ALLIED MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF ROME UNDER THE FIFTH ARMY 5-15 JUNE 1944 REPORT TO THE ARMY COMMANDER ffV EDOAR ERSKINE HUME HBJOAD1RB CENKRAT., GENERAL STAFF CORPS CHIBF MILITARY GOVERNMENT SBCTIOK FTFTH ARMY HEADQUARTERS (SENIOR CIVIL AFFAIRS OFFICER) HOME 19 4 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 Introduction page 7 The Occupation of Rome » 9 Headquarters » II Administration of Civil Affairs Officers » 15 PART II Finance Division . . » 17 Legal Division » 29 Black Market Control Division » 33 Public Safety Division » 41 Intelligence Division » 57 Public Health Division » 67 Welfare Division » 71 Labor Division » 73 Economics and Supply Division » 83 Transportation, Communications and Utilities Division » 93 Petroleum Products Division » 109 Property Control Division » 111 Refugees Division » 1 15 Displaced Persons Division » 119 Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Division . . . » 121 Education Division » 123 Agriculture Division » 129 PART III Creation of an Italian Municipal Government for Rome » 133 Political Advisors » 14! Relations with the Vatican » 143 Conclusion » 145 INTRODUCTION Allied Military Government, as Has so often been stated, exists for the purpose of performing those functions pertaining to the government of the civil population which would otherwise devolve on the military commander. The plans for the government of Rome were all drawn with this objective in mind. Unless the time of the Fifth Army Com- mander had been conserved in this way, Allied Military Government would have been a failure. The Allied Military Government of Rome, Fifth Army, did not fail. Its plans were, without exception, put into execution, and every one of its objectives was attained. Planning for our government of Rome began on 15 December 1943, when Brigadier General Hume was relieved from the government of Naples of which he had had charge since the day that city was taken by the Fifth Army, I October 1943. General Hume set up a separate staff for Rome government, distinct from the other functions of Allied Military Government, Fifth Army. Plans were made at first in Naples, later in Caserta, and about a week before the fall of Rome, the group was moved to Littoria. The Army Commander appointed Major Gene- ral John A. Crane to command the military forces in Rome, and that officer set up a planning group working in Caserta and in Naples, known as « City Administration Section ». This title was adopted to avoid use of the name Rome. General Crane was relieved in this duty on 10 February 1944 by Major General Harry H. Johnson. 7 Elsewhere will be found a statement of how the two groups made plans together, of how their functions became integrated and correlated, and in the end how they fuctioned smoothly when the time came for actual performance. The victorious Fifth Army, after it took Rome, pushed the enemy back so quickly that within a few days Rome was left far in the rear of the combat zone. This was somewhat unexpected, and had an important bearing on the Allied Military Government of Rome. Allied Control Commission, which desired to assume charge of Rome government as soon as possible, was able to take over those functions on 15 June 1944, since on that day, the Fifth Army rear boundary was moved northward so as to clear the Eternal City. The group set up for Rome government by General Hume was left in that city and passed over to the Allied Control Commission. Its head relinquished his position and moved forward with the other officers of Fifth Army Headquarters. Five and a half months are a long time in planning for but ten days of performance, but it is believed that the time was well spent. Without such planning it would not have been possible to get the government of Rome under way so promptly. As it worked out, each member of the Rome Allied Military Government team knew his required func- tions and where they should be exercised. Each went to his appointed task with efficiency and speed. The results are set forth in the pages which follow. 8 THE OCCUPATION OF ROME Lt. General Mark W. Clark, accompanied by his Chief of Staff, Major General A. M. Gruenther, Brigadier General George Beucler, Chief of the French Mission with the Fifth Army and Colonel Britten of the British Increment, Fifth Army, Major General Harry H. Johnson, Commander of the troops in the Rome Area and Brigadier General Edgar Erskine Hume, Chief of Allied Military Government Section (S.C.A.O.), Fifth Army, entered Rome In several jeeps at approximate- ly 8 a. m. on Monday, 5 June 1944. The Germans had been driven out of the city at approximately 10 p. m. on the previous night, some of our units having maintained contact with the enemy at intervals for the previous twenty-four hours. General Clark’s party, as prearranged, proceeded directly to the Cam- pidoglio (City Administrative Offices) where they were met by General Roberto Bencivenga of the Italian Army, who had been designated by Marshal Badoglio, with the approval of Lieutenant General Noel Mason Macfarlane, Chief Commissioner of the Allied Control Commission, to have civil and military control of Rome during the interval between the departure of the enemy and the arrival of Allied troops. At 10 o’clock on the same morning, General Clark was joined by his three Corps Commanders : General A. Juin, commanding the French Expe- ditionary Corps, Major General Geoffrey Keyes, commanding the II Corps and Major General Lucien Truscott, commanding the VI Corps. 9 Immediately on arrival the officers of Allied Military Government who had been designated for duty in the Rome Area and the staff of the Rome Area Command theretofore known as the City Administration Sections, began their work. The officers of the two groups have shown a high degree of efficiency and have taken hold effectively of their manifold tasks, ail of which required the exercise of initiative, energy and good judgment. Since we could not be sure in advance which buildings in Rome would be available for our use, or which would escape destruction by the enemy (for the experience of Naples was ever before us), we decided to send the enlisted men to camp in the Villa Borghese {Villa Umberto Primo) in the heart of Rome. There, under canvas, they were as safe as could be. Our offices were temporarily es- tablished in the Campidoglio, the very capitol of Rome, the place which has given the word « capitol » to the world. After two days, we removed the offices to the building of the Assicurazioni Generali di Venezia, in the Piazza Venezia, across the square from the Palazzo Venezia, where Mussolini had his office until his downfall. We did not follow the suggestion made by the Prince of Piedmont, Crown Prince of Italy, who became Lieutenant of the Realm on our arrival in Rome, that we take over the Duce’s offices. We felt that to do so might cause misunderstanding and adverse comment on the part of the Italians who might think a new dictatorsip had supplanted the one so recently discredited. The building that we took was adequate for our needs. The Rome Area Commander had his offices in the same building. The withdrawal of Allied troops from the Campidoglio caused a most favorable reaction. The Roman people have felt that this building, once the Roman Senate in the days of Rome’s greatest power, is almost sacred, and our announcement that it would remain in Roman hands only was welcome to them. 10 HEADQUARTERS PERSONNEL; Brigadier General Edgar Erskine Hume, Chief of Allied Military Government Section, Fifth Army (Rome). Lieut. Col. John D. Ames - Chief of Staff. Capt. Julius Byles - Executive Assistant. First Lieut. Ralph H. Major, Jr., Aide de Camp and Staff Officer. 1 he headquarters of Allied Military Government of Rome consisted of a small group of officers who did not confine their work to purely office administration, but also did a great deal in special fields. Colonel Ames, an experienced field civil affairs officer, worked industriously on varied tasks pertaining to completing plans and seeing that various unexpected and often difficult jobs were carried out satisfactorily. Captain Byles, a trained lawyer, frequently did special legal investig- ations. Lieut. Major did good work in preparing reports and statements and in office administration. Our organization was handicapped by the absence of stenographers and typists. The American Red Cross loaned the efficient Miss Marisa Frank and one Italian civilian typist (not a stenographer) was employed. Our Sergeant Major himself was frequently used for this work. II ROME AREA COMMAND Carryng out plans made months before, the erstwhile City Adminis- tration Section adopted the title : Rome Area Command, as soon as the City was captured by the Fifth Army. In collaboration with General Johnson that part of the Fifth Army Allied Military Government destined for duty in Rome was organized in close proximity to the City Administration Section. It was known, for short, as Allied Military Government Fifth Army (C.A.S.). The term « Rome Sub Region », though used in certain papers of the Allied Control Commission, was not employed. It was considered that efficient administration of Allied affairs in Rome could best be effected by a most intimate correlation of the plans of the two bodies, and this was done. In any event Allied Military Govern- ment would have been administratively subordinate to the Rome Area Command and it was obviously better to make all plans with that in mind. The essential function of the Rome Area Command is to preserve order in the city, in a military sense, considering particularly any action that might become necessary against enemy agents or forces and in exercising disciplinary control over Allied troops in Rome. With such concepts in mind, the general officers in charge of the Rome Area Command and Allied Military Government of Rome organ- ized their staffs so as to work in close cooperation. Thus the following coordination was effected : Rome Area Comamnd Allied Military Government of Rome G-I (Personnel) Legal Finance Black Market Public Health Vatican Relations Refugees Displaced Persons Welfare 12 Civil Aifairs Officer G-2 (Intelligence) Security and Intelligence Public Safety G-3 (Transportation) (Fine Arts Education Property Control Public Safety Operations Communications and Utilities Labor G-4 (Supplies) Economics and Supply Transportation Accomodations 1 his arrangement worked most satisfactorily during the period of planning and also during the whole of the time of the Fifth Army’s Allied Military Government of Rome. It is a new idea in military government and its efficiency commends it to consideration in future operations. It was a pleasure to see that at Staff meetings of the two groups held in Caserta during the period of planning the Allied Control Commission representatives expressed satisfaction at what was being done. Among such visitors, none of whom offered any criticism or suggestions for improvement, were Lieutenant General Sir Noel Mason Macfarlane, K.C.B., D.S.O., M.C., Deputy President and Chief Commissioner of the Allied Control Commission; Brigadier Maurice Stanley Lush, C.B.E., M.C., Executive Commissioner: and Colonel Norman E. Fiske, Deputy Executive Commissioner. S-FORCE The many and intricate problems surrounding the military occupation of a city at once an enemy capital, a world center of art and culture, the location of the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and ten-month goal of the Fifth Army, made necessary the creation of a special military unit to take immediate action in protecting this heritage of the world. The S-Force, as it was known, an organization made up of American. 13 British and Italian troops, was activated by the Fifth Army to occupy the city on the heels of the advance patrols and to proceed immedi ately to safeguard museums, churches. Vatican property, monuments, art treasures and diplomatic and neutral properties. It was likewise essential that the S-Force should round up and detain enemy and subversive elements which might endanger the population, culture and administration of the city. Elements of S-Force t therefore, entered Rome late on 4 June 1944, set up guards on important buildings and structures, prevented destruc- tion of valuable archives, including Fascist, and prepared a physical path for Allied Military Government officers. It functioned under the Commanding General of the Rome Area Command. It had been planned that S-Force would be a temporary provisional unit with the above-mentioned objectives as its goal, so, upon the date of accomplishment, 12 June, S-Force was dissolved and the responsibility for carrying out its initial accomplishments fell to the Allied Military Government. ADMINISTRATION OF CIVIL AFFAIRS OFFICERS PERSONNEL: Colonel George T. Johnson, Chief of Division Major Steven M. Young, Civil Affairs Officer for Appio district Lt. Col. Frederick C. \eo. Civil Affairs Officer for Frastevere district Lt. Col. Ernest G. Fetter, Civil Affairs Officer for San Lorenzo district Lt. Pasquale d’Erasmo, Civil Affairs Officer for Lido, Ostia and Fiumicino areas Major John B. Gregory, Civil Affairs Officer for Prati district Capt, Bertram Fielding, Gvil Affairs Officer for Parioli district Major Albert Clinkscales, Civil Affairs Officer for Lu- dovisi district Major Curry Carter, Civil Affairs Officer for Nomen- tano district Capt, Albert E. P. Seeker, Civil Affairs Officer for Macao-Esquilino district 15 Capt. Lawrence L. Miller, Civil Affairs Officer for Roma Vecchia, Celio and Aventlno districts Capt. Joseph W. Levy, Assistant Chief of Division For the purpose of policing and detailed administration, the Governa- torate of Rome had been divided into ten districts. In each district a Civil Affairs Officer was posted with a Civil Affairs Police officer. These districts are indicated above. At headquarters Colonel Johnson and Captain Levy were in charge of the Civil Affairs Division. Soon after daylight on the day of the Allied entry into Rome, officers began to reconnoitre their districts. In the north of Prati district fighting was still in progress. The result of the reconnaisance showed that the city was, generally speaking, in good condition. , 1 , To the east of the Governatorate and in the lower reaches of the Tiber the bridges had been demolished. A considerable amount of damage had been done in the Fiumicino and Ostia areas and to a lesser degree at. the Lido. To the south of the Appio district a quantity of mines had been sown with a result that farmers were reluctant to begin work. When district officers had completed their reconnaisance, the work of detailed administration began. The attitude of the people was co- operative but armed Partisan bands were causing public uneasiness. These later surrendered their arms. There was reported to be a food shortage in the Lido, Ostia and Fiumicino area where food sufficient for seven days was dispatched. At Cesano, in the Parioli district, was a refugee center which had been generally supervised by the Vatican authorities. To this camp food for days was sent, followed later by a further five days supply. Elsewhere the food situation though short was supplemented by Allied Military Government soup kitchens directed by the Welfare officer — a most valuable undertaking. A considerable amount of medical and other stores were discovered and reported to the Economics and Supply Division and also to the Public Health Division. 16 FINANCE DIVISION PERSONNEL Lieut. Col. Robert B. Menapace, Chief of Division Wing Comdr. Ernest R. Legh-Jones, Finance Officer of City and Province Lt. Col. Vivian Smith, in charge of aid to British and American nationals Major A. J. Baxter, in charge of revenue matters Major Edward R. Gits, in charge of Allied Financial Agency Major Sherman L. Anderson, Assistant, Allied Financial Agency. Capt. Vincent A. Catozella, Assistant to the Senior Finance Officer on banking and financial institutions Lt. Henry J. Tasca, in charge of investigation of currency, banking, economic and national financial matters. BANKS AND CURRENCY: The banks were closed on our arrival in Rome by the issuance of Proclamation No. 4, which also established a moratorium. Because of the important part played by these institutions in the life of community. 17 the program of preparation of the ground for reopening the banks was given first priority and the Senior Finance Officer devoted the major part of his attention to this task. Balance sheets, on forms prepared in advance, were called for from each bank and these were analyzed by our own officers aided by a corps of inspectors furnished by the Banco d’ltalia, in whose main office the Finance Division located its headquarters. As was to be expected, the Banco d’ltalia (the central bank), and the commercial banks throughout the city — twenty-six in all — had lost cash during the period preceding our arrival. We had foreseen this condition and had brought the following stocks of lire currency with us : 600,000,000 lire from Banco d’Italia, Naples, for deposit in Banco d’ltalia, Rome; 240,000,000 lire from Allied Financial Agency (AFA), Naples, to establish an Allied Financial Agency in Rome, f hese consignments of currency reached Rome with the Allied Military Government convoy and were deposited in the Banco d’ltalia, Rome, on the day of our arrival, 5 June 1944. Analysis of the conditions of the banks revealed the following: Cash in banks Lire 346,000.000 \/aglia and assegni (checks) » 208,000.000 Sight and Time deposits in Banco d’ltalia . )) 11.235,000.000 Available credits against securities at Banco d’ltalia » 2.009,000.000 1 otal available to banks to meet possible demands of depositors Lire 13,788,000.000 Liabilities to depositors : Deposits at sight Lire 8,680,000,000 Deposits on time (due in one month) (*) . » 320,000,000 Circular checks (assegni circolari) . » 334,000,000 I otal deposit and circular check liabilities due in one month Lire 3,334.000.000 (*) Total time deposits due in six months are 1,930,000.000 lire. The figure taken is one sixth of this amount. 18 I he banks were asked to indicate the amounts of cash they would require from the central bank in order safely to reopen for business. The total indications were 130,000,000 lire. Thus, to summarize, the banks in Rome were owing to the public on deposits payable in one month, and for circular checks outstanding, a total of L. 9.325.000,000 against which they had cash, collectible checks and funds available at the Banco d’Italia totalling Lire 13,804,000,000. A careful canvass of the banks indicated their complete confidence that they would open with cash on hand and new cash to be obtained from Banco, a Italia in the amount of 130,000,000 lire. This amount the Banco d’Italia was in position to furnish with ease. The banks and other authorities consulted felt completely confident that people were anxious to deposit funds which they had for some time held in hoard. Such hoarding had been prompted by fear of impositions by the German-Fascist authorities, which had caused many depositors to draw out large sums from the banks. The results obtained since the reopening have amply justified the confidence indicated. The banks were reopened on June 12. On that day, the banks received new deposits in excess by more than Lire 5,000,000 over withdrawals. On the second day, June 13, new deposits exceeded withdrawals by over 4,000,000 lire; on the third day the excess was again over 5,000,000 lire. General Order No. 2 authorizing the reopening of the bankc and other financial institutions was issued on June 12, a week after the closing. This resumption of normal operations after so short an interval {compared with over six weeks in Sicily and four in Naples) was accom- panied by every evidence of increased confidence on the part of the people of Rome and created a very favorable impression not only of the strength of its banks, under Allied Military Government super- vision, but also of the desire of Allied Military Government to restore at the earliest possible moment the normal activity of its economic life. In order to strengthen the position of Banco d’Italia, the Senior Finance Officer sent an Allied Financial Agency officer and an official of Banco 19 d’ltalia to Naples to bring back a further 430,000,000 lire for the bank. This cash arrived and was deposited in the Banco d’lialia, Rome, on 14 June, 1944. BANCA D’lTALlA; The personnel of the central bank remained at their posts to the extent of about ninety-five percent of normal. 1 his indicated a desire on their part to entrust their fate to Allied Military Government direc- tion. The Governor of the Bank, Vincenzo Azzolini, appeared on the first day and cooperated fully with the Senior finance Officer, and other officers of the Finance Division. However, on 10 June, after consideration of his status as holder of high office under the Fascist republican regime, it was decided to remove him from his post. He was accordingly put in house arrest, and is still in that status. No discrimination has been made against any of the Issues of currency of the Banco d’ltalia. After many consultations with the Finance Sub- Commission of Allied Control Commission, prior to the coming into Rome, it was decided to allow even the issues bearing the Banco d’ltalia seal (BI), issued after the German occupation of Rome, to enjoy equal legal tender with other Italian lire currency. The pro- visions regarding currencies, rate of exchange, etc., are the normal Allied Military Government ones, as set forth in Proclamation No. 2. One new provision is inserted and enforced for the first time, namely the prohibition of Italians holding « blue seal » dollars or British sterling notes. This is intended to break up or prevent a black market in these currencies, such as that which arose in Naples. BLOCKED ACCOUNTS: The standard Allied Military Government procedure regarding block- ing of accounts was enforced in Rome. Instructions to the banks re- quired them to block all accounts of German, Fascist and other enemy institutions, and all Fascist officials, ex-office holders, etc. This was fully explained in meetings with the banks; written orders were issued, 20 and lists of all blocked accounts called for and supplied by all banks. Procedure for unblocking accounts in deserving cases was set up. A list of Allied owned properties and Allied individuals was furnished the banks and they were instructed to block these accounts and report balances to us. Copies of these lists have been furnished to the Pro- perty Control Officer. ALLIED FINANCIAL AGENCY : As stated above, a branch of the Allied Financial Agency was set up in Rome in offices turned over to us by the Banco d'ltalia. An original sum of 240,000,000 lire (Allied Military Lire) was brought in. After a week the Senior Finance Officer dispatched an Allied Financial Agency officer to Naples to bring in a further amount. In addition, an amount of nearly 2,000,000,000 Allied Military lire was delivered to Allied Financial Agency, Rome, by Allied Financial Agency, Naples on 13 June. It is contemplated that still further shipments of Allied Military Lire will be forthcoming from Na- ples in the near future. Allied Financial Agency has been function- ing in Rome from the first days. POSTAL SAVINGS, CURRENT ACCOUNTS AND POSTAL SAVINGS BONDS: Simultaneously with the reopening of the banks, we ordered the fi- nancial part of the post offices to resume operations. 1 hus the postal savings system has been functioning since 12 June, and this is true of the current accounts and the Issuance of and repayment of postal savings bonds. So far the post offices have called on us for only 10,000,000 lire to assist them in meeting the demands of the public. It was to be expected that the « poor man’s bank » would suffer with- drawals in some volume at the beginning. Provision has been made for the supplying of the funds requested by the Royal Treasury Sec- tion of the Banco d’ltalia for account of the Italian Government, with the visto of the Intendente di Finanza. 21 ROYAL MINT ; Inspection was made of the Royal Mint, which was found intact, with its machinery almost entirely in place and in good condition. The chief official reported that they have obout 400 tons of silver on hand which managed to elude the attention of the Germans. They also have a large quantity of bronze, a light alloy of copper. No coinage has been made for some months. A full report of all assets and liabilities was called for, together with a report of the technical status, capacity of production, personnel, etc. The Mint also reported that it holds eighty tons of Yugoslav silver, captured in that country. 1ST-CAMB1 : An officer of the division investigated the status of the Istituio per i Carnbi con I’Esterot the official foreign exchange office of the Govern- ment. Most of the personnel and assets had been transferred to the North. An Italian ex-employe was engaged to supply information on the institution and make report as soon as practicable. PRINTING PLANT AT AQUILA: The head of the Banco d’ltaha reported that the Bank’s note-printing plant at Aquila was still operating fully on 3 June. He said the bank had delayed again and again in carrying out orders of the Germans that the plant be transferred to the North, on the ground that the plant had to be kept in operation in order to pay the indemnity charged by the German government of 7,500,000,000 lire per month against the Italian Government (raised in January to 10,000,000.000 lire month- ly). A report received on 15 June by the Senior Finance Officer from the Finance Officer, Allied Military Government, Eighth Army said that the printing plant at Aquila was destroyed by Allied bombing, and its machinery put completely out of commission. 22 GERMAN INDEMNITY: The indemnity charged by the German government, mentioned above, was not paid in full, according to the head of the Banca d’ltalia who asserted that by « stalling » on note production the Bank succeeded in making payments of only about half the amounts due. Accurate in- formation on this and other currency matters is being developed by the officer in charge of currency matters from the Bank’s statistical offices. IST1TUTO POL1GRAF1CO; This establishment which printed bonds and also currency notes for the Government and the Banca d’ltalia, was, in part, moved some months ago to the North, to the neighborhood of Milan. The plant still in Rome is being inspected. MINISTRY OF FINANCE: The personnel of the Ministry of Finance for the most part moved north. 1 he rest were dismissed and pensioned. At our request two officials of the Ministry of Finance have come from Salerno and have been authorized to do whatever is necessary to ascertain the condi- tion of the Ministry’s personnel and to report on the condition of the buildings and contents to the Ministry in Salerno. Without waiting for their arrival, one of our officers made a careful survey of the whole plant and received the reports of some of the ex-officials, which re- ports he forwarded to Allied Control Commission, Salerno. GUARDIE DI F1NANZA: By previous arrangements, an officer and eighty-four miliiari of the (uiardte di tinanza (Government Finance Guards) were assigned to the Finance Division, and were allotted to its various offices as messengers, guards, etc. The rest were assigned to guard the premises of the Min- istry of Finance. This was necessitated by the fact that S-Force no- tified our Headquartes that thev were removing their guards. 23 PUBLIC FINANCES; (a) The GOVERNATORATE OF ROME. — The Finance Officer for the City established early contact with the financial officials thereof, and requested full information regarding the City’s budgets for past and current periods as well as information and details concerning im- mediate needs for June and July. It was known that the City had be-en running at a substantial deficit, which the Finance Officer ascertained was 198,000,000 lire for the year 1943, and which was established for the year 1944 at 230,000,000 lire. The Finance Officer was informed that actual results were showing a probable deficit for this year of somewhere 400,000,000 lire. The Immediate needs were outlined as follows for the month of June : Expenditures for the month of June .... Lire 127,000,000 Arrears accumulated since January, Including salaries of Lire 10,000,000 Lire 44,000,000 Total Lire 171,000,000 Less : Income expected for the month Lire 49,000,000 Cash on hand . . Lire 16,000,000 Lire 63,000,000 Net requested to cover deficit . Lire 106,000,000 It was decided to suspend for the time being the payment of the arrears to the extent of 34,000,000 lire, allowing only the arrears of salaries to be paid. Thus the amount which will be allowed is 72,000,000 lire for June requirements of the City. These funds are to be supplied by the Royal Treasury Section of the Banca d’ltalia, on order of the Finance Officer, through the Intendente di Finanza. 1 hus the advance will be made through Italian official channels, for account of the Italian Government. The principle that we should avoid as much as possible the use of Allied Military Government funds for financing deficits of Italian government bodies is thus being maintained. 24 (b) PROVINCE. — On the understanding that the Province outside of Rome might be in our jurisdiction, financially, the Finance Officer took steps to ascertain from the Prefect’s office the requirements for the present month. Details were not available, at first but the amount fixed for the needs of the Provincial Administration is about 20,000,000 lire. (c) I he requirements of the State offices and other State bodies will remain somewhat vague until the status of these offices, particularly as to personnel, is determined. 1 he Intendente di Finanza, who has charge of these matters, has given the Finance Officer an estimate of 200,000,000 lire for the month of June, and this amount will serve as the best obtainable estimate until more accurate figures can be calculated. I he follows method of furnishing funds was established: The Intendente will make his requests for specific purposes, and these will be approved by the Finance Officer and the requests will then be submitted to the Treasury Section of the Banco d’Italia for payment. 1 he needs of the Province will be handled similarly. The funds will in each case, as with the Governatorato, be Italian funds paid over for account of the Italian government. PUBLIC DEBT: 1 he Banca d Italia treasury section, which normally pays interest and principal of the Government debt, was instructed to resume normal operations. Buoni del Tesoro are to be paid when due, with the excep- tion of those issued in territory of Italy occupied by Germans on June 5. New Issuance of Buoni del Tesoro is authorized. The Bank Informed us that, for the past ten months or so, repayments of such Buoni exceded new money received from the sale of Buoni. It was evident that the banks and public were not investing willingly in Government obligations, in contrast with our experience in liberated ItaFy. The Government of Fascist Italy was consequently relying more and more on advances from Banca d’ltalia. Detailed data of the balance sheet position of the Banca d’ltalia which disclose the figures of note circula- tion, advances to the government, etc., were supplied for the end of January. As these do not reveal the current position, more recent 25 figures will have to be supplied. 1 hese have been requested, but have not been supplied to date. Allied Control Comission Finance Sub- Commission officers arrived 15 June. Their task will be to follow through on this and other related matters, which were not of immediate priority during our first ten days of activity. GENERAL: It will be seen that the principle of « first things first » was followed in cur work, and that the first tasks on the list of priorities were accom- plished in record time, i. e. reopening of full operations by Banco d’Italia, both the banking and treasury sections, the resumption of Government debt service and issuance of Buoni del Tesoro, the handling of the immediate financial problems of the Governatorate and the Province and State bodies. AID TO BRITISH AND AMERICAN NATIONALS: An officer was detailed to handle this emergency activity. An amount of 5,000,000 lire was deposited to his credit and forms provided for application by British and American nationals for emergency aid, within the directives laid down by Allied Control Commission. Eleven advances have been made to date, totalling 46,000 lire. It is anticipated that the number will increase daily. In emergency cases, some discretion has been exercised where strict compliance with the directions has not been possible. VATICAN: The Senior Finance Officer visited a financial official of the Vatican, for the purpose of clarifying the financial provisions of Allied Military Government in Italy as they might affect the Vatican, and for the purpose of working out the solution of any difficulties that might arise from the closing of the banks, and other of our financial provisions in Rome. The official was satisfied with our visit, and promised to inform us through diplomatic channels, as required, if any problems might arise. SOCIAL INSURANCES: Under Allied Contrc' Commission directives, the Labor Division is in charge of these institutions, except for the financial requirements. The officers in charge of Labor reported that all social insurance oragniza- tions were fully functioning and have funds sufficient to carry on for the current month. COMMERCIAL INSURANCES: Preliminary discussions have been held with some of the local insur- ance representatives, but, on the whole, this field has just come up for attention due to the more urgent necessity of meeting other situations. STOCK EXCHANGE; The Stock Exchange was ordered to close and remain closed evea after the publication of General Order No. 2 which reopened other financial institutions. At the same time the banks were informed that they may deal in Government securities, but must report at the end of each week the volume and range of prices of their transactions in Government obligations. PROCLAMATIONS: Proclamation No. 4, mentioned above, was issued by order of General Sir Harold R. L. G, Alexander, as Commander in Chief of Allied Ar- mies in Italy and Military Governor of Italy. It dealt with the closing of financial Institutions and the establishment of a Moratorium. 27 Banks were ordered closed until further notice and a Moratorium made immediately effective. Proclamation No. 2 establishes legal tender currencies and the rates of exchange. General Order No. I, issued by the Executive Commissioner of Allied Control Commission, Brigadier Maurice Stanley Lush, enjoins the public to continue to pay lawful taxes and to make all other payments required by law. It however, abrogates the syndicate contributions that had been required by the Fascists. General Order No. 2, also issued by the Executive Commissioner of the Allied Control Commission, terminates the Moratorium put into effect by Proclamation No. 4 and authorizes the banks to reopen for business. Unrestricted access to private safety boxes in banks is authorized, after initial inspection in the presence of an officer representing Allied Mili- tary Government. 28 LEGAL DIVISION PERSONNEL Maj. Robert C. Hendrickson, Chief of Division Lt. Col. J. L. Willis, Superior and Summary Cour: Judge iVlaj. W G. Elder, Superior Court judge Maj. W D. Stump, Summary Court Judge Maj. Henry L. Glenn, Deputy Legal Officer Maj. W D. Stump, Summary Court Judge Capt. E. V. Falk, Summary Court Judge Capt. Howell Jones, Superior Court Prosecutor Capt. Rosario A. Gaziano, Liaison Officer with Ita- lian courts MISSION: The mission of the Legal Divion was to provide the city of Rome, as promptly as circumstances would permit, with the legal machinery to establish and maintain that degree of well ordered justice necessary to meet adequately the needs which the successful prosecution of the war require. This mission was divided into the following operations : 29 1) The publication of the proclamations of Allied Military Govern- ment and the orders of the tactical commander. 2) The establishment, as soon as possible, of the necessary courts for the trial of persons arrested and charged with committing of- fenses against our proclamations and orders. This included the establishment of Summary and Superior Courts for the trial of lesser and intermediate offenses and General Courts for the trial of offenses in which death penalty might be imposed. 3) The establishment of a Prosecutor’s office to conduct the pro- secution of the more serious cases. 4) The reestablishment of the Italian national courts under the Courts of Appeal in Rome, removing such officials therefrom as we might consider to be either judicially incompetent or politi- cally unsuitable, and to provide the necessary replacement for those removed. 5) The reformation and the reopening of the Italian Military Tri- bunals. 6) The review of all cases of persons detained as political prisoners prior to our occupation, with the view of ordering their release. 7) A prompt, just, and effective disposition of all cases awaiting trial at the time of occupation. PROCLAMATION No. I Proclamation No. I, issued by the authority of General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, as Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Italy and Military Governor of Italy, is roughly similar in text to that used else- where in this country. It is ordered posted as soon as Allied Military Government takes over any town or city. Printed in parallel texts, in Italian and English, this document describes the establishment of Military Government in occupied territory. It enjoins all persons to respect the authority of the Allies, to continue 30 with their normal employments, and adds that property rights will be respected. In detail, the Proclamation lists the offenses that are punishable by death, such as serving the enemy as a spy, bearing arms against the Allied Forces, destroying Allied property, inciting insurrection, looting, etc.; names offenses which are punishable by fine or imprisonment, such as giving false evidence before a military tribunal, remaining out of doors after curfew without permit, taking part in an unauthorized public assembly, etc. 1 he creation of Allied Military Courts is set forth, namely. Summary or Inferior Military Courts with power to impose sentence up to one year or fine up to 50,000 lire; Superior Military Courts, with power to Impose sentence up to ten yeais; General Military Courts with power to impose any sentence, including the death penalty. The Proclamation also tells how appeals may be made and that death sentences must be confirmed by a specified officer not below the rank of Brigadier or Brigadier General. OPERATIONS : Immediately upon arrival in the city of Rome, liaison was established with the Italian courts through the Ministry of Justice. Due inquiry disclosed that all the courts, with the exception of the three sections of Court of Cassation, were prepared to function immed- iately and normally. From our investigations it appeared that the judges in three sections of the Court of Cassation had departed from the city with the retreating Germans. The contacts disclosing this infor- mation were made within twelve hours after occupation. Within twenty-four hours after our occupation, five Summary of Infer- ior Courts and two Superior Courts were ready to function to dispose of proclamations offenses and violations of Army Orders. Although none have as yet been constituted, we have been prepared from the moment we entered the city to establish one or more General 31 Courts. To date there has been neither need nor occasion for them. Following their practice in Naples, the Germans opened the doors of the penal institutions, with the result that many criminals were thrown upon the public. This was clearly an act of wanton ruthlessness, since no military advantages were attained thereby. Through the initiative of the Public Safety Division, and prompt action by all hands concern- ed, we were able to better the splendid record made in Naples, where approximately half of the serious offenders, so released, were recov- ered. Immediately upon learning of the general jail delivery, the Procura- tors del Re was instructed to rearrest all persons freed by the Ger- mans, who were either (1) awaiting trial on proper charges or (2) serv- ing sentences imposed as a result of convictions on proper charges. 1 here was at once a substantial compliance with this order, and we have every assurance that the lists, which the Procuratore del Re has agreed to submit from time to time, will lead to an early fulfillment of this phase of our mission. In this connection it should be noted that the prison records located by the Public Safety Division are prov- ing most helpful in this operation. Among the activities in the initial stages of our operation, our officers, who are assigned to the division to serve as judges, were busily engag- ed interviewing civilians for the purpose of obtaining well qualified interpreters and clerks for the courts, and an adequate staff for our administrative operations. As a result of this work, the courts are now fully manned with intelligent and competent staffs, and the Ad- ministrative Officers will shortly be operating with efficiency. Simultaneously with the occupation, a competent officer well grounded in Italian law was placed on duty in the Ministry of Justice to the end that there would be complete coordination between the Ministry and this Division in our efforts to reestablish the Italian Courts and reor- ganize the Italian Military Tribunals. The work of this officer, Lt. Col. Guy Hannaford, of the Allied Control Commission, was mosf helpful. During the eleven days of our occupation many conferences were held, including meetings with representatives of the Ministry of Just- 32 ice, the President of the Court of Appeals, the Procurators Generals, the Procurators del Re, the Procurators Generate Militare Lt. Gen. Ovidio Ciancarini and others. The were also meeting of the local bar associations at which the avvocati were instructed with respect to the proceeding in Allied Military Courts. From the attendance and enthusiasm at these meeting, it was quite apparent that we may expect the hearty cooperation of the Italian bar in our efforts to maintain a high level of justice. Due in a large measure to the cooperation we have enjoyed at the hands of the civilian population of this city, this Division concluded its first eleven days of operation more than a week ahead of schedule. 33 BLACK MARKET DIVISION PERSONNEL: Captain Mathias F. Correa, Chief of Division First Lieut. Harold B. Lipsius, Assistant First Lieut. Francis T. Loughran, Assistant The Black Market Control Division, which foi seveial months func- tioned efficiently in Naples thereby not only assisting that city but also gaining valuable experience, undertook its work in Rome without delay. It was found that the price of bread on the black market prior to the fall of the city was about 240 lire per kilo. As soon as it be- came evident that the Allies would capture Rome, the price fell to i00 lire per kilo. There were seemingly two causes for this drop in prices. First, a belief that the Allies would be more successful than the Ger- mans in controlling the black market, and, secondly, a hope that the Allies would bring in a large amount of food, which of course would automatically reduce black market demand. Members of the Black Market Control Division, operating in civilian clothes in some instances, are already making good headway in then difficult but important task. Strong representations have been made to military authoritites to safeguard stocks of food. Including tobacco. The lesson learned in Naples is being stressed; namely, that the prin- cipal source of the black market was stolen stores belonging to the Allied Nations. 35 From the beginning, the Division has regarded as its primary mission the protection of Army stores and supplies imported by Allied Military Government for the civilian population by keeping them out of the black market. In pursuance of this objective, immediately that the spe- cially trained group of Guardie di Finanza were available, they were as- signed to make investigations on a city wide basis to determine whether there were any diversion of such supplies to the black market. In addition to these general Investigations, the first distribu- tion of bread, made from Allied Military Government flour, was carefully followed. This was done by a spot check of a sub- stantial number of the 500 bakeries through which the distribution was made. It is gratifying to report that no important irregularities were found. This practice is continuing in that spot checks are being made by the Division from time to time on the distribution of imported stuffs. While the primary function of this Division is as stated, it is also a most important part of the mission of the Division to prevent black markets in any kind of essential commodities and especially essential foodstuffs. As yet, no prices have been fixed by the Allied Control Commission for essential foods. Accordingly, the Division has devoted its attention to an examination of existing supply and distribution systems for the purpose of ascertaining how control of prices can be exercised most effectively when prices are fixed. In this connection, considerable study has been made of the sources of supply and the amounts presently available and likely to become available in the near future. The Division has also assisted the Economics and Supply Division in obtaining information and recommendations on the basis of which prices for essential commodities may be fixed. In this phase of its work the Division has been in touch with the Confederazione dei Commercianti (formerly a Fascist Confederation, now in process of reorganization and defascistization), the Consorzio Laziale Produttori Latte, and other similar organizations. I he Division’s activity in connection with the last mentioned organi- zations has taken the form of conferences with the heads of these or- ganizations and representative members. Thus the Merchants’ Asso- ciation has submitted, at the request of this division, statements based upon their records and reports of existing stocks of foodstuffs in 36 Rome. These statements have been furnished to the Economics and Supply Division. The Milk Producers Association, after conferences with this Division, has submitted a plan for an accurate inventory of sources of supply. This Division, in conjunction with the Economics and Supply Division, is arranging for this plan to be carried out. Another organization contacted is the Confederazione degli Agricoltori. A proposed price list for fruits and vegetables submitted to this Division by Economics and Supply has been checked and approved by this or- ganization. The Division has also recommended that the sale of fresh fruits and vegetables by producers in the immediate vicinity of the city be prohibited and that they be required to bring all these products into the established markets. The problem of civilian restaurants as a source of incentive and op- portunity for black market operation has given the Division consider- able concern. One of oru earliest tasks was to ascertain the facts concerning the operation of restaurants in the city of Rome. This has been done by obtaining information and recommendations from the Restaurant Proprietors Association through the Confedera- tion of Merchants, and by direct observation by the Division’s inves- tigative force. It is felt that this is one of the most important phases of the activity of the Division to date as it hits at a major source of black market operation in essential foods On the enforcement side, the Division has caused widespread publi- city to be given to the price-posting provisions of Order No. 2, and is engaged in an enforcement campaign. To aid in this, as well as the other efforts of the Division, a complaint office has been estab- lished easily accessible to the public and all complaints are promptly investigated. Publicity has been given to the existence and location of this office in the press and through the Psychological Warfare Branch sound trucks, and an increasing number of complaints is being received daily. There is every indication that the people of Rome are anxious to cooperate in eliminating the black market and welcome the establishment of an office to which they can bring their complaints with the assurance of prompt action. In general, reinforcement during these first ten days has been con- fined to the price-posting regulations and to guarding the distribution 37 of bread made from Allied Military Government flour. Enforcement ac- tivity as to other commodities has not yet been feasible because supply is extremely small and prices have not as yet been fixed. In preparation, however, for greatly expanded operations the Division has made contact with the Italian enforcement agencies whose principal action is the en- forcement of prices and rationing laws. These include the Sercizio Quarto di Ispezione of the Annona and the Servizio Discipline Annona- ria of the Prefettura. These agencies are continuing their normal func- tion from this Division. The Division is constantly using every means available to obtain in- formation concerning the current market situation. T his Includes the employment of women investigators who are housewives and as such are able to ascertain what foods are available and at what price to the average consumer, A daily record of these prices is maintained at the main office of the Division. 1 he Black Market Division was of the opinion that all civilian restau- rants in Rome should be placed off limits to Allied personnel. This measure was taken in Naples as a means of conserving the limited food supply for the use of those who, unlike the troops, have no other source. T he Commanding General of the Rome Area Command felt that such a measure for the present involved serious enforcement problems and serious consideration should be given before action is taken. This Division made a further investigation which brought forth the following facts : a) Restaurants (including hotels and pensions) in Rome normally serve an average of 120,000 meals daily to the civilians. b) The influx of Allied troops into Rome has caused the number of meals served to increase to upwards of 350,000 daily. c) Prices which, prior to the liberation of Rome, ranged roughly from 50 to 130 lire for an average meal, have increased to roughly 200 to 600 lire for the same meal. d) Many restaurants serve military personnel exclusively because of the higher prices which they are willing and able to pay. 38 c) Supplies, especially of fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and daily products are extremely limited and such supplies as do exist are diverted almost in their entirety to the restaurants because of the higher prices they are able to pay. As a result, prac- ticaly none of these commodities are available currently on the general market. f) These facts are widely known among the civilian population and are causing unrest and discontent. On the basis of this information the Division recommended on 15 June that all restaurants be placed off limits to the troops except those operated by the military forces.. The officer in charge feels very stronaly that to allow these restaurants for troops affords the strongest possible incentive and opportunity for a large scale black market for essential food supplies. He recommended that prohibition not apply to restaurants maintained for the exclusive use ol military per- sonnel. The Division recommended that all civilian restaurants be placed off limits to all military personnel; that all such restaurants be posted with prominently displayed « OFF LIMITS » signs that the ban be otherwise strictly enforced. It is suggested that enforcement of the proposal herein set forth might be aided by the designation of a suitable number of restaurants for the exclusive use of military personnel. Such establishments should be supplied through other than normal civilian channels and would be subject to rigid price control. 39 PUBLIC SAFETY DIVISION PERSONNEL Lt. Col. John R. Pollock, Chief of Division Maj. Alfred W. Battersby, Deputy Chief of Division Major A. C. Saunders, Executive Officer Maj. William E. Collins, Chief, Rome Section I Maj. Henry S. Harris, Chief, Rome Section 11 Capt. A. E. Baker, Police Officer of Macao-Esquilino Captain A. J. Brown, Chief, Fire Brigade Station Capt. R. M. Feeman, Prison Officer Capt. Sam B. Gilreath, Legal Prosecution Officer Capt. Thomas W. M. Greenhill, Police Officer, Ro- ma Vecchia Capt. Lonbon L. Mitchell, Officer in Charge of Cara- binieri Capt. Leslie A. Tompkins, Police Officer, Celio- Aventino Lt E. D. Arndt, Police Officer Parioli Lt. John W. Atkinson, Staff Officer Lt. George M. Clegg, Police Officer Appio Lt. John G. Davenport, Police Officer Nomentano 41 Lt. Clarence L. Farber, Police Officer Trastevere Lt. D. J. Hopkins, Police Officer Ludovlsi Lt. George E. Lee, Police Officer Prati Lt. Norman N. Mackenzie, Staff Officer Lt. A P. Shaw, Police Officer San Lorenzo Lt. William L. Wilson, Adjutant Lt. Albert Mark, Communications Officer. CARABINIERI FOR ROME : 1 he preparation of our plans for Rome government had hardy begun when it was learned that the Germans had abolished the Carabinieri, the well-know and highly efficient corps of military police who serve in a special capacity as civil police. We were told that this was done be- cause the enemy could not control a body of men whose loyalty had been so long known and well proven. Since the notorious P. A. I. (Po- lizia Africa Italiana), a group created by the Fascists originally for ser- vice in the colonies but later operating in Italy, was being used as a sub. stitute, it became all the more necessary that we give immediate con- sideration to this. It was decided to take into Rome a group of selected Carabinieri supplemented by Finance Guards, another highly respected group of military police. This project receiving the approval of higher authority, camps were established in Sardinia and on the mainland, where the men were equipped and schooled. The Carabinieri were trained by nuclei on the basis of their future assignments in Rome. Thus both officers and men, as well as the Allied police officers in charge of them, gave consideration to the local needs in the several quarters of the city. An immense amount of thought and work went into this phase of our preparation, but both were justified when we found how effec- tive these loyal Italian officers and men were when faced with their great task. The people of Rome were pleased at the return of the Ca- rabinieri whom they had known and trusted for generations. The Ca- rabinieri were all the more needed as we knew we would have to cope with bands of armed civilians in the city, many being the very men the Allies had secretly assisted In advance of our arrival. 42 In order to round up all police already within Rome, as well as those who were operating as such, either in uniform or plain clothes, the following notice, in Italian and English, was posted immediately on our arrival ; NOTICE TO ALL POLICE IN THE CITY OF ROME « I. All members of the Carabinieri, Public Security Agents, Metropo- litani, Polizia Africa Italiana, Guardie di Finanza, Forest Police, Railway Police and other agencies who have been performing any form of police duty in the city of Rome prior to occupation by the Allied Forces will report immediately to their respective Headquarters and await orders of the Allied Military Government. « 2. They will not continue duty until authorized by the Allied Military Government. EDGAR ERSK1NE HUME Brigadier General, General Staff Corps, U. S. Army, Senior Civil Affairs Officer ». GENERAL SITUATION ON OUR ARRIVAL: The police scheme organized for Rome during the planning stage has functioned efficiently since Allied forces entered the City. The bring- ing into the city of Rome of a special police force of three thousand men assisted materially in maintaining order during the initial period, for there existed at the time of the Allied entry into Rome, one thou- sand two hundred and fifty members of the Polizia Africa Italiana, an avowedly Fascist police force which was well uniformed and well arm- ed. As will be reported later in more detail, this potential menace to the security of the Allied troops was disbanded and its commanding officer surrendered without any show of resistance or force. The removal of police authority from large groups of armed civilian political police, organized by the Partisans underground to take over the government following the German flight, was effected with but 43 slight interference, due to the force brought into the city by Allied Military Government. Unfortunately military police were not available for service in the city during the initial period, and the entire weight of responsibility, for guarding 1200 places of special importance (embassies, legations, churches, historic monuments, collection of fine arts, public utilities, etc.) fell upon the imported police force, plus small elements of civil forces. It is hoped that complete integration of the five separate police for- ces may be effected within the earliest time possible. Each entity has been jealous of its own prerogatives, and limitations set upon the duties of each body by the Fascist Gorvernment have prevented close collaboration. The fault does rest not wich the motive of the individuals commanding officer or this organization, but with the foundation of the Italian po- lice wherein bribery, corruption and political intrigue were all too common. PUBLIC ORDER: The state of public order since the day of liberation has been uniform- ly good, and the friendliness and cooperation of the people have been of material aid to the police officers entrusted with maintaining secur- ity and order. Almost without exception the curfew orders (10 p. m. to 3 p. m.) have been obeyed, and the surrender of the fire-arms has progressed satis- factorily. The shops continue to re-open, and are crowded with Allied soldiers desirous of purchasing souvenirs. The only resistance to work of the police officers was experienced in the first two days, when several officers were fired upon and one lieu- tenant of the Guardie di Finanza killed. Only one obstacle stands in the way of complete public order, and that is a certain lack of discipline in troops visiting the city. 44 POLICE SERVICES: The importing of a specially trained police force with the Fifth Army was one of the greatest factors in the maintenance of order and coor- dination of other police organizations, both clandestine and recogniz- ed, which existed prior to 3 June. The Carabinieri and Finance Guards had been carefully trained with a view toward their assuming certain special duties upon their entry into the city so that possible chaos was avoided entirely. According to survey made on 5 June 1944, and on several days follow- ing the police situation in the city of Rome was as follows : Public Security Agents (Questurini) . 5,000 uniformed Metropolitani (Traffic and general police) . 6,000 uniformed Public Security Agents (Questurini) . 300 in civilian clothes Carabinieri (Central Rome) none (Outside Rome) .... very few in service Finance Guards 3,300 uniformed Polizia Africa Italiana 1,200 in new uniforms Total (not Including partisans) 16,700 The most difficult and yet most urgent task in reorganizing the various city police forces consisted in investigating virtually every member of of every separate organization. Although some 20,000 persons were Involved, the Public Safety staff began work immediately. Over 3,000 Carabinieri some of whom arrived in Rome after the liberation, plus others who came out of hiding, were examined and immediately equipped and assigned posts. The Polizia Africa Italiana was disbanded in the early days of the Allied occupation, and the commanding officer. General Presti, was removed from office and placed under house arrest. The disbanding of the Polizia Africa Italiana and the complete surrend- ering of all uniforms, equipment and arms, was effected within six hours of the first interview between General Presti and the chief of the Allied Military Government Public Safety Division. 45 A problem in completing unity in the Carabinieri forces presented itself on 6 June 1944, when General Angelo Cerica reported to Allied officers, saying that he had been hiding in the hills and that he was the senior Carabinieri officer in Italy. He attempted to take control of the Carabinieri in the city, interfering greatly with Colonel Perinetti, the officer who led the Carabinieri into the city on D-Day. General Cerica was told that he had not been appointed by the Allied officers and had no control whatever over the Carabinieri in Rome. The highest chief of the civil police force, Inspector General Coletti. was removed from office for security reasons, and over two hundred members of the civil force were removed at once. On I 1 June 1914, 300 Finance guards arrived at Anzio from Sardinia, and were placed on immediate duty to guard the coastline of the Governatorato, prevent civilians from leaving the city, and guard civil- ians from the mined area at the Lido di Roma. Over 1,000 Metropolitani were expelled during the first two weeks in Rome. At the present time, there are 20,000 police agents operating in the city, of which 13,000 still remain to be completely investigated. Those who have not been investigated are under close enough surveilance by trusted officials to be of no danger to security. In the meanwhile, Public Safety officers are working day and night questioning those who have not been thoroughly investigated. PROCLAMATIONS : One of the first duties of Military Government police officers was the posting of proclamations and general orders concerning violations of Allied Military Government regulations for military government. The following proclamations were posted on the first day: Proclamation 1,2, 3, and 4 Notices No. 1, 2. and 3 General Orde' No. I 46 Order relating to Motor Vehicles Order relating to Blackou Order relating to Control of Aliens Order establishing Maximum Prices Other proclamations, such as those reopening of banks and postal institutions, were posted on succeeding days of the Allied occupation. The Proclamations above mentioned were posted by order General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Italy and Military Governor of Italy. The term « Proclamation » is restricted by Allied Military Government to documents bearing the signature, or Issued on order of the Commander-in-Chief. Proclamation No. I is described on page 30, and gives the public a general statement of the nature of Allied Military Government. Procla- mation No. 2 deals with Property Control. (See page 111. Proclamation No. 4 has to do with the closing of the banks and the moratorium. (See page 28). Proclamation No. 3 is concerned with general police and security regu- lations. Among its provisions are those governing private radio sets; the declaration of photographic apparatus and supplies; the regulation of newspapers and printed matter; the use of the Italian flag and anthem; the requiring of permission for holding meetings and assem- blies; black-out regulations, etc. Notice No. 1, issued by Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Mason Macfar- lane. Chief Commissioner of the Allied Control Commission, directs the public to surrender arms, ammunition, weapons and radio sending sets. It likewise requires that all enemy stores be turned in. Notice No. 2, also issued by the Chief Commissioner of the Allied Con- trol Commission, directs that the curfew begin at the hour of sunset and that no persons leave the shore. It is presumed that this notice was designed for use in coastal towns as there is no shore in Rome save the banks of the Tiber. Notice No. 3, issued by the Senior Civil Affairs Officer, Fifth Army, in accordance with directives received from Allied Control Commis- 47 sion, is on the subject of « Declaration of Radio Receiving Sets, Came- ras, Telescopes, Binoculars and Accessories ». The text is :