthium. Veratrum. Hexandria Trigynia.} Order 7. Polyandria. 424. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 748. [Gr. Keras, a horn,and Phyllon,& leaf; the dichotomous leaves resembling horns.] Staminate Fl. Perianth 8 to 10-parted ; segments subulate, equal. Stamens 16 to 20, very short. Pistillate Fl. Perianth as in the staminate flower. Ovary superior; stigma filiform, oblique, sessile. ATut 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Herbaceous, submersed aquatics; leaves verticillate, very narrow, dichotomous- ly divided; flowers axillary, solitary. Nat. Ord. 165. Lindl. Cbratophylleje. 1. C demersum, L. Leaves deeply and often doubly dichotomous; fruit armed with 3 spines. Beck, Bot. p. 124. Demersed Ceratophtlltjm. Vulgo—Horn-wort. Plant deep green. Root perennial 1 Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, filiform, branching, smooth, procumbent, or floating, under water. Leaves in numerous verticils of 6 or 8, half an inch to near an inch long, fistular or cellular near the base, once or twice dichotomous, the segments linear, capillary, finely aculeate- denticulate, and mostly with 2 minute aculeate teeth at apex. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, inconspicuous. Fruit oblong, with a longish terminal spine, 528 M0N0EC1A POLYANDRIA formed of the indurated stigma, and 2 (sometimes more 1) shorter divaricate onos towards lhe base. Hab. Brandywine, Schuylkill, & their tributaries: frequent. Fl. June,July. FY. Aug. 06s. Collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in 1828. There is another species enu- merated in the U. States, by Messrs. Nuttall and Eaton ; but I do not find il men. tioned by any other American Botanist. 425. SAGITTARIA. L. A'utt. Gen. 750. [Latin, Sagilta, an arrow ; from the prevailing form of the leaves.] Staminate Fl. Perianth deeply 6-parted, the 8 outer segments sep- aloid, persistent, the 3 inner ones petaloid, deciduous. Pistillate Fl. Perianth as in the staminate flower. Ovaries superior, numer- ous, collected in a globose head. Carpels compressed, margined, 1-seeded, not opening. Herbaceous aquatics: leaves radical, mostly sagittate; flowers verticillate in threes near the summit of the scape, lhe staminate ones above. Nat. Ord, 229. Lindl. Alismacb.e. 1. S. sagittifolia, L. var. latifolia, Aluhl. Smooth; leaves broad- ovate, mostly acute ; scape simple; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Beck, Bot. p. 377. S. sagittifolia. Mx. Am. 2. p. 189. Pursh ? Am. 2. p. 395. Bigel. Bost. p. 344. Florul. Cestr. p. 102. S. latifolia. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 409. Per*. Syn. 2. p. 563. Not 1 of Pursh. Arrow-leaved Sagittaria. Vulgo—Arrow-head. Root perennial, bearing large oval fleshy tubers 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Leaves all radical, 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 inches long (including the lobes), and 1 or 2 lo 6 inches wide, more or less ovate, mostly acute, sometimes obtuse, or with a very short abrupt acumination, nearly or quite smooth, entire, wilh a minute denticulate roughness on the margin, sagittate-lobed at base, the lobes about as long as the body of the leaf, and nearly half as wide, ovate-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, somewhat diverging, lhe inner margin curved or convex ; peti- oles 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, rather stout, tapering upwards, smooth. Scape 9 to 18 inches high, simple, smooth. Flowers in numerous pedicellate bracteate ver- ticils of 3, the staminate ones above ; pedicels 1 fourth to half an inch long; bracts membranaceous, smooth, varying from lance-ovate with a long slender acumination, to linear-lanceolate and acute. Inner segments of the perianth (or petals) white, orbicular, thin and deciduous. Fertile flowers with the ovaries in depressed-globose heads,—when in fruit 1 half to 2 thirds of an inch in diameter. Var. d. pubescens, Torr. Pubescent; leaves ovate, rather acute; bracts roundish ovate. Beck, I. e. S. pubescens. Muhl. Catal. p. 86. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 213- Ell. Sk. 2. p. 590. Florul. Cestr. p. 102. Eat. Man. p. 316. S. latifolia. Pursh ? Am. 2. p. 396. Generally smaller than the preceding variety, with the leaves, scape, pedicels and perianth pubescent,—the pedicels longer and more slender (the lower ones about an inch long). Hab. Ditches, and swampy springs: frequent. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. This plant presents so many varieties, that it is difficult to determine which are species, D, Townsend, Esq. has collected one, in this vicinity, with M0N0EC1A POLYANDRIA 529 large smoothish leaves which are very obtuse or rounded at apex, the flowers dioicous, on ra'her stout pubescent pedicels half an inch to an inch long, and the bracts and perianth pubescent, resembling those of lhe var. pubescens. It seems to be the S. obtusa, of Authors; and yet it may, perhaps, be doubted whether it be any thing more than another variety of the present species. 2. S. heteroputlla, Pursh. Leaves smooth, generally elliptic, acute at each end, some of them sagittate, with the lobes linear and divari- cate ; scape simple, few-flowered, the pistillate flowers subsessile; bracts oval, obiuse. Beck, Bot. p. 377. Various-leaved Sagittaria. Root perennial, of numerous coarse fibres. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, generally elliptic and entire, but some of them occasionally sagittate, smooth, on petioles 6 to 12or 15 inches long. Scape9 to 12 inches high, simple, smooth. Flowers in 2 or3 verticils of 3, the pistillate ones, or those in the lower verticil, subsessile, the staminate ones on pedicels 1 fourih to half an inch long ; bracts small, oval, or elliptic-ovate, smooth. Perianth smooth, the inner segments white, petaloid. Hub. Margin of the Schuylkill, at Black rock: rare. Fl. August. Fr. Octo. Obs. Collected in the above locality, by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. It is rare in this County,—but quite frequent, lower down the Schuylkill, towards the tide. Eight or ten additional species are enumerated in the TJ. Slates ; but the whole genus is so polymorphous, thai it is not easy to say how many of them are genu- ine species. 426. ARUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 762. [An ancient name, of obscure etymology.] Spathe cucullate, convolute at base. Spadix naked at summit, stam- inate in the middle, and pistillate at base (often dioicous). Perianth 0. Berry 1-cellcd, many-seeded. Herbaceous: oflen stemless; leaves pseudo-compound, or simple; flowers naked, on a spadix. Nat. Ord. 256. Lindl. Aroide.*. 1. A. Dracoxtium, L. Leaf mostly solitary, pedate ; leaflets lance- oblong; spadix subulate, longer than the oblong convolute spathe. Beck, Bot. p. 381. Dragon Arum. Vulgo—Green Dragon. Dragon Root. Root perennial, tuberous. Stem 0. Leaf 1, radical, pedately dissected,—or the petiole dichotomous at summit, the branches divaricate, each bearing 3 to S or 6 leaflets, or segments, and always a dichotomal one in the centre or division of the petiole; leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 or sometimes near 3 inches wide, lance-oblong, acuminate, entire, sessile or subsessile, smooth, and, when dry, very thin and membranaceous; common petiole 12 to 18 inches long, the lower half embracing the scape, and invested by a loose membranaceous sheath at base. Scape 6 to 12 inches long, raiher slender; spathe 1 to 2 inches long, convo- lute or rolled into a tube, with a short erect acumination ; spadix mostly dioicous, bearing numerous sessile stamens, or pistils, around its base, within the spathe, and with the summit 2 to 4 inches in length, exserted, slender and tapering to an acute point. Berries in an ovoid cluster round the base of the spadix, smooth, reddish-orange when mature. Hub. Low grounds; along Brandywine, Set. frequent. Fl. May—June. Fr. Sept, 45 530 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 06s. As far as I have observed, the flowers are generally dioicous, both in this and the following species. 2. A. triphtllum, L. Leaves mostly in pairs, ternate; leaflets elliptic-ovate; spadix clavate, shorter than the spathe. Beck, Bot. p. 381. Three-leaved Arum. Vulgo—Indian Turnep. Wake-robin. Root perennial, fibrous, with an orbicular depressed rugose tuber, at the base of the petioles, 1 to 2 or 3 inches in horizontal diameter. Stem 0. Leaves mos;]y 2 (sometimes solitary), ternate ; leaflets 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 4 or j inches wide, varying from ovate to subrhomboid and elliptic-lanceolate, acumin- ate, entire, acute at base, sessile, smooth, green (sometimes purple), paler and glaucous lienealh, thin and membranaceous when dried ; common petioles 9 to 18 inches long, smooth, clasping below, and invested by one or two loose thin mem- branaceous sheaths at base. Scape 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, the base inclosed in the sheathing petioles: spathe 3 to 5 inches long, the lower half convolute, the upper half a little dilated, flat, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and cucullalely incurved, smooth, green, dark purple, or whitish, spotted, or oflen variegated wilh dark purple and yellowish or ochroleucous stripes; spadix mostly dioicous, bearing numerous sessile stamens, or pislil s, around its base, within lhe spathe,— lhe summit clavate, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, but a little exserted from the convolute portion. Berries numerous, in a large ovoid-oblong cluster round the baseof the spadix, smooth, orange-red, or scarlet, when mature. Hab. Rich, shaded grounds; fence-rows, «fcc. frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug—Sept. 06s. I have occasionally seen the leaves of this, instead of being triphyllous, divided into two pairs of large leaflets,—one pair immediately above the other. The tuber (which i3 a sort of subterranean stem, called a cormus), is extremely acrid; but tliat qualily is dissipated by boiling, or drying. A kind of Sago has been obtained fr unit; and the grated tuber, boiled in milk, is a popular medicine irt coughs, and pulmonary consumption. One or two additional species are enu- merated in lhe TJ. Stales. 427. RENSSELAERIA. Beck, Bot. p. 382. [In honor of «S. Van Rensselaer, of N. Y.; a munificent Patron of Natural Science.] Spalhe convolute. Spadix covered with flowers, the stamens above, pistils at the base. Perianth 0. Berry 1-seeded. Herbaceous: stemless; leaves radical, mostly hastate-sagiltate; flowers on a spadix. Nat. Ord. 25G. Lindl. Aroide.*:. 1. R. viroinica, Beck. Leaves hastate-sagitlate, acute, the lobes obtuse; spadix closely embraced by the spathe. Beck. I. c. Arum virginicum. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 484. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 574. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 309. Aluhl. Catal. p. 89. Pursh, Am". 2. p. 399 'y„tt Gen. 2. p. 222. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 181. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 630." Lindl Ency. p. 800. Calla virginica. AIx. Am. 2. p. 187. Bigel. Bost. p. 348. Lecontia virginica. Torr. Comp. p. 358. Eat. Alan. p. 200. Not Lecontea, of Richard, and D C. Virginian Rensselaeria. Plant smooth, deep green. Root perennial. StemO. Leaves radical numer cus, 6lo 12 or 15 inches long, and 2 to 5 or 6 inches wide, sagiitaie-oUung.. acute, MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 531 or slightly acuminate, mostly somewhat hastate at base, with the lobes obtuse (occasionally the leaves oblong, and not sagittate at base); petioles 9 to 15 inches long, chanellcd and sheathing below. Scapes numerous from the root, 9 to 18 inches high ; spathe 2 to 3 inches long, green, closely convolute (at first subcyl- indric, finally ovoid-oblong), acuminate, curved, the margin somewhat undulate ; spadix nearly as long as the spathe, tapering to a point, and covered with flowers. Berries in an ovoid-oblong cluster round the base of the spadix, 1-seeded, Torr. Beck, many-seeded, Nutt. Ell. Hab. B >gs, and miry places ; Wynn's meadows: rare. Fl. June—July, Fr. Obs. This was collected in the above locality, ill 1834, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes. Though frequent along tide water, it is very rare in this County. I have not had an opportunity to see lhe mature fruit. It is the only known species of the genus. 428. QUERCUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 751. [Celtic, Quer, handsome, or excellent, and Cuez, a tree; on account of its value.] Staminate Fl. in loose Aments. Perianth single, mostly 5-cleft. Stamens 4 or 5 to 10. Pistillate Fl. Involucre of numerous scales, united into a cup. Perianth single, closely investing the ovary, 6-toothed. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of them abortive; style 1 ; stigmas 3. A'ut (or Acorn) 1-celled, 1-sccded, coated by the enlarged persis- tent perianth, and seated in the cup-shaped involucre. Trees, or rarely shrubs: leaves alternate, stipular, sinuately lobed, coarsely dentate, or entire, deciduous, or sempervirent; aments axillary, filiform, pendu- lous, wilh the flowers dislinct. Nat. Ord. 82. Lindl. Cupuliferje. § 1. Fructification biennial; fruit subsessile. Leaves sinuate-lobed; lobes setaceously mucronate. I. Q. tfnctoria, Bartr. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-lobed, pu- bescent beneath ; cup turbinate ; nut ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 328. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, I. tab. 24 {fruit, tab. 25.). Q. nigra. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 120. Not of Mx. Willd. &c, Diek's Qoercus. Vulgo—Black Oak. Quercitron. Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feel high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, with large spread- ins branches alwve,—the bark rough and blackish. Leaves 5 lo 8 inches long, and 3 lo 6 inches wide, obovate in their outiine, more or less deeply sinuate. lobed, wilh the lobes setaceously mucronate, the base obtuse, or sometimes cune- alely tapering, smoolhish above, clothed beneath with shorl stellate or fasciculate hairs, which present a pulverulent appearance ;—when young, densely pubescent on both sides,—finally smooth on both sides, except in the axils of the nerves beneath ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long; stipules subulate-filiform, pubescent, cadu- cous. Staminate flowers in slender filiform pubescent aments. Acorn rather small, ovoid, silting in the thick scaly cup-like involucre, which is tapering al base. Hab. Rich upland woods: common. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. There is apparently a variety of this, on our sterile Mica-slate hills, of smaller scrubby growth, but with the leaves much larger, and less deeply lobed (approaching, somewhat, that of Q. nigra, or black Jack). The wood of this species is not very durable,—nor is it much esteemed for fuel,—yet in consequence of its abundance, it is extensively used for fencing, fire-wood, and shingles. The bark is an article of commerce,—used in dying yellow; and is exported in large quan- tities, under the name of Quercitron, 532 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 2, Q. coccinea, Wangenh. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply ■inuate-lobed, smooth, the lobes divaricate, dentate; cup subturbinate, conspicuously scaly ; nut roundish-ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 329. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva, 1. tab. 25. {fruit, tab. 24.). Crimson Qderccs, Vulgo—Red Oak. Scarlet Oak. SlemCO to 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feel in diameter, branched above. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide, deeply lobed, the lobes spreading, sinu- ate-dentate, and setaceously mucronate, the base obiuse, or often somewhat cune- ate, both surfaces smooth, and shining green, with a dense tuft of pubescence in the axils of ..he nerves benealh (when young the leaves are somewhat pubescent, especially on lhe margin), finally becoming red, and spotted with deeper crimson; petioles an inch and half to 3 inches long. Acorn roundish-ovoid. Hab. Rich, moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. FY. October. 06s. This is a fine Iree. The wood is much used for Cooper's stuff, &c. and the bark is much esteemed for tanning. I did not distinguish il from the following, when my Catalogue was prepared. 3. Q. rubra, L. Leaves oblong, obtusely sinuate, smooth; cup saucer-shaped, nearly smooth ; nut oblong-ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 329. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, 1. tab. 28. Q. rubra maximal Alarsh. Arbust. p. 122. Red Quercus. Vulgo—Red Oak. Spanish Oak. Stem 60 to 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter, branched above. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide, oblong, or often somewhat obovate, obtusely sinuate-lobed, the sinus shallower than in lhe preceding species, the lobes dentate, and setaceously mucronate, the base of the leaves rather obtuse, both surfaces smooth, wilh tufts of pubescence in lhe axils of the nerves beneath ; petioles I to 2 inches long. Acorn rather large, oblong-ovoid, in a flat or shallow saucer-like cup, of which lhe scales are so compact as to present a smoothish and nearly even surface. Hab. Hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. The wood of this is also used for Cooper's stuff, &c. and the 6«rAr is in demand by lhe Tanners. I think both this and the preceding are often called Spanish Oak; but that name seems properly to belong lo another species (viz. (l.falcata, Mx. or Q. elongata, Willd), which has not yet been observed in this County,—although it has been found in lhe adjoining County of Deleware, and is abundant in the Counties of New Castle, and Cecil, on lhe South of us. 4. Q. palustris, Mx. Leaves oblong, deeply sinuate-lobed, smooth, the lobes divaricate, dentate, the sinuses broad ; cup saucer-shaped ; nut subglobose, small. Beck, Bot. p. 329. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva,-1. tab. 27. Q. rubra ramosissima. Marsh. Arbust. p. 122. Marsh Quercus. Vulgo—Pin Oak. Water Spanish Oak, Stem 40 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameier, wilh numerous rather slender horizontal or drooping branches, which are frequently very knotty. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, deeply lobed, the lobes raiher narrow, diverging, or divaricate, acutely sinuate-dentate near the apex, and seta- ceously mucronate, the sinuses wide or open, the tase of the leaves obiuse, or often cuneaiely tapering, both surfaces smooth, except a tuft of pubescence' in ihe axils of the nerves beneath, ihe upper surface green and shining; petioles I MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 533 to 2 inches long, slender. Acorn small (scarcely half an inch long), subglobose, or roundish ovo.d, in a smoothish shallow saucer-like cup, which is often sub- turbinate, or slightly and abruptly tapering from the centre of the base. Hab. Wet low grounds ; along rivulet* : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. The wood of this is very firm; and is much used by wheelwrights, &c- 5. Q. Banisteri, AIx. Leaves cuneate-obovate, angulate-lobed, cinereous-tomentose beneath; cup sub-turbinate ; nut roundish-ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 330. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, 1. tab. 21. Q. nigra pumila? Alarsh. Arbust. p. 122. Q. ilicifolia. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 447. Pers. Syn. 2.p. 569. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 292. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 215. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 605. Bigel. Bost. p. 352. Eat. Man. p. 293. Banister's Quercus. Vulgo—Black Scrub-Oak. Barren Oak. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, crooked, and much branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, many of ihem cuneate-obovate, and 3-lobed at apex, others angularly 5-lobed, and somewhat fiddle-shaped, lhe lobes setaceously mucronate, the upper surface at first pubescent, finally smoothish, lhe under surface clothed with a short dense cinereous tomentum ; petioles half an inch lo an inch long. Acorns small, roundish, or elliptic-ovoid, striate, in very numerous clusters on the branches. Hab. Sterile slaty hills: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. September. 06s. This worthless little species is very abundant on the Mica-slate, or South Valley hills ; but is rarely seen on good land. § 2. Fructification annual,- fruit mostly pedunculate. ■j- Leaves sinuate-lobed,- lobes not mucronate. 6. Q. ohtustloba, AIx. Leaves obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the upper lobes dilated, retuse; cup hemi- spherical, squamose; nut elliptic-ovoid. Beck, Bot.p. 330. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, 1. tab. 5. Q. alba minor. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 120. Q. stellata. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 452. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 570. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 294. Aluhl. Catal. p. 87. Lindl. Ency. p. 796. Obtuse-lobed Quercus. Vulgo—Barren White-Oak. Post-Oak. Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a lighl-grey bark, branched above, lhe branches irregular, spreading, densely pubescent when young. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, thick and coriaceous, dilated towards the apex, obtusely sinuate-lobed, the upper lobes dilated and emarginate, the terminal one sometimes 2-lobed, the upper surface smoothish and Bhining (often roughish with short fasciculate hairs, when young), lhe under one pale ferruginous, ortawny, and clothed with a stellular or fasciculate pubescence ; petioles half an inch to 3 quarters in length, stout, pubescent. Acorn small, elliptic-ovoid, or often roundish-ovoid, with the apex depressed, or umbilicate, lhe lower half embraced by the scaly hemispherical cup,—the fruit sessile, or ofien in small clusters on a common peduncle. Hab. Dry sterile hills; Serpentine banks: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 06s. This tree is pretty much confined to slaty hills, or serpentine ridges. The wood is very durable; and is raach valued for posts, &c. It also makes good 534 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 7. Q. alba, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, nearly equally pinnatifid- sinuate, the segments oblong, obtuse, mostly entire ; cup hemispherical, tuberculate ; nut ovoid-oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 329. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, 1. tab. 1. White Quercus. Vulgo—Common White-Oak. Stem 60 to 80 and 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter, branched above, clothed wilh a whilish or grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, subcoriaceous, smooth, shining green above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath (pubescent beneath when young), deeply and nearly equally pinnatifid (sometimes cuneale and 3-lobed); segments usually 3 or 4 on each side, 1 lo 2 inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, oblong, obtuse, entire, or occasion- ally sublobed at apex ; petioles half an inch to an inch long, smooth. Acorn rather large, uvoid-oblong, in a bowl-shaped or hemispherical cup, which is pubescent, and rough, externally, wilh roundish tubercles,—lhe fruit generally in pairs on a common peduncle about half an inch long. Hab. Woodlands: very common. Fl. May. FY. October. 06s. This is one of our finest and most valuable forest trees; and frequently attains an immense size. Its prevalence, however, is not so indicative of a good soil, as that of the Q. tinctoria, or Black Oak. The wood is firm and durable, though somewhat liable to warp or spring. It is extensively used in the mechanic arts,—especially by the Ship-wright, the Mill-wright, and the Wheel-wright. The 6ar/c is astringent and tonic ; and is frequently employed in medical practice. The acorns are sweet, affording a nutritious and favorite food of hogs. On young trees, the leaves are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by ihe frost, in autumn. j" •(■ Leaves coarsely dentate,—not lobed. 8. Q, ricolor, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, softly tomentose beneath, coarsely and unequally dentate, the teeth rather acute ; fruit on long peduncles; cup hemispherical; nut ovoid-oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 331. Q. alba palustris] Alarsh. Arbust. p. 120. Q. Prinus, var. tomentosa. Mx. Am. 2. p. 196. Q. Prinus discolor. Mx. f. Sylva, l.p. 47. Icon, tab. 7. Two-colored Quercus. Vulgo—Swamp White-Oak. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with numerous spread- ing branches, and a scaly light-grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 2 or 3 to 5 inches wide, varying from broad-ovate to oblong, acute, cuneate and entire atbase, with coarse unequal teeth above, which are dilated at base, and rather acute and callous at apex, the upper surface smooth, clothed wilh a soft velvetty tomentum beneath, which is whitish, or cinereous, sometimes pale olive, or greenish ferruginous; petioles half an inch to 3 quarters in length. Acorn rather large, ovoid-oblong, in a roughish scaly pubescent bowl-shaped cup, ihe margin dentate wilh the points of ihe scales ; the fruit in pairs (or often single) on an axillary common peduncle 1 or 2 to 4 inches long. Hab. Low grounds ; along streams: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. There appears to be two or three varieties of this; but they are al) much less esteemed than several of the other species. 9. Q. Prinus, L. Leaves obovate and elliptic-oblong, acute, or acu- minate, finely pubescent beneath, coarsely and nearly equally sinuate- MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 535 dentate, the teeth obtuse ; fruit on short peduncles ; cup nearly hemi- spherical; nut ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 331. Q. Prinus, var. palustris. Mx. Am. 2. p. 196. Q. Prinus palustris. Mx.f. Sylva, 1. p. 52. Icon, tab. 8. Vulgo—Swamp Chesnut-Oak. Chesnut White-Oak. Stem 60 lo 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 3 or 4 feet in diameter, branched above. Leaves 5 lo 8 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, generally more or less obovate, sometimes oblong-oval, with a short obtuse acumination, penninerved, wilh a coarse obtuse tooth for each nerve, and a small callus at the apex, or end of each nerve, the upper surface smooth, paler and finely pubescent beneath ; petioles about an inch long. Acorn large, ovoid, or oval, in a squamose bowl-shaped cup which embraces nearly 1 third of the acorn, and is seated on a short peduncle. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill: not very common. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected, in the above locality, by Mr. Joshua Hoopes. There seems to be some varieties of this, also,—whilst they all bear a considerable general resemblance to the two following species. Indeed, the elder Michaux made all the species of this subdivision mere varieties of lhe Q. Prinus. 10. Q. Montana, Willd. Leaves broad-obovate, acute, pubescent and subglaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally dentate, the teeth short, broad and obtuse, submucronate; fruit on short peduncles; cup sub-turbinate; nut elliptic-oblong. Beck, Bot. p. 331. Q. Prinus, var. monticola. Mx. Am. 2. p. 196. Q. monticola. Aluhl. Catal. p. 87. Q. Prinus monticola. Mx. f. Sylva, l.p. 56. Icon, tab. 9. Mountain Quercus, Vulgo—Rock Chesnut-Oak. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, with spreading branches,—when old, the bark thick, and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4 or 5 to 8 or 9 inches long, and 3 to 5 or 6 inches wide, broadly (and sometimes roundish-) obovate, acute, obtusely sinuate- or repand-dentate, the teeth broad, short and obtuse, but oflen mucronate with a small callous point, the base of the leaf cune- ate, or often obtuse, and unequal, the upper surface smooth, lhe under surface finely pubescent, and paler, or often bluish-glaucous; pe/i'o/es half an inch to near an inch lone. Acorn large (about an inch and quarter long, and 2 thirds of an inch in diameter), elliptic- or ovoid-oblong, in a ra'her deep bowl-shaped, or sub- turbinate, squamose cup, which embraces nearly 1 third of the acorn, and is seated on a short peduncle. Hab. Hilly, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. FY. October. 06s. The wood of this is valuable ; and the 6ar& highly esteemed by the Tan- ners. The acorns, also, are sweet and nutrilious. 11. Q. Castanea, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pu- bescent and cinereous beneath, nearly equally dentate, the teeth rather acute, callous at apex; cup hemispherical; nut roundish-ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 331. Q. Prinus, var. acuminata. Mx. Am. 2. p. 196. Q. Prinus acuminata. Mx.f. Sylva, l.p. 61. Icon, tab. 10. Chesnut Quercus. Vulgo—Chesnut-Oak. Yellow Oak. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, branched. Leaves 3 to 6 or 7 inches long, and 1 te 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, lance-oblong, or 536 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, obliquely sinuate-dentate, the teeth nearly equal, rather acute, callous at the apex, and along lhe whole margin of lhe leaf, the upper surface smooth and yellowish green, lhe under surface finely pubescent, whiiish, or cinereous; petioles halfan inch loan inch, or inch and quarter, in length. Acorn small, roundish-ovoid, in a pubescent bowl-shaped cup, which embraces 1 third of the acorn, and is sessile, or often on a short peduncle. Hab. Great Valley, near Brooke's Mill : not common. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. This was collected, in 1835, at the above locality, by Mr. Joshua Hoopbs —who also found apparent varieties of il on the Soulh Valley hills. The leaves are sometimes remarkably long and narrow ; but they generally have a striking resemblance to those of the Chesnut tree. The fruit is said lo be more 6weet and nutritious than that of any other species. 12. Q. Chinq.uapin, AIx. Leaves obovate, and lance-oblong, obtuse, or acute, coarsely and often obsoletely sinuate-dentate, acute at base, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath; cup hemispherical; nut ovoid. Beck, Bot. p. 331. Q. Prinus humilis. Marsh. Arbust. p. 125. Q. Prinus, var. pumila. Mx. Am. 2. p. 196. Q. Prinoides. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 440. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 5C8. Muhl. Catal. p. 87. Lindl. Ency. p. 796. Q. Prinus Chincapin. AIx. f. Sylva, 1. p. 64. Icon, tab. 11. Chinq.uapin Quercus. Vulgo—Dwarf Chesnut-Oak. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, and much branched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, varying from broad-obovate and obtuse, to lance-oblong and acute, more or less dentate, the teeth mostly obtuse, wilh a callous tip, often nearly obsolete, or lhe margin merely repand, cuneately taper. ing and acute at base, smooth above, minutely pubescent and bluish-glaucous beneath; petioles 1 fourth to half an inch long. Acorn small, ovoid, in a sessile bowl-shaped cup. Hab. Sterile, slaty hills : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. There appears to be two varieties of this ;—the leaves of one looking like a dwarf specimen of Q. montana,—a.nd of the other, like a miniature Q. Cas- tanea. This grows abundantly in company wilh the Black Scrub-Oak; and, like it, is a sure indication of a sterile soil. They Doth, however, produce great quan- tities of fiuit. Twenty three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. Slates. 429. CASTANEA. Tournef. ATutt. Gen. 754. [Named from Castanea, a city of Thessaly,—famed for Chesnuts.] Polygamous: Staminate Fl. numerous, interruptedly clustered in very long cylindric Aments. Perianth 5 or 6-parted. Pistillate Fl. usually 3, within an ovoid squamose, or muricate, involucre. 2Je- rianth urceolate, 5 or 6-cleft, having the rudiments of 10 or 12 abor- tive stamens. Ovary incorporated with the perianth ; stigma pencil- form, exserted, cartilaginous and rigid. ATuts 1 to 3, included in the enlarged echinate 4-lobed involucre. Trees, or shrubs: leaves alternate, stipular, mucronately serrate ; flowers in long axillary aments; nuts farinaceous. Nat. Ord. 82. Lindl. Cupulifer,e. 1. C. vesca, var. americana, Mx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, smooth on both sides. Torr. Comp. p. 355. M0N0EC1A POLYANDRIA 537 Fagus-castanea deritata, Alarsh. Arbust. p. 46. Castanea vesca. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 460. Ait? Kew. 5. p. 298. Afx.f. Sylva, 3. p. 10 (Icon, tab. 104.). Bigel. Bost. p. 349. Florul. Cestr. p. 106. 7,?nri/. £ncy. />. 792. Beck, Bot. p. 332. Esculent Castanea. Vulgo—Chesnut tree. Stem 50 lo 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feel in diameter, branched. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide, elliptic- or oblong-lan- ceolate, acuminate, obliquely sinuate-serrate, lhe serratures acuminate, smooth (pubescent when young), shining green above, paler beneath, and somewhat pilose on the midrib; petioles half an inch to 3 quarters in length; stipules linear- lanceolate, entire, smoolhish, caducous. Staminate flowers small, whitish or ochroleucous, in slender pubescent interrupted spikes, or aments, 4 lo 8 inches long, the florets crowded in dense bracteate clusters, emitting a heavy unpleasant odor. Stamens long. Pistillate Jlowers mostly 3 together, in a scaly squarrose ovoid involucre. Involucre mostly solitary, sometimes 3 or 4 in a cluster, subset site, enlarging, finally globose, 2 or 2 and a half inches in diameter, thickly covered wilh acute compound or branching prickles, opening at maturity wilh 4 lobes or valves, nearly to the base, and holding lhe nuts as in a cup. Nuts 3 (by abortion oflen 2, or 1), roundish-ovate, acuminate, reddish-brown, smooth below, coaled wilh a pale lawny pubescence al summit,—the middle nut flatted on bolh sides, the lateral ones rounded or gibbous externally,—when the lateral ones are bolh abortive, the central one becomes roundish-ovoid. Hab. Woodlands; on slaty hills: common. Fl. June. FY. October. 06s. Although not specifically distinct from the European Chesnut, ours cer- tainly affords a pretty distinct variety. The fruit of our native tree is smaller, and much sweeter, than that of the foreign one,—which is cultivated in several places, in this County, under the name of Spanish Chesnut. The wood of the Chesnut tree is light, yet very durable;—not esteemed for fuel, bul highly valued for making fences. The tree so-ms natural^ to aboundon our steiile slaty hills, and is of rapid growth,—being speedily reproduced, by suckers from the slump, when cut off, and therefore well calculated lokeep up a supply of fencing limber, 2. C. pumila, Mx. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, whitish tomen- tose beneath. Beck, Bot. p. 332. Icon, Alx.f. Sylva, 3. tab. 105, Fagus Castanea pumila. Marsh. Arbust. p. 47. Dwarf Castanea. Vulgo— Chinquapin. Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, and I to 2 or 3 inches in diameter, branching. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and 1 to 2, or 2 and a half, inches wide, varying from lance- oblong, to lance-obovate, acuie, mucronalely serrate, or sometimes denticulate, green and smoothish above,clothed with a soft dense cinereous tomentum benealh; petioles 1 fourth to half an inch long. Staminate aments 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, slender and numerous. Involucre of lhe pistillate flowers in spikes, or somewhat clustered on short tomentose axillary branches, enlarging, finally globose, an inch or inch and half in diameter, pubescent and prickly, opening at summit with 4 lobes or valves. Nut (by abortion 1) solitary, small, ovoid, acute, dark brown, pubescent at summit. Hab. Sterile soils ; Oxford, &c. rare. Fl. June. FY. October. 06s. This shrub is met with, occasionally, in the South-western extremity of the County,—and is very abundant in ihe sterile districts of the adjacent State of Maryland ,—bul is extremely rare to the North of that. The nuts are sweet and pleasant, but scarcely half the size of the Chesnut. One other species, which seems to be nearly allied to this, is enumerated in the Southern States. 538 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 430. FAGUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 753. [Latin,—originally from the Greek, Phago, to eat; the fruit being esculent.] Staminate Fl. numerous, in globose pedunculate pendulous Aments. Perianth campanulate, 6-cleft. Pistillate Fl. 2, in an ovoid mu- ricate involucre. Perianth urceolate, with 4 or 5 minute segments. Ovary incorporated with the perianth; stigmas 3. A'uts usually 2, included in the enlarged coriaceous muricate 4-cleft involucre. Trees, with a smooth cinereous bark : leaves alternate, stipular, dentate ; flowers in globose amenls; nuts oily. Nat. Ord- 82. Lindl. Cupulifer.e. 1. F. stlvatica, L. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, slightly den- tate, ciliate on the margin; nuts ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, mucronate. Beck, Bot. p. 333. var. americana. ATutt. Bart. Ell. and Eat. F. sylvatica atropunicea. Marsh. Arbust. p. 46. F. sylvestris. Mx. Am. 2. p. 194, AIx. f. Sylva, 3. p. 18. (Icon, tab. 107.). F. ferruginea. Muhl. Catal. p. 86. Not of Willd. ATutt. Bigel. &c. Wood Fag us. Vulgo—Beech tree. White Beech. Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, and I to near 2 feet in diameter, coated with a smoolh whilish or cinereous bark, and sending out numerous slender horizontal or depending branches, which subdivide and terminate in ovoid-lanceolate acute buds, 3 fourths of an inch in length. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 3 inches wide, varying from ovate to elliptic, and lance-ovale, wilh a short acumin- ation, generally obtuse at base (acute, Authors),and often slightly cordate, rarely acute, more or less dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, at others rather strongly, conspicuously ribbed, when young silky-pilose on both sides, ciliate with soft whilish hairs, deep green and finally smoothish on lhe upper surface, paler lienealh, and always i.-.w-.v, or \lz2 pubescent; petioles 1 eighth to near halfan Inch long, hairy ; stipules long, linear, membranaceous, tawny, caducous, Slam. mate aments very numerous, loosely 6ubglobose, about half an inch in di.meter, silky-pubescent, pale greenish-yellow, pendulous on slender silky-pilcse pedun- cles an inch to an inch and half long. Involucres of the pistillate flowers fewer, roundish-ovoid, or oval, enlarging, finally about 2 ih'rds of an inch in diameter, coriaceous, muricate, with flexible subulate squarrose or recurved points, pubeg- cent and reddish-ferruginous, on rigid subclavate hairy axillary peduncles about half an inch long. Nuts 1 or 2 in each involucre, ovoiu-triquelrous, obtuse, but mucronate with a short point, pubescent, pale reddish-brown. fla6. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. The wood of this handsome tree is very close-grained, and is much used Tor making plane-stocks, shoemakers' lasts, &c. The leaves, especially ofyoun" trees, are remarkably persistent, after they are killed by the frost,—oflen remain" ing on the branches until late in the spring. The oily nuts afford a nutritious fo»d for hogs. There is another species enumerated as occurring in the Nortl . ern States.-which, judging from the description, seems to be very nearly allied w ibis. 431. CORYLUS. L. Jfutt. Gen. 752. [Greek, Korys, a helmet, or cap ; in allusion lo the involucraie fruit.] Staminate Fl. imbricated in cylindric Aments -, scales 3-cleft, the middle segment covering the 2 lateral ones. Perianth 0. Stamens about 8; anthers 1-celled. Pistillate Fl. numerous, in a capitate MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 539 squamosc cluster. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. A'ut bony, round- ish-ovoid, obtuse, subcompressed, embraced by the coriaceous lacerate- dentate involucre. Shrubs: leaves alternate, stipular, roundish-cordate, or obovate; aments and pistillate buds subterminal. Nat. Ord. 82. Lindl. Cupulifer^:. 1. C. americana, Walt. Leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate; invo- lucre globose-campanulate, with the border compressed, dilated, many- cleft. Beck, Bot. p. 332. American Cortlus. Vulgo—Hazel-nut, Wild Filbert. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, branching, the young branches virgate, pubescent and glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, varyin" from roundish-cordate to ovate and obovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubes'- cent; petioles 1 fourth of an inch to an inch long; stipules ovate-lanceolate pubescent, caducous. Aments preceding the leaves, 1 to 2 inches lontr, slender* cylindric, greyish-brown; scales imbricated, pubescent-ciliate, 3-cleft, the middle segment ovate, acuminate, overlapping and nearly covering the lateral ones. Pistillate flowers in capitate pedunculate squamose clusters, the scales numerous lanceolate, unequal, finally enlarging, uniting, and forming the involucres of the nuts. Nut about 2 thirds of an inch long, and 3 fourths of an inch wide, subglo- bose, somewhat compressed, hard and bony, finely pubescent, pale brown, em- braced by the large 2-parled involucre, which is twice as long as the nut, ventri- cose at base, glandular hispid externally, with lhe border compressed, dilated and irregularly lacerate-dentate. Hab. Borders of thickets; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. March— April. Fr. Sept. 06s. This shrub is well known for its esculent nuts. There is one other species in the U. States. 432. BETULA. L. A'utt. Gen. 755. [Supposed from Belu, lhe Celtic name for the Birch.] Staminate Fl. Aments long, cylindric; scales temate, the middle one bearing the stamens. Pistillate Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Styles 2. A'uts compressed, wilh a mem- branaceous margin, 1-seeded. 7Vees, or rarely shrubs, with the bark often exfoliating in thin plates: leaves alternate, stipular, ovate and serrale ; amenis axillary. Nat. Ord. 82. Lindl. BETULINE.E. 1. B. nigra,/.. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, entire at base, pubescent beneath ; pistillate aments elliptic-oblong, the scales villose, with the segments sublinear and obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 325. B. lanulosa. Air. Am. 2.p. 181. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 572. B. rubra. Alx.f. Sylva, 2. p. 99 (Icon, tab. 72.). Eat. Alan. p. 53. Black Betula. Vulgo—Red Birch. Black Birch. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet diameter, branched, with a smooth bark, the outer layers exfoliating in broad ihin revolute lamina?, or sheets; young branches virgate, slender, pubescent. Leaves I to 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 3 inches wide, varying from roundish-ovate to deltoid- and rhomboid- ovate, acute, doubly serrate, smoothish above, more or less pubescent beneath ; petioles 1 fourth lo 3 fourths of an inch long, pubescent; stipules small, lanee- •bl >ng, membranous, caducous. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long, slender, 540 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA flexible and pendulous. Pistillate aments 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, and 1 third to halfan inch in diameter, oblong, obtuse, on short peduncles; scales 3.cleft 2 thirds of their length, lhe segments equal, linear, or spatulale-linear, obtuse, villose, especially along the margin. Nut much compressed, ovate, winged wilh a broad membranous pubesceni-ciliate margin, which is widest towards the base. Hab. Low grounds; near West Chester: not common. Fl. April. Fr. Aug. 06». This tree is somewhat abundant along lhe Susquehanna, and other large streams ; bul is scarce in Ihis County. 2. B. lenta, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, the nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; pistillate aments elliptic-ovoid, the scales roughish pubescent, with the segments ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, prominently veined. Beck, Bot. p. 325. Icon, Alx.f. Sylva, 2. tab. 74. B. carpinifolia. AIx. Am. 2. p. 181. Soft, on Pliant Betula. Vulgo—Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch. Stem 30 to 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous branchesj which are slender, pliable, smooth, and sprinkled with small white scars. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and an inch and half to 2 and a half inches wide, ihinnish, varying from ovate-oblong lo obovate, mostly somewhat cordate, and often a little unequal al base, acuminate, unequally serrale, the serratures acuminate, the upper surface sprinkled wilh long hairs, the margin and nerves beneath pilose ; petioles about half an inch long, pilose. Staminate ame?its 2 to 3 inches long, larger than in the preceding. Pistillate aments about an inch long, and 2 thirds of an inch in diameter, elliptic-ovoid, obiuse, subsessile; scales 3-clefl nearly half their length, cuneate at base, and roughish pubescent externally (glabrous, Authors), the segments ovate-lanceolate and lance-oblong, rather acute (obtuse, Authors), prominently keeled and nerved, or veined, hirsutely ciliae on the margin. Ant compressed, elliptic-obovatc, acute at each end, winged with a membranaceous margin which is broader towards the summit, and somewhat ciliate,—bul every where narrower and smoother than in the preceding species. Hab. South Valley hill: rare. Fl. April. FY: August. 06s. This species is quite rare, here. I have only met with it alone a rivulet on the South Valley hill, below Geo. Vernon's ; but understand it occurs on the Northern side of the County. In districts where the trees abound, the wood is said to be esteemed for cabinet work. The bark and young iwigs are pleasantly aromatic; and are sometimes employed in domestic brewings, and diet-drinks. Six or seven additional species are enumerated in the TJ. Slates. 433. CARPINUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 756. [Celtic, Car, wood, and Pin, a head; being used in making yokes for caule.] Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric; scales ovate, acute, ciliate near the base. Anthers slightly bearded at summit. Pistillate Fl. Aments oblong, loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs; scales unequally 3-lobed, 1-flowered, persistent, enlarging and becoming foliaceous. Perianth urceolate, 6-toothed, incorporated with the ovary. Styles 2, united at base. ATut bony, ovoid, acute, subcompressed, ribbed. Small trees: leaves alternate, stipular; amenis axillary and terminal, the pistillate ones finally racemose, and foliaceous, Nat. Ord. 83. Lindl. Bstclins*. MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 541 1. C. americana, Mx. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the pistillate ament trifid, the middle segment much the largest, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate-dentate on one side. Beck, Bot. p. 326. Icon, AIx.fi Sylva, 3. tab. 108. C. Betulus virginica. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 25. American Carpinus, Vulgo—Hornbeam. Waler Beech. Stem 10 to 20 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 inches in diameter, irregularly and obtusely ridged and sulcate, branching (oflen branched from the root, or growing in small clusters), coated with a smooth light-grey or cinereous bark, like the Beech. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, oblong-ovate and lance-oval, acuminate, often slightly cordate at base, sharply and unequally serrate, smoothish, nerved, the nerves beneath somewhat hairy, with small tufts of pubescence in the axils ; petioles 1 fourth to half an inch long, pilose. Stam- inate aments about an inch long. Pistillate aments 2 to 3 inches long, loosely imbricated, or racemose ; flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by an ovate acu- minate deciduous 6rac/; scales enlarging, finally about an inch long, and half an inch wide at base, smooth. Nut broad-ovoid, somewhat compressed, acute, stri- ated wilh about 8 ribs, smoothish, dark brown. Hab. Margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. The only known species in the U. States. 434. OSTRYA. Micheli. ATutt. Gen. 757. [Greek, Ostreon, a shell, or scale ; in allusion to the structure of the fruil,] Staminate Fl. Ament cylindric; scales orbicular-ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Anthers conspicuously bearded at summit, Pistillate Fl. Ament linear, loosely imbricated, bracteate, with the flowers in pairs ; scales 0, but a membranous sac, or involucre, enclosing each flower. Perianth slightly urceolate, subdentate, incorporated with the ovary. Styles 2, united at base, ATut lance-oblong, somewhat compressed, included in the enlarged imbricated bladder-like sac. Small trees: leaves alternate, slipular; aments terminal, the pistillate ones of semi-inflated membranous imbricated capsules. Nat- Ord. 83. Lindl. Beivlinbje- 1. O. virginica, Willd. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate; cones oblong; buds acute. Beck, Bot. p. 327. Carpinus Ostrya. Marsh. Arbust. p. 25. Mx. Am. 2. p. 202. Mx. f. Sylva, 3. p. 30 (Icon, tab. 109.). Virginian Ostrya. Vulgo—Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Stem 20 to 40 feet high, and 4 to 8 or 10 inches in diameter, with a brown rough- ish slightly-fissured bark, and slender branches which are pilose while young. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, elliptic-ovate, sometimes incli- ning to obovate, acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, the base often unequal, and slightly cordate, smoothish above, somewhat pilose on the nerves beneath, wilh small tufts of pubescence in their axils; petioles about 1 fourth of an inch long, pilose. Staminate aments an inch to an inch and half long. Pistillate aments mostly terminal and solitary (in pairs, Authors), 1 to near 2 inches long, slender and loosely imbricated ; flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by an ovate-lanceolate membranous striate tawny and very caducous bract; scales none,—but each flower contained in an oblong-lanceolate acuminate membranous sac, which is clothed with a cinereous pubescence, and the base thickly beset with rigid tawny hairs,—the sac enlargins, and becoming a bladder-like envelope of 46 542 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA the nut, slightly inflated, compressed, elliptic-ovate, or oval, with a short acumin- ation, imbricated, and forming altogether, at maturity, an ovoid-oblong cone, which is pedunculate and rather pendulous (erect, Authors), about the size of the common Hop—lo which it has considerable resemblance. Nut sealed in the bottom of the sac, 3 or 4 lines in length, lance-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, sub- acuminate, somewhat compressed, ribbed near the apex, and on each margin, smooth and shining, of a pale olive color with a leaden tinge. Hab. Woodlands; along Brandywine : not common. Fl. April—May. FY. Sept- 05s. The wood of this slender tree is very hard and firm. It is the only species in the U. States. 435. PLATANUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 758. [Greek, Platys, broad ; in allusion to its wide-spreading branches and foliage.] Staminate Fl. minute, in globose pedunculate heads. Stamens intermixed with linear scales; anthers adnate to the filaments. Pis- tillate Fl. minute, in dense globose pedunculate heads. Scales spatulate. Ovary filiform-clavate; style with the stigma recurved. A'uts numerous, terete, clavate, mucronate with the persisient style, in- vested with pappus-like hairs at base. Large trees: leaves alternate, with super-axillary sheathing deciduous stipules, the petioles tumid and hollow at base, covering the young buds ; flowers incon- spicuous, in globose pendulous heads. Nat. Ord. 85. Lindl. Platane.e. 1. P. occidentalis, L. Leaves roundish-pentangular, acuminate, obscurely palmate-lobed, sinuate-dentate, pubescent beneath ; branches whitish. Beck, Bot. p. 327. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva, 2. tab. 63. Western Platanus. Vulgo—Button-wood. Sycamore. Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet, or more, in diameter, with large spreading branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark which exfoliates in ihinnish plates. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, and 4 lo8 inches wide (larger on young plants), dilated, roundish-pentagonal, the base at first truncate, finally subcordate, ob- scurely, palmate, or angulate-lobed, unequally sinuate-dentate, with ihe leeth acuminate, loosely clothed with a hoary branching deciduous pubescence, especi- ally on the under surface ; petiole^ 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, at first tomentose, finally smoothish, with the base tumid, hollow, and covering the young bud which is formed within the cavity ; stipules somewhat salver-form, sheathing the young branches immediately above the petioles, the limb spreading, foliaceous, with coarse unequal sinuate-dentate acuminate teeth, deciduous. Stanimate flcueis minute, in small pedunculate pendulous globose heads, deciduous. Pistillate flowers minute, in a dense globose head, which at maturity is about an inch in diameter, pendulous on a slender terete peduncle 3 to 5 inches Ions, persistent. Nuts about 1 third of an inch long, slender, subterete, clavate, mucronate the base acute and invested wilh tawny pappus-like hairs, which appear articulated under a lens. Hab. Banks of streams ; roadsides, &c. frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. Octo. 06s. This is a stately tree, and perhaps attains the largest size of any in our country. It makes a noble shade in front of houses where it has room to develope itself. The wood is not much esteemed; but is occasionally sawed into joists, and other lumber. It has been considered the only species in this hemisphere ;' but Mr. Nuttall informs me he found another, in his late journey to lhe N. VY. Coast- MONOECIA POLYANDRIA 543 436. JUGLANS. L. A'utt. Gen. 760. [Latin, formed from Jovis Glans, the nut of Jupiter ; from its excellence.] Staminate Fl. Aments simple, cylindric, loosely imbricated ; scales 5 or 6-parted, sometimes bracteate at base. Stamens subsessile, on a glandular disk. Pistillate Fl. Perianth double, the outer one short, 4-toothed, the inner one longer, 4-parted. Ovary inferior, ovoid ; style very short; stigmas 2, large, sub-clavate, spreading, the upper surface lacerate. Drupe globose, or oval, spongy, or coriaceous; nut rugose, and irregularly sulcate. Trees: leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, wilhout stipules; staminate flowers in simple aments; pericarps not opening. Nat. Ord. 87. Lindl. Jugxandea:. 1. J. nigra, L. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at base, the under surface and petioles slightly pubescent; drupe globose, roughish- dotted, spongy ; nut subglobose, corrugated. Beck, Bot. p. 33b. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva, 1. tab. 30. Also, J. nigra oblonga. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 67. Black Juglans. Vulgo—Black Walnut. Stem 30 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, wilh spreading crooked branches, often forming a broad roundish and rather open top, clothed with a dark-colored furrowed bark. Leaflets in 7 to 10 pairs, with a terminal odd one which is often abortive, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide, ovate-lanceolale, acuminate, serrate, somewhat pubescent, subses- sile, the base mostly unequal, and often slightly cordate ; common petioles 9 to 15 or 18 inches long, more or less pubescent. Aments about 2 inches long, with the scales a. Utile distant, pedicellate, sub-orbicular, perianth-like, cleft into 5 unequal obiuse segments, and wilh an ovale bract at base. Pistillate flowers in small terminal clusters of 2 to 4 on a short common peduncle; perianth superior, small, double, the outer one (or calyx) with 4 short teeth, the inner one (or corolla) longer, 4-parted, the segments lanceolate; ovary inferior, ovoid, pubescent, sessile; style very short; stigmas 2, large, dilated, diverging, the upper surface lacerately fringed. Drupe an inch and half to 2 and a half inches in diameter, mostly globose, sometimes ovoid, or inclining to oblong-ovoid, greenish-yellow when mature, and more or less succulent and spongy ; nut an inch to an inch and half in diameter, subglobose, coarsely rugose and furrowed; lhe nucleus, or kernel, 4-lobed, and sulcate, or subdivided. Hab. Rich woodlands ; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 06s. The wood of this species is valuable, and much used by Cabinet-makers &c. The spongy pericarp is often employed as a domestic dye-stuff; and the nucleus, or kernel, although somewhat oily, is generally esteemed. The young fruit, and the leaves, when bruised, emit a strong and not unpleasant resinous odor. This tree, when prevalent, is a pretty sure indication of a fertile soil; but it exerts an unfriendly influence on many cultivated plants, if placed in its im- mediate vicinity. There is a variety of this (var. oblonga, Muhl.) with the drupes somewhat oval, or ovoid-oblong, rougher, harder, and greener (the coating heing thinner, and not becoming spongy and yellowish),—which is given by Marshall as a distinct species. 2. J. cinerea, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rounded atbase, softly pubescent beneath, with the petioles villose; drupe ovoid-oblong, cori- aceous, hairy and viscid; nut elliptic-oblong, acuminate, conspicuously sculptured. Beck, Bot. p. 335. 544 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA J. oblonga alba. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 67. J. cathartica. AIx. f. Sylva, l.p. 160 (Icon, tab. 31.). Carya cathartica. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 178. Ash-colored Juglans. Vulgo—White Walnut. Butter-nut. Stem 15 to 20 or 30feet high, and 9 to 15 or 18iuches in diameter, wilh numerous branches, and clothed witlfa smoothish cinereous bark. Leaflets in 7 or 8 pairs, wilh a terminal odd one, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, oblong- lanceolat*, acuminate, serrate, pubescent, softly so benealh, and paler, sessile, the base obtuse and rather rounded, mostly a little oblique; common petioles 9 to 12 or 15 inohes long, vrllose. Aments 3 to 5 inches long, the scales oblong, spreading, wilh about 3 segments on each margin. Pistillate flowers 3 to 5 or 7, in a terminal spike, rather distant, sessile on a long common peduncle ; ovary oblong, hairy ; style very short; stigmas long, pubescent and fimbriate. Drupe 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, elliptic-ovoid, wilh a short tapering protuberance at apex, ofteD slightly compressed and obscurely angled, coriaceous, softly hairy and clammy; nut about 2 inches long, and an inch in diameter, oval, acuminate, somewhat compressed, deeply sulcate, with sharp irregular ridges. Hab. Rich bottom-lands ; along streams: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. This is a smaller tree, and the wood is not so valuable as that of the preceding. The 6orA affords an extract, which is a convenient and popular cathartic. The young drupes, collected about the last of June, make excellent pickles; and are extensively used for that purpose. The nucleus of the mature fruit is oily, and soon becomes rancid,—rendering it unpalatable, and unwhole- some. There are no other native species, as the genus is now limited, in the TJ. States. The J. regia, or English Walnut, has been introduced, and is occasion- ally to be met with about houses ; but our winters are raiher severe for it,—and it is scarcely entitled to be enumerated among our cultivated plants. 437. CARYA. ATutt. Gen. 761. [Greek, Karya, the ancient name of the Walnut tree.j Staminate Fl. Aments mostly ternate, slender, imbricated; scales 3-parted. Stamens 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 ; anthers hairy. Pistillate Fl. Perianth single, 4-cleft. Ovary inferior; style 0 ; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes bifid. Pericarp 4-valved ; nut oval, somewhat quadrangular, smooth. TVees : leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules; pubescence stellate ; staminate flowers in compound aments; pericarps opening by 4 valves. Nat. Ord, 87. Lindl. Juglande.e. 1. C. alra, ATutt. Leaflets mostly 5, obovate- and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beneath; aments smoothish; fruit depressed-globose; pericarp thick; nut compressed. Beck, Bot. p. 336. C. squamosa. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 179. Florul. Cestr. p. 105. Juglans alba ovata. Marsh. Arbust. p. 69. J. alba. Mx. Am. 2. p. 193. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 637. Not of Willd. Pers. Ait. Muhl. Bigel. nor Lindl. J. compressa. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 458. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 566. Ait. Kew 5. p. 297. Muhl. Catal. p. 88. Lindl. Ency. p. 794. J. squamosa. Mx. f. Sylva, l.p. 181 (Icon, tab. 36.). Bi"el Bost M0N0EC1A POLYANDRIA 515 White Carta. Vulgo—Shell-bark Hickory. Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and IS inches to 2 feet or more in diameter, wilh the bark exfoliating in long narrow scales, or plates, which generally adhere in the middle, while the ends are detached and elevated, making the surface very rough and shaggy. Leaflets mostly in 2 pairs, with a terminal odd one, 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and an inch and half to 2, or 2 and a half inches wide (the terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller), varying from ovate-lance- olate, to oblong- and obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, with the serra- tures often mucronate, smoothish above, softly pubescent beneath, the lateral ones sessile, the terminal one on a short petiole ; common petioles pubescent, 4 to 6 inches long, more than half their length below the lower pair of leaflets. Aments at the base of the young growth, 2 or 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, 3-parted or ternate, on a common peduncle, smoothish, pendulous, with a linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each lateral ament; scales ixifid, the lateral segments obtuse, the middle one elongated, lauce-linear, acuminate ; stamens mostly 4, the anthers somewhat hairy. Pistillate flowers terminal, mostly 2 or 3 together, sessile on a common peduncle ; perianth superior/or adnate to the ovary, 4-cleft, becoming, in the fruit, the 4-valved pericarp. Fruit depressed-globose, somewhat umbilicate at the ends, and depressed or sulcate along the sutures of the pericarp ; pericarp thick, opening at maturity into 4 distinct valves, or pieces ; nut about an inch long, sub orbicular, or oval, somewhat compressed and angular, white, the shell Ihin, and the kernel or nucleus large. Hab. Rich low lands; along streams, &c. frequent. Fl. May. FY. Octo. 06s. The nuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed. I think we have some varieties which may be referred to this species; and among them, perhaps, the one which I gave in my Catalogue, as C. sulcata,—a species which Michaux says is rare, east of the Alleghanies ;—though he adds, that it grows on the Schuylkill, thirty or forty miles above Philadelphia. The whole genus is believed to be peculiar to this Continent. 2. C microcarpa, A'utt. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, conspic- uously acuminate, serrate, smooth, glandular beneath; aments smooth ; fruit roundish-ovoid ; pericarp thin ; nut slightly quadrangular. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 221. Juglans compressa, var. microcarpa. Aluhl. Catal. p. 88. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 179. Small-fruited Carta. Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, with an even bark. Leaflets in 2 (or not unfrequently 3) pairs, wilh a terminal odd one, 4 lo 8 or 9 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate (the lower pair smaller and ovate-lanceolate), conspicuously acuminate, serrate, smooth on both sides, except a slight villose tuft in the axils of the nerves beneath, the under surface sprinkled with minute dark-purple particles,—the lateral leaflets subsessile and rather obtuse at base, the terminal one tapering and acute at base, on a short petiole ; common petioles 3 to 6 inches long, smooth. Aments ternate, long, slender, smooth; scales trifid, the lateral segments ovate, the middle one linear. Pistillateftowers terminal, 2 or 3 together, sessile on a common peduncle ; segments of the perianth lance-ovate, conspicuous. FYuit roundish-ovoid, about 3 fourths of an inch in diameter; pericarp ihin, with the sutures prominent; nut somewhat 4-angled, the shell ihin. 46* 546 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. This seems to be somewhat intermediate between C. alba, and one of lhe varieties of C. porcina; and is, perhaps, a good species; though Muhlenberg mado t a var. of C. alba, Nutt.—and Barton considers il rather as a variety of C. sulcata, Nutt. 3. C. tomentosa, ATutt. Leaflets mostly 7, oblong- and obovate- lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath; aments tomentose ; fruit ovoid, or elliptic-oblong; pericarp very thick; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell thick and very hard. Beck, Bot. p. 336. Juglans alba acuminata 1 Marsh. Arbust. p. 68. J. tomentosa. AIx. Am. 2. p. 192. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 637. Mx. f. Sylva, l.p. 176 (Icon, tab. 35.). J. alba. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 457. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 566. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 296. Muhl. Catal. p. 88. Bigel. Bost.p. 353. Lindl. Ency.p. 794. Not of AIx. and Pursh. Tomentose Carta. Vulgo—White-heart Hickory. Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, the bark smoothish, or wilh the fibres closely interlocked. Leaflets generally in 3 pairs, with a ter- minal odd one, 3 or 4 to 8 inches long, and an inch and half to 3 inches wide (lhe 2 lower pairs considerably smaller than the others), varying from lance-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, smoothish above, clothed with a rough- ish stellate pubescence benealh, and also sprinkled with very minute dark-purple particles among the pubescence,—the lateral leaflets sessile, obtuse and rather unequal at base, the terminal one tapering and acute al base, on a short petiole ; common petiole 4 to 8 or 9 inches long, very pubescent. Aments ternate, 4 to 6 or 7 inches long, filiform, pubescent, with hairy bracts at base ; scales 3-parted, the lateral segments obliquely lance-ovate, the middle one much elongated, linear, hairy. Pistillate flowers terminal, mostly in pairs, sessile on a short thick brac- teate common peduncle ; segments of the perianth lanceolate ; ovary very pubes- cent. Fruit ovoid, or oblong-oval, large (oflen 2 inches or more in length, and an inch and half in diameter); periraip thick, opening by 4 valves more than half way to the base ; nut somewhat 6-angled near the apex, the shell very thick and hard. Hab. Rich woodlands: common. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. This species, also, presents some varieties— one of which has a large elliptic or obovoid-oblong fruit. There is a variety of it (var. maxima, Null.), wilh still larger fruit, grows along the Perkiomen creek, in Mon'gomery County ; and may, perhaps, yet be fmnd along ihe Schuylkill, in this County. The wood of this species is white to the heart, and is celebrated for its excellence as fuel. It is replete, in summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap,—and when cut in lhat season, is much preyed on by worms. 4. C. porcina, ATutt. Leaflets about 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth; fruit pyriform, or subglobose; pericarp thin; nut smooth and hard. Beck, Bot. p. 336. Juglans alba minima. Marsh. Arbust. p. 68. J. glabra. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 458. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 566. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 297. Muhl. Catal. p. 88. Bigel. Bost. p. 354. Lindl. Ency. p. 794. * MONOECIA MONADELPHIA 547 Also, J. obcordata. Willd. I. c. Pers. I. c. Lindl I. c. Also, J. pyriformis. Aluhl. I. c. J. porcina. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 638. Alx.f. Sylva, l.p. 194 (Icon, lab. 38.). Hog Carta. Vulgo—Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with a close bark and numerous tough branches. Leaflets usually in 3 pairs (but not unfreqnently in 2 or 4 pairs), with a terminal odd one, 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, varying from ovale-lanceolate to oblong- and obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, generally smooth on both sides, sometimes a little pubescent beneath, and sprinkled with minute purple particles,—the lateral leaflets sessile, the terminal one tapering and acute at base, subsessile, or on a very short peliole ; common petioles 3 to 6 or 7 inches long, smooth. Aments ternate, or in pairs, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, slender and filiform, smoothish, bracteate at base ; scales trifid, segments lanceolate, the middle one rather longer than lhe others, acuminate ; anthers conspicuously hairy. Pistillate flowers terminal, solitary, or 2 or 3 ses- sile, and rather distant, on a common peduncle ; segments of the perianth long, linear-lanceolate ; ovary scarcely pubescent. FYuit rather small (about an inch long), subglobose, or obovoid,—the obovoid variety oflen a little compressed, and retuse, or obcordate; pericarp ihin, opening partially"by 4 valves; nut smooth and even, the shell often hard, but sometimes thin and easily cracked; the kernel often astringent and bitter, sometimes esculent. Hab. Low, moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October. 06s. The young saplings, of this species, were formerly much-used for making splint brooms ; and the tough sprouts, or seedling plants are often employed as ligatures, in rural economy, under the name of hickory withes. The wood, of lhe full grown tree, is used by Wheelwrights for making axles of carts and wagons; and like that of all the species, '13 much esteemed for fuel. I am disposed to think that the C. amara, of my Catalogue, is nothing more than a variety of this. In fact, I have found the varieties so numerous, and so perplexing, that I am not well satisfied wilh the result of my examination of this genus; and therefore commend it to the attention of future observers. I find that mere detached specimens, in flower, or with young fruit, will not serve to determine the true character of the trees. The mature, or, at least, the full-grown fruit, ought to be examined in con- nection with the features of the entire plant. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the U. States. Order 8. Monad elplaia. 438. PINUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 765. [Supposed from the Celtic, Pin, orPen, a rocky mountain; often ils place of growth.] Staminate Fl. in racemosely clustered Aments ,- scales^ peltate, each bearing 2 sessile l-celled anthers. Pistillate Fl. in ovoid Aments ,- scales closely imbricated, 2-flowered, enlarging and becoming woody, forming a cone. ATut winged at summit, covered by the oblong imbri- cated scales of the cone. TVees : Leaves very narrow and linear, solitary, or fasciculate, mostly semper- virent; aments lateral and terminal, conglomerate, the pistillate ones becoming woody cones, Nat. Ord. 223. Lindl. Coniperje. 548 MONOECIA MONADELPIIIA § 1. Scales of the cone even, thin at summit, and rounded. "j- Leaves solitary, distinct at base. 1. P. canadensis, L. Leaves somewhat distichous, flat, minutely denticulate; cones elliptic-ovoid, terminal, small. Beck, Bot. p. 340. Pinus-Abies americana. Marsh. Arbust. p. 103. Abies canadensis. AIx. Am. 2. p. 206. Mx. f. Sylva, 3. p. 185 (Icon, lab. 13.). Lindl. Ency. p. 804. Canadian Pinus. Vulgo—Spruce Pine. Hemlock Spruce. Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, wilh numerous horizontal, and often rather depending, branches. Leaves sempervirent, half an inch to 3 quarters in length, and about half a line wide, linear-oblong, obtuse, minutely denticulate near the apex, smooth, shining green above, bluish-glaucous benealh, especially while young, subsessile, or contracted at base to a very short peliole, distichously arranged on the branches, and crowded at their extremities. Stam- inate flowers in small roundish-ovoid pedunculate aments, which are racemosely arranged around and near the ends of lhe slender branches. Cones terminal, somewhat pendulous, about an inch long, and 2 thirds of an inch in diameter, oval, or elliptic-ovoid,—when young bluish-glaucous, finally pale brown, or ferru- ginous ; the scales imbricated, obovate, concave, wilh the apex rounded, thin, and entire. Hab. Rocky hills; Brandywine, Schuylkill: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug-Sept. 06s. All the Pines are rather scarce, in Chester County. This one is found in several places on the rocky banks of our larger streams. The wood, though jpflen used for joists, &c. in building houses, is not durable when exposed. The bark is said to be useful in tanning; and Marshall informs us the Aborigines used it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a red color. The Pines of this section seem to me to be very nearly, if not quite, distinct enough, in their habit and character, to warrant the preservation of the genus Abies. § 2. Scales of the cone thickened at summit, and mostly acuminate. | Leaves aggregated, mostly sheathed at base: * in pairs. 2. P. inops, Ait. Leaves mostly in pairs, rather short; cones oblong- ovoid, somewhat incurved; spines of the scales subulate, straight. Beck, Bot. p. 338. Icon, Mx. f. Sylva, 3. tab. 4. P. virginiana. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 102. Poor, or destitute Pinus. Vulgo— Scrubby Pine. Jersey Pine. Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 15 inches in d.ameter, with numerous straggling branches. Leaves an inch and half to near 3 inches long, very narrow and linear, acute, smooth, scabrous on the margin, mostly in pairs (sometimes in threes), and bound together at base with a sheath. Staminate flowers in oblong- ovoid sessile violet purple aments, which are clustered round the branches near their extremities. Cones 2 or 3 inches long, ovoid, tapering, and often somewhat curved; scales oblong, thickened at summit, wilh a straight subulate acumination. Hab. Sterile hills : not common. Fl. May. Fr. September. 06s. This occurs on our sterile hills, South of the Great Valley, and also in Kennett,-m which places it was collected by D. Townsend, Esq. and Mr. Joshua Hoopes. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA 549 • * Leaves in threes. 3. P. rioida, Alarsh. Leaves in threes, with the sheaths short; cones ovoid, often in clusters; spines of the scales rigid, reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 339. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva, 3. tab. 8. Rigid Pincs. Vulgo—Pitch Pine. Yellow Pine. S/era20to 50 or 60 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with numerous branches, —the lower ones falling off, and leavinga ruggid knotty stem, wilh a rough fissured bark. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, narrow, linear, acute, slighlly keeled, striate, smooth, scabrous on the margin, bound together at base, in fascicles of 3, by a short sheathing membrane. Staminate flowers in ovoid-oblong clustered aments. Cones 2 to 4 inches long, ovoid, sometimes scattered, but often in clusters round the branches; scales cuneate-oblong, thickened al summit, with a rigid sub-ancip- ital reflexed acumination. Hab. Mica-slate Hills: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept. * * * Leaves in fives. 4. P. Strohus, L. Leaves in fives, scarcely sheathed at base, slender; cones oblong, subcylindric, pendulous; scales without spines, loose. Beck, Bot. p. 339. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva, 3. tab. 10. Vulgo—White Pine. Weymouth Pine. New England Pine. Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high, and 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, straight, and coveted with a smooth bark, especially while young, branched, the branches ver- ticillate, rather slender, and, when the trees are crowded together, chiefly at the summit. Leaves 3 lo 5 or 6 inches long, very narrow, linear, acute, keeled, or sub-triqueirous, smooth, minutely denticulate or scabrous on the margin, of a bluish or glaucous-green color, aggregated in fascicles of 5, which are numerous on the branches, and stand on short protuberances, but are without any sheath at hase, except the deciduous bud-scales. Staminate flowers in small ovoid aments which are sessile and clustered round the base of the young branches, form- ing a linear-oblong spike. Cones3 to 5 inches long, and an inch or inch and half in diameter, nearly cylindric, somewhat curved, pendulous, generally smeared with the exuding turpentine ; scales cuneate-obovate, slightly thickened at sum- mit, but not acuminate, loosely imbricated. Hab. Rich woodlands ; old fields, &c. not common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug—Sept. 06s. This species does not often attain a large size in this County ; but on the rich bottom lands along the branches of the Susquehanna it becomes a noble tree, —frequently more than 100 feet in height, and 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with the stem straight, and free from branches except near the summit. The value of its wood, in affording boards, shingles, and other lumber, is well known. Twelve or fourteen additional species (including the Firs, and Larches) are enumerated in the U. States. 439. PHYLLANTHUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 774. [Gr. Phyllon, a le&f,kAnthos, a flower; the flowers being connected with the leaves.] Staminate Fl. Perianth 6-parted ; segments spreading, colored, persistent. Stamens 3, very short, spreading, united, or approximate, at base; anthers didymous. Pistillate Fl. Perianth as in the staminate flowers. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled; cells 2-valved, 1 or 2-seeded. 550 MONOECIA MONADELPIIIA Herbaceous, or frutescent: leaves simple, alternate, stipular, with small axillary flowers,-or sometimes pinnate, with the leaflets floriferous. Nat. Ord. 88. Lindl. EuPHORBIACBJE. 1. P. carolinensis, Walt. Herbaceous; erect; branches alternate and distichous; leaves simple, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, alter- nate and somewhat distichous, on short petioles; flowers few, axillary, nodding on short pedicels. Beck, Bot. p. 311. P. obovatus. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 574. Pers. Sy7i. 2. p. 589. Ait. Kew. b.p.333. Muhl Catal. p. 84. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 443. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 227. Torr. Comp.p. 361. Lindl. Ency. p. 810. Eat. Alan. p. 262. Carolina Phtllanthus. Root annual, fibrous. Stem 6 to 10 or 12 inches high, slender, but rather rigid, terete, smooth, sometimes dark purple, branching (often nearly simple), the branches alternate and distichously arranged, very slender, spreading,. Leaves alternate, and somewhat distichous, 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and 1 6ixth to 1 third of an inch wide, oblong and more or less obovate, generally obtuse, sometimes rather acute, entire, smooth, palish glaucous beneath, mostly acute at base, on petioles scarcely a line in length ; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers minute, 2 to 4 in each axil, lhe staminate and pistillate ones intermingled. Perianth inconspicuous, ochroleucous, with a purplish tinge at base, mostly 6-parted, the segments spreading, persistent,—those of the staminate flowers roundish-obovate,—of the pistillate ones oblong, or spatulate. Capules 6mall, depressed-orbicular, obscurely 3-lobed and slightly sulcale, smooth, green- ish, 3-celled, 6-valved (or with 3 principal valves, and each valve again splitting into 2),—the valves opening elastically, and falling off, leaving the acute central column, or receptacle of lhe seeds, standing in the centre of the persisient peri- anth. Seeds 2 in each cell, triquetrous with the outer side convex, ferruginous- lawny, minutely siriate-muricate, or covered with elevated dots which are disposed in lines. Hab. Moist grounds; Londongrove: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. I am indebted, for specimens of this, to my obliging friend, Wm. Jackson, Esq.—who collected it, in 1832, near his residence, in Londongrove ;—ihe only known locality as yet, within lhe County. It is a slender inconspicuous plant, —and although very distinct, reminds one of the little Anychia. It is lhe only known species in lhe U. States. 440. ACALYPHA. L. ATutt. Ge?i. 768. [A Greek name for the Nettle ; which this somewhat resembles.] Staminate Fl. Perianth 3 or 4-parted. Stamens 8 to 16, very short, connected at base. Pistillate Fl. Perianth 3-parted; seg- ments connivent, persistent. Styles 3, long, 2 or 3-parted. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Herbaceous, or frutescent: leaves alternate, stipular; flowers axillary, wilh a bract-like involucre, the staminate ones spiked. Nat. Ord. 88. Lindl. Ecphor- BIACE2E. 1. A. virginica, L. Leaves ovate, and oblong-lanceolate, obtusely serrate, petiolate; involucre pedicellate, roundish-cordate, acuminate, concave, unequally lobed; pistillate flowers at the base of the stamin- ate spikes. Beck, Bot. p. 311. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA 551 Also? A. caroliniana. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 184. Florul. Cestr.p. 108. Beck, I. c. Not of Ell. &c. Virginian Acaltpha. Vulgo—Three-seeded Mercury. Root annual, fibrous. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, terete, or sometimes a little angular, often striate, more or less pubescent and pilose, branching,—the branches often with the leaves and involucres crowded, like a leafy raceme, and dark purple. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to near 2 inches wide, varying from ovate and rhomboid-ovate to lance-oblong, tapering to the apex, but rather obtuse, more or less crenate-serrate, sometimes obscurely so, entire at base, 3-nerved, pilose, and rough with minute dots ; petioles 1 fourth of an inch to 2 inches long, slender, striate, pilose ; stipules minute, subulate-linear. Flowers minute, axillary, with a pedicellate bract-like involucre. Staminate flowers very minute, in a small interrupted pedunculate spike which is longer than the invo- lucre, and inserted at its cordate base. Involucre 1 third to half an inch long, roundish or broad-cordate, acuminate, concave or subcampanulate, nerved, rough- ish-dotted, pilose, and often hirsutely ciliate, cleft into unequal lance-oblong seg- ments about half way to the base. Pistillate flower at the base of the involucre and peduncle of the staminate spike. Capsule 3-lobed, or of 3 united cells, hirsute, —the valves elastic, and involute after bursting. Seeds ovoid, punctate, dark purplish-brown, often maculate wilh whitish spots. Hab. Pastures ; woodlands, &c. common. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept—Octo. 06s. This plant (which, in its general habit, somewhat resembles Parietaria pennsylvanica) presents some striking varieties,—one of which I supposed, when I published my Catalogue, might be the A. caroliniana ; but I have since seen that species, and find it to be quite distinct. It is doubtful, indeed, whether the two plants belong to the same genus ; and if not, the present is the only known species in ihe TJ. States. 441. LAGENARIA. Ser. DC. Prodr. 3.p. 299. [Greek, Lagenos, a flagon, or bottle; from lhe shape of the fruit.] Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; teeth lance-subulate, shorter than the tube. Petals 5, obovate, adnate to the calyx below its margin. Stam- inate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous, the fifth one free ; anthers 2-celled, very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior; style scarcely any ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed, granular. Fruit a ligneous pepo, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Seeds arillate, obovate, com- pressed, 2-lobed at apex, the margin tumid. Herbaceous: mostly climbing by tendrils; leaves alternate, cordate, palmate- nerved ; flowers axillary, solitary, pedunculate. Nat. Ord. 181. Lindl. Cucun- BITACE.E. 1. L. vulgaris, Ser. Softly pubescent,- stem climbing; leaves roundish-cordate, denticulate, biglandular al base,- fruit clavate- ventrieose, ligneous and smooth at maturity. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 299. Cucurbita Lagenaria. L. and the Authors, generally, here cited. Common Lagenaria. Vulgo—Calabash. Bottle Gourd. Gallice—Calebasse. Germ.—Der Kuerbiss. Hisp.— Calabaza. Whole plant softly pubescent, somewhat viscid, and emitting a foetid musky odor. Root annual. Stem 10 to 15 or iOfeet long, slender, branching, climbing by lateral branching tendrils. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and about as wide as long, roundish-cordate, with a short slender acumination, denticulate, palmate- 552 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA nerrerf, with 2 glands at base ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, on long peduncles; corolla white, veined. Fruit 12 to 15 or 18 inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, clavate-ventricose, or unequally bi-ventricose, finally nearly hollow, ligneous, and smooth. Seeds in a dry membranous arillus- Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept— Octo. Obs. Often cultivated for its fruit.—the thin firm woody shell qf which affords a convenient kitchen utensil. There are several varieties qf this—especially in the form of the fruit. It is believed there are no native species in the U. States; though this is said to have been cultivated by the Aborigines, from time immem- orial. 442. CUCUMIS. L. DC. Prodr. 3.p. 299. [Supposed from the Celtic, Cuce, a hollow vessel.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed ; teeth subulate, scarcely as long as the tnbe. Petals 5, nearly distinct, and scarcely adnate to the calyx, Staminate Fl. Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers very long and tortuous. Pistillate Fl. (sometimes perfect). Ovary inferior ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed, subsessile. Fruit a fleshy 3 to 6-celled pepo. Seeds obovate-oblong, compressed, acute at base, not margined. Herbaceous: procumbent, or climbing by tendrils ; leaves alternate, subcordate and palmate-nerved, or lobed ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short peduncles. Nat. Ord. 181. Lindl. Cucurbitace^. 1. C. Melo, L. Stem prostrate, scabrous,- leaves subcordate, ob- tuse, somewhat angled, the angles rounded; flowers polygamous, the fertile ones perfect; fruit oval, or subglobose, torulose. DC. Prodr, 3. p. 300. Melon Cucumis. Vulgo—Musk Melon. Cantalupe. Gallice—Melon. Germ.—Melone. Hisp—Melon almizcleno. Plant hirsute and roughish. Root annual. Stem a succulent vine 5 to 8 or 10 feel long, procumbent, sparingly branched, bearing simple tendrils. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and rather wider than long, roundish-cordate, palmate-nerved, some- what angulate-lobed, the lobes rounded, obscurely denticulate ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers axillary, on short peduncles; corolla yellow. Fruit 6 to 12 inches long, and 4 to & or 7 inches in diameter, oval or oblong, sometimes nearly globose, roughish, longitudinally ridged and grooved, or torulose, fleshy,—the flesh, when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a spicy flavor. Seeds whitish. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August. Obs. This is not unfrequently cultivated, here, for the table ; but the best ones come from the warm sandy soil qf New Jersey. 2. C. sativus, L. Stem procumbent, scabrous,- leaves subcordate and angulate-lobed, the terminal lobe prominent; fruit oblong, ob- scurely and obtusely trigonous, scabrous when youne; finally smooth- ish. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 300. J * Cultivated Cucumis. Vulgo—Cucumber. Gallice—Le Concombre. Germ.—Die Gurke. Hisp.—Pepino. Plant rough and hispid. Root annual. Stem a succulent vine 6 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching, prostrate, or somewhat climbing by its simple tendrils, when supports are within reach. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as MONOECIA MONADELPHIA 553 U>ide as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed, lobes acute, entire or minutely dentic- ulate on the margin, the middle or terminal one longest; petioles 2 to 3 or 4 inches long. Flowers axillary, on short peduncles; corolla yellow. Fruit G to 12 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter, elliptic-oblong, obscurely trigonous, or with 3 obtuse longitudinal ridges, rough with bristle-pointed tubercles when young finally smoothish, and qf a tawny yellow color. Seeds lance-oblong, whitish. Hab, Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. June—Sept. Fr. Aug— Octo. Obs. Universally cultivated for the table. Tlie young fruit (sometimes called Gherkins—gallice, Cornichons—) affords an esteemed pickle. 3. C. Anguria, L. Stem prostrate, slender, hispid; leaves palmate- sinuate, cordate at base,- fruit subglobose, or oval, echinate. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Vulgo—Prickly Cucumber. Jerusalem Cucumber. Plant hirsute. Root annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, very slender, prostrmte, branching, angular, and hirsute, bearing simple tendrils. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, deeply sinuate-lobed; petioles 1 or 2 inches long. Flowers greenish yellow, on axillary peduncles. Fruit usually about an inch and half long, and an inch in diameter, elliptic-ovoid, or oval, muricate, green. Seeds whitish. Hab. Gardens: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. Obs. Often cultivated for the young fruit,—which is used for pickles. 4. C. Citrullus, Ser. Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; leaves ob- tusely sinuate-pinnatifid, bluish-glaucous beneath; flowers solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract,- fruit elliptic, smooth, stellate-mac- ulate. _ DC. Prodr. 3. p. 301. Cucurbita Citrullus. L. and the Authors here cited, Vulgo—Water Alelon. Gallice—.Melon d'eau. Germ.— JVasser Melone. Hisp.—Sandia. Plant hairy. Root annual. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, slender, angular, very hairy, somewhat branching, procumbent, with branching tendrils. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, ovale in their outline, somewhat 5-lobed, with theprincipal lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, the segments all obtuse; petioles 2 to 3 inches long, generally erect. Flowers axillary, on hairy peduncles an inch w more in length, with a single lance linear or oblong bract al lhe base of the peduncle; corolla pale greenish-yellow, or ochroleucous. Fruit 12 lo 18 or 20 inches long, and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, elliptic, or subglobose, smooth, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature, with a tender sweet watery pulpi within, which is usually purple, sometimes nearly while. Seeds obovate, varying from purple lo nearly black. Hab, Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. June—Aug. Fr. Aug—Sept. Obs. 77ti's plant, so well known for its delicious fruit, is often cultivated, here; but our principal supply is furnished from New Jersey,—where the fruil comes to greater perfection. There are several varieties qf this, and of all the preceding species. I have followed Prof. De Candolle in arranging this plant with Cucu- mis ; but it seems to me to be rather an arbitrary and unnatural association. There are no native species in the V. Stales. 47 554 MONOECIA MONADELPHIA 443, SICYOS. L. ATutt. Gen. 778. iSikyos, an ancient Greek name of the Cucumber] Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted ; lobes ovate. Stam- inate Fl. Stamens 3, with the filaments united. Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior; stigma thickish, trifid. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe- like pepo, often spinose. Seed ovate. Herbaceous: climbing by tendrils; leaves alternate, palmate-nerved; floweri in capitate clusters on axillary peduncles. Nat. Ord. 181. Lindl. Cccurbitacb*. 1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves broad-cordate, somewhat angulate- 5-lobed, denticulate, lobes acuminate; fruit spinescent and villose, in dense capitate pedunculate clusters. Beck, Bot. p. 128. Anoulate Sicyos. Vulgo—Single-seeded Cucumber. Root annual. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching, striate, pubes- cent, climbing by tendrils which are somewhat umbellately branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and about as wide as long, pentagonal in their outline, cor- date at base, obscurely 5-lobed, or sinuate-angled, denticulate, roughish-pubesceni; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, clustered on axillary commori peduncles 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length; staminate ones corymbose-capitate, wilh the common peduncle longer; pistillate ones in dense capitate clusters; fruit compressed, ovate, in stellately globose heads about an inch in diameter, villose, and armed with roughish slender tawney spines about 1 third of an inch long. Hab. Banks of Schuylkill, at Black Rock: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Collected in the above locality, in 1829, by D. Townsend, Esq. It has been introduced about some houses, to run over arbors, &c.—but it is a pernicious plant in gardens, and cultivated lots ; and very difficult to get rid of. The leaves (and indeed lhe general habit of the plant) have considerable resemblance to those of the common Cucumber. It is the only species in the TJ. Stales. 444. MOMORDICA. L. ATutt. Gen. 776. [Latin, mordeo, to bite, or chew; the seeds being rugose, as if chewed.] Calyx 5-cleft; tube very short. Corolla 5-parted. Staminate Fl. Stamens triadelphous ; anthers connate. Pistillate Fl, Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style 3-cleft. Fruit a muricate pepo, bursting elas- tically when mature. Seeds compressed, reticulately rugose. Herbaceous: climbing by tendrils; leaves alternate, palmate-lobed; flowers on axillary bracteate peduncles. Nat. Ord. 181. Lindl. Cucurbitaceje. 1. M. Balsamina, L. Leaves palmate-b-lobed, dentate, naked, shining ; fruit roundish-ovoid, attenuate at each end, angular, tuber- culate, bursting irregularly on one side ; bract above the middle of the peduncle, orbicular-cordate, dentate. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 311. Balsam Momordica. Vulgo—Balsam Apple, Root annual. Stem 3 to 5 feet long, slender, branching, sulcate-angled, smooth, climbing by its simple smooth tendrils. Leaves 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and rather wider than long, somewhat reniform-cordate in their outline, sinuate-pal- mate and dentate, deep green, not hairy, but roughish-dotted; petioles a6ou* an inch long. Flowers pale yellow, or ochroleucous, on slender axillary bracteate peduncles 2 or 3 inches in length ; bract a6ouf half an inch long, roundish-cor- date, dentate, veined, often whitish-maculate or discolored, situated rather above M0N0EC1A MONADELPIIIA 555 the middle of thepeduncle (below the middle, DC). Fruit somewhat ovoid, taper- ing at each end, angular, tuberculate, qf a reddish-orange color when mature. Hab. Gardens: not very common. Fl. July—August. Fr. Sept. Obs. This is occasionally cultivated for its fruit, which is reputed balsamic and vulnerary. I find, also, in our gardens, indiscriminately cultivated with this, the M. Charantia, L.—with the stem pubescent, ihe leaves seven-lobed, cordate in their outline, and hirsute on the nerves, the tendrils pubescent, the bracts entire, and situated below the middle of the peduncles, thef, uit oblong and acuminate. There has been one native species (though of somewhat doubtful generic character) found in the U. States. 445. CUCURBIT A. L. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 316. [The Latin name for a gourd, or hollow vessel; applied to this genus.] Corolla campanulate; the petals coalesced with each other, and with the calyx. Staminate Fl. Calyx hemispherical-campanulate. Stamens 5, triadelphous and syngenesious ; anthers straight and par- allel, with the base and apex abruptly curved. Pistillate Fl. Ovary inferior; calyx obovoid-clavate, always circumscissed below the limb, after flowering; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. Fruit a fleshy, or sublig- neous, pepo, 3 to 5-celled. Seeds obovate, compressed, smooth, the margin scarcely tumid. Herbaceous : procumbent, or somewhat climbing by tendrils ; leaves alternate, subcordate and palmate-nerved ; flowers axillary, subsolitary, pedunculate. Nat. Ord. 181. Lindl. Cucurbitace^. 1. C. Pepo, L. Leaves cordate, somewhat b-lobed, denticulate ,- fruit subglobose, oblong, or subclavate, smoo'.h, Jteshy. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 317. Vulgo—Pumpkin. Gallice—La grosse Citrouille. Poliron. Plant rough and hispid. Root annual. Stc m a succulent vine 10 to 20 feet long, angular, sparingly branched, procumbent, or somewhat climbing by branched ten- drils. Leaves 9 to 12 or 15 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, obtusely cor- date, somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate; petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, large, axillary, the staminate ones often solitary on a long peduncle,—or sometimes subsessile in small clusters on a common peduncle, and then generally abortive. Fruit varying from depressed-globose to oval, oblong, and elavate, large, smooth, dark green, or yellow, or -mottled with yellow and cinereous, the rind thick .and fleshy, the cavity loosely filled with c stringy pulp. Hab. Cultivated lots ; Indian-corn fields: common. Fl. July. Fr. October. Obs. Extensively cultivated for its fruit,—qf which there are numerous varie. ties;—some qf them attaining an enormous size (2 feet or more in diameter), but not so valuable. The better sorts are qften used al table,—affording the celebrated Pumpkin pie of New England ; and the coarser varieties are esteemed for feeding stock. When growing in the vicinity of Squashes, the fruit qf this is liable to be converted into a Hybrid, qf little or no value. I have had a crop of Pumpkins totally spoiled by that cause,—the fruit becoming very hard and warty,—unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to cattle. 2. C. Melopepo, L. Leaves cordate, somewhat b-angled, denticu- late ; fruit orbicular and much depressed, or clypeate, with the mar- gin mostly tumid. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 317, 556 DIOECIA DIANDRIA Vulgo—Round Squash. Cymling. Gallice—Bonnet de Pretre. Plant hirsute. Root annual. Stem a succulent vine 8 to 12 feel long, angular, somewhat branching,procumbent, or sometimes climbing by the branched tendrils; —sometimes the tendrils are converted into imperfect leaves, and the branches themselves very numerous, and flatted, or dilated. Leaves 6 or 8 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, roughish-pubescent, subcordate, somewhat 5-lobed, the ter- minal lobe rather elongated, tapering to a point; petioles as long as the leaves, and often longer. Flowers yellow, rattier large, pedunculate. Fruit orbicular and much depressed, or buckler-shaped, qften somewhat torulose, and with the margin tumid, generally smooth, sometimes verrucose, yellow, green, or mottled, finally hard and subligneous. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. October. Obs. Cultivated for the young fruit,—which is generally esteemed as a vegeta- ble sauce. There are numerous varieties qf the fruit,—and qf various qualities. 3. C. verrucosa, L. Leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, the middle lobe narrowed at base,- fruit clavate, or elliptic, verrucose. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 317. Warty Cucurbita, Vulgo—Warted Squash. Long Squash, Plant hirsute. Root annual. Stem a succulent vine 10 to 15 feet long, angular and somewhat branching, procumbent, or sometimes climbing by the tendrils. Leaves raiher larger than in the preceding species, and more deeply lobed. Flow- ers yellow, rather large. Fruit varying from elliptic to obovoid, and qften much elongated, clavate and incurved, roughened wilh warts or obiuse tubercles, green, yellow, or mottled, finally hard and subligneous. Hab. Gardens, and cultivated lots: frequent. Fl. Jiily. Fr. October. Obs. Cultivated as the preceding ; and, like it, subject to several varieties. R is very apt to produce worthless hybrids amongst Pumpkins, when growing near them,—as remarked -under No. 1; and therefore should iiever be planted in their immediate vicinity. There are no native species known in the U. States. This last, however, is said, by Mr. Nuttall, fa6e cultivated by the Indians qf the Mis- souri to its sources. CLASS XX, DIOECIA. Order 2. Diandria. 446. VALLISNERIA. /,. ATutt. Gen. 779. [In honor of Antonio Vallisneri ; an Italian Botanist.] Staminate Fl. Spathe 2 to 4-parted. Spadix on a very short scape, conical, covered with minute sessile florets. Perianth 3-parted. Pistillate Fl. Scape very long, spiral, or flexuose. Spathe tubu- lar, bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-paited, the segments alternately ovate, and linear. Ovary inferior, long, linear; stigmas 3, subsessile, ligulate, semibifid. Capsule valveless, long, linear, 1-celled, many- seeded. Seeds parietally attached. Herbaceous, submersed aquatics.- leaves all radical; flowers on axillary or interfoliaceous scapes,—the pistillate ones solitary, wilh the scape very long filiform, and flexuose, or spirally twisted. Nat. Ord. 231. Lindl. Hvdrocharide*,' DI0EC1A DIANDRIA 557 1, V. sriRALis, L. var. americana, Torr. Leaves linear, obtuse, minutely aculeate on the margin; pistillate scapes flexuose. Beck, Bot. p. 342. V. americana. AIx. Am. 2. p. 220. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 651. Pers. Sy^n. 2. p. 598. Muhl. CataLp.'9l. Pursh, Am. 2.p. 602. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 230. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 188. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 666. Bigel. Bost. p. 364. Florul. Cestr. p. 108. Spiral Vallisneria. Vulgo—Eel-grass. Tape-grass. Channel-weed. Root perennial, fibrous. Leaves all radical, 9 to 18 inches, or 2 feet, in length, and 1 sixth to half an inch wide, linear and somewhat grass-like, obiuse, entire, and usually wilh very minute aculeate teeth on the margin, obscurely 3-nerved, striate, smooth, thin, deep green. Pistillate flowers on interfoliaceous scape-like peduncles 9 to 18 inches, or more, in length (varying with the depth of water),— lhe peduncle slender and filiform, or a little thickened towards the flower, flexu- ose rather than spiral, floating, with the flower at or near the surface, spalhe about half an inch long, tubular, embracing the ovary, bifid, membranaceous; perianth whilish, with tinges of purple, 3 outer segments ovate, the 3 inner ones linear, very small; ovaiy inferior, about 3 fourths of an inch long, and scarcely a line wide, linear, somewhat compressed, or ancipital, with keel-like margin*, mostly of a dingy greenish purple. Hab. Slow-flowing waters of the Brandywine: frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Obs. I have not yet observed the staminate plant. The pistillate ones are numerous, and obvious enough at the season of flowering, in the waters of lhe Brandywine, and o„her considerable streams. Wilson, in his Ornithology, says the roots of this plant are the favorite food of the Canvass-back Duck,—to which the peculiarly delicate flavor of the flesh of that bird has been ascribed. The leaves which are usually procuffibently floating, afford a hiding-place for Eels,— whence one of iis common names. It is the only species in lhe U. States ; and probably, as Pursh suggested, not specifically distinct from the European V. spiralis. 447. SALIX. L. A'utt. Gen. 780. [Celtic, Sal, near, and Lis, water; alluding to their place of growth.] Staminate Fl, Aments cylindric; scales imbricated, 1-flowcred. Perianth 0, Stamens 2 to 5, with a nectariferous gland at base. Pis- tillate Fl. Aments cylindric ; scales imbricated, 1-flowered. Per- ianth 0. Ovary lance-ovoid, acuminate, with a nectariferous gland atbase; stigmas 2, often bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves acuminate, the beaks finally revolute. Seeds numerous, minute, comose. Trees, or shrubs, rarely suffruticose: leaves alternate, mostly stipular; flowers In axillary and terminal aments. Nat. Ord. 84. Lindl. Salicine.e. ■J" Leaves entire, or obsoletely serrate. 1. S. recurvata, Pursh. Leaves lance-obovate, acute, very entire, silky pubescent when young, finally smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules caducous; scales black at apex, pilose, the hairs asTong as the ovary ; ovaries silky-pubescent, on short pedicels; style very short; stigmas bifid. Beck, Bot. p. 318. JRscrnvED Salix. 47* 558 DIOECIA DIANDRIA Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, wilh a greenish-brown bark, branchod-the branches somewhat pubescent when young, finally smooth ; 6«rfs tawny, Leaves 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to near an inch wide, more or less obovate, acute, and sometimes wilh a short abrupt acumination ; petioles about a line in length ; stipules small, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, caducous. Aments appearing before the leaves, the pistillate ones about an inch long, finally recurved ; capsules minutely pubescent, tawny, the silky pappus which crowns lhe seeds long and copious. Hab. Woodlands ; Mica-slate hills : not very common. Fl. April. Fr. May. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. \ f Leaves remotely and obtusely serrats. 2. S. conifera ? Wangenh. Leaves oblong and obovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, subserrate, strongly veined and cinereous-tomentose beneath ; stipules obliquely ovate-lanceolate, subdentate ; young branches densely villose; ovaries acuminate, pubescent, pedicellate; stigmas 2-lobed. Beck ? Bot. p. 319. S. humilis] Marsh. Arbust. p. 140. S. Muhlcnbergiana. Florul. Cestr. p. 108. Not of Willd. 6cc. CONE-BEARING SaLIX. S!em3 to 5 feet high, wilh a dingy or dark greenish-brown bark, much branched, —the young branches densely clothed with a soft cinereous tomentum, or villus i buds villose,—the terminal ones often enlarged into cones, from the punctures of insects. Leaves an inch and halfto3or3and a half inches long, and half an inch to aninch wide, lance-oblong, generally inclining lo oblanceolate, acute (those near lhe base of ihe branches often obovate-oblong, or elliptic, and obiuse), remotely and ob- soletely serrate, often entire, and the margin slighlly revolute, the upper surfaca green and finally smooth, except on the midrib which is pubescent, the under sur- face prominently and somewhat rugosely veined, and more or less densely clothed wilh a cinereous tomentose pubescence, the base mostly acute, and oflen cuneate ; petioles 1 line to 1 third of an inch long, tomentose ; stipules 3 or 4 lines long, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, or semicordate, acuminate, mostly dentate, sometimes entire. Aments appearing before the leaves, the pistillate ones about an inch long; capsules lawny, pubescent, the pappus long and copious. Hab. Low grounds ; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May. 06s. Mr. Nuttall and Dr. Pickering both pronounced this to be S. conifera ; yet I think there is some confusion and obscurity about that species. Several of lhe Willows are subject to have the terminal buds converted into cones,__particu- larly the S. longirostris, of this work; and I have collected unusually large cones on two other species, at the Falls of Niagara. If the present plant be the genuine S. conifera, our American Botanists are mostly wrong, I apprehend, in quoting S. longirostris, Mx. as a Synonym. 3. S. longirostris, Mx ? Leaves narrow, cuneate-oblanceolate, acute at each end, nearly entire, with the margin revolute, strongly veined beneath, cinereous-pubescent on both sides, finally smoothish above; stipules none, or caducous; young branches pubescent; ovaries pedicellate, acuminate ; style elongated ; capsules diverging, Ions- beaked. AIx. Am. 2. p. 226. 5 LOXO-BEAKBD SaLIX. DIOECIA DIANDRIA 559 Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, often decumbent, much branched, with a dingy dark-green, or sometimes yellowish, bark,—the young branches clothed with a fine short cinereous pubescence ; buds pubescent, the terminal ones often enlar- ged into truncated cones,—or mire frequently the cones are inverted, or turbinate. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 sixth to half an inch wide, acute at each end, broadest near the apex, and cuneately tapering to lhe base; petioles very short (scarcely a line in length), pubescent; stipules none 1 or, if any, very caducous. Aments preceding the leaves, the pistillate ones half an i nch to 3 quarters in length ; scales obovate, silky-pilose, blackish at apex ; ovaries slender, acuminately laper- ing to the apex, and terminating in a distinct style, densely cinereous-pubescent, on pedicels nearly twice as long as lhe scales; capsules wilh a long acumination. diverging, pubescent, finally tawny. Hab. Mica-slate hills ; woodlands, and thickets: frequent. M. April. Fr. May 06s. This is the S. lemgirostris, of Muhlenberg's Herbarium, and probably of Michaux. It is the most humble and dwarfish of any of our Chester County Wil- lows ; and although I confounded il with the preceding, in my Catalogue, I now Ihink it quile distinct. Mr. Nuttall avers that it is closely allied to S. repens, and S. rosmarinifolia,—and I incline to the opinion, myself, that il may be the S. ros- marinifolia, of Pursh, Ell. &c. but it does not quite agree with my European specimens of that plant. 4. S. discolor? Willd. Leaves lance-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, remotely and obsoletely undulate-serrate, smoothish, glaucous beneath; stipules lanceolate, subdentate, decidous; young branches slightly pubescent; aments sub-coaHaneous; ovaries subsessile, tomentose. Beck, Bot. p. 320. Also ? S. prinoides. Pursh, Torr. Beck, &c. Two-colored Salix. Stem 6 to 10 feet high, wilh a yellowish-brown bark, branched, branches virgate slightly pubescent when young. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of au inch to an inch wide, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes rather oblanceolate, acute, or subacuminate, smoolh and yellowish-green above, glaucous beneath, veined, and clothed, when young, with a short whitish deciduous pubescence, finally smoolh ; petioles 2 to 4 lines long, pubescent when young, finally smooth ; stipules lance- olate, denticulate, or entire, shorter than the petioles. Hab. Low grounds; North of West Chesterr not common. F?. April. FY. Obs. Mr. Nuttall called this S. discolor; but the leaves are not quite so serrate as those of the specimen so named in Muhlenberg's Herbarium. They have some resemblance inform and size to those of No. 2; but in other respecls the plant is quite different. I have not yet seen it in flower, nor fruit. It was collected by D. Townsend, Esq. in 1830. t f t Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 5. S. nigra, Marsh. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, smoothish and green on both sides, the petiole, and midrib above, tomentose; stipules small, obliquely ovate, caducous; aments cosetane- ous, villose; scales oblong; filaments 3 to 6, bearded at base; ovaries smooth, pedicellate; style short. Beck, Bot. p. 320. (Not of Florul. Cestr.) Icon, Mx. f. Sylva, 3. lab. 126. fig. I. IS. caroliniana. Mx. Am, 2. p. 226, Black Salix. 560 DIOECIA DIANDRIA Stem 15 to 20 feet high, and 8 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, often crooked, or leaning, wilh a dark-colored rough bark, branched,-the branches brittle at base, somewhat pubescentand mostly dark purple when young. Leaves about 3 inches long, and half an inch lo 3 quarters wide, lanceolate, very acute, or wilh a slender acumination, pubescent when voung, finally smooth except on the midrib above, of nearly the same color on both sides ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 lines long, very pubes- cent ; stipules small, obliquely ovate, minutely serrulate, very caducous. Stam- inate aments an inch and half lo 2 inches long, tomentose; filaments 3 to 6, usually 5, pilose at base; anthers yellow. Pistillate aments about an inch long; scales lance-oblong, obtuse, pilose and ciliate wilh cinereous hairs; ovaries smooth, on short pedicels. •Hii6. Low grounds; along streams: frequent. Fl. April—May. FY. Obs. This species has been found in several places, by D. Townsend, Esq. and Mr. Geo. W. Hall. The plant intended by S. nigra, in my Catalogue, is believed to be an introduced species,—the S. Russelliana, of the present work. <3. S. lucida, Aluhl. Leaves ovate-oblong, or elliptic, cuspidate-acu- minate, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining green on both sides ; stipules roundish-ovate, or oblong, serrate; aments coaetaneous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, pilose at base, smooth and serrate at apex ; ovaries lance-subulate, smooth ; style short. Beck, Bot. p. 321. Icon, Mx* f. Sylva, 3. tab. 125. fig. 3. Shining Salix. S/em8to 12 or 15 feet high, branched, the branches smooth, with a shining yel- lowish-brown bark; 6mc?s lance-oblong, smooth, tawny. ieares2to 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch or more in width, generally elliptic, or lance- oval, with a conspicuous acumination, rather acuie ai base, sometimes a little rounded or obtuse, finely serrate with the serratures glandular, smooth and shining, paler green beneath ; petioles 1 fourih to half an inch long, smoolh; stipules varying from roundish-ovate lo oblong, and often subreniform, serrate, smoolh, sessile, or sub-petiolate. Hab. Along Brandywine, near Downingtown : rare. Fl. May. FY. Obs. I am indebted for my only Chester County specimen of this, to Mr. Joshua Hoopes,—who collected it near Downingtown, in 1828. I have not yet met with it, either in flower or in fruit,—nor have I seen any specimen with the leaves so large as that figured in Michaux's Sylva. It has some resemblance, as Pursh remarks, to lhe S. amygdalina, of Europe,—but is still more nearly allied to S pentandra.-—indeed, Mr. Borrer (fide Hook.) doubts if our S. lucida be distinct from the European S. pentandra. 7. S. PuRsniANA, Spreng. Leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, grad- ually attenuate to the apex, subfalcate, acute at base, finely dentate- serrate, smooth on both sides, silky-pubescent when young; stipules somewhat lunate, or obliquely reniform-cordate, dentate, reflexed ; ovaries smooth, pedicellate ; style short. Beck, Bot. p. 320. S. falcata. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 614. Florul. Cestr. p. 109. Lindl. Ency. p. 822. S. cordata, var. falcata. Torr. Comp. p. 370. Pursh's Salix. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, wilh long slender smoolh branches. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, tapering gradually to a very acute apex, and more or less falcate or curved laterally, mostly acute al base, smooth and green on both sides^ petioles 2 to 4 lines long, smoolh ; stipules ob- DIOECIA DIANDRIA 561 liquely rcniform-cordate, dentate, smooth, subpetiolate, mostly reflexed, large on the young branches. Pistillate amentsan inch and half to2 inches long; capsules ovoid, acuminate, smooth, brownish-tawny, distinctly pedicellate; rachis slightly villose. Hab. Swamps, and margins of ponds: frequent. Fl. April—May. Fr. June. 06s. I was mistaken in giving the size of this species, in my Catalogue. I think I have never seen it more than 4 to 6 feet high:—nor have I noticed the ctaminale plant. 8. S. grisea, Willd. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, smooth above, silky beneath; stipules ovate-oblong, subdentate, caducous; aments preceding the leaves; ovaries ovoid-oblong, silky-pubescent, on short pedicels ; stigmas subsessile. Beck, Bot. p 321. S. sericea. Alarsh. Arbust. p. 140. Giiey Salix. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with slender dark greenish-brown branches, which are cinereous-pubescent when young, and brittle at base. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and half an inch to an i nch wide, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, serrulate, smooth above except on the midrib, which is cinereous-pubescent, clothed benealh wilh an appressed silky pubescence which is of a silvery glaucous hue ; petioles 2 to 4 or 6 lines long, pubescent; stipules ovate-oblong (linear, Willd. Torr. Beck,) den- ticulate, silky, caducous. Staminate aments about half an inch long ; scales ovate-oblong, black at apex, villose ; anthers fuscous, or greenish-brown. Pistil. late aments about an inch long; capsules ovoid-oblong, silky-pubescent, pale tawny with tinges of green. Hab. Low grounds; swampy thickets: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May. 06s. I received, from the late Mr. S.hweinitz, a specimen of this, labelled by him, S. discolor, 9. S. Russelliana 1 Sm. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, acute at base, smooth, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath; aments costa- neous; ovaries ovoid-subulate, smooth, pedicellate; style elongated. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 656. S. nigra. Florul. Cestr. p. 109. Not of Marsh. &c. Russell's, or Duke of Bedford's Salix. Stem 20to 40 or 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diamster, branched,—the branches with a dark greenish-brown smoolh and shining bark, somewhat pubescent when young, brittle at base. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, aDd half an inch to near an inch wide, lanceolate, acute at each end, the apex mostly tapering to a slender acumi- nation, serrate, mostly smoolh, green above, paler and more or less glaucous beneath, silky-pubescent when young; petioles 2 to 6 lines in length, somewhat pubescent; stipules small, caducous. Pistillate aments 2 to 2 and a half inches long, loose ; scales linear-lanceolate, pubescent and ciliate at base, membranous and tawny, deciduous; ovaries on short pedicels, slender and tapering to the apex, smooth, wilh a distinct style, and 2-lobed sligma; rachis pubescent. Cap- sules of a dingy tawny-green color. Hab. Low grounds ; along Brandywine : frequent. Fl. April—May. FY. June. 06s. This is evidently an introduced Willow,—and seems to be the S. Russet- liana, of England. It is naturalized to a considerable extent, along the Brandy- wine ; and has been ssmetiraes advantageously cultivated, in low swampy grounds- 562 DIOECIA TETRANDRIA I have not yet met wilh any but the pistillate plant. The prevailing dark green hue of this species, and my limited acquaintance wilh lhe genus, when my Catal- ogue was published, led me to insert it in that work by the erroneous name of S nigra. Dr. Beck cites it as a Synonym of his S. decipiens; but in this I think there must be a mistake. 10. S. vitelline, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrulate, or nearly entire, smoothish above, silky beneath; aments corotaneous ; ovaries ovoid-lanceolate, smooth, subsessile; style short. Beck, Bot. p. 322. Eog-tolk Salix. Vulgd—Yellow Willow. Common Willow. Gallic^—Le Saule. Germanice—Die Weide. Hispanice—Sauce. Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, wilh numerous rather erect branches, and a smoolh shining orange-yellow (or sometimes pale greenish- yellow) bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters widei generally lanceolate, acute, and wilh indistinct cartilaginous glandular serratures, —not unfrequently obovate-oblong, obtuse, and entire (especially when young, or the early ones at lhe base of the young branches),—silky-pubescent, finally smooth and yellowish-green above, silky and glaucous beneath ; petioles 1 to 2 lines long, pubescent; stipules minute, lance-ovale, caducous (none, Pursh, Beck, &c). Pistillate aments 2 to2 and a half inches long; scales ovate-lanceolate, externally pubescent, and pilose-ciliate ; ovaries ovoid-lanceolate, smoolh, on very short pedicels ; rachis pubescent. Hab. About houses; meadows, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June. 06s. This was early introduced, here, as a shade tree; and has become parti- ally naturalized, in many places. I think I have never seen any but the/>«s/i7tafe plant. A variety, with paler bark (perhaps the S. alba, of Authors) is also occa- sionally to be met with. The handsome S. babylonica, or Weeping Willow, is more generally preferred as an ornamental Shade tree,—and lhe pistillate plant 568 DIOECIA OCTANDRIA rrn. SfeeaVmuch compressed, suborbicular, with a thin white shining membran- aceous margin. Hub. Fence-rows ; thickets, &c. frequent. Fl. June—July. FY. Octo. 06s. There is another species (D. quaternata, Walt. D. glauca, Muhl.) enumer- ated in the U. States ; but I suspect il is scarcely more than a variety of this. [Prinos verticillalus. Hexandria. Monogynia.] [Hetonias dioica. Htxandria Trigynia.] Order 7. Octandria. 454. POPULUS. L. A'utt. Gen. 796. [Latin, Populus, lhe people; being used lo shade public walks.] Staminate Fl. Aments cylindric; scales lacerately fringed at sum- mit; perianth subturbinate, oblique, entire. Pistillate Fl. Aments, scale and perianth, as in the staminate flowers. Ovary superior; style very short, bifid; stigmas large, 2 or 3-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, al- most 2-celled by the inflected margins of the valves.. Seeds numer- ous, minute, comosc. Trees: leaves alternate, stipular,—the petiole often laterally compressed, and bielandular, at summit; flowers in aments issuing from lateral buds. Nat. Ord. 84. Lindl, Salicine^. 1. P. tremuloides, AIx. Leaves small, cordate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, unequally dentate-serrulate, pubescent on the margin. Beck, Bot. p. 323. Icon, AIx. f. Sylva. 2. tab. 99. fig. I. P. trcmula. Alarsh. Arbust.. p. 107. Not? of L. Willd. Pers. and Lindl. P. laevigata. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 803. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 395. Lindl. Ency. p. 840. Also, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 623. Not? of Pursh, ATutt. Beck, Eat. P. trcpida. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 618. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 239. Not? of Willd. Pers. Ait. Aluhl. Lindl. TnEMULA-LiKE Populus. Vulgo—Quaking Asp. American Aspen. Siem 30 to 50 feet high, and 6 to 12 or 15 inches in diameter, branched (when crowded, the stem pole-like, with few branches), the bark rather smooth and whitish, or cinereous, somewhat fissured on the stems of old trees. Leaves about 2 inches long, and raiher wider than long, suborbicular and slightly cordate, with a short abrupt acumination, mostly without glands at base, smoolh, the margin unequally dentate.serrulate, somewhat undulate, and fringed (especially when young) wilh white silky hairs; petioles 2 to 3 inches long, slender, smooth, subterete towards the base, laterally compressed, or vertically dilated, near the leaf, which disposes the leaf to be agitated by the slightest motion of the air; stipules small, subulate-lanceolate, pubescent, caducous. Pistillate aments large (3 to 4 or 5 i.iches long). Hub. Low grounds; Brandywine, &c. not very common. Fl. April. Fr. May. 06s. There is a considerable grove of this at Wynn's Meadows, near the sour- ces of ihe Brandywine ? but it is rather scarce in other parts of the County. The 6ar* is a popular, and, I believe, valuable tonic. I have occasionally met with specimens, apparently of a young poplar ,-with the leaves large, cordate, denlic- ulate, tomentose beneath, and with 2 to 4 cup-like glands at base,-which I refer- red to P. candicans, in my Catalogue ; but Dr. Pickebinb thinks they are only in* young state of the present species* DI0EC1A OCTANDRIA 569 2. P. grandidentata, AIx. Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, coarsely sinuate-dentate, smooth, tomentose when young, mostly biglandular at base. Beck, Bot. p. 323. Icon, Mx.f. Sylva, 2. tab. 99. fig. 2. P. trepida. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 803. Ait. Kew. 5. p. 395. Muhl. Catal. p. 92. Lindl. Ency.p. 840. Also, Pers. Syn.p. 623. Not of Pursh, and ATutt. Large-toothed Populus. Vulgo—Large Aspen. Stem 30 or 40 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter, branched—when growing singly the top often bushy,—the bark smoothish, and greenish-grey, or cinereous. Leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, and about as wide as long, roundish-ovate, acute, or sub-acuminate, the base very obtuse, truncate, or slighlly cordate, coarsely and sub-equally sinuate-dentate, often, but not constantly, with 2 cup-like glands at the junction with the petiole, very tomentose when young, finally smooth; petioles 2 lo 3 inches long, laterally compressed towards the leaf; stipules lance-oblong, tomentose, caducous. Pistillate aments 2 to 3 inches long. Hub. Moist woodlands; not common. Fl. April. Fr. May. 06s. This species is becoming rare in the vicinity of "West Chester. Willden- ow and Lindley seem to have confounded it with P. monilifera, Ait. which Muhl- enberg thought was hardly distinct from P. angulata of Aiton; and I cannot help thinking that the P. monilifera, Ait. P. canadensis, Mx. f and the P. lavigala, Pursh, are all confused synonyms of the P. angulata, or "Cotton-wood," of lhe Valley of the Mississippi. 3. P. heterophtlla, L. Leaves roundish- and oblong- or deltoid- ovate, rather obtuse, often auriculately subcordate at base with the sinus small, uncinately dentate-serrate, very tomentose when young. Beck, Bot. p. 223. P. argentea. AIx. f. Sylva, 2. p. 235 (Icon, tab. 97.). Various-leaved Populus. Stem 30 to 50 feet high, and 12 to 18 inches in diameter, with terete branches, and a greyish-brown bark, which is tomentose in the young growth. Leaves 3 or 4 to 7 or 8 inches long, and 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches wide (the larger ones on young plants), varying from roundjsh-ovate to oblong- or deltoid-ovate, rather obtuse, uncinate-serrate, the base often full or a little produced, slightly cordate and au- riculate, finally smooth above, with some remains of pubescence beneath, When young densely clothed, on both sides, with a cinereous (or often slightly tawny) tomentum; petioles 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, pubescent, at first very tomentose ; stipules linear-lanceolate, or lance-subulate, tomentose, deciduous. Hab. Moist woodlands; E. Marlborough; not common. Fl. April. Fr. Obs. This species occurs, of moderate size, in the woodlands and some moist thickets, near the residence of Messrs. Samuel and Joshua Peirce, in East Marl- borough ; but I have not met with it elsewhere,—nor have I yet had an opportunity to examine the flowers, or fruit. Five or six additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States; and two foreign species (viz. staminate plants of P. dilatata, or Lombardy Poplar,—and pistillate plants of P. greeca, or Athenian Poplar) have been introduced, and propagated by cuttings, as ornamental shade trees, to a considerable extent,—especially the Lombardy Poplar. They are, however, not so much admired as formerly; and are gradually giving place to other trees. [Diospyros. Acer. Octandria Monogynia.'} 570 DIOECIA POLYANDRIA Order §. Eimeandria. 455. UDORA. ATutt. Gen. 800. [Greek, Hydor, or Udor, water; from its place of growth.] Spalhe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted, the 3 inner segments pe> tabid. Staminate Fl. Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. Pistillate Fl. Tube of the perianth very long and slender. Sterile filaments 3. Utriculus about 3-seeded. Seeds cylindric. Herbaceous aquatics: submersed and floating, wilh the roots fixed ; leaves en- tire, verticillate in threes or fours; flowers axillary, solitary. Nat. Ord. 231. Lindl. HVdkocharide^. 1. U. canadensis, A'utt. Leaves mostly veiticillate in threes, ellip- tic-oblong and lance-linear, rather acute, very minutely serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. Beck, Bot. p. 342. Elodea canadensis. Mx. Am. I. p. 20. Torr. Comp. p. 376. Not Elodea of Pursh. Serpicula verticillata. Muhl. Catal. p. 84 Not of Willd. Pers. &c. S. occidentalis. Pursh, Am. l.p. 33. S. canadensis. Eat. Man. p. 336. Canadian Udora. Root perennial f Stem 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches long (varying with the depth of water), filiform, dichotomously and diffusely branching, smooth. Leaves 2 to S lines long, and about 1 line wide, varying from ovate-oblong and obtuse to lance- linear and acute, very minutely serrulate (under a lens), nerveless, smooth, green and shining, sessile, generally in verticils of three, and numerous on the stem,— giving the plant the appearance of an aquatic moss. Flowers emergine; perianth ofa pale dingy-purple, or flesh-colored with a leaden tinge (white, Pursh, Torr. Beck), the tube very slender, halfan inch to near an inch long. Hab. Sluggish rivulets: frequent. Fl. July—August. Fr. Obs. This occurs in still water, along the margin of the Brandywine and Schuylkill, and in their tributaries,—where it was collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes in 1828. I have not yet had an opportunity to examine the staminate flowers, nor the mature fruit. It is the only known species in the TJ. States —if not of the genus. [Laurus. Enneandria Monogynia.'] Order 10. Polyandria. 456. MENISPERMUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 804. [Greek, Mene, the moon, and Sperma, seed ; from the lunate form of the seeds.J Sepals and petals arranged in fours, in 2 or 3 series. Staminate Fl. Stamens 16 to 20; anthers 4-lobed, at the apex of the thickened or clavate filaments. Pistillate Fl. Ovaries 2 to 4, superior sub- pedicillate. Drupe baccate, roundish-reniform, with a single lunate nut, or seed. Suffruticose : stem volubile; leaves alternate, petiolate, peltate, or cordate, pal mate-nerved, without stipules; flowers in axillary or super-axillary peduncu- late racemes. ATai. Ord. 23. Lindl. Mbnispermeje. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA 571 1. M. canadense, L. Leaves peltate, subcordate, roundish-angled, often somewhat 3-lobed at apex, with the lobes mucronate ; racemes compound, solitary ; petals 8. Beck, Bot. p. 16. Also, M. virginicum. Willd. Sp. 4. p. 824, Pers. Syn. 2. p. 627. Ait. Kew. b. p. 404. Muhl. Catal. p. 93. Canadian Menisfermum. Vulgo—Moon-seed. Root perennial. Stem suffrulicose, or rather herbaceous, annual, 8 to 12 or 13 feet long, slender, nearly simple, twining and climbing over shrubs and fences, terete, sulcate-striate, pubescent when young, finally smoothish, often purplish. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long and raiher wider than long, roundish-angular, often cordate at base, and 3-lobed at apex, palmate-nerved, slightly pubescent on the nerves, thinnish, ofa pale purplish-glaucous hue, with purplish nerves and veins ; petioles 3 or 4 inches long, slender, striate, finally smoothish, affixed to the under surface of the leaf, near iis base. Flowers small, ofa dingy yellowish-green ting- ed with purple,—the staminate ones in paniculate racemes, on solitary slender peduncles 2 or 3 inches in length, which are inserted a little above the axils of the leaves ; pedicels filiform, bracteate at base ; petals smaller than lhi3 sepals. FYuit a berry-like roundish-reniform drupe, black when mature, and containing a single lunate seed or nut. Hab. Rich woodlands, thickets and fencerows: frequent. F^.June. Fr. Sept. Octo. 06s. The M. virginicum, Willd. &c. appears to be only a variety of this. One or 2 other species have been enumerated in the U. States. [Clematis virginiana. Thalictrum dioicum. Polyandria Polygyria] [Arum. Monoecia Polyandria. Order 11. Monadelphia. 457. JUNIPERUS. L. ATutt. Gen. 806. [Supposed from the Celtic, Jeneprus, rough, or harsh; descriptive of the plant.] Staminate Fl. Aments ovoid-oblong ; scales peltate, verticillate. Anthers 4 to 8, 1-celled. Pistillate Fl. Aments, or involucres, globose; scales few, concave, united, becoming a fleshy tuberculate berry, and inclosing 2 or 3 bony nuts. Trees, or shrubs : leaves sempervirent, persistent, mostly acerose, ternately verticillate, or opposite, decussate and imbricated ; flowers in small axillary or terminal aments,—the pistillate ones becoming fleshy or berry-like. Nat. Ord, 228. Lindl- ConiferjE. 1. J. communis, L. Leaves subulate, cuspidate, ternate, spreading, longer than the fruit. Beck, Bot. p. 337. Common Juniperus. Vulgo—Juniper. Gatf.-Le Genevrier. Gem-Der Wachholderstrauch. Hisp.-E\ Enebro. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, much branched. Leaves halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, linear-subulate, pungently acuminate, concave and glaucous on the upper surface, obtusely keeled and shining green beneath, sessile, very numerous, and arranged in verticils of 3 on the branches. Staminate flowers in axillary ferru- ginous aments 2 er 3 lines in length, with small peltate stipitate scales. Berries subglobose, bluish-black and glaucous when mature,—which, according to Dr. Bigeloie, is not until the second year from the flower. Mab. Hilly woodlands; Brandywine, &c. not common. Ft. April. FY. 572 DIOECIA MONADELPHIA 06s. This shrub is partially naturalized, in several localities; but is evidently, I think, an introduced plant, in this County. It is not unfrequent in gardens,— where it was formerly cultivated for lhe berries, which are medicinal, and were also used in the disiillaiion of the liquor called Gin, or Geneva. Il is now gener- ally neglected. 2. J. virginiana, L. Leaves, on the young branches, ovate, imbri- cated in 4 rows, shorter than the fruit—on the older branches, subu- late, cuspidate, and somewhat spreading. Beck, Bot. p. 337. Icon, Mx. f Sylva, 3. tab. 155. Virginian Juniperus. Vulgo—Cedar. Red Cedar. Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, and >*t distichously WsfromaxniarWbua^ CRYPT0GAM1A EQUISETACE^E 573 the filaments monadelphous, protruded beyond lhe scales, and bearing the lobed peltate anthers in a rouDdish-oval head. FYuit an oval imperfect drupe, cup-like, or open at summit, dark orange-red and succulent when mature, containing an oval brown nut. Hub. Banks of lhe Schuylkill, at Black Rock: ram. Fl. April. Fr. Sept. 06s. This, though a more humble shrub, seems to be nearly allied to the T. baccata, of Europe. It is rare in this County,—having only been found in ihe above locality ;—where it was collected hy D. Townsend, Esq. in 1829. It is the only species known in the U. Slates, and is worthy of culture among ornamental shrubbery. CLASS XXI. CRYPTOGAMIA.* Div. I. Fern-like plants. Flowerless perennial plants, mostly herbaceous, with a stem having a vascular system, and, for the most part, distinct leaves, or fronds ; their sporules or seeds having- a proper integument, and contained in distinct axillary or dorsal thecse. Filicoidejb. Lindl. Order 1. Equisetaceae. Horse-tail tribe. Flowerless plants, with their sporules surrounded by elastic clavate filaments, and enclosed in thecee or capsules arising from the scales of terminal cones. Vernation straight. Nat. Ord. 263. Lindl. 459. EQUISETUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 808. [Latin, Equtis, a horse, and Seta, a brisile, or hair; resembling a horse-tail.3 Fructifica'ion in terminal ament-like spikes, or cones, composed of peltate hexagonal subverticillate scales, on the under side of which are from 4 to 7 indusia (or involucres) which contain the sporules. Spor- ules numerous, globose, enfolded by 4 elastic clavate or spatulate fila- ments. Plants leafless, mostly.with verticillate branches. Stem and branches striate-sulcate, jointed, the joints separable, and surrounded by a membranous dentate or incised sheath. ■f Fertile stems simple, succulent, brvwnish, appearing before the sterile ones and soon dying away,—the sterile ones remaining through the summer, with verticillate branches, 1. E. arvense, L. Sterile stems erect, or sub-decumbent, slightly scabrous, with simple ascending 3 or 4-angled branches, and the sheaths with subulate-lanceolate teeth; fertile stems erect, without branches, the sheaths large, loose, with long acuminate teeth. Beck, Bot. p. 446. Field Eq.uisetcm. Vulgo—Horse-tail. * This large and remarkable Class comprises all plants which are destitute qf flowers; and it has been subdivided into Orders, or Families, which are altogether natural. These Orders have been grouped into Three Divisions—viz. 1. Filicoid- bje, or Fern-like plants—2. MuscoidBjE, or Moss-like plants—and 3. Aphylleje, or Leafless flowerless plants. Of these Divisions I propose here lo notice only the first; namely the Ferns, and Fern4ike plants, which have been delected in Chester County. 574 CRYPTOGAMIA 1IL1CES Fertile stems appearing first, 6 to 9 inches high, simple, wilh a large ovoid-ob- lmg terminal brownish spike (about 2 inches long, and half an inch to 2 thirds of an inch in diameter); sheaths large, loose, or somewhat swelling above, with long acute teeth, striate-ribbed, dark purplish-brown, -whitish at base. Sterile stems 9 lo 15 inches high, attenuated upwards, about 12-furrowed, sheathed at the joints, with a venicil of slender articulated branches from the base of the sheaths ; branches 4 or 5 lo 8 or 9 inches long, ascending, 3 or 4-angled, simple (sometimes a little subdivided), scabrous, green,—each branch with its own sheath at base, and sheathed at every articulation. Hub. Moist grounds; borders uf thickets, &x. frequent- Fr. April, May. j -J- Fertile stems at length throwing out verticillate branches, or beating the fructification at the same time with the briniche?. 2. E, sylvaticu.1i, L. Sterile and fertile stems both branched, the branches compound, curved downwards; sheaths loose, deeply cleft into membranous segments. Beck, Bot. p. 446. Wood Eq.uisetum. Stems 9 to 18 inches high, striate-sulcate, j >inted,—the joints invested with loose sheaths which are divided at summit inte several broad lanceolate membranous lawny-ferruginous teeth (sometimes parted into 2 or 3 lance-oblong, segments) ; fertile stems wilh verticils of raiher short, compound, 4-angled, divaricate, or de- flected branches, from the base of the 3 or 4 uppermost sheaths, and terminating in an oblong-ovoid brownish spike, about an inch long ; sterile stims usually laller and more slender, the joints nearly all furnished wilh verticils uf branches, which are longer, and considerably subdivided. Hab. Law grounds ; borders of woodlands: frequent. Fr. May. ■j- -j- -j- Stems all fertile and simple, or branched only at base. 3. E. hyemale, L. Stems simple, naked, s.riate-sulcatc, very rough, bearing a terminal ovoid spike; sheaths short, cylindric, whitish, with a black ring atbase and summit; teeth lance-subulatc, awned, deciduous. Beck, Hot. p. 446. Winter E^uisetum. Vulgo—Scouring Rush. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, terele, fistular, jointed, striate-sulcate, rough (the ridges obtusely serrulate under a lens), pale cinereous-green, or glaucous (pur- plish-black at base), terminating in an ovoid blackish spike about half an inch bng; sheaths 2 to 4 lines long, nearly cylindric, striate, whitish-cinereous, with a purplish-black band at base, and at summit a ring of small blackish teeth, which soon fall off, leaving the sheath truncate and entire. Hab. Margins of swamps: knolls, &c. frequent. Fr. June. 06s. The cuticle of this plant abounds in silicious earth; and its rough file- like surface is well adapted to the scouring and polishing of hard wood, metals, &c. Three or four additional species are enumerated in the U. Slates ; and il is njt improbable that some of them may yet be found in this County. Order 3. Filices. Fern tribe. Flowerless plants, with thefructification of only one kind upon lhe same species. Theca or capsules sometimes spiked, or racemed, tut generally collected in Sori or clusters, of various shapes, upon the back or marsin of the CRYPTOGAMIA F1L1CES 575 fronl,—naked, or covered with an Indusium or veil,—wilh or wilhoutan clastic ring. Plants with a horizontal rhizoma, and leaf-like fronds, which are sin:jile, or variously divided. Vernation circinate. Nat. Ord. 264. Lindl. Sect. 1. Capsules 1-celled, furnished with an articu'ated elastic and usually incomplete ring, bursting transversely and irregularly. Poltpodiace;e. Lindl. 460. POLYPODIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 786. [Greek, Polys, many, and Pous, podos, foot; from its numerous roots.] So7-i roundish, scattered on various parts of the under surface of the frond. Indusium none. ■j- Frond pinnatifid. 1. P. vulgare, //. Frond deeply pinnatifid, smooth ; segments linear- oblong, obtuse, crenate-scrrulate, the upper ones gradually smaller ; sori large, distinct. Beck, Bot. p. 447. P. virginianum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 97. Also, Willd. Sp. 5. p. 174. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 658. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 250. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 207. Common Poltpodium. Rhizoma creeping, clothed with membranaceous tawny scales. Fronds 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and an inch and half to 2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolale, pin- nately divided nearly to the midrib ; segments mostly alternate, sometimes nearly or quite opposite, 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, linear-oblong, obtuse, sligh'- ly serrate or crenate ; stipe or petiole naked and smooth (chaffy, Willd. Pursh), flattish or somewhat channelled on the upper side, obscurely and obtusely mar- gined by lhe decurrence of the frond. Sori large, in 2 rows on the back of each segment, distinct, or finally in contact,—presenting dense circular clusters of small naked tawny or ferruginous grains. Hab. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July. 06s. This is the P. virginianum, Muhl- Willd. Sec. and seems to differ from P. vulgare, of Europe, in nothing but its naked stipe. \ "{• Frond bipinnatifid. 2. P. hexagonopterum, AIx. Frond bipinnatifid, slightly pubescent and ciliate ; divisions lanceolate, the lower pairs adnate-decurrent, connected by an oblong hexagonal wing ; segments lance-oblong, rather obtuse, the lower ones crenately incised, the upper ones entire; sori minute. Beck, Bot. p. 447. Hexagonal-winged Poltpodium. FYonds 6 to 9 inches long, and, at base, nearly as wide as long, forming in iheir outline almost an equilateral triangle, somewhat pubescent, especially on the midrib, bipinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, pinnatifid, a few of the lower pairs united by an oblong and somewhat hexagonal wing on the midrib, one or both of the lowest pair often deflexed; stipe 8 lo 12 or 15 inches long, slender, naked. Sori very small, roundish, distinct, somewhat in 2 rows, but often irrregular, on the back of the segments. Hab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fr. July. 06s. Four or five additional species are enumerated in the U States 576 CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 461. ONOCLEA. L. A'utt. Gen. 820. [An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus.] Capsules covering the whole under surface of the frond. Indusia formed of the segments of the frond, which are contracted and revolute with their margins connate, resembling berries, opening but not expand- ing. 1. 0. sensibilis, L. Sterile frond pinnate; divisions lanceolate, the lower ones distinct, pinnatifid-dentate, the upper ones united at base, repand-dentate, or entire; fertile frond bipinnate, with the segments recurved and globosely contracted, resembling a compound spike. Beck, Bot. p. 448. Sensitive Oxoclea. Sterile fron/is 6 lo 12 or 15 inches long, and 5 to 10 or 12 Inches wide at base, eblong-triangular in their outline, pinnately dissected, smooth,—the lower divi- sions or pinna 3 to 6 or 7 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to 2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate, laciniate or pinnatifid-dentate, distinct at base and sub petio- laia,—the upper ones smaller, linear-oblong, and nearly entire, confluent or uni- ted at base ; stipe 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, slender, angular, naked. Fertile fronds 4 or 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, bipinnale, the divisions 1 to 2 or 5 inches long, nearly erect, lhe contracted and somewhat triangular-globose segments smtiothish, dark brown,—resembling berries in two-rowed unilateral spikes; stipe & to 12 inches long, rather stout, subterete, naked and smoolh. Hab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fr. July. 06s. One other species is enumerated in the TJ, States,—which, however, Prof, Torrey considers as only a variety of this. 462. ASPIDIUM. Swarlz. A'utf. Gen. 819. [Greek, Aspis, a shield ; from the form of the Indusium.] Sori roundish, or elliptic, scattered, Indusium orbicular and umbili- cate, or reniform and opening on ore side. f Frond pinnate. 1. A. acrostichoides, Willd. Frond pinnate ; leaflets alternate, dis- tinct, lance-linear, acute, sub-falcate, mucronate-serrulate, auriculate at base on the upper side, subsessile, the upper ones only fertile ; sori fi- nally confluent; stipe and rachis chaffy. Beck, Bot. p. 448. Nephrodium acrostichoides. Mx. Am. 2. p. 267. Ar.ROSTICHUM-LIKE AsPIDIUM. Fronds 9 to 15 or 18 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, lance-oblong in their eutline, pinnate, the pinna or leaflets alternate, 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to half an inch wide, linear-lanceolate, very acute, or cuspidate, slightly falcate, obtuse at base and semi-hastate, or with a triangular auriculate mucronate pro. duction on the upper side, finely serrate, and somewhat ciliate, the serratures slenderly mucronate or awned, the upper surface smooth, somewhat pilose beneath, especially along the midrib, subsessile; rachis clothed with lance-linear mem- branaceous palish-tawny scales ; stipe 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, chaffy. Sort in a single, or more commonly in a double row, on the under surface of the smaller leaflets at and near the summit, at first distinct, finally confluent and covering the whole surface; indusium orbicular, umbilicate in the centre. Hab. Rocky woodlands: common. Fr. June—August. CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 577 06s. This is common in all our woodlands,—especially on steep rocky banks of a northern exposure. The young Botanist should be careful to examine the fructification of the Aspidiums before it is too old,—otherwise, the disappearance of the indusium (or membranous veil which covers the young Sori), may lead him to confound the genus with Polypodium. + + Frond bipinnatifid. 2. A. Tueltpteris, Willd. Frond pinnate ; leaflets opposite and al- ternate, distinct, subsessile, slender, linear-lanceolate, deeply and some- what crenately pinnatifid; segments small, opposite, or alternate, ovate- oblong, rather acute, the margin entire and revolute; sori marginal, contiguous, finally confluent. Beck, Bot. p. 449. Fronds 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate in their outline, pinnate, the leaflets opposite and alternate, 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 1 third of an inch wide, linear-lanceolate in their outline, crenately pinnatifid nearly to the midrib, slightly pubescent, subsessile; segments 2 or 3 lines long, and 1 or 2 lines wide, ovate-oblong, rather acute, sometimes obtuse, with the margin revolute or recurved, rendering the under surface concave, and sheltering the fructification; rachis somewhat pubescent; stipe 9 to 12 or 15 in- ches Ions, naked. Sori commencing in small marginal dots, finally confluent, and usually covering the under surface of all the leaflets of the frond. Hab. Sphagnous swamps, and wet thickets: frequent. Fr. July. 3. A. noveboracense, Willd. Frond pinnate; leaflets opposite or alternate, distinct, sessile, oblong.lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, rather obtuse, entire, ciliate; sori marginal, small. Beck, Bot. p. 449. Nephrodium thelypterioides. Mx. Am. 2. p. 267. New-York Aspidium. Fronds 9 to 15 or 18 inches long, and 3 to 5 or 6 inches wide, in their outline ob- long-lanceolate and acuminate, pinnate, the leaflets sub-opposite and alternate, ofa thin delicate texture, 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch wide (the upper and lower ones shorter), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinna- ifid (the acumination nearly entire), somewhat pubescent, and pilose on the mid- rib beneath, sessile ; segments 3 to 5 lines long, and 1 or 2 lines wide, linear-ob- Ion0, mostly obtuse, entire and ciliate; rachis pubescent ; stipe 3 lo 5 or 6 inches long,' slender, channelled above, naked and smooth, or slightly pubescent. Sori small, marginal, in 2 rows on each segment. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fr- July. 06s. The fronds of this species are of a light thin and delicate texture, of a pa- lish green color, and frequently sterile. 4. A. lancastriense 1 Spreng. Frond pinnate ; leaflets sub-oppo- site the lower ones petiolate, triangular-ovate, sub-cordate at base, deeply pinnatifid; segments oblong, and obliquely triangular-ovate, rather obtuse, acutely serrate-dentate at apex; sori distinct; stipe some- what chaffy. Beck, Bot. p. US. A. cristatum, var. lancastriense 1 Pursh, Am. 2. p. 662. Torr. Comp. p. 381. Lancaster Aspidium. 49 57s CRYPTOGAMIA F1L1C-ES Fronds slender, IS inches to 2 feel long, and 3 to 4 or 5 inches wide, in \heit outline linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnule, smoolhish,—the leaflets sub-oppo- site, or often alternate, especially the upper ones, an inch and half to near 3 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch and quarter wide at fuse (the lowerones shorter, wider, and subcordate at base), oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, deep green, generally distinct and somewhat petiolate, the upper ones sessile and confluent (the terminal ones merely Berrate),—the lower ones triangular or deltoid-evate, on petioles 2 or 3 lines long, deeply pinnatifid; segments of the lower leaflets oblong, obtuse, those of the upper leaflets obliquely triangular-ovate,-all inciscd- dcntaie at apex, the segments gradually diminishing to mere double serratures in the terminal leaflets, or pinnae ; rachis smooth, or slightly chaffy; stipe 8 to 12 inches long, rather slender, and channelled above, pale greenish-straw-color, smoothish, or often somewhat clothed with a tawny membranaceous chaff. Sori middle-sized, distinct, dark brown, mostly in 2 rows on the segments, and gener- ally confined to the leaflets forming the upper half of lhe frond ; indusium orbic - ular-reniform. Hab. Moist woodlands; WestChester: not very common. Fr. July. 06s. 1 have not had an opportunity to compare this with an authentic specimen; but, judging from the descriptions in the books, I think it must be lhe A. lancas- triense— and possibly it may be only a.var. of A. cristatum,—as Pursh and Torre*) have supposed. fff Frond bipinnate. ;>. A. marginale, Willd. Frond sub-bipinnate; leaflets lanceolate, sub-pinnate, smooth ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decur- rent, the lower ones nearly distinct; sori marginal, distinct; stipe chaf- fy. Beck, Bot. p. 450. Xephrodium marginale. Mx. Am. 2. p. 267. Marginal Aspidium. Fronds 9 to 15 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, in their outline lance-oblong and acuminate, pinnate, bluish-green,—the leaflets sub-opposite, distinct, 2 to 4 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and quarter wide, oblong-lanceo- late and acuminate, sub-pinnate, or deeply pinnatifid (the acuminaiion crenate). distinct, subsessile, smooth, with the rachis of the leaflets membranaceously pi- lose ; segments halfan inch to near an inch long, and 2 to 3 or 4 lines wide, ob long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decurrent, the lower ones nearly distinct, with a very narrow decurrence on the rachis or midrib ; common rachis somewhat chaffy, or membranaceously pilose ; stipe 4 to 8 inches long, clothed with a tawny membran- aceous chaff, especially at or near the root, where it is somewhat tufted. Sori middle-sized, marginal, one at each notch in the segments of lhe frond (the lower leaflets mostly sterile); indusium orbicular, with a small notch or sinus on one side. Hab. Rocky woodlands : frequent. F.July. 6. A. dilatatum, Willd. Frond sub-tripinnate; pinnules or secondary leaflets distinct, lance-oblong, incisely pinnatifid ; segments mucronate- serrate ; stipe chaffy. Beck, Bot. p. 450. A. intermedium. Aluhl. Catal. p. 97. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 208. Also, Willd. Sp. 5. p. 262. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 663. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 250. ' Dilated Aspidium. CRYPTOGAM1A F1LICES 579 Fronds 12 to 18 or 20 inches long, and 5 to 8 or 9 inches wide, in their outline elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong, acuminate, somewhat tripinnate, smooth,—the pri- mary divisions 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, lance-oblong in their outline, and acuminate, on short petioles,—the secondary divisions or leaflets mostly distinct (the lower ones sub-peliolate), pinnalifidly incised, and theses- ments again incised-serrate, with the serratures cuspidate, or abruptly and sharply acuminate ; common rachis partially sulcate on lhe upper side, somewhat chaffy ; stipe 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, chaffy, ihe chaff in large membranaceous scales, brownish tawny. Sori rather large, numerous, somewhat in 2 rows on the seg- ments, brownish; indusium orbicular-reniform, umbilicate in the centre. Hab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fi. July. 06s. This is a rather stout fern, often 2 feet or more in height, and growing in lufts. It is probably identical with A. intermedium, and A. cristatum, of Authors ; and I have some doubts whether it be specifically distinct from A. spinulosum, and A. azuleatum, of Pursh, &c. 7. A. asplenioides, Willd. Frond bipinnate ; pinnules linear-lance- olate, incised-serrate, the serratures 2 or 3-toothed ; sori oblong, lunate, finally confluent. Beck, Bot. p. 451. Nephrodium asplenioides. Mx. Am. 2. p. 268, ASPLENIUM-LIK.E ASPIDIUM. Fronds 12 to 18 inches long, and 4 to 8 or 9 inches wide, in their outline oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, bipinnate, or bipinnatifid, smooth,—the primary divisions 2 or 3 lo 6 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch lo an inch and half wide, lance- oblomr in their outline, and acuminate, subsessile—the secondary divisions or seg- ments \\nea.r-\a.nceoli.te, or oblong, slightly confluent atbase, or sometimes nearly distinct, doubly and very unequally incised-serrate, or the principal serratures broadish and 2 or 3-toothed ; common rachis striate-sulcate with about 3 grooves on the upper side, naked and smoothish; stipe 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, naked and smooth. Sori oblong, at length lunately recurved, arranged in a double row (lhe outer ends diverging) along and near the midrib of the pinnules or secondary divisions of the frond,-the indusium bursting along the convex margin of the sorus, and adhering at the opposite margin. Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fr. July. 06s. The fructification of this has so much resemblance to that of an Aspleni- urn, that it is calculated to puzzle young Botanists. Eight or nine additional spe- cies are enumerated in the U. States. 463. WOODSIA. Br. ATutt. Gen. 818. [Named in honor of Joseph Woods; an English Botanist-] Sori roundish, scattered. Indusium calyciform, open, with a multifid or fringed margin, including the pedicellate capsules. I W. ilvensis, Br. Frond pinnate, membranaceously pilose; di- visions deeply pinnatifid ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; sori subroar- ginal, finally confluent; rachis and stipe chaffy, Beck, Bot. p. 451. Notl of Pursh. Polypodium ilvense. Willd Sp. b.p. 198. Ait. Kew. b. p. 505. Ilva, or Elba Woodsia. Fronds 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 2 thirds of an inch to an inch and quarter Wide, in their outline oblong-lanceolate, acute, pinnate, somewhat villose with 580 CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES chaffy or membranaceous hairs, and tawny-ferrtiginous,-the divisions distinct, subsessile, 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, rather obtuse, deeply pinnatifid, with ovate-oblong obtuse entire segments, some- what concave and chaffy beneath; common rachis chaffy and membranaceously pilose; stipe 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, somewhat chaffy and pilose, with a twrl oi tawny chaff at base. Sori near the margin of the segments, finally confluent, wilh the capsules slightly pedicellate ; indusium benealh, or surrounding the capsules, opening and resembling a calyx, ciliate on the margin. Hab. Rocky banks of streams ; Black Rock: not common. Fr. June. 06s. Collected by D, Townsend, Esq. 2. W. Perrimana, Hook. & Gvev. Frond sub-bipinnatc, minute- ly glandular-pilose; divisions rather distant, pinnate, or deeply pinna- tifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, the lower ones distinct; sori submarginal, finally subconfluent; stipe and rachis somewhat chaffy. Beck, Bot.p. 452. Aspidium obtusum. Willd. Sp. 5. p. 254, Aluhl. Catal. p. 97. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 662. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 250. Hypopeltis obtusa, Torr. Comp. p. 380. Eat. Alan. p. 185, Perrin's Woodsia. FYonds 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and I to 2 or 2 and a half inches wide, in theiroutline lance-oblong, sub-Lipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose,—the divisions or pinnae distinct, subsessile, half an inch loan inch and half long(the upper and lower ones shorter), ovate-lanceolate, ohtuse, pinnate near lhe base, deeply pin. natifid towards the apex,—-the segments or pinnules oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, crenate-serrate,. the lower ones often crenately and pinnalifidiy incised, dis- tinct, the others more or less confluent at base ; common rachis slighlly chaffy, or membranaceously pilose above; stipe 2 to 3 inches long, chaffy. Sori near the margin of the segments, orbicular, finally almost confluent; indusium sub-hemi- spheric, at length resembling a calyx, with small spreading denticulate segments. Bob. Rocky banks; Chester Creek, &c. frequent. Fr. July. 06s. Collected by D. Townslnd,,Esq. Two other species are enumerated in the TJ. States. 464. ASPLENIUM. L. A"utt. Gen. 822. Loreek, a, privative, and Splen, the spleen ; from its supposed medicinal virtues, j Sori linear, oblique, or somewhat transverse, scattered. Indusinm su- perficial, arising from the lateral veins, and opening longitudinally, generally on the side towards the midrib. f Frond mostly undivided. ^i.*11"0*,""™,* L' Fmnd lanceo'ate, stipitate, subcrenate, ofte™ iTi ?'C°rdate ^ baSC' the P°int very lonS aud attenuated olten radicating at apex. Beck, Bot. p. 452.. Rooting-leated Asplenium. Fronds 3 or 4 to 8 or 9 inches long, and 1 third of an inch to an inch wide, at ton-sir " U " aUF:icU,ale-cordale' -1 Whence lanceolately tape.ii.g to a very r2 at r" ^T^' WWch bend8 l° lhe G™nd, and frequently tnrotvs out iooU at the apex, producing a young and distinct plant (someLes the ton Us W nearly to the base, having two hmj slender acuminations)? fpe t 02 t 4 CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 581 inches long, slender, slightly margined above by the decurrent frond, smooth. Sori linear and long (often 1 third of an inch in length), more or less oblique, the indusium not unfrequently opening on the side from lhe midrib. Hab. _Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July, ■j" f Frond pinnate. 2. A. eben-eum, Willd. Frond pinnate ; pinnae or leaflets sessile, lance-oblong, rather obtuss, subfalcate, serrate, auriculate at base on the upper side ; stipe and rachis smooth, shining, dark purple. Beck, Bot. p. 453.1 A. trichomanoides. AIx. Am. 2. p. 265. Also, A. polypodioides. Aluhl. Catal. p. 97. Ebony Asplenium. Fronds 6 to 12 or 14 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half wide, lance-linear in their outline, acute or acuminate, pinnate, smooth; leaflets alternate, 6essile, 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and 2 to 3 lines wide, lance- linear, or oblong, mostly obtuse, and slightly falcate, serrate, semi-hastate, or wilh an auriculate production on the upper side at base,—often wilh a slight pro- duction on the lower side, and a little cordate at the insertion ; stipe 1 to 2 or 3 i.-iches long, and, with the rachis, very smooth, dark purple, or sometimes nearly black. Sori oblong, rather short, arranged in a double row along the midrib of the leaflets, with the outer end diverging, finally confluent. Hab. Rocky woodlands: frequent, FY. July. 3. A. Tuichomanes, L. Frond pinnate ; pinna? or leaflets subsessile, small, obliquely oval, or roundish-obovate, crenate, the base cuneate, or cuneately truncate; stipe and rachis smooth, shining, very dark purple. Beck, Bot. p. 453. A. melanocaulon. Muhl. Catal. p. 97. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 666. ATutl. Gen. 2. p. 251. Barl. Phil. 2. p. 211, Eat. Man. p. 36. Also, Willd. Sp. 5. p. 332. Lindl. Ency. p. 882. Fronds 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 third to half an inch wide, lance-linear in tluir oulline, pinnate, smooth, spreading, and often procumbent; leaflets alternate, subsessile, 2 to 3 lines long, and nearly as wide as long, obliquely and irregularly oval, ovate, or obovate-oblong, more or less rounded at apex, crenate, the base entire, and eilher cuneately tapering, or abruptly cuneate-truncate, often a little auriculately produced on the upper side; stipe 1 to 2 inches long, slender, and, with the rachis, semi-terete, or plano-convex, the upper flat surface slighlly mar- gined, or prominently angled along each edge, smoolh and polished, dark purple, or sometimes nearly black. Sori linear-oblong, finally oval or roundish, 2 to 5 or ti (usually 3 or 4) on each leaflet. Hab. Shaded rocky banks : frequent. Fr. July. ■j- -j- -j- Frond bipinnatifid. 4. A. theltpteroides, AIx. Frond pinnate ; pinna? or leaflets sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; the segments oblong, obtuse, crenately serrate-denticulate. Beck, Bot. p. 453. Theltpteris-like Asplenium. 49* 582 CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES' Fronds 12 to IS inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches wide, in their outline oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate, slender and rather flaccid, smoothish, and of a palish glaucous-green color ; leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quar- ters wide, oblong-lanceolate in their outline, acuminate, sessile, distinct and rather distant on the common rachis, ofa ihinnish texture, pinnatifid,—the acumination crenate-serrate ; segments 2 to 4 lines long, and 2 to 3 lines wide, linear-oblong, ob- tuse, obscurely crenate-serrate, or denticulate ; common rachis slender, and, with the midrib of the leaflets, slightly pubescent on the upper side ; stipe 6 to 10 inches long, slender and weak, pale straw-color,striate-suIcaie on the upper side, slightly chaffy, or membranaceously pilose. Soi-i linear, acute on each end, arranged in two rows, one on each side of the midrib of the segments, the outer ends diverging JA»6. Moist woodlands ; shaded banks of streams: frequent. FY. July. f f f t Frond sub-bipinnate. 5. A. Ruta muraria, L. Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate at summit; leaflets small, petiolate, rhomboid-cuneate, the upper half obtusely denticulate. Beck, Bot. p. 453. Wall-rue Asplenium. FYonds 1 to 2 inches Joiig,-and halfan inch to an inch wide, spreading, smooth, dingy green, bipinnately dissected at base, or decompound, with the divisions petiolate, alternate, and usually bearing the leaflets in threes,—simply pinnate at the summit; leaflets 2 to4lines long,and 2to3 lines wide,more or less rhomboid, raiher obtuse, dentate above the middle (sometimes partially lobed), entire below the middle, and cuneately tapering to a short flat petiole ; stipe 1 to 2 inches Ions, slender, flat, smooth. Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, finally confluent, and "fa dark ferruginous color. Hab. Limestone rocks ; near Brooke's Mill: not common. Fr. July. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. Two or three additional 6pecies are enumerated in the TJ. States. 465. PTERIS. L. ATutt. Gen. 824. [The Greek name for a fern—from Pteryx, or Pteron, a plume, or feather.] Sori marginal, continuous, linear. Indusium formed of the inflexed margin of the frond, often dilated into a membrane, opening along the inner side. 1. P. atropurpurea, L. Frond pinnate, or sub-bipinnate; lower divisions ternate, or pinnate; leaflets lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, ob- liquely truncate or subcordate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 454. Dark-purple Pteris. FYonds 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 and sometimes 4 inches wide across the lower divisions, somewhat bipinnate, the lower divisions being ter naie, or odd-pinnate by 5's or 7's ; leaflets 1 fourth of an inch to an inch or inch and quarter long, and 1 to 4 lines wide, subsessile (the terminal one longer and petiolate), varying from ovate-oblong to oval, lance-oblong, and linear, obtuse, smooth, greyish-green, often punctate beneath, with the margin entire and reflexed -the lower leaflets occasionally subhastate, or auriculaiely produced, on one or DOth sides, at base ; stipe 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, slender, terete, rather ri-id (oflen numerous from the same root, wilh a dense tuft of tawny-ferruginous chaffy hairs .1 base), and, with the common rachis, roughish-pubescent, dark purple. Sori consp)tuou9, linear and marginal,-the indusium apparently a membranaceous CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 583 expansion of the reflexed margins of the leaflets, when young often undulately crenate at the inner edge. Hab. Limestone banks ; Great Valley: rare. Fr. June—August. 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. near Gunkle's dam, and in the vicinity »f Brooke's Mill. 2. P. AQ.UILINA, L. Frond 3-parted; branches bipinnate ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones entire; segments oblong, obtuse. Beck, Bot. p. 455. Aq.uiline, on Eagle Pteris. Vulgo—Brake, or Bracken. Fronds very large (1 to 2 or 3 feet long), superdecompound, spreading, the branches bipinnate, the divisions or pinnas oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, pubes- cent, pale dingy green, the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones entire ; segments half an inch to an inch and half long, and 2 to 4 or 5 lines wide, lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, or somewhat repand, with the margin reflexed, confluent at base, or sometimes the lower ones nearly distinct; stipe 1 to 2 feet long, angular, smooth, tawny, or brown. Sori linear and marginal, resembling a narrow russet border, or hem, along the edge of the segments, on the under side. Hab. Moist woodlands; thickets, &c. frequent. Fr. July—August. 06s. This large fern sometimes forms a little thicket of itself,—and affords a good shelter for game, along the margins of our woodlands. Two other species are enumerated in the U. Slates;—of which I have collected P. caudata, at Suffolk, Virginia,—bul have not met wilh it in Pennsylvania. 466. ADIANTUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 828. [Greek, Adiantos, dry; its surface repelling moisture.] Sori marginal, interrupted, oblong, or roundish. Indusia membrana- ceous, arising from the reflexed margin of distinct segments of the frond, opening along the lower or inner side. 1. A. pedatum, L. Frond pedate ; divisions pinnate; leaflets dimi- diate, triangular-oblong, or semi-rhomboid, obtuse, with the upper mar- gin incisely lobed and serrate ; sori oblong, somewhat lunate. Beck, Bot. p. Abb. Pedate Adiantum. Vulgo—Maiden's Hair. Fronds 6 to 9 inches long, and 9 to 12 inches wide, pedately branched, and spreading, glabrous, ofa delicate texture, and pale bluish glaucous-green; divisions 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and an inch to an inch and half wide, linear-oblong iniheir outline, obtuse, odd-pinnate; leaflets on very short slender petioles, alternate, 1 third of an inch to an inch long, and one fourth to near half an inch wide, oblique- ly triangular-oblong, or semi-rhomboid, entire on the lower margin, and as if halved, or cut off along the midrib (the terminal leaflet cuneate, and some of the lower ones obliquely and broadly so), the upper margin (and summit of the cune- ate leaflets) incisely lobed, the sterile lobes serrate ; stipe 6to 12 or 15 inches long, slender, compressed, chaffy at and near the root, forked at summit, the divisions diverging and pedately branching, both stipe and branches very smooth, and shi- ning, dark purple, or purplish-black, Sori oblong, or inversely lunate, marginal on the segments of the leaflets,—the indusium a membranaceous expansion of the reflexed margins of the segments, Hab. Rich, rocky woodlands: common. Fr. July—August. 06s. This delicate and beautiful fern is the only species of the genus known in the U, States,—though there are a number in South America. 581 CRYPTOGAMIA 1 ILICES 467. CHEILANTHE8. Swartz. A'utt. Gen. 829. [Greek, Cheilos, a lip, and anthos, a flower; from the labiate form of the Indusium.] Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the frond. Indusi- um of distinct membranaceous inflexed scales, opening inwards. 1. C. testita, Willd. Frond bipinnate, hairy on both sides; pin- nules pinnatifid, the segments rounded, entire; stipe and rachis hairy. Beck, Bot. p. 455. JVephrodium lanosum. AIx. Am. 2. p. 270. Clothed Cheilanthes. Fronds 3 to 6 inches long, and about an inch wide, lance-oblong in their outline t'ipinnate, hirsute ; pinna about halfan inch long, ovate-lanceolate in their outline, subsessile, the lower ones distant, pinnate (the upper ones only pinnatifid); pin- nules oblong, obtuse, crenately pinnatifid,—the segments roundish or oval, con- cave beneath, or ihe margins recurved; stipe 1 to 3 inches long, terete, slender, but somewhat rigid, and, with the common rachis, roughish-pilose, dark brown- Sori marginal, at first distinct, finally crowded, or confluent. Hab. Rocky banks: frequent. FY. July. 06s. One other species has been found in the U. States. 468. DICKSONIA. L'Herit. A'utt. Gen. 830. [In honor of James Dickson ; an English Botanist.] Sori small and roundish or dot-like, marginal, distinct. Indusium double; one superficial, opening outwards, the other marginal and open- ing inwards. 1. D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Frond bipinnate ; pinna lanceolate, ses- * sile ; pinnules decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid, the segments incised- dentate ; sori solitary, minute; stipe and rachis somewhat pilose. Beck, Bot. p. 456. Nephrodium punctilobulum. Mx. Am, 2. p. 268. Aspidium punctilobulum. Torr. Comp. p. 382. Also, A. punctilobum. Willd. Sp. b, p. 279. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 664. A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 250. Hairy Dicksonia. Fronds 1 to near 2 feet long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, lance-oblong in their outline, acuminate, bipinnate, somewhat pilose, especially on the common rachis, and midribs of the pinnae ; pinna or primary divisions mostly alternate, 3 or 4 inches long, and halfan inch to near an inch wide, lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate, ses- sile, distinct, pale yellowish-green, numerous and raiher crowded (except 2 or 3 of the lower pairs which are distant and nearly opposite); pinnu'es about half an inch in length, ovate-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, more or less decurrent at base, the segments with 2 to 4 teeth ; stipe 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and, with the rachis, channelled above, somewhat hairy, pale green, or sometimes reddish-tawny. Sori minute, one on the upper margin of each segment of the pinnules, at lhe lower looth, or serrature, Hab. Moist shaded grounds ; along Brandywine: frequent. Fr. Obs. This is a slender pretty fern, of a rather delicate texture. It is the only species of the genus in the TJ. States ; and I confess I have not been able distinct- ly to perceive, in my dried specimens, all the features of the indusium, as given in ihe generic character. CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 585 Sect. 3. Capsules destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated with rays at the apex, bursting lengthwise, and usually externally. Os- MUNDACE.E. Lindl. 469. OSMUNDA. L. A'utt. Gen. 815. [A name of obscure Etymology,—said to be of Northern origin.] Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate, half 2-valvcd,—clus- tered on the contracted fronds,—or in terminal paniculate racemes. Indusium none. 1. O. ijJTEnnuPTA, Mx. Frond pinnate, smooth; pinnre nearly op- posite, pinnatifid; segments oblong, entire; some of the intermediate pinnae fertile. Beck, Bot. p. 457. O. Claytoniana. Muhl. Catal. p. 97. Not oi Linn. &c. (See Journ. .lead. A'at. Sc. Philad. vol. 6. p. 39). Interrupted Osmunda. Fronds I to near 2 feet long, and 3 or 4 to 6 or 7 inches wide, erect, lance-oblong in their outline, pinnate, smooth, yellowish-green, interrupted near the middle by 2 or 3 pairs of contracted fertile pinnae ; divisions or pinna 2 to4inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and quarter wide, oblong-lanceolate iniheir outline, distinct, subsessile, opposite, or nearly so, deeply pinnatifid (thefertile ones pin- nate, or sub-bipinnate),—the segments about halfan inch long, oval-oblong, mostly obtuse, sometimes rather acute, alternate, or often nearly opposite, entire, penni- nerved,—the nerves parallel, regularly bifurcating soon afier leaving the midrib, finally purple ;—the fertile pinna in 2 to 4 pairs near the middle of the frond, 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to 3 quarters wide, ovate-lanceolate in their out- line, pinnate, or bipinnate, wilh the pinnules, or segments, entirely covered with clusters of small dark-brown capsules, and resembling compound racemes; com- mon rachis channelled above, somewhat pubescent; stipe 6 to 9 or 12 inches long, channelled, smoothish, chaff'y-tomentose at base. Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets: frequent. Fr. June—July. 2. O. spectadilis, Willd. Frond bipinnate, fertile at summit; pin- nules lance-oblong, serrulate, sub-petiolate ; raceme large, decompound, smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 457. O. regalis. AIx. Am. 2. p. 273. Bigel. Bost. p. 388. Torr. Comp. p. 386. Eat. Man. p. 243. Not ? ol L. Willd. Ait. Lindl. &c. Showy Osmund a. Fronds 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bipinnate, smooth, pale greyish-green ;pin. riules alternate, on very short petioles, 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, lance-oblong, rather obtuse, sometimes acute, obliquely truncate at base, or the lower half slightly produced, serrulate on the margin, somewhat penninerved, with the nerves a little prominent, irregularly and often twice bi- furcating, greenish ;—the fertile pinna at the summit, lhe pinnules contracted, and covered with clusters of minule smooth capsules, which are at first pale greenish-tawny, finally ferruginous,—forming altogether a terminal oblong de- compound raceme 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length ; stipe and branches smooth, pale tawny, or straw-color. Hab. Moist meadows, and thickets: frequent. Fr. July. 06s. Mr. Nuttall considers this handsome fern as scarcely distinct from the O. regalis, of Europe,—whilst Willdenow says " simillima-sed species distinctis, sima." Not having any specimens of the European plant, I cannot venture an opinion. 586 CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES 3. O. cixxamomea, L. Sterile frond pinnate, with the pinnae elonga- ted, pinnatifid ; fertile frond bipinnate, with the pinnae cont-acted, sub- opposite, lanuginous; stipe lanuginous. Beck, Bot.p. 457. Cinnamon-colored Osmund a. Sterile and fertile fronds distinct, growing together in bunches ; the sterile ones most numerous, 1 to 2 feet or more in length, and 5 to 10 or 12 inches wide, lance- oblong in their outline, pinnate ; pinna or divisions 3 to 6 inches long, and halfan inch lo near an inch wide, linear-lanceolate in their outline, distinct, sessile, mostly alternate, deeply pinnatifid, slighlly pubescent, green, the segments oblong, obiuse, or sometimes acute, entire ; common rachis channelled above, pubescent; stipe 9 to 15 or 18 inches long, clothed with a loose flocculent reddish-tawny to- mentum ; fertile fronds few, 9 to 15 or 18 inches long, and about an inch wide, bi- pinnate ; pinna all fertile; an inch lo an inch and half long, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, mostly opposite, erect, lanuginous, the lower ones dislaut; pinnules crowded, covered wilh clusters of minute ferruginous capsules,—forming dense compound glomerate racemes; stipe 1 lo 2 feel long, rather stout, and, with the common rachis, clothed with a long loose membranaceous reddish tomentum, Hab. Moist low grounds ; along Brandywine, &c. frequent. Fr. July—Aug. 06s. One other species is enumerated in lhe U. Slates. Sect. 5. Capsules single, roundish, coriaceous, opaque, without ring or cellular reticulation, half 2-valved. Vernation straight, Opiuoglossejj, Lindl. 470. OPHIOGLOSSUM. L. ATutt. Gen. 811. [Greek, Ophis, a serpent, and Glossa, a tongue ; from lhe form of lhe spike.] Capsules roundish, smooth, 1-celled, 2-valved, opening transversely, connate at base, forming a compact distichous spike. Indusium none. 1. O. vulgatum, L. Frond simple, oblong-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulate; spike cauline. Beck, Bot. p. 458. Icox, Bart. Am. 2. tab. bb.fi 2. Common Oputoglossum. Vulgo—Adder's tongue. Root a fascicle of coarse fleshy fibres. Frond solitary, an inch and half to 3 inches long, and I to 2 inches wide, oblong-ovate, obtuse, entire, smoolh, light green, without midrib, reticulately veined, sessile, and somewhat amplexicaul, raiher below the middle of an erect smoolh succulent scape-like stipe 6 to 12 inches high, with a short sheath at the root, and terminating at summit in a compressed lance-linear 2-ranked spike an inch to an inch and half in lemrth. Capsules at first connate, and partially imbedded in the rachis, open.ng horizontally, finally distinct, pale lawny. Hab. Moisi low grounds; woods, and thickets; frequent. Fr. June, 06s. One other species is enumerated in the U. States. 471. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz. A'utt. Gen. 812. [Greek, Botrys, a bunch of grapes; in allusion to the fructification.] Capsules subglobose, 1-celled, 2-valved, coriaceous, smooth, distinct, sessile along the margins of a compound pinnated rachis, opening trans^ verscly. Indusium none. CRYFT0GAM1A FILICES 58*7 I. B. flmarioides, Willd. Scape bearing the frond near the base ; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid; segments obliquely lance- ovatc, crenulate; spike bipinnate. Beck, Bot.p. 459. B. obliquum. Bart. Phil.2. p. 205. Also, Willd. Aluhl. Pursh, &c. Botrypus lunarioides. Atx. Am. 2. p. 274. FuMARIA-LIKE BoTRTCHIUM. Root a fascicle of coarse fleshy fibres. Frond about 3 inches long, and 4 inches wide, somewhat deltoid or triangular in the outline, biternately dissected, or 3-parled, and the divisions irregularly bipinnatifid, petiolate; segments of lhe subdivisions obliquely lance-ovate, or oblong, acute, or obtuse, finely crenate, smooth, rather thick and fleshy (or coriaceous when dry), green beneath, often tawny-ferruginous on the upper surface ; stipe 2 to 3 inches long, angular, or rib- bed, slightly pilose, inserted on the scape about an inch above the root; scape.6 to 8 or 9 inches high, striate-angled, or ribbed, bearing at its summit a tawny com- pound or bipinnate spike 2 to 4 inches in length, with the small capsules sessile in double rows on the subdivisions, or pinnules. Hab. Moist low grounds : frequent. FY. July—Sept. 06s. The B. obliquum, as Pursh suggested, appears to be nothing but a starved modification of this,—with a more simple frond ;—and has, therefore, been very properly reduced to a variety, by Prof. Torrey. 2. B. dissectum, Aluhl. Scape bearing the frond near the base; frond 3-parted, the divisions bi- or tri-pinnatifld ; segments sub-linear, bifid, or 2 or 3-toothed at apex ; spike bipinnate. Beck, Bot. p. 459. Dissected Botrtchtum, Root a fascicle of coarse fleshy fibres. Frond 2 or 3 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, somewhat rounded, and obtusely triangular, in their outline, 3 parted, with the divisions irregularly bipinnatifid, petiolate, lhe subdivisions often much dissected ; segments cuneate-oblong, or linear, 2 or 3-toothed (often bifid) at apex, entire on the margin, smooth, rather thick and fleshy, green beneath, tawny or ferruginous above ; stipe 3 or 4 inches long, striate-ribbed, somewhat pilose, in- serted on the scape about an inch above the root; scape 6 to9 inches high, wilh a terminal compound spike, and capsules, like the preceding. Hab. Moist low grounds: frequent. Fr. August—Sept. 06s. With the exception of the more dissected frond (and even that varies), this is very nearly related to the preceding species ; nor am I sure it is more than a variety. 3. B. virginicum, Sw. Scape bearing the frond near the middle; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid ; segments obtuse, incised-den- tate, about 3-toothed ; spike bipinnate. Beck, Bot. p. 459. Also, B. gracile. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 657. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 248. Eat. Alan. p. 57. Botrypus virginicus. Mx.Am. 2. p. 274. Virginian Botrtchium. Vulgo—Rattlesnake Fern. Plant somewhat pilose. Frond 3-parted, or ternate, inserted near the middle of the scape , divisions 4 to 6 or 7 inches long, broad-ovate or somewhat deltoid in their outline, bipinnatifid, petiolate, green ; pinna 1 to 3 inches long, and half an inch to 3 quarters wide, subsessile, deeply pinnatifid, the segments cuneate-oblong, obtuse, rather thin, incised-dentate at and near lhe apex, the teeth 2 to 4 or 5, usu- 588 CRYPTOGAMIA LYCOPODlACEiE ally 3, acute; scape 9 to 18 or 20 inches high, bearing at its summit a reddish-tawny compound or bipinnate spike 1 Or 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length, with the small cap sutes sessile in double rows on the subdivisions, or pinnules. Hab. Rich hilly woodlands: frequent. Fr. May—July. 06s. The B. gracile, of Pursh, has been reduced to a variety of this, by Prof. Torrey ; and, I ihink, correctly so. One other species has been enumerated in f.hf U. Stales. Order 3. S^ycopodiacese. Ulvb-Moss Teibe. Flotcerlessplants, wilh their sporules inclosed ill axillary theca. Plants often Moss-like, and sempervirent, with creeping stems and imbri- cated leaves. Vernation circinate. Nat. Ord. 265. Lindl. 472. LYCOPODIUM. L. A'utt. Gen. 809. [Greek, Lykos, a wolf, and Pous,podos, a foot; from a fancied resemblance.] Capsules axillary, sessile, 1-celled,—some of them 2-valved, including a fine powdery substance,—others 3-valved, containing a few largn globose grains. a. Capsules in Spikes, | Spikes pedunculate. * Leaves scattered. 1. L. clavatum, I. Stem creeping, branching; branches aseending, terete; leaves scattered, numerous, subulate-linear, incurved, capilla- ceously acuminate; spikes mostly in pairs, cylindric, pedunculate : scales ovate, acuminate, erose-denticulate. Beck, Bot. p. 460. Clavate Ltcopodium. Vulgo—Club-Moss. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet, or more, in length, rather stout, terete, leafy, prostrate, and striking root wilh an occasional coarse fibre from the under side, branching,—the braiches 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, alleruate, ascending, terete, often subdivided. Leaves numerous, closely and irregularly scattered round the stem and branches, 3 to 5 lines in length, sessile, linear-subulate, raiher erect and incurved, acute, and terminating in a long slender membranaceous hair-like point (forming a kind of pencil, or hairy tuft, at the summit of the branches), entire, or the margin often denticulate with very minute divaricate teeth, smooth, pale green. Spikes mostly in pairs (sometimes 1, rarely 3), yellowish, erect, on an ascending leafy branch- like peduncle 2 or 3to4or 5inches long; scales ovate, setaceously acuminate, the margin minutely and erosely serrulate. Hub. Woodlands, and ihickets: frequent. FY. July. * * Leaves apparently bifarious, 2. L. complanatum, L. Stem mostly trailing, branched ; branches erect, or ascending, dichotomously and pedately subdivided at summit, with the branchlets flatted and spreading ; leaves 4-rowed, unequal, the marginal ones connate, diverging at apex, the superficial ones solitary, appressed; spikes cylindric, 4 to 8, on a long common peduncle. Beck, Bot. p. 460. Planed, or flatted Ltcopodium. Plant smooth. Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, rather slender, terete, or subcom- pressed, somewhat leafy, procumbent (sometimes 6 to 12 inches long, aud nearly CRYPT0GAM1A LYCOPODIACEiE 589 trect, or decumbent), branching,—the branches 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, erect, or ascending, terete, or slightly angular, flexuose, clothed with a few scattered sub- ulate-lanceolate appressed leaves, lhe summit of the branches somewhat pedately divided, and dichotomously subdivided, into numerous spreading flatted branchlets, with winged margins which are cut into acute segments resembling distichous or bifarious leaves; and on the upper and lower superficies of these branchlets is a row of subulate appressed leaves,—thos making the leaves in reality quadrifarious »r 4-rowed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, slender, terete, with afew remote subu- late leaves, dichotomously subdivided at summit 2 or 3 times, so as to bear 4 to 8 pedicellate spikes each about an inch in length ; scales orbicular-ovate, acuminate, with a membranaceous undulate-serrulate margin. Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. FY. July. 06s. The trailing variety of this is often collected, as an ornamental evergreen, and hung in festoons round looking-glasses, pictures, &c. in country parlours. j" j- Spikes sessile. * Leaves scattered. 3-. L. dendroideum, Mx. Stem erect; branches alternate, crowded near the summit, erect, dichotomous; leaves somewhat 6-rowed, linear- lanceolate, equal, spreading; spike3 terminal, sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 460. Tree-like Ltcopodium. Vulgo—Ground Pine. Plant smooth. StemB to &• inches high, erect, or ascending, terete, flexuose, clothed with lance-linear acute leaves, branched and bushy near the summit, the branches dichotomously subdivided, slender. Leaves (on the branches) somewhat 4-rowed, about 2 lines long, obliquely subulate-linear, or slightly falcate, acute, spreading, shining green. Spikes mostly several (1 or 2 to 5 or 6), about 2 inches tone, terete, and a-little tapering to the summit, sessile on the terminal branches ; scales ovate, acute, or acuminate, with a membranaceous margin. Hab. Woodlands, and shady thickets: frequent. FY. July. 4. L. rupestre, L. Stem creeping, with ascending subdivided branches ; leaves scattered, imbricated, linear-lanceolate, capillaceously acuminate, ciliate on the margin; spikes terminal, sessile. Beck, Bot. p. 461. Rock Ltcopodium. Stem 1 to 3 inches long, creeping and much subdivided, with the branches short (halfan inch lo an inch long), and ascending, terete, clothed with imbricated sub- ulate-linear greyish-green leaves, which are serrulate-ciliate on the margin, and terminating in a cinereous membranaceous hair-like point (forming a bluish- white pencil-like tuft at the summit of the branches). Spikes 1 third to half an inch long, somewhat 4-angled, sessile and terminal on the branches, apparently forming a prolongation of them; scales ovate-lanceolate, capillaceously acumin- ate, serrulate-ciliate, somewhat keeled, or concave ; capsules orange-yellow. Hab. Rocky banks ; along Chester Creek: not very common. Fr. July, 06s. Collected by D. Townsend, Esq. * * Leaves bifarious. 5. L. apodum, X. Stem branching, radicating near the base; leaves 2-rowed, alternate, amplexicaul, obliquely ovate, acute, msmbranous, with smaller acuminate superficial ones; spikes terminal, sessile. Becky. Bot. p. 461. 50 590 GHYPTOGAMIA IACOPODIAC E.T. Also, L. albidulum. Willd. Sp. 5. p. 37. (L. albidum. Aluhl. Catal. p. 98.) Pursh, Am. 2. p. 654. Eat. Alan. p. 215. Footless Ltcopodium. Plant small, procumbent, or oblique, smooth and pale green,—resembling a '•oss. Stem 1 to 2 inches long, filiform, branching. Leaves very small (less tha-n a line in length), ovate, acute, denticulate under a lens, membranaceous, alternate, disticuously arranged and diverging,-with smaller acuminatelones, mostly appres- sed, on the upper side oflhe branches, nearly opposite the lateral ones. Spiken small, terminal and sessile,—apparently a mere continuation of lhe branches wilh the capsules in the axils of lhe leaves. Hab. Moist rocky shaded places : frequent. FY. July—August. 06s. Collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes. On comparing this wilh specimens of L. helveticum, received from France, I incline to think, wilh Dr. Bsck, that they ire scarcely distinct. The only difference I can perceive, isln lhe leaves of outs Jjiin; raiher more ovate. I>. Capsules axillary. fi. L. lccibulum, Mx. Stem assurgent, bifid, or with 2 or 3 dichot- omous subdivisions; leaves numerous, lance-linear, acute, denticulate, spreading, or reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 461. Shixixi; Ltcotodium. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, nearly erect,—sometimes decumbent, and radica- kin; nsar the base,—sparingly and dichotomously branched. Leaves 1 third to halfan inch long, lance-linear, acute, denticulate, spreading, or reflexed, deep shining groen, especially those on lhe branches, or at and near the summit. Cap- sules a little compressed, subreniform, or semi-circular, palish-yellow, sessile in the axils of the leaves, about an inch from the lop of the slem, or branches ;—and in interrupted seriesbelow,—being the persistent capsules of preceding years. Hab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds: frequent. Fr. July—August. 06s. Seven or eight additional species are enumerated in the TJ. States 473. ISOETES. X. ATutt. Gen. 832. LGr. Uos, equal, and Btos, the year ; having the same appearance all the year.] Capsule membranaceous, oblong, 1-celled, not opening, imbedded in the dilated base of the frond. Sporules globose, or slightly angular, at- tached to numerous filiform receptacles, which traverse the capsule. 1. I. lacustris, I. Fronds cespitose, subulate, semiterete and ob- tusely angular, dilated and imbricate at base. Beck, Bot. p. 462. Lake Isoetes. Vulgo— Quill-wort. Root fibrous. Fronds numerous, 4 to 12 or 15 inches Ion?, linear-snbulate (some- what resembling the leaves of a Juncus), acute, smooth, green (often whitish tow- ards the root), a little dilated at base, and imbricated in a dense tuft, semi-terete and angular above the base, composed of longitudinal tubes which are jointed, or interrupted by transverse partitions. Fruit in an oval-oblong whilish membrau- ceous indehiscent capsule, which is traversed, within, by numerous linear recep- tacles, and lies imbedded in the dilated and swollen base of lhe frond ; sporules or seeds ? numerous, small, while, globose, reticulately cellular or honeycomb- like on the sarface, and marked with 2 or 3 keel-like ridges, or angles. Hab. Ponds, and shaded wet places: frequent. FY. July—August. 06s. A curious little aquatic, often entirely submersed, in ponds and sli-oish streams. It ig ihe only known species of the genus. 39*1 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. (Cr The reader is requested to make a reference with a pencil, in the pa^s and places indicated, to tbe following Additions and Correct! us. Page 6, Next after Leptandra virginica, insert 6* (474.). JUSTICIA. X. A'utt. Gen. 18. [In honor of James Justice ; a Scotch Horticulturist.] Calyx 5-parted, with 2 or 3 bracts at base. Corolla irregular, bilabi- ate ; upper lip emarginate, the lower one 3-lobed. Filaments 2, each vith a single or double anther. Style filiform. Capsule attenuated below, 2-valved, 2-celled ; dissepiment contrary, growing from the centre of each valve. Seeds few, lenticular. Herbaceous, or shrubby: leaves mostly opposite, without stipules; flowers in axillary pedunculate spikes, or terminal and solitary. Nat. Ord. 214. Lindl. Acanthace-e. i. J. rmusccLosi, .Ifx. "Leaves linear-lanceolate; spikes axillary-; flowers crowded ; peduncles elongated, mostly alternate. Beck, Bot. p. 285. J. americana. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 92. Ait. Kew. 1. p. .38. Aluhl. Catal.p. 2. J. pedunculata. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 21. J. ensiformis. Ell. Sk. 1. p. 11. Pedunculate Justicia. Plant smoolh. Root perennial, creeping. Stem about 2 feet high, herbaceous, raiher slender, angular and sulcate, simple, or sparingly branched from lhe axils. Leaves opposite, 3 to 6 inches long, and 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch wide, linear- linceolale, acute, entire, attenuated at baso to a short petiole. Flowers in oblong sub-capilale spikes, which are 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch long, and supported on slender axillary peduniies 1 to 4 inches in length; bracts anil calyx^segmeiits subulate-lanceolate.; corolla pale violet-purple ; upper lip deeply emarginate, the lower lip wilh 3 oblong obtuse lobes ; stamens as long as lhe tube of the corolla ; anthers double,—or 2-celled witb the cells separated, one terminal and lhe other subterminal. Style filiform, exserted ; stigma minute. Capsule about halfan inch long, acute, tapering at the base. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, above Pughtown: rare. F/.June^uIy. Fr. Aug.Sepb 06s. Collected in August, 1836, by Mr. Josem Rinehart. Two other specie are enumerated in the U. States. Page 9. To the Obs. on Fraxinus, add—Five or six additional spe- cies are enumerated in the U. States. Pave 10. After the Obs. at the end of the Order, add [Cyperus diandrus. Triandria Monogynia-l Pa^e 10. Podostemum. This has been reduced to a species of Lacis, Schreb. by M. Bongard, of St. Petersburg; and is described .under the name of Lacis ceratophylla, by Sir W.J. Hookek. in 592 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS the Second Volume of the Companion to the Botanical Afagazitte, page 23. The description is, moreover, accompanied by a beautiful, accurate, and partially colored engraving of the plant. Page 14. Lines 7 and 30 from the top, for « Postederi*," read Pontedereje. Page 15. Fifth line from the bottom, for '• cylindric," read terete. Page 15. Next after Ctperus strigobus, insert 2.* C. repens, Ell. Root.crceping, tuberiferous at the ^extremities^ umbel simple, or compound, 4 to 6-rayed; spikes distichous ; spikelets linear, obtuse, compressed, approximated and somewhat spreading ; in- volucre about 3-leaved, longer than the umbel. Torr. AT. Am. Cyp. in Ann. Lye. AT. Y. 3. p. 264. C. phymatodes. Muhl. Catal. p. 6. Ejusd. Gram. p. 23. Bart. PhiL. 1. p. 27. Torr. Fl. l.p. 62. Ejusd. Comp. p. 44. Beck, Bot.p. 422. Eat. Man. p. 118. Gray, Gram. I. Specim. mo. 73. C. tuberosus. Pursh, Am, 1. p. 52. Also, JVutt. Gen. I. p. 35. IS'ot of Willd. Pers. &c. Cheeping Ctperus. Root (or rhizoma) perennial, of numerous coarse fibres, creeping extensively, and often terminating in tubers about lhe size of a pta. Culm 1 to 2 feel high, triquetrous, striate, very smoolh. Leaves 9 to 18 inches or 2 feel long, and 2 to 4 lines wide, keeled, striate, smooth, or slightly scabrous on the margin. Umbil raiher erect, the rays 1 to2 or 3 inches,long. .Involucre usually 3or4-leaved, lhe leaves scabrous on the margin, 2 or 3 of them longer than the umbel. Spikelets halfan inch to 3 quarters in length, a little compressed, linear, obtuse when ma- ture, somewhat distichously arranged on the common rachis,—the lowest ones often in pairs, or fasciculate. Glumes oblong, raiher acute, nerved, smooth, pale tawny, the margin scarious. Seed oblong, triquetrous,-minutely punctate undera lens. Hab. Cultivated lols ; West-town School: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. Octo. 06s. This was collected l.y Mr, Joshua Hoopes, in 1835, at the above locality, where it appears to have been introduced; and, if not kept in subjection, may prove to be a troublesome plant. Page 16. Eefore Mariscus ovul*ris, insert 1.* M. hetrofractus, Vahl. Umbel-simple; rays elongated ; head* obovoid or oblong, retrorsely imbricated ; spikelets subulate, finally reflexed. Beck, Bot. p. 429. ScirpusTetrofractus. Willd. Sp. I. p. 304. Pers. Syn. 1. p. 66. Muhl. Catal. p. 7. Ejusd. Gram. p. 40. Backward-bent Mariscus. Root perennial, fibrous. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, tumid al base obtusely triquetrous, striate, nearly leafless, minutely rough.sh-pTesceni-The angles scabrous near the summit. Leaves sub-radical, usually moreThan half he length of the culm, 1 to 2 or 3 lines wide, striate, smoothish, or slight\) puJ«ni and somewhat, pxnmna »„..,./!.„c__,n ' . - ' «""D"i'y puuesctni ~««. s...,,„ .u.„„, ^r'i:L^s^i3»r;::, ADTJTTIONS AND CORRECTIONS 593 •End I third to half an inch in diameter, obovoid or turbinate, sometimes oblong Spikelets numerous, slender, subulate, l-flowered, the upper ones mostly spread- ing, the others more or less reflexed. Glumes striate, the 2 lowest ones short, lance-ovate, empty, the middle one lance-oblong,.fertile, the terminal one very narrow and involute. Seed linear, triquetrous. Hab. Chesnut hill, near Pugh-town: rare. Fl. August. FY. Sept. 06«. Collected in the above locality, August, 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. Page 18. Line 13 from the top {and wherever the words occur), for " Torr. Scirp." read Torr. AT. Am. Cyp.—also after "//."add the figures 344. I'age 18. Line 25 from the top, for "Fl. July. Fr. August." read Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept. Page 18. Line 13 from the bottom, for "Trichelostylis capillaris" rejd Isolepis capillaris—and after "p." add 350. Page 19. Line 7 from the top, for "Trichelostylis autumnalis" rra,d Trichelostylis mucronulata—and after "/>." add 355. Page 19. Line 27 from the top, after "p." add 299. w " Line 5 from the bottom, after "p." add 302. Page 20. Line 18 from the top, after "p." add 309. " " Line 17 from the bottom, after "p." add 308. Page 21. Before Scirpus debilis, insert 9.* S. TRIQ.UETER, X. Culm nearly naked, triquetrous; spikelets ' i to 5, lateral, aggregated, sessile, oblong-ovoid ; glumes orbicular-ovate, mucronate; seed unequally and doubly convex, acuminate. Torr. A". Am. Cyp. in Ann. Lye. AT. Y.3. p. 322. S. americanus. Pursh, Am. 1. p. 56. ATutt. Gen. I. p. 32. Bart. Phil. 1. p. 33. Ell. Sk. l.p. 80. Bigel. Bost. p. 21. Torr. Fl. .1. p. 47. Ejusd. Comp. p. 38. Beck, Bot. p. 425. Eat. Alan. p. 329. Gray, Gram. 2. Specim. no. 134. Also, Pers. Syn. l.p. 68. Also, S. mucronatus. Pursh, Am. l.p. 55. Ell. I. c. Eat. Alan, p, 330. I nrauETROus Scinns. Vulgo—Ghair-maker's Rush. Riot perennial. Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit, acutely trique- trous (2 of the sides-concave the other flat), naked and smooth, sheathed at base, ihe sheaths often bearing a few short leaves. Spikelets in a dense lateral cluster, often near the summit, ovoid, or ovoid-oblong. Glumes orbicular-ovate, often emarginate, and mucronate with the projecting midrib, ferruginous on the sides, the margin scarious and somewhat pubescent. Seed somewhat triquetrous, wilh convex 3ides, abruptly acuminate, dark brown, smooth. Bristles 3 to 5 or 6, slen- der, retrorsely scabrous, brittle. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, above Pughtown: rare. Fl. July. FY. Sept. 06s. Collected by Mr. Joseph Rinehart, Aug. 1836. This is the plant gener- ally used in making the seats of rush-bottomed Chairs, in lhe TJ. States. Ildocs not attain to so large a growth in this County as it does along tide water. :fage 25. Line 9 from the bottom, for " Sclerejg," read Sclkjus** 50* 594 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page 44. Next after Digitaria sanguinalis, insert 2.* D. glabra, R. & 5". Leaves andsheaths smooth; spikes2 or"3, digitate, 6ub-alternate; spikelets lance-ovoid, a little crowded, pubes- cent; glume as long as the abortive floret. Beck, Bot. p. 398. Specim. Gray, Gram. 1. no. 22. D. paspalodes. Mx. Am. I. p. 46. 96 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS fc,:mie;'heres,—and is usually restricted to the vicinity of salt water; but I have-a Kentucky specimen form Prof. Short. Il is the only known species of the genus. Page 126. Ehtthr.ea pulchella. The Exacum pulchellum, of Pursh, Torrey, Beck, &c. is probably a Synonym of this. Page 129. Phlox divaricata. The leaves, on the suckers or stolones of this species, become rather thick and coriaceous in the latter part of the season. Page 110. Claytoxia virginica. To line 27 from the top, add Icox, Bart. Am. 2. tab. 51. Page 159. Line 26 from the top, for "(L. periclymenum)," read (L. Caprifolium). Page 160. Line JO from the bottom (and wherever the word occurs), for " ciliiE," read cilia. Page 168. Next before Asclepias, insert 129 * (476). GONOLOBUS. .Mr. A'utt. Gen. 2-10. (iretk, Gonia, an angle, and Lobos, a pod ; from its ribbed or angular follicles, j Calyx much smaller than the corolla, 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deep- ly 5-parted. Lepanthium scutellate, 5-lobed, equalling the antheridi- um. Antheridium depressed, discoid, pentangular, without either winged angles, or scarious cusps. Pollinia 5 pairs, transverse. Fol- licles 2. Seeds comose. Herbaceous: stem twining; leaves opposite ; flowers in axillary pedunculate umbels. Nat. Ord. 195. Lindl. Asclepiade^e. 1. G. macrophyllus, AIx? Leaves roundish-cordate with the sinus nearly closed, abruptly acuminate ; follicles muricate ; lobes of the lepanthium divided. Ell ? Sk. 1. p. 327. Cynanchum macrophyllum? Muhl. Catal. p. 28. LoNO, OR LAnGE-LEAVED GoNOLODUS. Root perennial. Stem several feet long, slender; hirsutely pubescent, twinin- and climbing over shrubs. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and often nearly as wide as long, orbicular-cordate, with a short abrupt acumination, entire, of a thinnish tex lure, finely pubescent, especially beneath and on the margin, pilose on the nerves petioles 1 to 2 inches long, hirsute with spreading hairs. Flowers in loose cymose umbels, on axillary common peduncles 1 or 2 to 4 inches in length. Calyx small segment* linear-lanceolate, hirsule. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; lobes about halfan inch long, l.near-oblong, rather obtuse, greenish and pubescent externally, of . dark dingy-purple on the inner surface. *' Hab. Chesnut hill, near Pughtown: rare. Fl. pr -\uttall unhesitatngy pronounced onrniant ,„ y. r- ' but Mr" however, it must became ^thtZllZ^s G. ZTaZ^ tT"' and given on the authority of Z Collins VBn .« « om"Juus> &y "T. Torrey- fcll. of the Schuylkill." L ToXf' pll Three" / \ T^* *™ ^ *< umerated in the U. States. ?' Tt*«e or 4 additional species are ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 39? ■Page 183. After Hydrocottle americana, add -2. H. ranunculoides, L? Creeping; glabrous; leaves orbicular- reniform, somewhat 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse, crenate, the middle one smaller and more distinct; umbels subcapitate, few-flowered, peduncu- late. Torr.Fl. l.p. 304. H. cymbalarifolia. Aluhl, Catal. p. 30. ,Ell. Sk. 1. p. 346. Beck, Bot. p. 140. Ranunculus-like Hydrocotyle. Root perennial. Stem creeping, throwing out verticils of long fibres. Leaves h.Llf an inch to 3 quarters long, and 3 fourths of an inch lo an inch wide, smooth and thickish or-subcoriaceous, reniform, 3-lobed, and crenate, with the lateral -segments partially 2-lobed, the middle lobe smallest; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Umbels small (5 lo 10-flowered);,/?otcers on very short pedicels ; common peduncle about an inch long. Hab. Wet places ; above Pugh-town: rare. Fl. July. FY. Sept. Obs. Imperfect specimen collected in Aug. 1836, i>y Mr. Joseph Rinehart. Page 188. Line 21 from the top, for "Common Petroselinum" read Cultivated. Petroselinum. Page 196. Line 11 from the top, for "Common Pastinaca" read Cultivated Pastixaca. Page 198. To the description of Daucus carota, add—The central flower of the winbel- mostly dark purple, -abortive. ■Page 202. Line 8 from the top, for "Common Coriandrcsi" read Cultivated Coriandhum. Page 210, Next after Aralia racemosa, add 3. A, hispida, AIx. Suffruticose; stem and petioles hispid ; leaves ► doubly pinnate; leaflets lance-ovate, acuminate, incised-serrate, smooth.; umbels axillary and terminal, on long peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 151. Hispid Aralia. Root perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, shrubby at base and hispid with rigid tawny bristles, slender, subherbaceous and somewhat branched above, more or less pilose, or hirsute. Leaflets-.l to 2 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to on inch and half wide, sessile ; common petioles dilated at base, more or less his- pid. Umbels on long naked branches, or branching common peduncles (2 or 3 lo 5 or6 inches long);, involuaemany-leaved; leaflets subulate-linear, acute, ciliate; ra<^s about an inctrlong, filiform,smooth. Petals greenish-white, mostly reflexed. Hob. Chesnut hill, near Pugh-town: tare. Fl. June—July. Fr. Sept. 06s. Collected in-Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. IPage 216. Line 3 from the bottom, for "Common Allium" read Cultivated Allium. [Page 240. Epilobium. D. Townsend, Esq. has collected speci- mens in the Great Valley, which may, perhaps, be E. palustre, of the American Botanists ; but I am not yet quite satisfied.of its identity xsvith the European plant. 598 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page 241. Next after CS > other a, insert 195.* (477). GAURA. X. A'utt. Gen. 362. [Greek, Gauros, superb; from its showy spikes of flowers.] Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base ; limb 4-parted, the segment* partially cohering, reflexed, and, with part of the tube, deciduous. Petals mostly 4, ascending. Ovary quadrangular, 1-celled ; stigma 4-lobcd. Capsule bony or nut-like, indehiscent, by abortion 1 or few-seeded. Herbaceous, or suffrulicose:-leaves alternate; flowers in ter.ninal spikes. Nat. Ord. 47. Lindl. Onagrabi^:. 1. G. biennis, X. Stem sub-herbaceous, erect, hairy ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute, denticulate ; flowers irregular ; petals lance-obovate, ascending ; fruit sessile, quadrangular-ovoid, sub-acuminate, tapering t»t base, sulcate,.pilose. Beck, Bot. p. 117. Biexxial Gaura. Root biennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, firm and sub-frutcscent, much branch- ed, hairy, often purple. Leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, and P fourih of an inch lo an inch wide, acule at each end, repand-denticulate, sessile, pubescent, pale green, al length purple. Floicers numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes,at first densely corymbose, gradually elongating, and blooming in succession,—the branches leaf- less for some distance below the racemes, and virgate ; bracts minute, lance-lin. ear, obtuse, pilose-ciliate, purple, caducous. Calyx tubular, pubescent, —the lo-w er half of ihe tube adnate to the ovary, quadrangular, the upper half slighlly quad- rangular and ventricose, villose within,—the limb oblong-ilavate before expand- ing, 4-parted, the segments lance-linear, partially cohering in pairs, speedily re- flexed, purple, deciduous wilh the upper half of the tube. Petals at first while or reddish-white, finally purple, somewhat unilateral on the upper side of the flower, ascending, obovate-lanceolate, slender, inserted at the orifice of the calyx-tube. y.lamcns about as long as the petals, and inserted with ihem, slightly declined; filaments clavate; anthers incumbent,'fuscous. Ovary 1 fourth lo 1 third of an inch long, apparently I-celled, and containing numerous ovules attached loa cen- tral placenta; style scarcely longer than the stamens, villose wilhin the tube of the calyx, smooth and clavate at summit; stigma mostly of 4 short thick spread- ing lobes (or 4 stigmas ?), which seem to have burst from a theca or envelope. Capsule 1 third to halfan inch long, quadrangular-ovoid, abruptly acuminate, ta. poring al base, sulcate, wilh the angles obtuse, succulent before maturity, becom- ing bony or nut-like, hy abortion 1 to 3 or 4-seeded. Hab. Along Schuylkill, above Pughtown : rare. Fl. Aug. Sept. Fr. Octo. 06s. Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. Four or five addition- al species are enumerated in lhe U. States. Page 246. At the end of Ocicindria Alonogynia, add [Polanisia graveolens. PolyandriaMonogynia.] Page 255. After the Obs. at the end of Class 9, add [Hypericum virginicum. Polyandria Di-Pentagynia.~\ Page 273. Next after Silene antirhhixa, insert 3. S, xocTiFLonA, X. Viscid-pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves large, the lower ones spatulate, the upper ones lanceolate; flower's large, *ub-paniculate; calyx cylindric-ventricose, 10-nerved, with the 5 teeth CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS 599 st summit very long; petals bipartite, denticulate. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 379. NlGIIT-PLOWERING SlLF.NE. Plant clothed with a roughish pubescence, viscidat summit. Root annual. Stem B to 12 or 15 inches high, terete, branching,—the branches opposite and axillary, di- or tri-chotomously paniculate al summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 1 fourth of an inch to an inch wide,—the lower ones spatulate, those above varying from spatnlate-oblong to lance-linear,—all more or less acute, tapering al base, sessile, •overed With small rough dots. Flowers terminal, on peduncles half an inch lo an inch and half long. Calyx about 3 fourths of an Inch long, at first oblong, finally ventricose-elliptic and about halfan inch in diameter, with 10 green hairy ribs, and the intervals whilish and membranaceous; teeth5, subulate and hairy, 1 fourth to 1 third the length of the calyx. Petals pale red, or reddish-white. Capsule as long as the calyx, ovoid-elliptic. Seeds numerous, roundish-reniform, striate-ribbed, with the ribs obtusely serrulate, or monilifortn, ofa dingy leaden- brown color when mature. Hab. Cultivated fields; West-Chester: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Aug—Sept. Obs. This foreigner was found by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, August, 1836, growing in considerable quantity among the stubble ofa wheat field, adjoining the Borough ef West Chester,—where it had probably been introduced wilh Clover-seed. Page 290. Next after Cerasus virginiana, insert 4. C. obovata, Beck. Leaves obovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smoothish, with small tufts of pubescence in the axils of the lower nerves beneath ; petioles mostly with 2 glands; racemes spreading; fruit ovoid, acute. Beck, Bot. p. 97. C. virginiana, var. humilior: Mx. Am. l.p. 285. Prunus hirsutusT Ell. Sk. l.p. 541. P. obovata. Bigel. Bost. p. 192. Eat. Man. p. 285. Obovate Cerasus. A shrub. Stem 4 to 6 feel high, branching. Leaves 2 to 1 inches long, and 1 t" 3 or 2anda quarter inches wide, generally obovate, sometimes oblong-oval, acumi- nate, with the apex mucronate, mostly obtuse at base, equally and very sharply ser- rate, the serratures with a slender callous acumination, rather spreading, —the upper surface green and smoolh, or slightly pilose on the midrib and nerves, the under surface somewhat glaucous, smooth, except some small lufts of whitish pu- bescence in ihe axils of lhe nerves, and occasionally extending along them ; peti- oles half an inch to 3 quarters in length, smooth, mostly with 2 glands near the base of the leaf. Flowers in simple lateral racemes, from the branches of the preceding year; common peduncle 1 to 2incheslong, often bearing 2 or 3rather small leaves; racemes 2 or3 inches long, diverging, and often recurved, smooth; pedicels about 4 lines long. Drupes 4 to 6 lines long, and about 3 lines in diam- eter, ovoid, rather acute, often slightly sulcate on one side, dark red, or purplish, when mature, somewhat astringent and bitter. «i6.iBanksof the Brandywine: not common. Fl. Fr. July—Aug. 06s Found bv Mr. Joseph Rinehart, July, 1836, on the west side of the Bran- dywine, near the place called "Deborah's rock," below the bridge on the btras- bunrh road. It is clearly distinct from 0. virginiana, and C. serrfm«,-as Drs Bigelow and Beck have remarked; and, as lhe young branches appear to be I TooZl have some doubts whether it be not also distinct from Prunu* hirsu.u., 600 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS cf Ell. with which Dr. Beck thinks it may be identical. I have not yet seen it in (lower; but Dr. Bigelow says the flowers are while, larger and a fortnight earlier ihau those of C. virginiana. Page 315. Next before Chelidonium, insert 247.* (178). POLANISIA. Baf. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 242. [ J Calyx of 4 sub-cruciate sepals, spreading. Petals 4, sub-cruciate, un- equal. Stamens 8 or 12 to 32. Torus (or receptacle) small. Cap- sule elongated (resembling a Silique), 1-celled, 2-valved, sessile in the calyx, or scarcely stipitate ; terminated by a distinct style. Seeds nu- merous, subreniform, with the embryo incurved. Herbaceous : leaves alternate, petiolate, compound, without stipules ; flowers axillary, or in terminal racemes. Nat. Ord. 11. Lindl. Capparide*. I. P. graveolens, Baf. Glandular-pilose and viscid ; leaves ternate; leaflets elliptic-oblong, and spatulate ; stamens 8 to 12 ; capsule lancc- oblong, attenuate atbase, muricate with a glandular pubescence. Beck, Bot. p. 34. Cleome dodecandra. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 566. Mx. Am. 2. p. 32. Pers. Syn. l.p. 391. Muhl. Catal. p. 61. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 441. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 73. Bart. Am. 1. p. 83 (Icon, tab. 22). Bigel. Bost. p. 254. Lindl? Ency. p. 558. Eat. Alan. p. 99. Strong-scented Polanisia. Plant somewhat foetid. Root annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, branching,- striate, roughish-pubescent with short glanduliferous viscid hairs, greenish-while, or often tinged with purple. Leaves ternate ; leaflets 3 fourths of an inch to an inch and half long, and 1 third to 2 thirds of an inch w.de (the terminal one usual- ly largest), varying from lance-obovate and obtuse, to elliptic-oblong and spatulate- lanceolate with the apex more or less acute, entire, or obscurely repand, slightly glandular-pubescent, subsessile ; common petioles half an inch to an inch and half long, slender, pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary (crowded, whilst young> in a corymbose leafy raceme at summit), on slender peduncles. Calyx roughisli- glandular externally, mostly purple ; sepals unequal, lance-ovate and lance-lincar, acute, slightly cohering at base. Petals ochroleucous, longer than the calyx, oflen irregularly obcordate, and sometimes 3-toothed, at apex, narrowed below to a fili- form claw. Stamens exserted ; filaments very slender, mostly purple. Capsule siliquose, an inch and half to 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to I third of an inch wide, lance-oblong, rather obtuse, somewhat compressed, often slightly falcate, veined, and roughish wilh short gland-bearing hairs, pale green, tapering at base to a short stipe; peduncle about 3 fourths of an inch long. Seeds reniform-orbicu- lar, appearing as if doubled, roughish-punctate, brown when mature, becoming loose and railling in the thin membranous capsule. Hab. Chesnut hill, above Pughtown : rare. Fl. June— Aug. Fr. Aug.—Octo. 06s. Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. The only known spe- cies in the V. States. Page 327. Next before Ranunculus, insert 260* (479.). HYDROPELTIS. AIx. DC. Prodr. l.p 112. [Greek, Hydor, water, and Pelte, a shield ; from the floating peltate leaves.] Calyx of 3 or 4 petaloid sepals. Petals 3 or 4, longer than the se pals- Stamens about as long as the petals. Carpels oblong, acuminatei 1-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds roundish-obovoid. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 601 An Herbaceous aquatic: leaves alternate, entire, peltate, floating; flowers ax- illary, solitary, pedunculate. Nat. Ord. 7. Lindl. Hydropeltide^e. 1. H, purpurea, AIx. Leaves elliptic, centrally peltate ; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. Beck, Bot. p. 19. Icon, AIx. Am. I. tab. 29. Brasenia Hydropeltis. Muhl. Catal. p. 55. Torr. Comp. p. 228. B. peltata. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 389. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 24. Bart. Phil. 2. p. 26. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 66. Purple Hydropeltis. Vulgo—Water-target. Plant purplish green. Root perennial. Stem varying in length with the depth of water (1 to 10 feet long, Ell.), slender, and, with the peduncles, petioles and under surface of the leaves, coated with a transparent gelatinous slime. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, and an inch and half to 2, or 2 and a half inches wide, oval, very en- tire, centrally peltate, and floating on the surface of the water, somewhat crowded near the summit of the stem, the upper surface smooth and shining, with about eleven nerves radiating from the centre ; petioles 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, slend- er. Flowers brownish-purple, solitary, axillary ;peduncles 2 or 3 to 5 or6 inches long ; sepals about half an inch long, linear-elliptic ; thickisb, colored ; petals long- er thinner and membranaceous; anthers dark purple. Carpels oblong, a little ventricose, acuminate and tipped with the persistent style. Hab. Pigeon-creek, above Pughtown : rare. Fl. June—July. FY. Aug.—Sept. 06s. Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr, Joseph Rinehart. The only known spe- cies of the genus. Page 328. Next after Ranunculus pusillus, insert 4.* R. reptans, X. Stem filiform, geniculate, creeping; joints 1- flowered; leaves linear-lanceolate, and subulate-linear, entire, remote, smooth. Beck, Bot. p. 7. var. filiformis, DC. Torr. &c. R filiformis. Mx. Am. I. p. 320. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 102. ATutt. Gen. 2. p. 23. Bart. Am. 2. p. 101 (Icon, tab. 70. fig. 2.). Bigel. Bost. p. 224. Eat. Man. p. 296. Creeping Ranunculus. Root perennial. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, very slender and thread-like, smooth, prostrate, geniculate, or forming a series of undulating curves of about an inch in span throughout its whole length, and generally sending out roots and leaves at lhe joints. Leaves few, simple, rather erect, halfan inch to an inch long, lanceo- late or subulate-linear, rather obtuse,-often spatulate-lanceolate, or three-fourths of their length narrowed to a petiole. Flowers solitary at the joints, small; pe- duncles halfan inch to an inch and half long; sepals roundish, obtuse, spreading ; petals yellow, obovate. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, above Pughtown : rare. Fl. July-Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. This seems to be identical with lhe R. reptans, as figured in LightfooVs Flora Scotica; and I incline to concur with Dr. Beck, in the opinion, that it is quite distinct from R. Flammula of which Prof. Hooker makes it a variety. Pa^e 340. Next before Mentha canadensis, insert 3 •%! arvensis, X. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or ovate cu- neately taping, or rounded, at base, serrate, petiolate; bracts subulate- [anceltef about as long as the subcampanulate calyx. Benth. Lab. p. 178. Field Mentha. al 602 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Plant hirsute. Root perennial. Stem9 to 15 inches high, mostly erect, brachiatc - ly branching, obtusely angled, with the sides channelled, retrorsely hirsut*. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and halfan inch to an inch wide, more or less ovale- lanceolate, and serrate, wilh an entire cuneately tapering base (sometimes ovate, and rounded at base), punctate, hairy ; petioles 1 third to half an inch long, hir- sute. Flowers in axillary sub-fasciculate cymes, appearing verticillate, often ste- rile ; common peduncle mostly shorter than the pedicels; pedicels smooth ; bracts subulate-lanceolate, hairy. Calyx tubular-campanulate, ribbed, and hirsute. Co- rolla pale blue, or bluish-purple. Stamens exserted, often abortive or wanting. flab. Road-sides, near West Chester: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept. Obs. This is a very variable species,—with considerable general resemblance to M.' canadensis; but is remarkable for its peculiar odor,—which'has been com- pared lo that of mouldy cheese. I was mistaken in supposing this foreigner to have become extinct. Mr. Joshua Hoopes finds it still flourishing near the old locality, about half a mile S. West of the Borough. Page 344. Next after Monarda, insert 273* (480.). BLEPHILIA. Baf. Benth. Lab. p. 319. [Perhaps from the Gr. Blepharis, an eye-lash ; in reference to the ciliate bracts*] Calyx tubular, sub-cylindric, elongated, striate (13-nerved), bilabiate ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, bidentate ; throat naked within. Corolla ringent; lips sub-equal; upper lip erect, oblong, entire, loweT lip spreading, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes roundish-ovate, the middle lobe narrower, oblong, emarginate ; tube slender, somewhat exserted. Stam- ens 2, exserted; anthers 2-celled; cells divarica.c at base, connate at apex. 1. B. ciliata, Baf. Leaves lance-ovate and ovate-oblong, paler or canescent beneath, subsessile; outer braets ovate, ciliate, colored, as long as the calyx. Benth. I. c. Monarda ciliata. Willd. Sp. l.p. 126. Ait. Kew. l.p. 52. Aluhl? Catal. p. 3. Pursh, Am. l.p. 19. ATutt. Gen. l.p. 17. Ell. Sk. l.p 30. Lindl. Ency. p. 22. Eat. Man. p. 229. Not of Mx. nor Pers. Ciliate Blephilia. Root perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, erect, simple, often several from the same root, square, often purple above, clothed with a short roughish pubescence which is longer at the joints, and retrorse on the angles. Zea-pes 1 to 2 or 2 and a half inches long, and half an inch to an inch wide, in rather distant opposite pairs, lance-ovate, or ovate-oblong, tapering to the apex but often rather obtuse Ae lower ones smaller and sub-orbicular), sorrate-denticulate, abruptly narrowed often ratherrounded)atbase, rugose-nerved,the npper.urface greeniaSte. ly rough.sh-pubescent, paler and more pubescent beneath, somewhat hairy on tr.: nerves; upper petioles very short, the lower ones near half an menW ,m , pubescent. Flowers on very short pedicels, in dense sub-globose venS I r tils all distinct, the lower one distant, the uroer nn,, ,«L1 ■ ™rtlci18 > vert" bracts greenish-white, conspicuously ci^ «* • ovate, acute or acuminate, prominently nervPd .«„«!.■ t/,e Uter on2* bescent, the inner ones narrow"yin" fr m a„ce Hne'ar, ""I 7*^ PU" .ristly hairs, the 3 upper tee* ££*£ Z7Z££^*»£Z ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 603 blt'sh-purple, villose externally; upper lip oblong, rather obtuse, nearly flat, ljwer lip spreading, rather longer than the upper, with dark purplish-brown dots or. the upper or inner surface, the middls. lobe longer, crenulate. Stamens 2, a little exserted. Style considerably exserted, nearly equally bifid at apex, pale purple. Hab. Fields, near West-Chester: rare. Fl. June—July. Fr. Obs. This is a rare plant, east of the Alleghany mountains. It was collected by Mr. Joshua Hoopes, in July, 1S36, near the Philadelphia road, about two miles Easl of West-Chesler, where it grew in considerable quantity ; and I have since learned that it was previously f mnd (viz. in 1834) by Mr. William Hartman, in Strode's orchard, about three miles S. West of Hie Borough of West-Chester. The herb possesses considerable odor,—something similar to that of Melissa or Common-Balm. There is one other species in the TJ. States. Page 35£. Next after Scutellaria integrifolia, insert 3.* S. galehiculata, X. Stem erect, somewhat branched; leaves lance-ovate, crenate-serrate,,rounded and a little cordate at base, sub- sessile ; flowers rather large, subsolitary, .axillary, opposite, secund, on short pedicels. Beck, Bot. p.£81. Capped, or Helmeted Scutellaria. Root perennial. Stem 12 to IS inches high, square arid channelled, with slender spreading branches above, pubescent. 'Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1 third Of an inch to near an ineh wide, cordate-lanceolate, acute, crenate-serrate, smoothish above, the under surface clothed with a short pubescence, and sprinkled with minute resinous panicles ; petioles very short, pubescent. Flowers mostly soli- tary, axillary, opposite, but both turned to the same side of the stem; pedicels rather longer than the petioles. Calyx cinereous-pubescent, the galeate append- age rather small. Corolla blue at summit, paler below, pubescent, rather large (halfan inch, or more, in length), dilated above, tapering below. Hab. Marshy grounds ; Wynn's Meadows: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Collected at the above locality, July, 1836,' by Mr. Joseph Rinehart, This is the var. pubescens, Benth. Lab. p. 437. Page 357. "Next before Lamium, insert 287* (481.). PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth. Lab. p. 504. [6reek, Physa, a bladder, and Stege, a covering; alluding to the inflated flowers.] Calyx tubular-campanulate, finally inflated-campanulate, nearly equal- ly 5-toothed,—or truncate, and -obscurely toothed. Corolla with a long exserted tube, destitute.of a ring within; throat inflated; limb bilabiate,—the upper lip nearly erect, somewhat concave, entire, or emarginate,—the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, with the lobes rounded, the middle one larger and emarginate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the 2 lower ones rather longer; anthers approximated, 2-ceUed ; cells parallel, distinct, naked. Style bifid at apex, with the lobes nearly equal, subulate. Akenes smooth. 1. P. virginiana, Benth. Calyx acutely and nearly equally 5-toothed. Benth. I. c. Dracocephalum denticulatum. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 150. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 133. Ait.Kew,3.p.AlQ. Muhl. Catal. p. 56. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 411. 604 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS A'utt. Gen. 2. p. 35. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 85. Torr. Comp. p. 236. Lindl. Ency. p. 510. Beck, Bot. p. 278. Eat. Alan. p. 128. D. virginianum. Mx. Am.2. p. 10. Also (fide Benth.), Willd. and the Authors here cited. Also (fide Benth.), D. variegatum, of ihe Authors here cited. Also (fide Benth.), D. obovatum. Ell. Sk. 2. p. 86. Virginian Phtsostegia. Vulgo—Dragon-head. Root perennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, erect, simple, or sparingly branched, 4-angled, smooth, or very minutely pubescent above. Leaves opposite, sessile, 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, and 1 fourth to 3 fourths of an inch wide, varying from lin- ear-lanceolate to lance-oblong and obovate-lanceolate, generally acute, denticu- late (or sometimes sharply incised-serrate) above lhe middle, tapering and entire at base, smooth, and often somewhat pellucid-punctate. Flowers opposite, aDd distant, in a slender terminal bracteate raceme,—or sometimes crowded in dense quadrifarious spikes, which are terminal and subterminal (or axillary opposite and crowded, and thus rendered sub-paniculate at the summit of the stem) ; ra- cemes, or spikes, 2 or 3 to 6 or8 inches in length ; bracts varying from lance-ovate and acuminate to subulate, shorter than the calyx; pedicels short; calyx 3 or 4 lines long, minutely pubescent, with 5 nearly equal acute teeth. Corolla pale purple, or flesh-colored, sometimes variegated, half an inch to an inch long, much dilated above, tapering to the base, finely pubescent externally. Hab. Along Schuylkill, above Pugh-town : rare. Fl. July—Aug. FY. Obs. Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. The specimens col- lecled by Mr. Rinehart clearly belong to the Dracocephalum denticulalum, of Authors. Mr. Bentham has reduced all lhe species, cited above, into one; and adds, that they are scarcely entitled to be considered as varieties. The old D. virginianum, however, to my view, presents a strongly marked variety, if nothing more. I have cultivated it for a number of years, and find it very constant in its characters,—especially its dense paniculate, or rather sub-fasciculate, spikes — and its more coriaceous and sharply incised-serrate leaves. If Mr. Bentham be correct, the above is probably ihe only species known in the TJ. States. Page 373. Next after Verbena, insert 305* (482). ZAPANIA. Scop. A'utt. Gen. 522. [In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa ; an Italian Botanist.] Calyx compressed, 2-parted (or of 2 acuminate conduplicate sepals ?). Corolla tubular, with the limb unequally 5-lobed. Stigma peltately capitate, oblique. Capsule thin and evanescent. Seeds 2. Herbaceous: creeping; leaves opposite; flowers in axillary bracteate peduncu- late heads. Nat. Ord. 220. Lindl. Verbenaceje. 1. Z. nodiflora, Lam. Leaves subsessile, cuneate-ovate, and ovate-lanceolate, serrate above ; spikes capitate-conic, solitary, on lone slender peduncles. Beck, Bot. p. 284. Also ? Z. lanceolata. Pers. Muhl. Beck, &c. Verbena nodiflora. Willd. Sp. 1. p. 117. Ait'. Kew. 4. p 39 Lippia nodiflora, Mx. Am. 2. p. 15. Also ? L, lanceolata. Mx. I. c. Node-Flowering Zapania. r£rrif -T , l° 10,°r I2 inChe"l0ng' m08tly Pwcumbent, nodose and rad.cat.ng at the jo.nts, branching, obtusely quadrangular and striate-sulcate, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS f305 ' roughish wilh short cinerous closely appressed hairs. Leaves 3 fourths of an inch "lo 2 inches long, and 1 fourth to 2 thirds of an inch wide, varying from lanceolata to cuneate-obovate, mostly rather acute, coarsely serrate above the middle, entire below the middle, and more or less cuneately tapering to a very short petiole, roughish (like the stem and peduncles) with appressed hairs (glabrous, Ell). Flowers closely imbricaled with bracts, in small roundish-ovoid or conical heads, on solitary axillary peduncles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Bracts roughish (like the leaves) with short appressed hairs, yellowish-green, with membranaceous and purple margins, the lower ones broad-ovate, the others rhomboid-cuneate, abruptly a-cute, and minutely denticulate near the summit. Calyx much smaller than the bracts, membranaceous, obcornpressed, deeply andsinuately 2-parted, or perhaps composed of 2 lanceolate acuminate conduplicate sepals, which are ciliate on the keel, or back of the duplicature, at each margin. Corolla bluish or purplish- white, the fu6e about as long as the bracts, the limb somewhat bi-labiate, the upper lip small, emarginate and mostly reftexed, the lower one 3-lobed. Hab. Margin of the Schuylkill, above Pughtown: rare. Fl. July—Aug. Fr. Sept. 06s. Collected in Aug. 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. Authors, generally, describe the calyx as "o-toothed ;" but I find the description of the faithful and la- mented Elliott to be much more accurate. The Z. lanceolata, of the books, ispro- bably nothing more than a variety of this,—and if so, this is the only known species in the U. States, if not of the genus. Page 391, At the end of the Order, add [Polanisia gravealens. Polyandria Monogynia.} Page 398. To the Obs. on Sid a, add—Six or seven additional spe- cies are enumerated in the U. States. Page 400. Next before Cobtdalis aurea, insert 1.* C. glauca, Pursh. Stem erect, branched; leaves glaucous, de- compound, the segments cuneate, trifid; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the pedicels ; siliques long, linear, compressed, searcely torulose. Beck, Bot. p. 24. C. sempervirens. Pers. Syn. 2. p. 269. Lindl. Ency. p. 600. Fumaria sempervirens. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 863. Mx. Am. 2. p. 51. Ait. Kew. 4. p. 240. Glaucous Cortdalis, . Plant smooth and remarkably glaucous. Root annual, mostly fusiform, and giving out fibres. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, erect, striate-angled, branching. Leaves petiolate, somewhat biternately dissected, the primary divisions petiolate, the -secondary ones sul>petiolate, deeply 2 or 3-parted, the subdivisions cuneate, 2 or 3-cleft, with the segments oblong, obtuse, or minutely mucronate ; radical or lower leaves on long petioles. Racemes terminal, «ub-panicalate; pedicels about half an inch long;° bracts finally much shorter than the pedicels. Sepals ovate, acu- minate. Corolla ochroleucous, with a slight shade of green, and tinged with pur- ple at summit; petals cohering—the upper one produced at base into a short obiuse spur. Siliques an inch to an inch an half long, narrow, linear, compres- sed, nerved, smooth, acuminate with the persistent style. Seeds compressed, roundish-rhomboid, punctate-striate, smooth and shining, purplish-black, Hab. Hills, above Pughtown : rare. Fl. May-July. Fr. June-Aug. 06s. Collected, August, 1836, by Mr. Joseph Rinehart. .Page 408. Line 2 from the bottom, for "from the species," read some . of the species. 606 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page 468. Etymology of Eurybia. According to De Candolle, Eurybia, in the mythology of the ancients, was the mother of the stars; and hence the name is poetically applied to a genus of Aster- like plants. Page 539. Line 15 from the bottom, for "ATat. Ord. 82." read A'at. Ord. 83. Page 546. Next after Carta tomentosa, insert 4.* C. amara, ATutt. Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smoothish, the terminal one petiolate; fruit roundish- ovoid, acuminate, with prominent sutures near the apex ; pericarp thin; nut smooth, mucronate, with the shell fragile. Beck, Bot. p. 336. Juglans amara. Pursh, Am. 2. p. 638. Mx. f. Sylva, 1. p. 170 (Icon, tab. 33.). Bitter Carta. Vulgo—Swamp Hickory. Bitter-nut. Stem 60 to 80 feet high, and 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet in diameter, with numerous slender twiggy branches, and yellow buds,—the bark close and smoothish, finally more or less fissured, Leaflets usually in 3 or 4 pairs, with a terminal odd one, 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, and 3 fourths of an inch to near 2 inches wide (the lower pair considerably smaller than the others), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ta- pering more or less to the base (the lower pair ovate-lanceolate, and rounded at base), smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath, especially on the nerves and midrib,—the lateral leaflets sessile, the terminal one cuneately tapering and acute at base, on a petiole 2 to 4 lines long; common petiole 3 to 6 inches long, slender, somewhat pubescent. Aments from lateral buds, ternate, or in pairs, 1 to 2 inches long, slender, somewhat pubescent. Pistillate flowers terminal, solitary, or in pairs, pedunculate. FYuit 3 fourths of an inch to an inch long, orbicular, or subglobose, acuminate, thickly sprinkled with yellow resinous particles,—the pericarp thin, with 4 ridged or prominent sutures at summit, partially opening by 4 valves; nut smooth, mucronate, with the shell thin and easily cracked; the kernel bitter. Hab. Low grounds ; along Brandywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Octo. 06s. Since my imperfect account of our Hickories was printed, D. Townsend, Esq. has furnished me with good specimens of undoubted C. amara, collected by himself along the Brandywine. The species is no doubt frequently confounded with C porcina; and I think they are probably blended by Marshall, under tha name of Juglans alba minima. Page 580. Line 9 from the bottom, for " 2," read 1. 607 GENERA OF CHESTER COUNTY PLANTS, GROUPED IN THE NATURAL ORDERS OF PROF. LINDLEY: Together with the numerical designation (in this work) of each genus, and the number of species belonging to each, in the County, and in the U. States.* ORD. 1. ARALIACEJE. C. C. 1 IS. C.C. U.S. 263 Thalictrum 4 4 135 Panax 2 2 264 Clematis 2 10 161 Aralia 2 3 4 265 Caltha 1 4 5 "ERiE. 6 266 Hydrastis 9 1 1 ORD. 2. UMBELLII 24 "ol 136 Hydrocotyle 137 Sanicula 2 5 1 ORD. 4. PAPAVERACEJE. 247 Chelidonium 1 1 138 Cicuta 2 248 Argemone 1 I 139 Zizia 3 249 Papaver 1 2 140 Apium 1 250 Sanguinaria 4 1 1 141 Petroselinum 1 4 5 142 Carum 1 ORD. 5. NYMPHiEACE^E. 143 Cryptotsenia 1 252 Nuphar 1 1 3 144 Sium 1 ORD. 7. HYDROPELTIDE/E 145 Bupleurum 1 260' ' Hydropeltis 1 1 1 146 Foeniculum 1 ORD. 8. PODOPHYLLEiE. 147 Thaspium 3 251 Podophyllum 1 1 I 148 Angelica 3 ORD. 9. CRUCIFER^:. 149 Archemora 3 310 Erophila 1 1 150 Pastinaca 1 311 Cochlearia 1 2 151 Heracleum 1 312 Camelina 1 1 152 Daucus 2 313 Capsella 1 1 153 Chserophyllum 1 314 Lepidium 2 4 154 Osmorhiza 2 315 Barbarea 1 2 155 Conium 1 316 Arabis 3 7 156 Coriandrum 21 1 317 Cardamine 3 8 --- --- 318 Dentaria 1 6 26 36 319 Sisymbrium 4 8 ORD. 3. RANUNCULi 320 Brassica 3 3 253 Actaea 2 4 321 Sinapis 2 2 254 Aquilegia 1 1 322 Raphanus13 1 1 260 Ranunculus 10 20 --- — 261 Hepatica 1 1 24 46 262 Anemone 2 8 * The number of species in the U. States, as here set down, must, of course, in many instances, be regarded only as aa approximation to the exact amount. 60S NATURAL ORDERS ORD. 10. FUMARIACE.E ? C.C. ' U.S. C. C. U. S 194 (Enothera 2 20 329 Dielytra 2 4 195* Gaura 4 16 330 Adlumia 1 1 331 Corydalis 2 3 7 48 332 Fumaria 4 1 1 ORD. 49. CIRCLEACE^E. 7 Circssa 1 1 2 6 ORD. 52. SALICARLE. ORD. 11. CAPPARIDE^. 226 Cuphea 1 11 247* Polanisia 111 ORD. 54. MELASTOMACE.E. ORD. 13. ANNONACEiE. 196 Rhexia 1 19 -'57 Asimina 1 14 ORD. 62. ARISTOLOCHLE. ORD. 15. MAGNOLIACEJE. 412 Aristolochia 1 4 558 Magnolia 1 7 413 Asarum 2 13 259 Liriodendron 2 1 1 ORD. 21. LAURINEJE. 202 Laurus 1 2 ORD. 22. BERBERIDEJE. 166 Leontice 1 1 ORD. 23. MENISPERME^E. 456 Menispermum 11 .2 ORD. 24. MALVACEAE. 325 Malva 2 326 Althaea l 2 327 Hibiscus 2 10 328 Sida4 2 ORD. 29. TILIACEiE. 243 Tilia 1 1 ORD. 36. HYPERICINEjE. 255 Ascyrum 1 256 Hypericum 2 6 ORD. 38. SAXIFRAGES. 130 Heuchera 1 214 Saxifraga 2 215 Chrysosplenium 1 216 Mitella 4 1 ORD. 42. HAMAMELIDE.E. 82 Hamamelis 1 l ORD. 45. GROSSULACEjE. 122 Ribes 1 4 ORD. 47. ONAGRARIjE. 76 Isnardia 2 193 Epilobium 2 ORD. 64. SANTALACE^E. 124 Thesium 1 1 125 Nvssa 2 15 ORD. 65. THYMELE^E. 198 Dirca 1 1 ORD. 72. SANGUISORBE.E. 74 Sanguisorba 1 1 164 Floerkea 2 11 ORD. 73. ROSACEA. 235 Spinea 2 '1<> 236 Gillenia 1 2 237 Agrimonia 1 4 238 Geum 2 10 239 Potentilla 3 18 240 Fragaria 1 2 241 Rubus 7 17 242 Rosa 8 3 12 15 ORD. 74. POMACE^E 231 Crataegus 232 Amelanchier 233 Pyrus 234 Cydonia 4 ORD. 75. AMYGDALE.E 227 Persica 228 Armeniaca 229 Prunus 230 Cerasus 4 11 20 77 7 17 2 2 4 7 1 1 14 27 2 2 2 2 3 7 4 8 NATURAL ORDERS 609 ORD, 77. LEGUMINOS^. c. c. 334 Baptisia V 335 Crotalaria 1 336 Medicago 2 337 Trifolium 5 338 Galactia 1 339 Tephrosia 1 340 Robinia 1 341 Stylosanthes 1 342 Desmodium 12 343 Lespedeza 7 344 Cicer 1 345 Faba 1 346 Vicia 3 347 Ervum 2 348 Pisum 1 ► 349 Amphicarpaaa 1 f 350 Apios 1 351 Phaseolus 4 352 Lupinus 1 353 Cassia 3 354 Cercis 21 1 ORD. 78. URTICE^E. 81 Parietaria 419 Boehmeria 420 Urtica 449 Humulus 450 Cannabis 5 51 1 1 3 1 1 17. S. 434 Ostrya 4 ORD. 79. ULMACEJE. 133 Ulmus 2 134 Celtis 2 2 ORD. 80. ARTOCARPE.E. 421 Morus 1 2 ORD. 82. CUPULIFERJ3. 428 Quercus 12 429 Castanea 2 430 Fagus 1 431 Corylus 4 1 16 ORD. 83. BETULINE.E. 422 Alnus 1 432 Betula 2 433 Carpinus 1 4 5 3 1 20 3 1 1 7 2 2 2 1 6 7 10 1 97 2 2 8 1 1 14 5 4 ORD. 84. SALICINE.E. 447 Salix 10 454. Populus 2 3 13 ORD. 85. PLATANEiE. 435 Platanus 1 1 ORD. 86. MYRICEJE. 418 Comptonia 1 1 ORD. 87. JUGLANDE.E. 436. Juglans 2 437 Carva 2 5 C.C. 1 U.S. 1 14 35 10 45 2 9 11 ORD. 88. EUPHORBIACE.E. 414 Euphorbia 5 439 Phyllanthus 1 440 Acalypha 3 1 ORD. 93. CELASTRINE^E. 113 Celastrus 1 114 Euonymus 2 2 21 1 2 24 1 4 ORD. 96. RHAMNEtE. 112 Ceanothus 1 1 1 ORD. 97. STAPHYLEACE/E. 160 Staphylea 1 1 ORD. 101. ACERINEjE. 200 Acer 1 4 ORD. 104. VITES. 115 Vitis 4 116 Ampelopsis 2 1 10 ORD. 5 10 113. ANACARDIACEjE. 159 Rhus 1 5 34 ORD. 122. GERANIACE.E. 3 323 Geranium 1 2 20TLD. 123. OXALIDES. 2*324 Oxalis 1 2 — ORD. 124 TROPJEOLE.E. 41 197 Tropaeolum 1 1 ORD. 126. BALSAMINEiE. 3 110. Impatiens 1 2 9 ORD. 129. POLYGALEJE. 1J333 Polygala 1 4 21 610 NATURA L ORDERS c. c. u. s ORD. 130. VTOLACEiE. Ill Viola 1 11 27 ORD. 134. CISTINEJE. 66 Lechea 2 5 244. Hclianthemum 2 1 4 3 9 ORD. 137. DROSERACEiE. 163 Drosera 1 13 ORD. 139. LINEAE. 102 Linum 1 2 5 ORD. 140. CARYOPHYLLE./E. 65 Mollugo 1 1 217 Saponaria 1 1 218 Silene '3 13 219 Stellaria 4 7 220 Arenaria 3 13 22l Cerastium 5 7 222 Agrostemma 7 1 1 18 43 ORD. 144. PORTULACEJE. 109 Claytonia 1 .3 245 Portulaca 1 1 246 Talinum 3 1 1 3 5 ORD. 147. CRASSULACEjE. 22 3 Penthorum 1 1 224 Sedum2 1 5 2 6 ORD. 150. ILLECEBREJE. 123 Anychia 1 11 ORD. 151. AMARANTACEJE. 423 Amaranthus 1 3 10 ORD. 153. CHENOPODEJE. 131 Chenopodium 6 11 132 Beta 1 l 451 Spinacia 3 11 8 13 ORD. 154. PHYTOLACCEJE. 225 Phytolacca 111 ORD. 156. POLYGONEiE. 1-89 Rumex 3 13 201 Polygonum 15 25 203 Rheum 3 1 1 19 39 c. c. u. s, ORD. 159. SAURUREiE. 190 Saururus 111 ORD. 163. PODOSTEMES. 10 Podostemum 11 2 ORD. 164. CALLITRICHINE^E. 1 Callitriche 111 ORD. 165. CERATOPHYLLEiE. 424 Ceratophyllum 11 2 ORD. 166. ILICINE-E. 83 Ilex 1 8 167 Prinos 2 17 ORD. 170. ERICE.E. 205 Gaultheria 206 Epigaea 207 Andromeda 208 Kalmia 209 Rhododendron 210 Clethra 6 1 1 3 2 3 1 11 ORD. 172. VACCINIE.E. 195 Oxycoccus 1 204 Vaccinium 2 5 IS 3 1 1') 5 8 4 40 2 25 6 27 ORD. 173. PYROLACE.E. 211 Pyrola 5 II 212 Monotropa 2 2 3 ~~7 ~14 ORD. 174. CAMPANULACEiE. 118 Campanula 1 3 6 ORD. 175. LOBELIACE.E. 117 Lobelia 1 5 10 ORD. 181. CUCURBITACE^. 441 Lagenaria 1 i 442 Cucumis 4 4 443 Sicyos \ l 444 Momordica l 2 445 Cucurbita 5 3 3 10 ORD. 182. PLANTAGINEJ3 77. Plantago 1 3 ORD, 184. DIPSACE.E. 68 Dipsacus 1 2 ORD. 185. VALERIANE.E, 11 Valerianella 1 l ORD. 186. COMPOSITE. '155 Centaurea l 11 13 NATURAL ORDERS 6H1 356 Carthamus CO, 1 u.s 1 ORD. 190. CINCHONACE^E 7.S. 1 357 Arctium 1 1 67 Cephalanthus 1 358 Carduus 7 9 71 Diodia 1 4 369 Cichorium 1 1 72 Hedyotis 2 10 360 Krigia 1 1 73 Mitchella 4 1 1 361 Cynthia 362 Tragopogon 1 2 1 1 5 16 363 Lactuca, 2 5 ORD. 191. CAPRIFOl 364 Leontodon 1 1 75 Cornus 4 8 365 Prenanthea 1- 9 119 Diervilla 1 1 866 Sonchus 4 8 120 Lonicera 2 6 367 Hieracium 3 10 121 Triosteum 1 2 868 Vernonia 1 6 157 Viburnum 5 15 369 Liatris 1 22 '58 Sambucus 1 2 370 Kuhnia 2 o 213 Hydrangea 7 1 3 371 Eupatorium 372 Mikania g 30 2 1 15 37 373 Solidago 16 50 ORD. 192. LORANTI 374 Aster 13 75 448 Viscum 1 I 1 375 Eurybia 2 4 ORD. 195. ASCLEPIADE.E. 376 Sericocarpus 2 3 129* Gonolobus 1 4 377 Erigeron 5 15 129 Asclepias 2 11 20 378 Diplopappus 4 16 379 Inula 1 1 12 24 380 Polymnia 2 2 ORD. 196. APOCYN] 381 Xanthium 2 3 128 Apocynum 1 2 3 382 Ambrosia 2 7 ORD. 197. GENTIANE.E. 383 Heliopsis 1 1 78 Bartonia 1 2 384 Rudbeckia 3 14 79 Obolaria 1. 1 385 Actinomeris 1 2 96 Sabbatia 1 9 386 Helianthus 5 25 97 Erythnea 1 1 387 Bidens 4 6 126 Gentiana 5 3 10 388 Helenium 1 2 389 Anthemis 3 3 7 23 390 Achillea 1 1 ORD. 199. CONVOL\ 391 Chrysanthemum 1 1 101 Convolvulus 6 14 392 Artemisia 2 12 127 Cuscuta2 2 2 393 Tanacetum 1 2 394 Gnaphalium 6 8 8 16 395 Arnica 1 4 ORD. 200. POLEMO] 396 Senecio 4 14 99 Polemonium 1 1 397 Cacalia 43 1 5 100 Phlox 2 5 17 123 393 6 18 ORD. 189. STELLATE. ORD. 202. EBENAC: 69 Galium 9 15 199 Diospyros 1 1 1 7fJ Rubia 2 1 2 ORD. 205. OLEACE^E. 2 Ligustrum 1 1 10 17 3 Chionanthus 1 1 612 NATURAL ORDERS c.c. U.S. C.C. U.S. 8 Fraxinus 3 3 8 293 Catalpa 1 1 1 _ — ORD. 220. VERBENACEiE 5 10 303 Phryma 1 1 ORD. 207. PRIMULA 304 Verbena 2 10 94 Anagallis 1 1 305* Zapania 3 1 1 95 Lysimachia 4 10 — ~— 96* Samolus 1 1 4 12 192 Trientalis 4 1 ] ORD. 221.LABIAT/E. — — 267 Ocymum 1 1 7 13 268 Lavandula 1 1 ORD. 208. LENTIBULARL3E 269 Mentha 4 4 6 Utricularia 1 1 10 270 Lycopus 2 3 ORD. 210. OROBANCHEJ3. 271 Salvia 2 7 308 Epiphegus 1 1 272 Monarda 1 7 309 Orobanche 2 2 4 273* Blephilia 1 2 — — 273 Pycnanthemum 4 10 3 5 274 Origanum 1 1 ORD. 211 SCROPHU] 275 Majorana 1 1 4 Veronica 8 10 276 Thymus 2 2 5 Leptandra 1 1 277 Satureja 1 1 294 Gratiola 1 7 278 Hyssopus 1 1 295 Lindemia I 5 279 Collinsonia 1 6 296 Gerardia 6 14 280 Cunila 1 1 297 Mimulua 2 4 2 81 Hedeoma 1 1 298 Linaria 1 3 ?82 Melissa 2 5 299 Chelone 1 3 283 Prunella 1 1 300 Pentstemon 1 9 284 Scutellaria 6 10 301 Scrophularia 1 2 285 Lophanthus 2 4 302 Buchnera 11 1 1 386 Nepeta 2 2 — — 287* Physostegia 1 1 24 59 287 Lamium 2 2 ORD. 212. RHINANT 288 Leonurus 2 2 305 Melampyrum 1 2 289 Stachys 2 4 306 Pedicularis 2 2 290 Marrubium 1 1 307 Euchroma 3 1 2 291 Trichostema 1 2 — 6 292 Teucrium 28 1 2 ORD. 213. SOLANEjE. 48 85 102 Datura 1 1 ORD. 222. BORAGLNE 103 Nicotiana 1 2 85 Pulmonaria 1 3 104 Verbascum 2 4 86 Lithospermum 1 6 105 Lycium 1 2 87 Batschia 1 2 106 Solanum 6 10 88 Onosmodium 1 2 107 Physalis 2 6 89 Echium 1 1 108 Capsicum 7 1 1 90 Myosotis 2 4 — — 91 Symphytum 1 1 14 26 92 Echinospermum 1 2 ORD. 214. ACANTHj 93 Cynoglossum 9 2 4 6* Justicia 1 1 3 — _ ORD. 217. BIGNONIACE.E. 11 25 NATURAL ORDERS 613 ORD. 226. HYDROPHYLLE^E 93 Hydrophyllum 1 i ORD. 228. CONIFERS. 438 Pinus 4 457 Juniperus 2 458 Taxus 3 1 16 3 1 7 20 ORD. 229. ALISMACEiE. 191 Alisma 1 3 425 Sagittaria 2 2 8 3 ORD. 231. HYDROCHARIDE^E 446 Vallisneria 1 1 455 Udora 2 11 ORD. 232. COMMELINE^E. 165 Tradescantia 1 1 ORD. 233. XYRIDEJE. 12Xyrisl 1 ORD. 236. HYPOXIDEM. 173 Hypoxis 1 1 ORD. 239. IRIDE.E. 13 Sisyrinchium 2 14 Iris 2 * 1 ORD. 240. ORCHIDE.K. 398 Goodyera 1 399 Spiranthes 2 400 Arethusa 1 401 Pogonia 2 402 Triphora 1 403 Calopogon 1 404 Orchis 1 405 Platanthera 1 406 Habenaria 8 407 Corallorhiza 3 408 Aplectrum 1 4o9 Liparis 2 410 Microstylis 1 411 Cypripedium 14 2 27 ORD. 244. JUNCEjE. 182 Juncus 7 183 Luzula 2 1 ORD. 245. MELANTHACEjE. c.c. U.S. 176 Uvularia 2 4 184 Melanthium 1 4 185 Veratrum 1 3 186 Helonias 4 2 6 6 17 ORD. 246. PONTEDERE.E. 15 Schollera 1 1 16 Heteranthera 1 2 168 Pontederia 3 11 ORD. 247. ASPHODELE,E. 169 Allium 6 170 Aletris 1 171 Asparagus 1 172 Ornithogalum 4 1 ORD. 249. SMILACE^E. 174 Polygonatum 1 175 Smilacina 3 187 Gyromia 1 188 Trillium 1 452 Smilax 5 3 ORD. 250. DIOSCORE^E. 453 Dioscorea 1 1 2|ORD. 251. LILIACEJ3. 1 177 Erythronium I 178 Lilium 3 179 Hemerocallis 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 26 3 1 2 1 6 52 16 4 2a ORD. 255. TYPHACE^E. 416 Typha 2 417 Sparganium 2 1 ORD. 256. AROIDEM. 80 Symplocarpus 1 180 Orontium 1 181 Acorus 1 426 Arum 2 427 Rensselaeria 5 1 9 1 I 2 13 4 5 1 10 14 34 1 3 5 1 52 14 NATURAL ORDERS ORD. 258. FLUVIALES. C.C. 84 Potamogeton 4 415 Caulinia 2 1 ORD. 260. PISTIACE.E. 9 Lemna 1 3 ORD. 261. GRAMINEA 25 Paspalum 2 26 Digitaria 3 27 Panicum 12 28 Setaria 4 29 Cenchrus 1 So Aristida 2 3i Cinna 1 32 Trichodium 2 33 Agrostis 7 34 Muhlenbergia 2 35 Phleum 1 36 Spartina 1 37 Arundo 1 38 Calamagrostis 2 39 Phalaris 1 4n Anthoxanthum 1 4l Aira 2 42 Koeleria 2 43 Avena 3 44 Danthonia 1 45 Bromus 3 46 Festuca 4 47 Glyceria 1 48 Tricuspis 1 49 Poa 11 50 Dactylis 1 51 Atheropogon 1 52 Eleusine 1 53 Secale 1 54 Elymus 4 55 Hordeum 2 56 Triticum 2 57 Lolium i U.S. 10 2 12 5 10 5 42 8 1 10 1 3 22 2 2 4 1 2 2 1 4 5 4 2 5 12 2 1 25 1 2 2 1 6 4 2 58 Andropogon 59 Sorghum 60 Holcus C. C. 5 1 1 U.S. 12 1 3 61 Leersia 2 3 62 Zizania 1 2 63 Zea 1 1 64 Tripsacum 40 1 1 96 219' ORD. 262. CYPERACE^E. 17 Cyperus 18 Mariscus 5 2 25 3 19 Dulichium 1 1 20 Scirpus 21 Eriophorum 22 Ehynchospora 23 Scleria 14 2 3 2 38 5 30 8 24 Carex 8 35 135 64 245 ORD. 263. EQUISETACEiE.. 459. Equisetum 1 3 6 ORD. 264. FILICES. 460 Polypodium % 461 Onoclea 2 1 6 1 462 Aspidium 463 Woodsia 7 2 15 4 464 Asplenium 465 Pteris [5 '2 7 4 466 Adiantum 1 1 467 Cheilanthes 1 2 468 Dicksonia 1 1 469 Osmunda a 4 470 Ophioglossum 471 Botrychium 12 1 3 2 4 29 51 ORD. 265. LYCOPODIACEvE. 472 Lycopodium 6 13 473 Isoetes 2 1 1 7 14 Prof. Lindley arranges the known flowering and filicoid plants into 250 Natural Orders. In Chester County, there are plants be- longing to 128 of those Orders, — comprising 482 Genera, and 1073 Species. Of these species there are cultivated, 92 Introduced and naturalized, about 138 -----------230 Indigenous 843 Total 1073 615 OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES. rr-j- Synonyms are printed in Italic. J~J) ABIES canadensis ACALYPHA caroliniana virginica ACER dasycarpum eriocarpum glaucum Negundo rubrum saccharum saccharinum A CERATES viridifiora ACHILLEA millefolium ACORUS Calamus ACT.EA alba Page 548 550 551 550 244 245 246 244 245 174 489 226 319 S20 Page AGROPYROA' 86 repens — AGROSTEMMA 281 Githago AGROSTIS alba alba ? anomala ? Cinna decumbens diffusa dispar ? glauca hispida ? lateriflora mexicana .Wichauxii polymorpha pungens americana brachypetala pachypoda racemosa spicata ACTINOMERIS alternifolia squarrosa ADIANTUM pedatum ADLUMIA cirrhosa AGATHYRSUS floridanus AGERATUM corymbosum A GRIM ONI A Eupatoria Page 237 238 scabra sobolifera sylvatica tenuiflora virginica 19| vulgaris 20 AIRA 481 58; 599 445 452 300 ambigua ? aristulata ? cespitosa flexuosa melicoides ? mollis obtusata pollens triflora ? truncata ALETR1S alba 215 217 216 217 215 525 274 395 379 — farinosa ALISMA Plantago trivialis ALLIUM canadense Cepa sativum Schanoprasum striatum ? tricoccum vineale ALNUS serrulata ALSLYE media ALTHAEA officinalis ALYSSUM sativum — AMARANTHUS 526 albus 1 — hybridus — spinosus 527 AMBROSIA 478 artemisifolia ? 479 elatior 1 — trifida 478 AMELANCHIER294 otryapium — AMPELOPSIS 152 hederacea 153 quinquefolia — 66\AMPUICARPA 427 65 67 AMPHICAKP-EA — 65 monoica — 66\AMYGDALUS 284 217 persica — 218 ANAGALLIS 123 — I arvensis I 616 INDEX OF THE GENERA AN D SPECIES AATCBVSA 118 dichotoma 162 ARISTOLOCHIA514 canescens — APIOS 428 Serpentaria 515 virginica — tuberosa — ARMENIACA 285 AATDREWSIA Ill APIUM 187 dasycarpa 286 paniculata — graveolcns __. sibirica __ ANDROMEDA 259 Petroselinum 188 vulgaris 285 Catesbxi — APLECTRUM 511 ARNICA 495 ligustrina 260 hyemale — Claytoni 496 mariana — APOCYNUM 167 nudicaulis __ paniculata — androsaemifolium — AROA'IA 295 racemosa 259 cannabinum 168 arborea ANDROPOGON 87 AQUILEGIA 320 arbutifolia 296 avenaceum 88 canadensis — Botryapium 295 ciliatus — ARABIS 382 ovalis dissitifiorum 89 bulbosa 384 pyrifolia 296 furcatus — canadensis 383 ARRHENAThERUM 66 macro ur us 88 fialcala — avenaceum —_. nutans — hirsuta 1 382 ARTEMISIA 491 purptirascens 89 hispida ? 387 abrotanum __ scoparius — laevigata 382 absinthium __ virginicus — lyrata 387 ARUM 529 ANEMONE 332 rhomboidea 384 dracontium hepatica 331 sagiltata 382 triphyllum 530 nemorosa 332 tuberosa 384 virginicum quinquefolia — ARALIA 209 ARUNDO 61 thalictroides 333 hispida 597 agrostoides 62 virginiana 332 nudicaulis 209 canadensis AATETHUM 191 racemosa __ cinnoides Fxniculum — ARCHEMORA 194 coarctata ANGELICA 193 rigida 195 colorata 63 atropurpurea — tricuspidata ? — Phragmites 61 hirsuta triquinata— ARCTIUM 436 ASARUM 515 triquinata — Lappa — canadense triquinata 194 ARENARIA 276 ASCLEPIAS 168 AAWOATA 325 lateriflora 277 acuminata 171 triloba — serpyllifolia 276 amcena 169 AN7ENNARIA 494 stricta — decumbens 173 margaritacea — ARETHUSA 502 exaltata 171 obtusifolia — bulbosa — hybrida 170 plantaginea 495 medeoloides 503 incarnata 172 171 ANTHEMIS 488 ophioglossoides 502 laurifolia arvensis — parviflora 504 nutans 174 Cotula 489 pendula __ obtusifolia 170 nobilis ANTHOXANTHUM 488 63 trianthophoros verticillata 503 periplocsefolia phytolaccoides 171 odoratum 64 ARGEMONE 316 pulchra pnrpurascens quadrifolia syriaca 172 169 172 169 ANTIRRHINUM Linaria ANYCHIA 368 162 mexicana ARISTIDA dichotoma 52 53 canadensis — stricta 1 — tuberosa 173 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 617 "variegata 170 Ixvigatus 468 BATSCHIA 118 -verticillata 173 lsevis — | canescens — viridiflora 174 linariifolius 473 BETA 178 ASCYRUM 321 macrophyllus 469 vulgaris — Crux Andreae — marilandicus 470 BETULA 539 hypericoides — miser 466 carpinifolia 540 multicaule — miser — lanulosa 539 ASIMINA 3-25 Noveb Angliaa 462 lenta 540 triloba — nudiflorus — nigra 539 ASPARAGUS 218 paniculatus 464 rubra — officinalis -_ paniculatus 465 serrulata 525 ASPIDIUM 576 parviflorus 466 BETULA-ALNUS 525 acrostichoides — patens 463 rubra — asplenioides 579 patens 465 BIDENS 485 cristatum ? 577 pendulus? 466 bipinnata 487 dilatatum 578 phlogifolius 463 cernua 480 intermedium — prcealtus 467 chrysantbemoides 485 lancastriense 1 577 prenanthoides 465 frondosa 486 marginale 578 puniceus — petiolata — noveboracense 577 rigidus 47J BIGA'OA'IA 36:5 nbtusum 580 salicifolius 467 Catalpa — punctilobulum 584 serotinus 465 BLEPHILIA 602 punctilobum — solidagineus 470 ciliata — Thelypteris 577 solidaginoides — BOEHMERIA 522 ASPLENIUM 580 tenuifolius? 467 cylindrica —■ ebeneum 581 umbellatus -474 BOTRYCHIUM 586 melanocaulon — undulatus 464 dissectum &87 polypodioides — undulatus 463 fumarioides .— rhizophyllum 580 ATHEROPOGON 80 gracile — Ruta muraria 582 apludoides 81 oblquum — thelypterioides 581 AVENA m virginicum _ Trichomanes — elatior — BOTRYPUS 587 irichomanoid.es — palustris 67 lun iroides — ASTER 461 sativa — virginicus _ amplexicaulis ^63 spicata 68 BRA CHYEL YTR UM58 amygdalinus 474 AZALEA 262 ar'-stntum _ annuus 472 glauca? 263 erectum 59 concinnus 468 nudijlora 262 BRACHYSTEMUM 344 conyzoides 470 peric/ymenoides lanceolatum 345 cordifolius 463 viscosa 263 muticum 344 cornifolius corymbosus 474 viscosa palustri s — virginicum 345 46^ BAPTISIA 403 BRASSICA 388 diffusus ? 463 tinctoria 404 campestris 389 divaricatus 469 BARBAREA 381 oleracea 388 divergens ? diversifolius 4 dumosus ? 466 vulgaris — Rapa 390 63-4 BARTONIA Ill BRASEATIA 601 467 paniculata — Hydropeltis — ericoides ? — tenella — peltata — heterophyllus 463 BART SI A 375 BREEA 439 humilis 474 coccinea arvensis — infirmus '. cr>» 52* 618 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES BR1ZA 79 CAPRIFOLIUM 158 canadensis 77 bracteosum — Eragrostis 79 dioicum — BROMUS 69 gratum 1 159 arvensis 1 -- parviflorum 158 littoreus ? 71 CAPSELLA 380 pubescens 70 Bursa Pastoris _ secalinus 69 CAPSICUM 139 BUCHNERA 371 annuum _ americana — CARDAMINE 383 B UPHTHALMUM 479 hirsuta 385 helianthoides — parviflora ? _ BUPLEURUM 190 pennsylvanica _ rotundifolium — rhomboidea 384 CACALIA 499 rotundifolia _ atriplicifolia — sylvatica ? 385 CALAMAGROSTIS 62 virginica _ canadensis — CARDUUS 436 canadensis — altissimus 439 cinnoides — arvensis _ coarctata — discolor 437 colorata 63 glutinosus? 438 mexicana 62 lanceolatus 436 CALLA 530 muticus 438 virginica — pumilus 437 CALLITRICHE 1 spinosissimus 438 aquatica — CAREX 26 heterophylla — acuta 41 intermedia — anceps 37 verna — aristata 33 CALOPOGON 504 blanda ? 37 pulchellus — bromoides 31 OALTHA 336 cephalophora 27 palustris — Collin sii 36 CALYSTEGIA 130 conoidea ? 37 sepium 131 costata 32 spithamxa 130 crinita 40 tomentosa Davisii 33 CAMELINA 379 debilis 39 sativa digitalis 33 CAMPANULA 156 festucacea 30 acuminata — fiexuosa 39 americana — folliculata 36 amplexicaulis — gracillima 33 aparinoides 157 granulans 39 erinoides — hirsuta 32 fiexuosa 1 — hystericina 40 perfoliata 156 intumescens 36 ■'CANNABIS 564 lagopodioides 29 sativa — laxiflora 38 leporina 30 lupulina 35 marginata 34 Michauxii 36 microstachya 27 miliacea 39 Muhlenbergii 28 multiflora 29 oligocarpa 37 pellita 41 pennsylvanica 34 plantaginea $7 polytrichoides 27 pubescens 34 retroflexa ? 28 Richardi 50 rosea 28 scabrata 38 scirpoides 31 scoparia 30 sparganioides 29 squarrosa 27 stellulata 31 stipata 28 straminea 3n striata 4l striatula" 37 subulata 36 tentaculata 35 Torreyana 33 triceps ? 32 typhina 27 Van Vleckii 3.7 varia 34 virescens 32 viridula ? — vulpinoidea 28 CARPINUS 540 americana 541 Betulus virginiana — Ostrya __ CARTHAMUS 435 tinctorius — CARUM 188 Carui __ CARYA 544 alba __ amara 606 cathartica 544 microcarpa 545 INDEX OF THE GENERA AKD SPECIES 619 f ^46 544 546 432 433 432 536 537 536 362 363 518 519 148 148 179 180 52 porcina squamosa tomentosa CASSIA ChamaBcrista marilandica nictitans CASTANEA pumila vesca CATALPA cordifolia syringsefolia CAULINIA flexilis CAULOPHYLLUM 213 thalictroides CEANOTHUS', americanus CELASTRUS scandens CELTIS cordata crassifolia ? occidentalis CENCHRUS echinatus ? tribuloides CENTAUREA Cvanus CENTAURELLA a.utumnalis paniculata CENTAURIUM autumnale CEPHALAN- THUS occidentalis CERASTIUM arvense ? connatum glutinosum hirsutum longepeduncu- latum 280 nutans — o blongifolium 279 434 435 111 pubescens ? 279 tenuifolium 278 villosum 279 viscosum 278 vulgatum 277 vulgatum 278 CERASUS 288 avium 289 Caproniana ? 288 Chicasa 287 duracina ? 289 hyemalis ? 287 Juliana ? 289 obovata 599 virginiana 289 vulgaris 288 CERATOPHYLLUM 527 demersum CERCIS 433 canadensis — CILEROPHYLLUM 198 canadense 189 Claytoni 199 200 procumbens 198 CHEILANTHES 584 vestita — CHELIDONIUM 315 majus — CHELONE 369 111 97 98 277 279 277 CHENOPODIUM175 album 176 arnbrosioides 175 anthelminticum 177 Botrys hybridum rhombifolium ? 176 viride CHIMAPHILA 2 corymbosa maculata 267 umbellata 266 280CHIONANTHUS 277 Qi ... virginica CHIROATIA angularis inaperta ? 126 pidchella CHRYSANTHE MUM leucanthemum CHRYSOPSIS amygdalina humilis linariifolia mariana CHRYSOSPLEN IUM americanum oppositifolium CICER arietinum Lens CICHORIUM Intybus CICUTA maculata CIMICIFUGA racemosa Serpentaria CINNA arundinacea CIRC.EA canadensis Lutetiana CIRSIUM horridulum muticum CISSUS hederacea CISTUS canadensis ramuliflorum ? CLAYTONIA ovale? VVl\C'HLORIS pennsylvanicum 279j curtipendula 81 virginica CLEMATIS viorna virginiana CLEOME dodecandra CLETHRA alnifolia CLINOP ODIUM incanum vulgare CATICUS altissimus arvensis 490 473 474 474 473 475 270 423 426 440 185 319 53 7 438 153 313 140 335 600 264 344 351 436 439 620 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES (l.'scolor 4.37 alternifolia 108,'CUPHEA 284 glutinosus? 438 candidissima^ — viscosissima — horridulus — florida 106 CUSCUTA 166 lanceolatus 436 lanuginosa 107 americana ... muticus 438 paniculata 10S europa;a 1 ... odoratus 437 sanguinea 10? CYDONIA 298 pumilus — sericea vulgaris ... spinosissimus 438 CORYDALIS 400 C VMBIDIUM 504 COCHLEARIA 378 aurea hyemale 511 armoracia 379 Cucullaria 398 odonlorhizan 510 CIELESTIA'A 452 fungosa 399 pulchellum 504 ag eratoides? glauca 605 CYATAATCIIUM 596 cxrulea sempervirens macrophyllum 't ( COLLINSONIA 349 CORYLUS 538 CYNOGLOSSUM 122 canadensis — americana 539 amplexicaule ... ovalis — CRATAEGUS 290 officinale ... COAIAA"DRA 163 coccinea £93 virginicum ... umbellata — cordata _ CY.YOSURUS 81 COMPTONIA 521 Crus Galli £90 indicns ""'asplenifolia — flava 1 292 secundus? ... CONIUM 201 glandulosa — CYNTHIA 44 i maculatum — Michauxii ? _ amplexicaulis _ CONVALLARIA 220 oxyacantha 294 virginica 440 biflorum — parvifolia 291 CYPERUS 15 bifolia 22! populifolia 293 bicolor multiflora 220 punctata 291 diandrus ... Polygonatum 1 — spathulata ? — flavescens _. racemosct 222 tomentosa _ inflexus 16 stellata 221 CRITOATIA 449 mariscoides CONVOLVULUS130 Kuhnia _ phymatodes 592 arvensis 131 CROTALARIA 404 repens — Batatas 132 sagittalis _ spathaceus 17 panduratus 13! ORYPTOT^NIA 189 strigosus 15 purpureus 132 canadensis ... tuberosus 592 repe?is- r131 CUCUBALUS 272 CYPRIPEDIUM 513 Sepium 130 stellatus ... acaule 514 ppithamasus — CUCUMIS 55-2 hvmile stans — anguria 553 pubescens 513 CORALLORHIZA 510 Citrullus _ DACTYLIS 79 hyemalis 511 Mclo 552 glomerata innata — sativus _ DANTHONIA 68 multiflora odontorhiza 51C CUCURBITA Citrullus 555 553 spicata DATURA 133 verna — Lagenaria 551 Stramonium ( DREOPSIS 482 Melopepo 555 Tatula alternifolia — Pepo _ DAUCUS 197 CORIANDRUM 201 verrucosa 556 Carota sativum 202 CUNILA 349 1 DENTARIA 385 CORNUS 10C mariana 350 concatenata a! tenia 108 pulegioides ... laciniata __ INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 621 DESMODIUM 411 linariifolius 473 virginica 322 acuminatum 417 marianus 475 ELYMUS 83 Aikinianum 415 DIPLOSTEPmUM 473 canadensis — bracteosum 416 linariifolium _ ciliatus 84 canescens 415 DIPSACUS 98 glaucifolius 83 ciliare 413 Fullonum 99 Hystrix 84 Dillenii 414 sylvestris 98 philadelphicus 83 marilandicum 412 DIRCA 243 villosus 84 marilandicum 414 palustris — virginicus 83 nudiflorum 418 DOELLINGERIA 474 EPKLEA 259 optusum 412 amygdalina — repens — paniculatum 411 cornifolia _ EPILOBIUM 239 pauciflorum 417 umbellata — coloratura ... rigidum 413 DOLICHOS 409 lineare ... rotundifolium 418 helvolus ? 430 oliganthum ? ._ "viridiflorum 415 polystachyos 429 palustre ™ viridiflorum — regularis 409 rosma rinifo lia ... DICKSONIA 584 vexillatus 430 squamatum ... pilosiuscula — DOROATICUA1 496 tetragonum ? ... DICLYTRA 398 nudicaule _ EPIPHEGUS 376 DIELYTRA — DRABA 378 americanus ... canadensis 399 verna _ virginianus — Cucullaria 398 DRACOCEPHA- EQUISETUM 573 eximia 399 LUAI 603 arvense ... DIERVJLLA 157 denticulatum — hyemale ._ canadensis — obovatum 604 sylvaticum ~ humilis — variegatum — ERAGROSTIS 78 lutea — virginianum — pilosa ._ Tourneforli — DRA C OATTIUMl 12 ERECTHITES 498 DIGITARIA 44 foetidum _ prxalta — filiformis - DROSERA 211 ERIGERON 471 glabra 594 rotundifolia — annuus 472 humifusa — DULICHIUM 17 bellidifolius ~ ischsemum — spathaceum — canadensis 471 paspalodes — E CHIATO CHL OA 49 heterophyllus 472 pilosa ? 44 Crus Galli — integrifolius ? 471 sanguinalis — ECHINOSFERMUJVI 121 nervosus? .„ DILEPYRUM 58 virginicum — philadelphicus 472 aristosum — ECHIUM 119 pulchellus ... minutiflorum — vulgare — purpureas ? ... DIODIA 104 ELEOCHARIS 19 strigosus 471 teres — acicularis 20 ERIATUS ? 365 DIOSCOREA 567 obtusa 19 africanus ? ... paniculata _ palustris — ERIOPHORUM 23 villosa _ tenuis 20 angustifolium 24 DIOSPYROS 244 ELEUSINE 81 polystachyon .— virginiana — indica — tenellum ? ... DIPLOPAPPUS 473 ELODEA 322 virginicum 23 amygdalinus — campanulata « EROPHILA 378 cornifolius 474 canadensis 570 americana —■ ^22 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES vulgaris ERVUM hirsutum Lens ERYSIMUM Barbarea officinale ERYTHR^EA pulchella ramosissima ? ERYTHRONIUM americanum Dens Canis lanceolatum EUCHROMA coccinea EUONYMUS americanus atropurpureus carolinensis latifolius ? sempervirens EUPATORIUM ageratoides aromaticum ? ccelestinum connatum maculatum melissoides perfoliatum pubescens ? punctatum ? purpureum rotundifolium scandens sr -ilifolium ter.ufolium ? teucrifolium trifoliatum 1 urticxfolium •Verbenaefolium verticillatum ? EUPHORBIA corollatu depress a hypericif'olia Lathy ris maculata . nemoralis pilosa? 425 426 425 381 386 126 223 375 149 150 149 150 4H> 451 452 451 453 452 451 450 453 450 454 451 453 450 453 4£2 450 453 516 517 516 517 516 518 :EURYBIA 468 corymbosa 469 macrophylla EUTHAAIIA graminifolia FABA vulgaris FAGUS Castanea dentaia537 Castanea pumila — ferruginea 538 sylvatica sylvestris — FED I A radiata FER ULA villosa FESTUCA bromeides elatior elatior fluitans nutans pratensis tenella FILAGO germanica uliginosa FIMBRISTYLIS 18 Baldwiniana ferruginea ? FLOERKEA lacustris palustris uliginosa FLUVIALIS fiexilis FCENICULUM vulgare FRAGARIA canadensis ? virginiana FRAXINUS acuminata alba americana discolor nigra pennsylvanica pubescens 461 423 424 538 11 193 70 71 72 71 70 493 212 519 191 304 305 304 8 sambucifolia 8 tomentosa FUMARIA 400 Cucullaria 398 fungosa 399 officinalis 401 recta 399 sempervirens 605 GALACTIA 408 glabella 409 G A LEG A 409 virginiana GALIUM 99 Aparine 100 asprellum Bermudianum 101 boreale 103 brachiatum 101-2 circsszans 102 cirexzans Claytoni 99 cuspidatum 101 lanceolatum 102 pennsylvan- icum 100 1 pilosum 101 punctatum puncticulosum septentrionale 103 strictum tinctorium 100 Torreyi 102 trifidum 99 triflorum 101 GAULTHERIA 2;>8 procumbens GAURA 598 biennis GENTIANA 164 crinita 166 ochroleuca 165 saponaria villosa? GERANIUM 392 carolinianum maculatum GERARDIA 364 auriculata 865 flava 365 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 623 flava 366 orbiculata 506 frondosus glauca ... psycodes 509 giganteus Pedicularia 367 tridentata 507 mollis purpurea 365 HAMAMELIS 113 truncatus ? quercifolia 366 virginica 114 tuberosus tenuifolia 365 HARPALYCE 444 HELIOPSIS villosa ? 366 alba _ kevis GEUM 301 altissima ? — HELONIAS album ? — cordata ? — angustifolia geniculatum ? ... Serpentaria ? — dioica rivale 302 HEDEOMA 350 erythrosperma virginianum 301 pulegioides — Issta GIFOLA 493 HEDERA 153 lutea germanica ... quinquefolia — HEMEROCALLIS GILLENIA 300 HEDYOTIS 104 fulva trifoliata — csrulea — HEPATICA GLECHOAIA 356 longifolia 594 americaina hederacea — HEDYSARUM 4l2 triloba GLYCERIA 72 acuminatum 417 HERACLEUM fluitans ... Aikini 415 lanata GLYCIA'E 427 bracteosum 416 HETERANTHERA Apios 428 canadense 414 acuta comosa ? 427 canescens 415 419 graminea monoica — ciliare 413 reniformis GNAPHALIUM 492 cuspidatum 416 HEUCHERA dioicum 494 divergens ? 422 americana germanicum 493 frutescens 421 cortusa margaritaceum 494 glabellum ? 412 viscida obtusifolium — glutinosum 417 HIBISCUS plantagineum 494 hirtum 421 esculentus plantaginifolium — marilandicum/^ 12-414 Trionum polycephalum 494 nudiflorum 418 HIERACIUM purpureum 492 obtusum 412 Gronovii uliginosum 493 paniculatum — mariunum GONOLOBUS 596 pauciflorum 417 paniculatum macrophyllus ... prostratum 422 scabrum GOODYERA 500 reticulatum 419 venosum pubescens — rigidum 413 HOLCUS GRATIOLA 363 rotundifolium 418 avenaceus virginica — scaberrimum ? 415 lanatus GYROMIA 234 violaceum. 422 saccharatus virginica HABENARIA 506 viridiflorum HELENIUM 415 487 striatus ? HORDEUM bracteata — autumnale _. distichum ciliaris 507 HELIANTHEMUM 313 vulgare fimbriata 508 canadense ... HOUSTOATIA fissa _ ramuliflorum ... angustifolia grandiflora herbiola 509 HELIANTHUS 482 cxrulea 506 decapetalus ? 483 Linnsei lacera 509 divaricatus 482 longifolia 624 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES HUMULUS 563 opaca 114 fluitans ? 228 Lupulus — IMPATIENS 140 marginatus 230 HYDRANGEA 268 aurea 141 nodosns 228 arborescens 269 biflora — polycephalus — cordata ? — fulva — subverticillatus —- frutescens — maculata — sylvaticus 227 vulgaris — noli tangere — tenuis 229 HYDRASTIS 336 pallida — verticillatus ? 228 canadensis — INULA 475 JUNIPERUS 571 HYDROCOTYLE 183 Helenium 476 communis americana — mariana 475 virginiana 572 cymbalarifo lia 597 IPOAIAT.A 132 JUSTICIA 591 ranunculoides — purpurea — americana . HYDROPELTIS 600 IRIS 13 ensiformis . purpurea 601 versicolor — pedunculata _ HYDROPHYLLUM 126 virginica — pedunculosa ... virginicum 127 ISNARDIA 108 KALMIA 261 HYOSERIS 440 alternifolia 109 angustifolia 262 amplexicaulis 441 palustris — latifolia 261 prenaathoid.es — ISOETES £90 KOELERIA 65 virginica 440 lacustris — pennsylvanica"" HYPERICUM 322 JUGLANS 543 truncata 66 canadense 324 alba 544 6 KRIGIA 440 corymbosum 322 alba acuminata!546 amplexicaulis 44L maculatum — alba minima —r- dichotoma 440 micranthum ? 323 alba ovata 544 virginica — mutilum — amara 606 KUHNIA 449 parviflorum — cathartica 544 Critonia _*. perforatum — cinerea 543 eupatorioides __ punctatum 322 compressa 544 5 KYLLIATGIA 16 quinquenervium 323 glabra 546 ovularis Sarothra 324 nigra 543 LACTUCA 442 virginicum 322 nigra oblongi z — elongata _ HYPOPELTIS 580 obcordata 547 integrifolia 1 443 obtusa — oblonga alba 544 longifolia ^_ HYPOPITHYS 267 porcina 547 sativa 442 lanuginosa — pyriformis — LAGENARIA £51 HYPOXIS 219 squamosa 544 vulgaris carolinensis — tomentosa 546 LAMIUM 357 erecta — JUNCUS 227 amplcxicaule graminea -— acuminatus —- purpureum 358 HYSSOPUS 348 aristatus 230 LAPPA 436 nepetoides 355 aristulatus LAURUS 253 officinalis 348 bicornis 229 Benzoin scrophularifo- bufonius — pseudo-benzoin lius 355 bulbosus 230 Sassafras 254 ICTODES 112 campestris 231 LAVANDULA 338 fcetidus — dichotomus 229 Spica ILEX 114 echinatus 228 LECHEA 96 aquifolium — effusus 227 major INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES minor 97 LIGUSTRUM 2ILUDWIGIA 109 minor 96 vulgare — [ alternifolia — villosa — LILIUM 224 macrocarpa LE CO ATT I A 530 canadense — nitida — virginica — philadelphicum — palustris — LEERSIA 91 superbum — LUPINUS 431 oryzoides 92 LIMATETIS 60 perennis — virginica — cynosuroides — LUZULA 230 LEMNA 9 LIMODORUM 504 campestris 231 minor — tuberosum — LYCHATIS 281 polyrhiza — LINARIA 368 Githago — trisulca — vulgaris — LYCIUM 135 LEONTICE 213 LINDERNIA 364 barbarum — thalictroides — attenuata — LYCOPODIUM 588 LEONTODON 443 dilatata — albidulum 590 Taraxacum — pyxidaria — albidum — LEONURUS 358 LINUM 210 apodum 539 Cardiaca — usitatissimum — clavatum 538 Marrubiastrum 359 virginianum — complanatum — LEPIDIUM 380 virginicum — dendroideum 589 sativum — LIPARIS 512 lucidulum 590 virginicum 381 Correana — rupestre 589 LEPTANDRA 6 liliifolia — LYCOPSIS 120 virginica — LIPPIA 604 virginica — LEPTAATTHUS 14 lanceolata ? — LYCOPUS 340 gramineus — nodiflora — americanus 341 peruviana — LIRIODENDRON326 angustifolius — reniformis — tulipifera — europxus — virginica — LITHOSPERMUM 117 exaltatus — LESPEDEZA 419 arvense 118 pumilus 340 angustifolia _ canescens — sinuatus 341 capitata 421 virginianum 119 uniflorus 340 divergens 422 LOBELIA 153 virginicus — frutescens 421 cardinalis 155 vulgaHs 341 fruticosa — Claytoniana 153 LYOATIA 261 hirta _ inflata 155 paniculata — Nuttallii 4_'0 pallida 154 LYSIMACHIA 123 polystachya 421 puberula — angustifolia ? 125 procumbens 422 syphilitica — ciliata 124 prostrata 1 — LOLIUM 87 heterophylla ? 125 reticulata 419 perenne — hirsuta 124 sessiliflora 420 LONICERA 158 hybrida 125 sessiliflora 419 Diervilla 157 quadrifolia 124 Stuvei 420 dioica 158 quadrifolia 124 violacea 422 grata1! 159 racemosa — virgata 420 parviflora 158 stricta 123 LIATRIS 448 virginiana ? 159 MACROTRYS 319 macrostachya 449 LOPHANTHUS 355 racemosa — spicata 448 nepetoides — MAGNOLIA 325 LIGUSTICUM 192 scrophulariffifolius glauca 326 Barbinode — 53 626 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES MAJORANA 346 MERTEA'SIA 117 sobolifera 5G hortensis 347 virginica — sylvatica 57 MALAXIS 512 MESPILLS 290 Willdenovii — Correana — arborea 294 MYAGRUAI 379 lihifolia — arbutifolia 296 sativum ... longifolia — axillaris 291 MYOSOTIS 12a ophioglossoides 513 azarolus major ?292 arvensis — unifolia — canadensis 294-5 palustris — AlALUS 296 Crus Galli 290 scorpioides —■ communis 297 cuneiformis? — verna — coronaria 296 nivea 294-5 virginiana 121 MALVA 391 pruni folia 296 MYRRH1S 189 rotundifolia 395 MICROPETALON 275 canadensis ... sylvestris 394 gramineum — Claytoni 200 MARISCUS 16 lanceolatum — longistylis 199 echinatus — longifolium — procumbens 198 glomeratus — MICROSTYLIS 513 ATA B ALUS 444 ovularis — ophioglossoides — albus ... retrofractus 592 MIKANIA 454 altissimus ? ... umbellatus ? 16 scandens — cordatus? — MARRUBIUM 360 MIMULUS 3*i 7 serpentarius ? — vulgare — alatus S«8 A'ECTRIS 212 .MA RUT A 489 ringens 367 pinnata ... fcetida — MITCHELLA 105 A'EGUADIUAI 246 AIEDEOLA 234 repens 105 americannm — virginica — MITELLA 271 ATEGUA'DO — MEDICAGO 405 diphylla — fraxinifolium — lupulina — MOLLUGO 95 ATEOTTIA 500 sativa ... verticillata 96 sestivalis ? 501 MEGASTACHYA 79 MOMORDICA 554 cernua — Eragrostis — Balsamina — gracilis — MELAMPYRUM 373 MONARDA 343 pubescens 500 americanuru — allophylla ? —! tortilis 501 latifolium _ ciliata 602 NEPETA 356 lineare — clinopodia 343 Cataria — MELANTHIUM 231 fistulosa — Glechoma — latum 234 mollis — virginica 345 virginicum 231 oblongata ? ... NEPHRODIUM 576 MELISSA 35' purpurea — acrostichoides — Clinopodium — rugosa — asplenioides 579 officinalis — MONOTROPA 267 lanosum 5»4 MENISPERMUM570 lanuginosa — marginale 578 canadense 571 uniflora 268 punctilobulum 584 virginicum — MORUS 524 thelypterioides 577 MENTHA 339 alba — NICOTIANA 133 acutifolia 340 rubra — Tabacura — arvensis 601 MUHLENBERGIA 58 NUPHAR 318 borealis 340 aristata — advena — canadensis — Brachyelytrurr i — A'YAIPHEA _ gracilis ? 339 diffusa — advena _ piperita — erecta —1NYS SA 161 viridis — mexicana 56 integrifolia 164 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 627 multiflora sylvatica villosa OBOLARIA virginica OCYMUM basilicum JEA'AATTHE rigid a ■OENOTHERA ambigua ? biennis fruticosa muricata? -ONOCLEA sensibilis -ONOSMODIUM hispidum 'OPHIOGLOSSUM vulgatum OPHRYS zstivalis ? cernua corallorhiza O RCHWOCARP UM325 194! virginiana 376 — ORONTIUM 225 —I aquaticum 226 1I2 0SMORHIZA 199 — brevistylis 337 longistylis 199 3380SMUNDA 585 195 cinnamomea 586 Claytoniana 585 interrupta — regalis — spectabilis — OSTRYA 541 virginica — OXALIS 393 corniculata — stricta -- — violacea 394 586 OXYCOCCUS 241 macrocarpus — palustris - PANAX -- quinquefolium 5l0| trifolium 240 241 240 241 240 576 119 501 arietmum ORCHIS bracteata ciliaris clavellata fimbriata fissa ■grandiflora herbiola humilis lacera orbiculata psy codes rotundifolia spectabilis tridentata ORIGANUM Afajorana vulgare ORNITHOGALUM umbellatum 0ROBANCHE americana ■biflora uniflora 505 507 508 509 506 505 509 506 509 506 505 507 346 347 316 2:9 3-6j 3.77"! PANICUM agrostoides anceps capillare clandestinum Crus galli depauperatum dichotomiflorum dichotomum elongatum fi I if or me fusco-rubens ? geniculatum germanicum glaucum involutum latifolium latifolium microcarpon nitidum prolife*um ramulosum ? rectum rostratum sanguinale strictum strigosum ? verticillatum virgalum vir.de 10PAPAVER dubium PARIETARIA americana pennsylvanica PASPALUM ciliatifolium debile ? Iseve prsecox pubescens setaceum PASTINACA rigida sativa PEDICULARIS canadensis gladiata lanceolata pallida sceptrum PEATATISETU. 45 51 45 50 21(i 317 113 43 18! 182 45 48 —1 germanicum 45 glaucum 48| verticillatum 49 viride 46PENTHORUM 49 sedoides 46 PENTSTEMON 48j pubescens 44 PERSICA 48, lsevis 49 j vulgaris .51 PETROSELINUM — sativum 46 PHALARIS 47 americana 48 arundinacea 47 PHASEOLUS helvolus lunatus paniculatus peduncularis perennis vexillatus vulgaris 195 196 374 W50 51 50 281 369 284 285 284 188 63 429 430 429 430 4?9 430 429 628 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES PHLEUM 59 fluitans 72 barbatum? 249 pratense — hirsuta 78 coccineum 250 PHLOX 127 lineata 76 Convolvulus 252 aristata 128 megastachya ? 79 erectum 247 divaricata 129 nemoralis 75 Fagopyrum 252 maculata 128 nervata 78 Hydropiper 248 pilosa ? — parviflora ? 76 hydropiperoides 248-9 reptans 129 pectinacea 78 linifolium 248 stolonifera — pilosa — mite 249 subulata — pratensis 74 orientate 251 PHRAGMITE& 61 pungens — pennsylvanicum 250 communis — quinquefida 73 Persicaria 249 PHRYMA 371 sesleroides — punctatum 24H leptostachya — spectabilis 78 sagittatum 251 PHYLLANTHUS549 stolonifera 75 scandens ^252 carolinensis 550 striata 76 tenue 248 obovatus — subverticillata ? 73 virginianum ... PHYSALIS 138 tenella 78 virginicum ... lanceolata 139 tenuis 77 POLYMNIA 476 viscosa ? 138 trivialis 75 canadensis ... PHYSOSTEGIA 603 viridis 74 Uvedalia 477 virginiana PODALYRIA 404 POLYPODIUM 575 PHYTOLACCA 282 tinctoria — hexagonopterum — decandra 283 PODOPHYLLUM318 ilvense 579 PINUS 547 peltatum — virginianum 575 canadensis 548 PODOSTEMUM 10 vulgare ... inops ceratophyllum — PONTEDERIA 215 rigid a 549 POGONIA 502 cordata — Strobus ophioglossoides — POPULUS 568 "virginiana 548 pendula 504 argentea 569 PISUM 426 verticillata 603 grandidentata — sativum — POLANISIA 600 heterophylla — PLANTAGO 109 graveolens — Isevigata 568 lanceolata HO POLEMONIUM 127 tremula _ major — reptans — tremuloides ... virginica POLYGALA 401 trepida 568-9 PLATANTHERA 505 ambigua 402 PORCELIA 325 orbiculata — purpurea 401 triloba ... PLATANUS 542 sanguinea — PORTULACA 314 occidentalis Senega 403 oleracea ... POA 74 verticillata 402 POTAMOGETON 115 annua 76 POLYGONATUM 220 crispum ... autumnalis 74 biflorum — fluitans ? ... capillaris 77 latifolium — gramineum 116 compressa 76 multiflorum — lucens 1 ... cuspidata 74 POLYGONUM 247 natans U5 elongata ] 77 amphibium 250 pauciflorum 116 Eragrostis 79 arifolium 251 perfoliatum 115 flava 73 aviculare 247 POTENTILLA 303 fiexuosa 74 aviculare — canadensis INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 629 •carvliniana 304 norvegica 30 3 sarmentosa 303-4 simplex 304 POTHOS 112 foetida PRENANTHES 444 alba altissima ? — cordata ? deltoidea ? Serpentaria — FRINOS 214 Gronovii — verticillatus PRUNELLA 352 ovata — pennsylvanica — vulgaris PRUNUS 286 americana 287 angustifolia armeniaca 285 avium 289 Cerasus 288-9 Cerasus virgin- iana 289 ■Chicasa 287 dasycarpa 286 domestica hiemilis ? 287 hirsutus ? 599 nigra 287 obovata 599 virginiana ^89 PTERIS 582 aquilina 58 3 atropurpurea 58 2 PULMONARIA 117 virginica PUR SHI A H9 hispida PYCNANTHEMUM 344 incanum lanceolatum 345 linifolium muticum 344 verticillatum 345 virginicum PYROLA 265 elliptica maculata 267 rotundifolia 265 secunda — umbellata 266 PYRUS 296 arbutifolia — Botryapium 294 communis 297 coronaria 296 Cydonia 298 Malus 297 Malus coronaria296 ovalis 295 QUERCUS 531 alba 534 alba minor 533 alba palustris ? 534 Banisteri 533 bicolor 534 Castanea 535 Chinquapin 536 coccinea 532 ilicifolia 533 montana 535 monticola nigra 531 nigra pumila? 533 obtusiloba palustris 522 prinoides 536 Prinus 534 Prinus acumi- nata 535 Prinus Ch'n- capin 536 Prinus discolor 534 Prinus humilis 536 Prinus monticola535 Prinus palusti is rubra 532 rubra maxima ? — rubra ramosissima? - stellata 5 33 tinctoria 531 QUERIA 162 canadensis RANUNCULUS 327 abortivus 3^8 35* aquatilis 327 bulbosus 331 fascicularis 330 filiformis 601 Flaminula 327 Flaminula 328 fluviatilis 327 humilis 328 nitidus ? — pantothrix 327 pennsyloanicus 330 pusillus 328 recurvatus 329 repens — reptans 601 saniculxformis 330 sceleratus 32J RAPHANUS 391 sativus — RENSSELAERIA 530 virginica — RHEUM 251 rhaponticum ... RHEXIA 242 virginica — RHINANTHUS 366 virginicus — RHODODENDRON 262 maximum 263 nudiflorum 262 viscosum 263 RHUS 205 copallina 206 glabra ..- radicans 207 toxicodendron -••<. toxicodendron [radicans — toxicodendron [vernix — typhina 205 venenata 207 vernix — RHYNCHOSPORA 24 alba — capitellata — cymosa 25 glomerata 24 RIBES 160 floridum —^ 630 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES Grossularia 161 SAGITTARIA 528 SAXIFRAGA 269 nigrum — heterophylla 529 nivalis ? — nigrum pennsyl- latifolia 528 pennsylvanica 270 vanicum 160 pubescens — vernalis 269 pennsylvanicum — sagittifolia — virginica — recurvatum 160 SALIX 557 virginiensis 269 rubrum 161 caroliniana 559 SCAA'DIX 198 Uva-crispa — conifera 1 558 dulcis 199 ROBINIA 410 cordata 560 procumbens 198 Pseud-acacia __ discolor 1 559 SCH&ATUS 24 ROCHELIA 121 falcata 560 albus — virginiana — grisea 561 capitatus ? 25 ROSA 310 humilis 1 658 capitellatus ? — Carolina 311 longirostris — cymosus — caroliniana 310-11| lucida 560 glomeratus — corymbosa 3U Muhlenbergiana 558 SCHOLLERA 14 humilis 310 nigra 559 graminea -~ palustris ? 311 nigra 561 graminifolia — parviflora 310 prinoides ? 559 SCIRPUS 17 pennsylvanica 311 Purshiana 560 acicularis 20 rubiginosa — recurvata 557 acutus 21 suaveolens — Russelliana 1 561 americanus 593 RUBIA 103 sericea 561 atrovirens 22 Tinctorum — vitellina 562 autumnalis 19 RUBUS 305 SALVIA 342 Baldwinianus 18 cuneifolius 306 lyrata — brunneus 22 fruticosus 307 officinalis — capillaceus ? 20 hispidus 308-9 SAMBUCUS 204 capillaris 18 Idaeus 305 canadensis 205 capitatus 19 obovalis 309 nigra _ ciliatifolius 18 obovatus 308 SAMOLUS 595 cyperiformis 16 occidentalis 306 Valerandi __ debilis 21 odoratus 309 SANGUINARIA 317 echinatus 16 parvifolius 306 canadensis __ Eriophorum 23 procumbens 308 SANGUISORBA 106 ex alt at us 22 sempervirens 309 canadensis — ferrugineus 18 trivialis 308 SANICULA 183 lacustris 21 villosus 307 canadensis ? 184 Michauxii 19 RUDBECKIA 480 marilandica _ mucronatus 593 chrysomela SAPONARIA 272 mucronulatus 19 fulgida — officinalis obtusus __ hirta — SAROTHRA 524 ovatus __ laciniata 481 gentianoides palustris __ RUMEX 235 hypericoides planifolius 20 acetosella 236 SATUREJA 346 \ puberulus ? 18 crispus — hortensis pusillus 20 obtusifolius SATYR IUM 50( 1 quadrangulatus — SABBATIA 121 ) bracteatum 50-5 ' retrofractus 592 angularis repens 50C spathaceus 17 SAGIATA 11] L SAURURUS 23'J sulcatus 18 virginica cernuus sylvaticus 22 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES 631 593 21 25 26 tenuis trichodes triqueter validus SCLERIA ciliata ? pauciflora triglomerata SCROPHULARIA 370 marilandica — nodosa — SCUTELLARIA 352 353 20 SIDA Abutilon spinosa SILENE antirrhina noctiflora — stellata 25.SINAPIS 397 272 273 598 272 390 ambigua caroliniana galericulata gracilis hyssopifolia integrifolia lateriflora nervosa ovalifolia parviflora ? parvula pilosa SECALE cereale SEDUM portulacoides ternatum SENECIO aureus Balsamitae Cymbalaria ? hieracifolius obovatus SERICOCARPUS470 conyzoides solidagineus SERPICULA canadensis occidentalis verticillata SERRATULA arvensis SETARIA germanica glauca verticillata viridis SICYOS angulatus 60S 354 353 354 353 354 353 352 82 282 496 497 496 498 497 570 439 50 51 50 554 alba nigra SI SO A' aureus canadense integerrimus marginatum trifoliatum ? SISYMBRIUM arabidoides canescens 1 officinale Sophia ? Thalianum SISYRINCHIUM anceps Bermudiana mucronatum SIUM latifolium longifolium rigidius rigidum tricuspidatum? SMILACINA bifolia canadensis racemosa' stellata SMILAX caduca herbacea peduncularis ? rotundifolia SMYRATIUM aureum Barbinode cordatum integerrimum trifoliatum SOLANUM carolinense Dulcamara 186 189 187 19 186 386 387 386 387 388 12 13 12 190 195 221 222 221 565 566 186 192 196 187 18fi 135 138 136 insanum Lycopersicum nigrum tuberosum SOLIDAGO altissima arguta axillaris bicolor cassia canadensis ciliaris erecta flexicaulis gigantea graminifolia integrifolia ? lanceolata latifolia nemoralis odora patula petiolaris puberula pyramidata rugosa scabra sempervirens ? serotina ? speciosa squarrosa ulmifolia SONCHUS acuminatus floridanus oleraceus spinulosus SORGHUM saccharatum SPARGANIUM americanum simplex SPARTINA cjnosuroides polystachya SPERGULAS TRUM gramineum lanceolatum SPERMACOCE diodina 137 136 60 27c 104 632 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES SPINACIA oleracea SPIR.EA alba opulifolia salicifolia tomentosa alba trifoliata SPIRANTHES cernua gracilis tortilis STACHYS aspera ] aspera? hispida ? ■sylvatica 1 tenuifolia ? STAPHYLEA trifolia trifoliata STELLARIA Alsine borealis graminea lanceolata longifolia media pubera uliginosa STEA'ACTTS annua __ STROPHOSTYLES 430 helvolus peduncularis STYLOSANTHtS elatior hispida STYRAA'DRA bifolia SYMPHYTUM officinale ^YMPLOCARPUS foetida TALINUM teretifolium TANACETUM vulgare TARAXACUAI 443 Dens leonis 298 299 298 299 300 500 501 359 360 359-60 360 359 208 273 274 275 274 275 274 472 411 221 121 112 315 492 TAXUS 572 baccata canadensis TEPHROSIA 409 virginiana — TEUCRIUM 362 canadense virginicum THALICTRUM anemonoides carolinianum Cornuti corynellum dioicum Isevigatum polygamum pubescens pnrpurascens revolutum rugosum THAPSIA trifoliata ? trifoliata THASPIUM aureum Barbinode THESIUM corymbulosum umbellatum THLASPI Bursa pastoris THYMUS Serpylkim virginicus ? vulgaris TILIA americana canadensis glabra TRA CHYATO TIA 60 cynosuroides — TRADESOANTIA 212 virginica 21:3 TRAGOPOGON 441 porrifolius 442 TRICHELOSTYLIS ]8 autumnalis ] 9 capillaris is TRICHODIUM 54 laxiflorum __ perennans 55 S33 334 333 3J4 333 334 186 192 192 186 192 163 380 347 345 347 312 scabrum TRICHOPHORUM cyperinum TRICHOSTEMA dichotomum TRICUSPIS quinquefida seslerioides TRIENTALIS americana eur op sea TRIFOLIUM agrarium arvense pratense procumbens repens TRILLIUM cernuum pendulum TRIOSTEUM majus perfoliatum TRIPHORA pendula TRIPS A CUM dactyloides TRISETUAI palustre pratense TRITICUM hybernum repens sativum TROP.EOLUM majus TROXIAIOAT virginicum TURRITIS hirsuta ? Isevigata ovata TYPHA angustifolia latifolia UDORA canadensis ULMUS americana americana aspera INDEX OF T fulva 179 mollifolia 178 rubra 179 URASPERMUM 189 canadense — Claytoni 199 hirsutum 200 procumbens 198 URTICA 522 canadensis 523 cylindrica 522 dioica 523 divaricata — procera 522 pumila 523 UTRICULARIA 6 macrorhiza 7 vulgaris — UVULARIA 222 flava ? — perfoliata — sessilifolia 223 VACCINIUM 255 album — amxnum 257 corymbosum 256 disomorphum 257 frondosum 256 frondosum ? 255 fuscatum 257 glaucum 256 lig ustrinum 261 macrocarpon 241 Oxycoccus — pennsylvanicun l 257 resinosum 256 stamineum 255 tenellum 257 virgatum — VALERIANA 11 radiota VALERIANELLAH radiata VALLISNERIA 556 americana 557 spiralis VERATRUM 232 album luteum 233 J GENERA AND virginicum 232 viride VERBASCUM 134 Blattaria Thapsus VERBENA 372 hastata nod-flora paniculata ? 604 372 urticafolia 373 VERBESIATA 481 Coreopsis ... VERNONIA 448 noveboracensis ... prsealta VERONICA 3 agrestis Anagallis 5 4 arvensis 5 Beccabunga hederifolia 4 5 intermedia 4 marilandica 5 officinalis 4 peregrina scutellata 5 serpyllifolia 3 virginica VIBURNUM 6 202 acerifolium 204 dentatum 203 Lentago nudum ".:. prunifolium VICIA 202 424 americana — Cracca — Faba — Mitchelli 426 sativa 425 ILFA 57 vagin\'flora — [OLA 142 acuta ? 145 affinis ? 143 asarifolia 142-6 barbata 144 blanda 145 ciliata 144 species 633 cordfolia 144 cucullata 143 debilis 146 dentata 143 digitata 142 emarginata ? 143 eriocarpa 147 Muhlenbergiana 146 Muhlenbergii — obliquu ? 143 ochroleuca 146 ovata 144 palmata 142 papilionacea ? 143 pedata 142 pennsylvanica 147 primuhefolia 145 primubfolia 144 pubescens 147 punctata ? 146 repens ? — sagittata 143 seabriuscula 147 sororia 144 sororia ? 143 striata 146 uliginosa — villosa 144 VISCUM 562 album 563 flavescens 562 purpureum 563 verticillatum — VITIS 150 aestivalis 151 cordifolia — hederacea 153 intermedia 151 Labrusca 150 Labrusca 151 labruscoides ? 150 occidentalis 151 serolina sylvestris — vinifera 152 vinifera ameri- cana 151 vulpina 150 vulpina 151 634 INDEX OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES U LYD S OR 1.1 731X YRIS poaformis seslerioides WOODSIA ilvensis Perriniana XANTHIUM spinosum struraarium — anceps — caroliniana 5791 fiexuosa — jupicai 580ZAPANIA 477 lanceolata ? 478 nodiflora 477'ZEA 12 604 93 Mavs 94 ZIZANIA 92 aquatica 93 clavulosa _ palustris ? ... ZIZIA 185 aurea 1 cordata 186 integerrima 187 635 ODEX ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES. (Xj* The French, German, and Spanish names, are printed in Ilalii Page 283 491 236 178 440 L'Abricotier Abridor Abrotano L1 Absinthe Aceilerilla Acelga Achicoria Ackerdistel. Die 43! Ackerwinde. Die 131 Adam and Eve 511 Adder's-tongue (Mycrostylis) 513 Adder's-tongue (Ophioglossum) 58G Agrimony 301 A-.ripalma 338 L'Agripaume Aigremoine Aildes vignes Ajedrea Ajo Ala/it. Der Pdbahaca Albaricoque Alcaravea Alder. Black " Candle " Common " While Ale hoof Alexanders. Golden 186 Heart-leaved — 405 2 118 253 175 425 317 443 Alfalfa Athena Alkanet Allspice. Willd Alum-root Alverjana Amapola Amareon Ampfer. Krauser 236 " Sauer — Anemone. Wood 332 Anserine blanche 176 Apfelbaum. Der 297 Apple. Common 297 " Custard 32," " Hos.May 3l^ " Ma3 Apricot. Black " Common Aprikosenbaum Der April-flower 37: Page I Page Irabettedes IBeel.G arden 178 Dames 388 Beggar's-Lice 121 Arbutus.Trailing 259 Beggar-licks 485 Arrow-head 528\ Beinwell Der 121 Arrow-wood 204 Bell-wort 222 Artichoke. jBenjamin-tree 253 Jerusalem 484 Bennet. Herb 302 Ash. Black, Water 8 Berza 388 Page Bourse de Pas- [teur 3S0- Bowman's-root 30X1 Brake,orBracken583 Breast-weed 237 Brennessel. Die 523- Brier. Common 307 Hoop " White Asp. Quaking Asparagus Aspen. Large Asperge VAubepine Aubergine rouge 137 Aunee Aurone Avens. Purple " White Avoine cullivee Axenjo BALM. Common 351 Horse Balsam-apple Bane berry 180] " crespa 8 " florida 3G8| " Repolluda 218 Betony. Paul's 569| " Wood 218Bette-rave 294 Bindweed Black 4761 " Rough 491 Binse. Die 302'Biroh Black,Red 539 " Cherry,sweel540 Bird's-nesl 268 Birnbaum Der 297 Bishop's-Cap Bitter-nut Bitter-suess 349 554 3S9 3 374 178 131 252 566 227 320 Bitter-sweet BarbaCahruna 4 !2 Bitter-weed Bardana 436|Blackberry-bush 30; Barley. Four- Bladder-Ketmia 396 [rowed 85!Bladder-nut 20f " Two-rowed —'Bladder-wort Basil, sweet 338'Blazine-Star " Wild 351 " Blue Basilic 328Bled d' Hirer Basilic sauvage. | " Sarasin Grande 331 Blue-Bonnets Basilienkraut. |Blue-bottle Gemeines 338 Blue-curls Bassinet 33rBlue-devils Bass-wood 3l2\Bluet 479 Batata de Malagal32 Bluets Batatin Baume verte Bean. Horse " Windsor " Kidney Lima 136 339 424 429 430 " Magothy-Bay433 " Wild 428 Bean-tree 363 Beistraw. Ladies 99 Beech. Water 541 •' White 538 3eech-drops 376 " False 267 Blue-tansies Blue-weed Blumenkold Bock-Bart. Der Bog-rush. Brown 25 <° White 24 Bohne. Die gem- [eine Balsa de Pastor Bone-set Bonnet de Pretre 556 Bot on de oro 331 Bouillon blanc 134 Bouncing-B »t 27o 42C 451 5t5<>' 311 Green Running Sweet Broccoli 3c-9 Brook-lime 4 Brugnon 2S,» Brunela 352 Bui hiceitzen.Der 253 Buck-wheat — American [climbing 252 Wild Buerstenkraut [Das Bugle-weed Bugloss. Viper's 119 Burgamot. Wild 343 Burning-Bush 149 Butter-and-Eggs 36S Butter-Cup 3U1 Butterfly-weed 17:! Butter-nul Butter-weed Button-bush Button-weed Button-wood CABBAGE " Curled.Savoy— " Head,Su2*r- [loaf, York 389 " Swamp 112 " Turnep-rootedoSy Calabash 551 Calabaza — Calebasse — Calico-bush 2i',i Campion.4-leaved27;j 43' 340 541 471 9-> 101 542 n Rose Cana Canamo Cancer-root Cantalupe Capuchina Capucine. Grande Caraway. " Common 188 Cardencha 98 Cardinal-flower 15 281 61 564 376 551 243 636 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES Cardo 436 Citrouille. La Dame d'onze Fasoles 429 Carotte 196 [grosse 55G [heures 219 Feld-bohne. Die 424 Carpenter's- Cleavers. Dandelion 443 Fenchel, Der 191 [Square 37C " Common 101 Darnel 87 Fennel. Dog's 489 Carpet-weed 96 Clot-weed 476 Deer-berry 25c " Garden 191 Carrion-flower 567 " Thorny — Deer-grass 245 Fenouil — Carrot. Garden 197 Clover. Bush 42C Dentde Lion 44C Fern.Rattlesnake587 " Wild " Common,Red406 Devil's-Bit 23i " Sweet 521 Cassis 161 " Dutch,White407 Devil's-guts 167 Fesluque des Pris 71 Catawba 363 " Hop, Yellow 40S Dew-berry 306 Five des Marais 424 Catch-fly Cal-gul 273 " Stone,Welsh406 Dewitt-weed 397 Fever-bush 253 409 Cockle. Corn 281 Dittany Dock. Bitter, 35C Fig-wort 370 Filde terre 167 Cat-mint 336 Cockle-bur 478 236 Cat-nep — Coffee. Wild 159 " Broad-leaved — Filbert. Wild 539 Cat-tail 519 Cognassier 298 Cohosh. Blue 213 " Bur 436 Fire-weed 498 Cauliflower 389 " Curled,Sour236 Five-finger 304 Flachs. Gemeiner 211 Cebada 85 " White 320 " Spatter 318 Cebolla 216 Colic-root 218 Dodder 166 Flachskraut.Das 368 Cebollino — Colt's-foot Dog's-bane 167 Flachs-seide 167 Cedar. Red 572 (Asarum) 515 Dogwood. Flag. Wild 13 Ceguda 201 Colt's-foot [Common 106 Flax. Common 211 Celandine 315 (Caltha) 336 " Pond 98 " Mountain 403 Celery 187 Columbine. Wild 320 " Swamp 107 " Wild(Linum)210 Celidonia 315 Comfrey. Garden 121 " Wild 122 " White 108 " " (Camelina)379 Centaury 125 Dosten. Gemeine 346 Flax-vine 167 Centeno 82 Concombre Le 552 Dolterblume 336 Flea-bane 471 Cerezo 288 Consoude. Grande\2\ Douce amere 136 Fleole des Pres 59 Cerisier — Consuelda major — Dragon. Green 529 Floehkraut 249 Cerraja 445 Corazoncillo 323 Dragon-head Duck's-meat 604 Flouve odorante 64 Chamomile. Coriander 202 9 Flower-of-an-hour396 " Garden 488 Corn. Broom 90 Duck-weed Foin de Mouton 91 " Stinking, 489 " Indian 94 Dulzamara 136 Forget-me-not 120 " Wild " — Correguela 131 Dutchman's- Fox-tail. Green 50 Channel-weed 557 Cotton. Wild 169 [Breeches 398 Framboisier 306 Chanvre. Le 564 Cotufa 484 ECLAIRE. Frambueso — Chardon aux Cow-bane 195 [GRANDE 315 Fringe-tree 3 [Anes 437 " Spotted 185 Eel-grass 557 FroschloeffelDer 238 Chardon a Foulon 99 Cowslip. " Virginian 117 Egg-plant 137 Frost-weed 313 Cheat. Chess 69 Eglantine Efirenpreis.Aec) _ Fumeterre. La 401 Cherry. English 289 Crab-Apple 296 iter A Fumitory. " Ground 138 Cranberry 241 Eibisch. Der 395 [Climbing £99 " Morello,Red28S Cranesbill. Elder. Box 246 " Common 401 " Sour — [Spotted 392 Elder-bush. Futterwicke. Die 42A " Mountain 287 Creeper. [Common 205 GAENSEFSVSS. " Wild 289 [Virginian 153 Elecampane 476 LDER 176 Chervil. Wild 198 Cress. Indian 243 Elm. Red ) 79 Gaenselcraut.Das38ti Chesnut-tree. 537 " Mouse-ear 388 " Slippery — Galingale.Bristle- Chickweed. " Spring 384 " Wall 388 " Weeping 178 [spiked 15 " Common 274 " White 178 " Sheathed 17 " Forked 162 " Water 385 Enebro. El 571 Garance. La 103 " Indian 96 Cresson-Alenois 380 Enula campana 476 Garbanzo 423 " Mouse-ear 277 Crow-foot 392 Epinard des Garlic, Crow 215 '; Red 123 " Celery-leaved329 [potagers 565 " Field " Water 1 " River 327 Epurge 517 " English 216 Chicoree sauvage-lAO Cucumber 552 Erbse. Die 427 " Meadow 217 Chinquapin 537 " Prickly 553 Erdartischoke. Gatera 356 Chirivia 196 "Single-seeded 554 {.Die 484 Gauch-heil. Das 123 Chives, or Cives 216 3ucumber-root 234 Erdrauch. Der 401 Genevrier. Le 571 Choke berry 296 Cud-weed. Escaramujo Gentian. Fringed 166 Choufleur 389 [Common 493 [oloroso 311 " Horse 159 " Navet — " Marsh — Vspadana 519 " Soap-wort 165 " potager 388 " Mouse-ear 495 Vsparrago 218 Geranium. " de Savoye — " Plantain- Vspina blanca 294 [Feather 177 " de Suede 389 [leaved — *2spinaca 565 Germander 362 " en tlte — Currant. Black 161 Vspliego 339 Gerste. Die 85 Ciano 435 " Red Eslramonio 133 Ginger. Wild 515 Ciboulette 216 " Wild 160 Eyebright (Lobelia) Ginseng 181 Cicely. Sweet 199 □ustard-Apple 325 155 " Dwarf 182 Cigue ordinaire Cilantro 201 Cymling 566 Eyebright Gl outeron 436 202 DAISY 471 (Euphorbia) 516 Gold-of-Pleasure 379 Cinquefoil 303 " Ox-eye 490 FAERBER-ROE- Golden-Club 226 Ciruelo 286' / ITHE, Die 103 Golden-Rod 455 INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 687 161 176 99 100 134 551 152 150 151 Gooie-berry Goose-foot Goose-grass " Dyer's Gordolobo Gourd. Bottle Grape Chicken, 151 " Winter " English, " Wine " Fox '• Little " Summer Grass-of-the- [Andes Grass. Bengal " Blue " Blue-eyed " Bottle '• Bur " Cal'stail " Cock's-foot " Cotton " Couch " Crab [Digitaria " Crab [Eleusine " Cut " Dog's-tail " Dropseed " Fealher " Fescue " finger '• Fox-tail " Gama " Green " Hair " Hedge-hog Herd's '.ndian Lyme " Manna K Meadow « Oat [Avena 66 " Oat [Dantho Gutmauve.La 395i " Swamp, or Guisante 427| [Tall Gum Black.Sour 164 Rundszunge. Gundtlrebe. Die 3561 [Die \Langv* d* Chun 139 —\Lauih. Acker 216 Der Binstn 213 Gurke. Die HAB A 424 " Hedr. Hack-berry 180 INDIGO. Hafer. Der 67 [WILD Hagedorn. Der 294 Innocence Hahnenfuss. Der 'Iron-weed [giftige 329 Iron-wood " Der knollige-3V hop. Der llanf. Der 564 Ivy. American Haricot 4291 " Ground Hartriegel. Der 2JABONERA Hasenklee. Der 406 Jacob's-Ladder 446 294 114 539 352 86 ma " Orchard " Poverty <« Quake « Quitch " Ray '• Reed " Sesame " Spear " Vernal [Sweet-scented64 » Whip « White «« Wire [Poa " Wire [Eleusine " Wood Srateron Gremil des [champs Qrenouillelte [d'eau Groseillier rouge\6l " vrai .^ Ground-Cherry 138 Ground-nut 42- «ronnd«»l 497 Hasenothrlein. [Das Haw. Black Hawk-weed Haw-thorn Hazel. Witch Hazel-nut Heal-all Hederich. Der Hellebore.White232 Hemlock. Com- [mon 201 " Water 185 Hemp. Common 564 '• Indian 168 Henbit 357 Herzgespann Das-oS Hickory. Bitter- [nut 606 " Broom,Pignut547 " Shell-bark 545 " Swamp 606 " Whiie-hearl546 Himbeerstaude 306 Hinqjo 191 Hirtentasche.Die 380 Hoar-hound.Com- [mon. -60 Water -41 Wild 450 Hog-weed 479 Holly. American 114 Hombrecillo 564 Hone-wort Honeysuckle. [Lonicera 158 Honeysuckle. Rho [dodendron 262 Hop. Common 563 Hojifen. Der Hornbeam " Hop Horn-wort Horse-tail Horse-weed 83 Houblon Hounds-tongue [Common houque laineuse 91 House-leek. Purs- [lane-leaved 182 Huckleberry. [Black " Blue " Squaw " Sugar 52 Hyssop. Garden — 3G3 404 105 448 541 348 153 356 272 127 122 Laurel 2.1 Jamestown-weed 133 191 Uaramago 386 202ljasmine. Bas- [tard Johannesbeere. [Gtmeine Schwarze Johanneskraut. [Das Jonc a miche Joy. Simpler's 118 329 564 541 527 573 471 564 122 256 25, K7 323 227 372 Traveller's 335 8: 433 295 571 Joyo Judas-tree June-berry Juniper KALAMUS. DER Kamille. Die Kapuzinerblume. Die 243 Kardendistel. Die 9fl Kartoflel. Die 136 Katzenmuenze Die Kermesbeere Richer. Die Kirschbaum. i?er288 Klebkraut. Das 101 Klee. Der 406 Klette. Die 436 Knauelgras. Gem- [eines 80 Knot-grass 247 Knot-root 349 Kohl. Der -88 Kopf -9 Savoyer —8 Kohl-ruebe. Die 263 259 263 338 -5 243 443 Dwarf, [Sheep " Ground " Mountain Lavauder Leather-flower Leatner wood Lechuga Leindotter. Der 379 Lenteja 426 Leniil — Leopard's-bane 496 Lettuce. Garden 443 Lamb's 11 Wild 443 Liebes-Affel 137 Lierre terrestre 3T.6 Life-everlasting 494 Lilies. Water 237 Lily. Day 225 " Wild 224 Lin 211 Linden, or Linn 312 Linse. Der 426 Lion's-foot 444 Liquorice. Wild 102 Liseron des [champs 131 Liver-leaf. Liver- [wort Lizard's-tail Llanten " aquatico Locust-tree 3-1 2-7 110 238 410 Loewenzahn. i?«r443 Kornblume. Die 435 Korn-raden. Der 281 Kuemmel. Gemei 551 [ner Kuerbiss. Der LADYS'S-SLD? [PER Lady's-thumb 2 Lady's-Traces, or [Tresses 501 Laiteron. Le 445 Laitue. La 442 Lamb's Quarter 176 Lamier. Le Lampazq^pe- [queno Lampourde 357 478 87 124 109 371 -74 137 »66 405 117 431 Lolch. Der Loose-strife " Bastard Lop-seed Louse-wort Love-Apple Love-vine Lucerne Lung-wort Lupin. Wild MADDER. DT- [ER'S « Wild Magnolia Malden's-Hair Maize Majoran. Der Mallow. Indian " Venetian Mallows. High -94 " Low. Run- ning -95 Mangold. Getnein- 6 [er 171 Manne de Prusse 72 Manzanilia 491 Manzano 297 MapleAsh-leaved246 " Red,Swamp244 " Silver-leaved24S " White, Sugar — Marjoram.Sweet 34F " ' Wild -oded Milk-wori MillefciiiHe. La MilTe-pertuis Millet Mint.Common " Siwar " H.rse " M untain " Welsh '• l'fpper Misselt* such 405 OAK. Barren 4sj Black scrub — Mocasin-flower 514 M >desiy Monkev-tlower 367 Mom-seed 571 Mordl -24 Mirelle d grappei'28-i Morgeline. La 274 Mom n«-al .rjr 132 Moss. Club 588 Mostazo 390 M «iher-wort Mom on il'eau Mouron rougt Mouse ear Mouturde des Ca- [puriris noir Black Chesnut Chesnut [Dwarf Ch,:snut [ttifk Chesnut [Swamp Pin P.st Red Scarlet Spanish Spanish [Waier White While [Barren While [Chesnut While [Swamp Yell 236 Plantain. Com. [mon, Great 110 Englk-h — Indian 4J9 Raiilesnakejifl Water 23S While (Gnaphali- um) 496 4-6 •' While (Plan- i (lag-o 110 433 Plaquinamer 244 iPlriii-i.sy-1-..oi 1.3 284 Plum. Chi.aBaw '-87 2971 « Common. 284 [Damascene 286 113^ •' Red.Yellow 287 4lHPo;V«r 297 350 I'ois Chiihe. Le 423 S J Puis cnlliri 427 112 Poison vine 203 \Poirre r!' Inrle 19 183p,ln. Garden Mulberry. Red 521 Oran°e-£rass " While — (^rge commune Mullein.CommonI34 Onie. Grande " Moth —\Ortiga Mlurier blanc. 524| ,: muerta Mustard. Black 3W. Oseille. Petite " Hndse -86 Oyster plant " White -90 PA IN DE CR A- NAB A —l [PAUD Nuhiza 389 Paint. Indian Nasturtium 243,Painte.d-cup Natterkopf. Der 119.Pujarera Navet 39'VPulomilla " jaune -60 Panais potager Neck-weed iPap! >se-root [Cannabis 564,Parsley Neck-weed Parsnep. Cow [Veronica 5 " Garden Nectarine 285 " Meadow NesHillon 281 " Water HefstlJ&ti T^ni^r Pairidfe-berry •i Pepper-lus'i —! " Sweet 532 Pep per-grass —3| " Wild -2 Peral. El — Pen-efeuillt — Perexil \Persil — Persimmon 534 Petersilie. Die \I'fff--->'- span- {.is her Pfeffzr-mu enze. I Lie Pfirsi'heii'.iiii-n. Pflaiimeiibaum Physic. Indian Pickerel-weed Pigeon-berry (^\Pimenlero. El 301 'Pimpernel 2161 •' Scarlet 3961 " Waier 491 Pin weed 21oPine. Ground -3 —t —5 6. 9 ISii'Poiiime tpinevse 1-3 261|Pom?»e re lerre 1-6 2(; \Poiitmier 297 3fO|p.in(|.ii|V. Yellow318 —l;Pond-weed. Final- s'" [ing- 115 191 P' |.lar. Tvdip 326 188P„ppv Field -17 — | " Pricklv -16 214'Potain. Carolina, I*- [Sweet 132 " C mmon 139! [Irish 1-6 Point, -vine. 3-9 [Wild 1-1 284 Po'iron 555 236 Pourpier polager3l4 300p,iesi-in-the-rul- 215 [pit 5)5 283 Prim. Privet 2 139 Primrose. Even- 364 [ing- 2 0 123 Prunier 2 ^6 595 Puccoon I'.S 97 Pumpkin Purslane 314 324| (Hypericum)324 Putty ro«-t 511 85 Pine. Ground IQUERCITRON 531 523 (Lycopo- — dium) 357lPine. Jersey, 236 442 [Scrubby Pitch, Yel- [low Spruce Weymouth, [While 274Pine sap 401 Pink Dwarf 196 " Cr.ond, 213 [Mountain 18*1 " Richard- 196 [.son's Pipe. Indian Pipeshank. In- dian Pipsissawa Quill-wort 589 Quince-tree ) Qui/lenbaum. 548i [Der ^RABANO 549 '• pit-ante 548Ral.liit.foot Railis. Raiftnt. 590 391 -79 406 391 549,Radish. Garden 267 » Horse 379 105,Ragweed 479 iRainfarn. Der 492 12S Ransted-weed 368 Rasp-' erry. Ant- 489! [werp -06 268 " Black — " Rose-flower- 299 [ing- 304 266Rauleb«r 4flf ! INDEX OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN NAMES 639 ^a««r1fe;J00l111!an(1rort - Souei dea Marais-36,Te». N.Jersey 148 tiare. lx, o*se 3J0 Sanicle. Amen. -Southern-wood 491 Teti-beiry 258 [can 175 Sow-ihisile. Com- iTtar-ihumb 251 Basiard Am- I [mon 445 Teasel. I idler's, 99 [erican 271 Spanish-needles 487j " Wild tS 'Sarriette. La 34H Sjmrgel. Der 218 Ten-o'clock 219 209 Speedwell comiiion4 TIU iP Europe 4 254; " Purselane- |Thiml le-leiry £06 Red- bud 4.-j-j| Red-Robin 395 Red. Rod io/| Red-n.»t (Ceano- [ihos 148 Sarsaparilla Ked-r>ot (Sdnguin iSassafras [aria Red-top '• Tall Reed " Bur " Coopers Reed-mace Rehwusen Ileitis- Der Rhubarb Pie Rice. Indian '• Wild Rich-weed Ripple-arass 317| '• Swamp 55 Salurey. Die 73 Sauce 9- San iistel. Die 52) Sauge. La 51J Suule. Le — Savomiiae La 76 Sav.ry Summer 348 391 Saxifiag-c.BunieiI06 326| [leaved -48! " S ull-cap 562; " Tall 445 " Water 312 Spire-wood 253 562 S,>idt-r-w it Ul- 272 Spikenard 209 Wild (Aralia - Wild (.Vmi 5 Thisile. Canada 437 -I " Common 4-6 6 Thorn. Black 292 254 " Early 269' [laciua 93 " Gohlen 27(1 Spinach, or Spi W ' Tall 269 [naue 523 S-e.au de Salo- Spinal. Der 110 [mon 220 Spindle-tree Rispengrass.Jaeh- S hafgarbe. Die 48J Spilzklette. Dir 478 Inses 76 S hi tiling. Der 201 Spilzti.iunze. DieXM Kobiu. Ragged 435 S hue k^nklee. Sprui e.Htmluck 548 " Red 375 [Der 405Spurg-e RiUn-run-the S hoel>kiant.Das3lo " Caper [hedg-e 101 s iuririgel 71 Squash Lon Roio del SjI 211 •• Ussbarer 7J. " Waned Roggen Der Si Scorpi >n ar.ii Rohr. Gemaines 61' [Marsh Cock-spur, [Newcasile 290 Lns;liili, [Haw 294 1 Washington — 565 149 556 Rohrkotbe. Die 519 Scull-ca| Rose. Dwarf " Wild " Rck " Swamp Roseau d bulais R is6e du Sjleil Rwh-sras. Das Rue. G iai's " Meadow Ruebe. Die Rush. B .g '• Bull " Button " Chairma- [ker's " Club " Common " S.ft " Field " Scouring- « y [erin_ Rutabaga" Rye » Wild S1AT-MOHN Sabloniere. La Sam "vei.San*ron435 Safran balard Sage. Garden " Indian " Meadow " Wood Salad " Com Salbei. Der 310, •' Mad-dog- Srurvy-2rass I " Round 120 Squaw-root 376 353 S.abwurtz Die 491 -54 Stillhelbeere Die 161 -81 Staff-iree. Climb- 148 313 Self en kruat. Das 272 [ins -1'* Sigle. Le 82 Stas!ger-hush 61 Self-heal 352 Slar-of-Belhle- 211 Sdlo rle S.ilmon 220 [hem 61 Sjnf Der 403 .-Senna. Wild 331 Sensiiive plant 390 [Wild 24 Serpolet 21 Service-berry 228 [Wild ■Shad flower 593 Shell-dower 19 Shepherd's- 2271 [Purse — !Shin-b;af 231 Sickle-pod 574 Silk-weed low flow- ISkunk weed 12 Sloe 202 389 Snake-head 369 -2 Snake-root. Black -3, [Aciaea 319 317 Snake-rooi. Black 390 Siar-srasss S 432 Siarwori. Water \Siechapfd. Dtr 13.' — Steinsame. Der 348 Sioiie crop. Vir- ginian 295 Slone-w;ed — Strawberry. 369. [Barren Wild 118 80 Strawberry-tree 150 265 Succory. Wild 383 Sug-ar-berry 169 Sumach. Com- 276! [Sanicula Button Seneka Tall Virginia 342 Snap-weed -62 Sneeze-weed 442 Snowdrop-Tree [mon " Mountain " Poison, [Swamp " Stag--horn Sun-dew 181 Sun drops 241 449 SUn-flower.False48/ 440 180 206 3121 4511 403' '• Wild 319 Swallow-wort 515 Sweet-William. 1411 [Wild 487'Sycamore 3 TABAC 11 S iap-wort 272 Tnback. Der 342 Sdomoti's seal 220 Tabaro Salsijis. Salsify 442 Smnentiiau. Der 211 Tag blume Samoskraut. Dasoi)~> Sorrel. Field 236 Tansey Sandia 5531 " Sheep — iTape-iTasfl Sandkraut. Dat 276 " Wood 8tt3jTar« 224 -47 59 91 3t,8 163 13- 155 348 -80 434 141 White 293 21 Thorn-apple 13- Ihorough-sltm 451 Thon ugdi-wax 111 Thyme. Held cU •• Gaiden, [Manding " Wild, Creep l»'S 516 7'hijiniun. Der 517,'lnn; thy White T'ad-llax " Bastard Tobacco " Indian Tomato, or Tom [aloes Tomillo 2fcO,Tong-ue-grass Tooih-wort 'J'opinamtour Touch-me-nol Traveller's Joy 335 Trebol 406 '• blunro 407 Titfle blanche — " des Pr(s 406 Trefoil. Spanish 405 7'ng-o 86 " Sarraceno 253 Triolet 407 7'roi/ie Turkey pod Turk's Cap Turmeric Turnep. Com- (mon Indian Swedish, [Yellow Tway-blade UVA ESPINA VALERIAN. (GREEK Velaril de Sie. (BarOe Velvet-leaf Verdolaga 134| Vergiss mein- — (niiht —IVervain. Blue Common — I Vesee a bouquetsi2S 554 Vetch. Common. 4251 (Tufa* - 2 383 224 317 -90 530 512 161 127 381 -t'7 -14 120 72 -73 640 INDEX OF ENGLI9H AND FOREIGN NAMES Vid. La 152 Vieh-gras 75 Vigne. La 152 Viniebla 122 Violet 142 " Dog's tooth 223 Virgin's-Bower 335 Vogelkraut. Das 274 Vogelmilch. Die 219 Vogelwieke. Die 425 WACHHOLDER. (.STRAUCH. (.DER Wake-robin Walnut. Black " White Water-carpet Water pepper Water-target Wax-work Way-bread Wegerich. Der (grosse Wegewart. Der Weinstock. Der Weisswurz. Die Weitzen. Der Wermuth. Der Wheat. Cow " Winter White-wood Vhitlow-grass Wiesen-liesrh (gras. Das 248 Willow. Common, 60H (Yellow 562 148 « Herb 239 UO Willow-herb, I (Night 240 — Wind-flower 332 440 Winter-berry 214 152 Winter-green 266 220 " Chfckweed 236 86, •' Spicy 25- 4911 " Spotted 267 373 Wirbeldosten. 66 (Der 351 -12 Wollkraut. Das 134 -78 Worm-seed 17; IWorm-wood 49i 59|Wort. Si. John's 323 " St. Peter's -U Wuch erbiums. [Die 490 YAM. WILD 567 Yarrow 489 Yedra terrestre 356 Yellow-rocket -81 Yellow-root -36 Yerba carmin 283 " centella 336 •' de la ViboralW Yew 572 Yvraie vivace 87 ZANAHORIA 193 Zuiebel. Dit 216 ,!3r N. B. The compositor having-exhausted his font of figures, in setting up these last paees of Index, was under the necessity of using dashes, instead. Th« reader will therefore please bear in mind, that wherever a dash (—) occurs, in con- nection wilh figures, it indicates that lhe figures immediately above iiare to be con- sidered as repeated. f\^ « *■ mJ ■ ■ iJC*T\ C> <£..*,** t: fk. m 'Y *•.*«.•■•• . n, ,V,.J**<# ' *.*?**3f' Ms "l, * 4.V •„« *S