■ -; j?!;5tTn4 Hi.i ■iiii ill HI 1 }H ill [il BF 850 S792e 1920 00830240R NLM 05D057bO M NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. UliCf Section- No. 113, W. D.S.G.O. No .H3£jy^ '*. & • THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Face and Form Reading A COMPLETE SUMMARY OF CHARACTER ANALYSIS THE ONLY MODERN AND COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK SHOWING "THE LOGICAL METHOD" OF CHARACTER ANALYSIS, WITH ANSWERS TO EVERY QUESTION ON THE SUBJECT CAREFULLY GROUPED AND ARRANGED FOR QUICK REFERENCE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL TRAITS REVEALED BY M. O. STANTON Author of "A Practical and Scientific Treatise on Physiognomy;" "Chart for the Delineation of Mental and Physiological Characteristics;" "Lectures on Physiognomy and Hygiene," etc. SIXTH REVISED EDITION Illustrated with 380 Engravings PHILADELPHIA F A DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS r /weJ Q mo COPYRIGHT, 1920 BY F. A. DAVIS COMPANY J JUL 17 1920 v- cwsmoi^ oxo y PRESS OF F. A. DAVIS COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. TO THE LOVERS OF SCIENCE, TO THE EARNEST AND ENTHUSIASTIC SEARCHERS FOR TRUTH THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. Physiognomy or The Study of Character Analysis in the Face and Form, as outlined in Stanton's " Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading," takes you into a field of very extensive re- search. Seldom do you get the opportunity, unless scientifically inclined, to follow the paths of these great thinkers and students who, we know, are interested in solving the vast problems which are hidden in the depths of nature, but after the way is cleared, we very gratefully enjoy the result of their investigations. All know what tremendous strides have been made in the practice of medicine within the past thirty-five years, simply be- cause science has triumphed over the various conditions met with in disease. This was not accomplished witliout the spending of millions of dollars, and the united efforts of thousands of physicians and scientists, nor has the development of Character Analysis been developed without much expenditure of money and effort. We cannot begin to count the schools which have sprung up all over this country to teach the individual the value of proper development. Books by the thousands have been printed to show How to Win Success in the business world; both have their good points, but we find them all unconsciously leaning upon the funda- mental principles of Physiognomy without realizing their basic action in the formation of Character. Physiognomy will show why the different functions of the body should not be developed to the neglect of other functions of the body, as an excess of development while apparently satisfactory at the time, will later mean the development of Habits, Character, Disposition, Health, Disease, and Premature Old Age, as these are the results of unwise use made of the various functions or faculties of the mind or body. (v) vj PUBLISHERS* PREFACE. It is well to ask yourself: What do I know about my func- tions and faculties \ Their Powers and Properties % A little of the circulation of the blood X Yes. A little about the nervous system 1 Yes. Something of the process of digestion 1 Yes. The number of the bones and the action of the muscles \ Yes. These you were taught in your school life; coming out of school or college only partially equipped to battle in business with other men of experience because the most important factor in life was overlooked: The knowledge of Human Nature, and its Analysis. We find around us men of no education, or with the most brilliant education, either failing or succeeding. What of " the failures "? In their endeavor for success they overlook their natural field of endeavor. Ignorance of Human Nature—of which we all claim to be good readers and yet in which we are very poor students—is the greatest drawback in business life, and is the cause of 50 per cent, of all the failures. In the study of Character Analysis plenty of reasons for failures are given which show how the undeveloped faculties of the body and mind fail at the most critical time. This " Encyclopedia " is so very complete in its text, that at first it is rather confusing to the-reader on account of the scientific research work done in connection with the elaboration of the scientific foundation of Physiognomy as established in the com- prehensive work of acknowledged authorities upon which the author bases the practical Analysis of Character. It is, therefore well to follow closely the advice given under this, The Publishers' Preface; in so doing you cannot fail to become greatly interested in its most intricate details. Under no circumstances do we advise the beginner to try to study or read the first part of this work until the portions mentioned hereafter are first mastered. We heartily recommend, that the reader start at Chapter III, on page 749, and in connection wS 1!^>S xxxii^011 J' °U " H°^t0 A^Ze «" fading (K Having covered with the Lesson, pages 749 to lfWU th» reader >s then ready to read and study ih! £^^^{ £ PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. vii different faculties and their location upon the face. This is out- lined between pages 271 and 749, and when applied to the indi- vidual, the reader has all the essentials necessary for Character Analysis. We would caution the reader not to rely upon himself to absorb the entire contents at once, but to get thoughts well im- pressed upon the mind and to memorize, and apply the principles on those around to see if the application is properly made; this will do more to make the analysis of these outlines more accurate and give the reader the ability to read from the face The Mental Characteristics, as well as the Physical Defects of those with whom he comes in contact, making for him a place as a leader among men. " The Greatest Study of Mankind is Man," and it is to relieve the man who only after many years of sad experience discovers the signs of character, and can analyze those with whom he comes in contact intuitively, that the study of Physiognomy will become an asset worth many a dollar and saving of many a heartache and dis- appointment. To some, Character Analysis is a natural gift; to others it is not; whether a man is successful in selecting those around him or not, he should by all means understand the principles upon which Character Analysis can be made part of himself, just the same as Hygiene, Physiology, Anatomy, and Language became a part of him in his school days. We might say here, that there is no work so complete and which can answer every question as concisely and dependably as can Stanton's " Encyclopedia of Face and Form Heading." The Publishers. CONTENTS. Publisher's Preface, ........- . . . v List of Illustrations ........... xxv How to Analyze for Readixo Character ....... xxxii Introduction, ............. 1 PART I. THEORETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Bases of Principles of Scientific Physiognomy. Definition; Lavater's work ; Theory of Practical and Scientific Physi- ognomy ; What it teaches; How the discoveries were made; General laws and principles. The human face the index of all Nature; Three grand divisions—Chemical, Architectural,Mathe- matical. Mineral forms. The physical basis of Mind, . . 7 CHAPTER II. The Basic Principles of Form. Rotatory motion the origin of Form ; The movement of the earth has a direct bearing on the form and destiny of created beings. Relation between universal existence and mathematical law. Number the proper index to the volume of Being ; The human countenance the index to these laws and principles. The law of Scalenism, or perversion ; Disease a temporary return to abnor mal or perverted t^ypes; Straightness of the bones indicates straightness of the mind. The normal factors of Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science,......27 CHAPTER III. The Five Organ Systems which Create Form and Character. All is symbolic in Nature; Form the decisive factor in the interpreta- tion of character. The five different organ s}'stems. Form, character, and earliest appearance of cell life in the organiza- tion of animal tissue ; The structure of organized bodies, . 59 The Vegetative System,.........67 Characterization of the vegetative adult; The organ systems in the chemical or vegetative division ; Faculties derived from the development of these organs. (ix) X contents. 71 75 The Thoracic System,.......• '.,,,' Facial signs for the internal organs ; Diseases which assail the thoracic system. The Muscular System,........* Arrangement of the muscles ; Voluntary and involuntary; Ihe varied expressions of the human face due to the muscles; ihe mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system; Faculties that have signs located in the muscular division ; Diseases which assail the muscular system ; The dominant systems of man's organism control his capacities. The Osseous or Bony System,........83 Classification of the bones ; Firmness and integrity of character depend upon the bones; Composition of the bony structure; Kind of food necessary for good bones; Prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, and heroism ; Bony people the best; Faculties derived from the bony system; Faculties in the architectural division; Diseases incident to the bony system ; Remedy for an excessive development of bone. The points of character which depend upon the several organ sys- tems of the body. The Brain and Nervous System,.......94 Size of the brain alone not a proof of great mental power; Form and congenital quality the most potent factors; Texture of the skin significant of mental quality; Physiology of the brain and nerves; Diseases which assail this system. CHAPTER IV. The Sub-Basic Principles of Physiognomy. Form and Size ; A large head no indication of superior intelligence • The nose the best indication of power. Quality or mental power ■ Fine hair and skin to be considered first. Form; Persons of creative or constructive minds are round in form ; The arch, the curve, the circle, the ovoid, the square, and straight line; Each illustrates different phases of character. Color; The mineral the original source; Pure air the best cosmetic ; Color and heat synonymous,..........101 The Law op Proportion or Harmonious Development, . 131 Proportion a potent factor in determining character • One or more faculties excessively developed dominate and influence the action of other faculties; Secretiveness: Cautiousness • Acquisitiveness. ' Health, T 0 .. •-' * • 1 .1-i V^~....."J ' x '^u^iuub uuuuren ; eensi- tive, nervous children; Drug medication; Pure air the best- Compensation; The established laws of compensation. ........... The basis of all really useful character founded on health* Organic perfection and morality; Precocious children • Sensi' 137 contents. xi CHAPTER V. Rationale of Physical Functions and Mental Faculties, and their Signs in the Face. The brain not the sole seat of the mind. Hope directly related to the liver. The source of moral power. The Kidney System,..........158 Faculties dependent upon it; Analysis of Conscientiousness; Morality dependent on the action of the kidneys; Color-blind- ness ; Analysis of Firmness. Faculties Derived from the Different Systems. The Intestinal System,........165, 185 Digestion or Alimentiveness ; Mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus ; Relation of the visceral organs to the brain. Friendship ; Its selfish and unselfish action ; Its connection with and dependence on other faculties : Analysis; The liver as a clearing-house of the entire organism. The Glandular System,.........169 Benevolence; Value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body ; Economy ; The grade of intellectual development shows the kind of economy; Hospitality; Love of Home; Patriotism. The Reproductive System,.........177 Amativeness, or love of the sexes; Its moral and physiological importance should be taught; Love of Young ; Mirthfulness • Sanativeness; Pneumativeness. The Liver, . . .........182 Hope; Its dependence upon the liver. The Nerves op the Skin,.........190 Modesty ; Analysis of the glandular system and olfactory gan- glia; Cautiousness; The correlation of function with facult}-. The Osseous System,..........192 Veneration ; Its connection with the stomach. The Osseous and Muscular Systems,.......194 Executiveness. The Muscular System,........195, 213 Self-will; Credenciveness ; Uses of this faculty. Calculation ; Music ; Al\ art is founded on a circle or sections of it; Analysis of Music ; Language ; Shown by a high quality of the muscular system; Musical qualities observed in language. 199 200 206 xii CONTENTS. The Osseous and Nervous Systems,..... Observation. The Muscular and Brain Systems,...... Memory of Events ; A faculty of the five systems of functions A great memory only is no indication of intellect or wisdom Memory depends upon a healthy condition of the body Weight; A high development of the muscular system a power ful ally to art; Locality; Large in those whose muscular sys. tern is supreme. The Glandular and Arterial Systems,..... Analysis of color. The Brain and Nerve System,.......209> 233 Mental order; Physical order. Intuition; A true and distinct sense; Division of the nervous system into two parts; De- scription of the powers and action of these two departments of the brain system ; Organs and functions from which the mental faculties derive their powers. The Five Superior Systems,..... . .210 Time; Lacking where the vegetative system predominates; Time as well as Order one of the leading characteristics of the bony system. The Brain System,..........227 Comparison; Causality; Reason ; Development of reasoning faculties among the masses; Children should be drilled in logical reasoning. CHAPTER VI. Theories of the Mode of Action of Certain Traits. Analysis of Amativeness; Should be judged by the adjoining facial signs. Analysis of Jealousy; The result of one of three causes. Analysis of Revenge. Analysis of Secretiveness; Intended by Nature to conceal the lack of some other faculty. Theory of Suspicion. Analysis of Anger, Will, and Temper; A dark man has the strongest temper; Its effect on the system; Self-will the basis of Anger and Temper ; WThat true religion consists of. Analysis of Selfishness ; Two distinct and opposite methods of action; Caused by an insufficient development of the glandular system. Self-conceit; Egotism. Analysis of Scorn and Con- tempt. Analysis of Enthusiasm ; Faculty that leads to great efforts. Analysis of Laziness ; Obstinacy ; Contrariness ; Physi- ognomy teaches that all defects can be remedied, to a lame CXtent>........• . g. 239 contents. Xlll PART II. PRACTICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Three Natural and Primitive Divisions of the Face Created by the Mouth, the Nose, and the Eyes. The mouth; The centre of the most primitive system of function. The nose; Represents the mental powers. The eyes; Repre- sent the muscular development of the entire body. Facial signs of the physiological organs and functions. Digestion, or Alimentiveness. Location of the signs for the visceral organs. Plrysiognomy properly a part of medical science. The glands. The reproductive system. Lactation. The kidneys; Conscien- tiousness dependent on this system. Method of localizing the higher developments of the bod}r; The lungs and heart; The Liver; The stomach. The muscular or motive system ; The eye; Motion ; Vision; Hearing. The osseous system ; Denoted by the bones of the eyebrow. The brain and nerve system ; Train- ing the feeble-minded and imbecile ; The sense of touch, . . 273 Mental Signs op Character in the Face,.....287 Five practical subdivisions ; The width and length of the face; The nose high and broad the entire length a good sign ; The lower part of the forehead and eyebrows an important part to consider; Great size of the forehead no criterion of mentality; Local signs for the mental faculties; Summary to the five prac- tical subdivisions of the face. CHAPTER II. Location and Description of Signs of Character in the Face. Fifty separate and distinct faculties described ; The adaptability of the human mind; Man does not possess a greater number of mental faculties than woman; Gestures significant in,disclos- ing character; The face an exact register of all mental facul- ties and bodily functions and conditions,.....297 The Faculty op Conscientiousness,.......302 Definition; An excess and deficiency of this faculty; Facial and bodily signs ; The color of the face an indication of the general integrity of a person ; Bodily signs of Conscientious- ness ; Description of Conscientiousness; Conscientiousness large where the bony system predominates. The Faculty op Firmness,.........312 Definition; What an excess or deficiency causes; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Firmness ; A receding chin an in- dication of weakness ; The signs for Firmness observed all over the individual. XIV CONTENTS. 318 The Faculty of Economy,........ Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Economy; A normal degree of Economy indicates a normal or balanced condition of mind; Acquisitiveness not Economy. Love of Home,........... Definition ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Love of Home ; This trait should be cultivated in children. Patriotism,............329 Facial and bodily signs; Definition of Patriotism. Benevolence,...........335 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Benevo- lence; Faculties in combination modify and influence this trait; Difference between benevolence and friendship. BlBATlVENESS, . . . ' . . . . . , . 339 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Bibativeness; Situation of this sign most suggestive; Indicates the func- tional purity of the entire organism. Alimentiveness, or Digestion,........348 Definition; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Alimentive- ness ; The mouth by its shape and color gives the general tone or grade of the individual. Amativeness,.......... 355 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Amative- ness ; Training in sexual morality; Works that all young people should read; Signs for emotional traits found in the glands and muscles, not the bones. Love of Young,....... og>7 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may tead to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Love of Young; Should be balanced by reason and justice; Does not necessarily impart a tone of kindness to the individual. Mirthfulness,..... „*„ o^MiJthfulJes?1 and b°dily SlgnS; DescriPtion5 Cental uses Approbativeness, .... 0^0 Definition; What an excess or deficiency indicates; Facial fl!°s ySlgD,S; Description of Approbativeness; Essential to the success of some people. Friendship, .... ^fil^ Fadfi w -b°dil-y siSns 5 Description of Friendship' Selfish and unselfish friendship; Friendship with fine inherited ^SZ&fiT*' ^^ -*-; Averse -nifest CONTENTS. XV Hospitality,............392 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Hospitality. Pneumativeness,...........397 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Pneumative- ness ; The most essential factor is pure air; Manifestations of Pneumativeness; Acuteness of scent; Great energy of mind and body. Glandular and Arterial System. Color,.............408 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Color ; A high cultivation of the color-sense a religious duty; Aids toward cultivating this sense; What the color of the face reveals; Color-blindness. Sanativeness,...........427 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Sanativeness; One of the normal and primitive functions ; Magnetic healers ; The faculty of Sanativeness should be large in physicians; Longevity of life; Facial signs that a good surgeon or physician should possess. Self-esteem,............436 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-esteem ; Its relation to other faculties ; Self-assertion and Positiveness ; The combination of Self-esteem with other faculties; What a short upper lip denotes. Modesty,............445 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Modesty ; Blushing ; Downcast looks not an indication of Modesty; Shy- ness sometimes spelt " slyness." Force,.............454 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Force ; Possessors of round muscles are the most vigorous; Children should be thoroughly trained in gymnastics ; Force gives to the voice clearness and resonance ; Color of great service in determining what degree of force will be exhibited. Resistance,............463 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Resistance; Sometimes takes the form of combativeness or contrariness; Mental resistance. Secretiveness,...........469 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Secretiveness ; Physiological peculiarities of secretive men; What deficiency of faculties Secretiveness indicates ; This faculty large in priests and physicians ; Characteristics of Secretiveness. xvi CONTENTS. 486 493 499 . 479 CAUTI(3on ; Wliai an exces's or deficiency'of this faculty leads to • Facial and bodily signs; Description of Cautiousness ; The nose the principal sign; Its connection with other faculties. '' Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to • Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hope ; Hygienic reinarks; Its connection with and indication of the general con- dition of the internal organs ; Temporary disorders of the liver; A clear, fresh-colored complexion. Analysis,.........* ' . " Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; facial and bodily signs ; Description of Analysis; The capacity for analyzing ; Large in all talented persons ; Of great help m the investigation of human character; Must be judged in combina- tion with other faculties. Mental Imitation, ..."....... Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Mental Imitation; What is the basis of supply of Mental Imitation ; All features subject to the modifying action of the law of Quality; Signs for literary and artistic faculties grouped about the tip of the nose; Nosology ; Normal uses of Imitation. Sublimity,............506 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of the faculty of Sublimity; Mental phase of Sublimity; This faculty an attri- bute of old and perfected races ; Largely observed in the faces of the Hebrews ; Prominent Hebrews; Sublimity in combi- nation with other faculties. Ideality,............514 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Ideality ; Physi- ological base of Ideality; Great diversities of degree of this faculty exhibited; Natural allies and assistants of Ideality; The dimpled chin. Human Nature,.......... 525 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Human Nature ; The beneficial uses of the faculty of Human Nature. Acquisitiveness,........ 504 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Acquisi- tiveness ; Should be judged in combination with other faculties • The outline of each feature and limb reveals the entire man ' Acquisitiveness useful in connection with literary pursuits. ' CONTENTS. XVll Constructiveness, . . . ......544 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Constructiveness; Physio- logical and anatomical description of the base of each separate and mental manifestation; A predominance of the muscular system necessary in all artistic pursuits ; Analyze the combina- tions of systems of functions observed in each individual; With a knowledge of physiognomy a knave cannot be mistaken for an honest man; Combination of Constructiveness with other faculties. Veneration,............553 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi cates ; Facial and ttodily signs; Description of Veneration Large where the bony system predominates; Exhibited in vary ing degrees and in diverse ways ; The " scooped " or pug nose; The uses of Veneration ; Natural religion. EXECUTIVENESS,...........561 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Executive- ness; Its relationship to the stomach ; All power not in the brain; Different forms of Executiveness ; A vigorous thoracic system a great adjunct. Self-will,............569 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-will; This faculty sometimes necessary to make other traits conspicuous ; Secondary signs of Self-will; Distinction between Self-will and Firmness ; Self-will, where deficient, can be cultivated by gym- nastic exercises. Credenciveness,...........578 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty causes; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Credencive- ness ; This faculty universal; Its uses in the artistic line; The best use of Credenciveness ; Rationale of Credenciveness. Prescience,............588 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Prescience; Its action best observed in aged persons ; The possession of the Prescient faculty gives a love and desire for a future life; Manifestations of Prescience different in each individual. XV111 CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. (Continued.) The Practical Division of the Face. A consideration of the practical or mechanical group of faculties; Bones of the skull and face changed by a regular law of development,..........601 Form,.............602 Definition; What a deficiency in Form indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Form ; The basis of all trades and professions ; The art of spelling depends upon the development of this faculty; Chess-players large in form and size. Size,.............609 Definition; What a deficiency in size indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Size; Impossibility of judging the shape and size of the brain by an external examination; The uses of this faculty in conjunction with others. Observation,...........617 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Observation; Persons with excessive Credenciveness never develop this sign; Attention must be paid to the peculiar expression of the eye; Animal observation. Memory of Events,...... g24 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Memory ; Analysis of the Memory; How to strengthen this faculty ; Dif- ferent kinds of Memory; Memory is not wisdom; Disorders that this faculty is subject to. Locality,............635 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; General and diffused through the muscular system; Description of Locality; Surgeons and anatomists require a fine deve opment of this faculty; How children can be taught to develop it; The study of physiognomy one of great interest to children. The Muscular System—Weight, Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- in e^^av 1^ ^ ****5 DeSCriPtion of height; ifs uses in every-day life. 643 652 Language, . Definition; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Language • A combination of several faculties; Color has a contfolW influence upon Language; Analysis of this faculty How the degrees of force of Language are revealed. * ' Music, . Definition; Facial and bodily signs'- Desorm'ti™ *„f w ■ ' ^ Rou„d, muscuiar petsons m^e thf restDmesfr; cL^zi contents. xix of the elements of sound ; The eye and ear; Connection of this faculty with Amativeness ; The entire system must be built upon the curved or arched pattern; Round form denotes harmoniously- constructed organism ; Childish capriciousness of great singers; Other faculties necessary to make the perfect musical structure. The Mathematical Division of the Face. Faculties which assist the mathematical computation and demonstra- tion found in the upper division of the face, .... 680 Time,.............681 Definition ; Comprised in the five systems of functions ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Time; Kinds of time inherent in the thoracic system; In the osseous system; In the muscular system; In the vegetative system ; Elements of Time; Its con- nection and operation with other faculties; Motion the basis of Time. Order, Mental and Physical,........695 Definition of Mental Order; Facial and bodily signs; Descrip- tion of Mental Order; Physical Order; Squareness of the bones an indication; Different kinds of Order; A necessary and natural ally to other faculties; Exhibited by animals and insects. Calculation,...........705 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Calculation; The base of everything mathematical or numerical; Persons of large and sound reasoning powers possess sound and strong bodies ; Its cultivation in children. Causality,............715 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Causality ; Mere questioning not true investigation; The value of Causality governed by the surrounding faculties. Comparison,............726 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Comparison; The natural ally and companion of certain faculties; Inductive reasoning. Intuition,............737 Definition; How this faculty can be cultivated ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Intuition; A separate faculty from human nature; Cause and base of Intuition; Women as a class possess a more general endowment of this trait than men; The investigation of human nature greatly aided by In- tuition ; Children, as a rule, possess a high development of this faculty ; Intuitional genius of animals. XX CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. The Human Face in Outline, Motion, Feature, Expression, and Color. Every form in Nature reveals its own history; The ocular mechanism of the face; The osseous formation; Ihe neivous distribution of the same ; The glandular formation of the face The outline exhibited by each separate being and epitome ot the entire character; The superior power of the face as a revealer of character to that of the skull; Geometrical forms of the face ; Five general outlines of the face, caused by shape and degree of activity of the internal organs,......74y 757 Motions and Form,...........' Motion also reveals the mind of the individual; Natural ges- tures strongly indicative of character; Congenital or profes- sional criminals use very few gestures; Movements of the mouth; Differences in the form of the internal organs; Basic elements of form as exhibited in the features. The Chin,............^69 The signs of the chin; Three general forms of the chin—the globose, the oval, and the square; The three positions of the chin; Forms of the centre of the chin ; Three general classes of character; Dimpled chins ; Forms of the chin; The effemi- nate chin. The Jaw,............?91 Forms of the jaw; The upper and the lower; The embryotic lower; The infantile jaw ; A dyspeptic jaw ; The weak, or nega- tive ; The consumptive jaw; The crafty and witty jaw; The curved, or artistic ; The dramatic jaw ; The square jaw—moral, mechanical, scientific; The angular, or contrary jaw; Prog- nathous jaw; Prognathism of the upper jaw. The Lips,.........., 795 The signs in the lips; The movements of the mouth, lips, and adjacent parts highly significant of character; The lower lip; The embryonic lower lip; The infantile lower; The gustatory lip ; The sociable lip ; The linguistic lower lip; The witty lower lip; The benevolent or sympathetic lower lip; The secretive lower lip; The criminal lower lip; Crookedness of the muscles indicates crookedness of the language; The undeveloped lower lip ; The stupid lower lip; The destructive lower ; Visions of the lower lip; The embryonic upper; The undeveloped upper; The philoprogenitive upper lip; The modest upper; The imitative upper lip; The secretive upper lip; The self-estimative upper lip; The amative upper; The normal upper lip; The mirthful upper lip. The Voice,........ goc Intensity of motion; Analysis of the voice; Reveals the domi- nant system or systems of the organism; Peculiarities of voice of those in whom the thoracic system is dominant__the vegeta- contents. XXI tive system, the muscular system ; The clearer the voice, the clearer the mind ; Lisping tones betray a want of balanced judg- ment; Impediment to perfect articulation; Evolution of language in connection with evolution of the voice; Harsh voices ; Unconscious imitation ; Elocutionary exercises ; A man capable of emitting sound independent of the organs of speech; Comparison of the tones of the different races of civilization. The Mouth,............ 837 The line of closure; Analyzing a mouth; The graminivorous mouth; The singing mouth ; The artistic mouth; The conver- sational and oratorical mouth; The meditative mouth; The common-sense mouth; The orderly mouth; The economical mouth; The destructive or carnivorous mouth; Criminal mouths. The Cheeks,........... 848 General remarks; The two divisions of the cheeks; The em- bryonic ; The globose, or infantile; The gluttonous; Oval or artistic cheek; The rectangular or conscientious cheek; The dimpled or beautiful cheek ; The concave, or consumptive ; The dyspeptic; The criminal; Normal upper cheek; Abnormal form of cheeks. The Nose,............866 The evolution of the nose; The physiology of the nose ; The anatomical formation of the nose; Table of elements to be considered in relation to the nose; General remarks ; Lower division—artistic and literary; Middle division-—constructive; Upper division—executive; The three general outlines of the nostrils; The form or outline of the nose; The three basilar forms of the nose; The concave or immature nose of the adult, negative character; Embryotic type; Infantoid type; Idiotic type; Snub type; Pup type; Retroussee type; Sing- ing type; Straight class—passive character; Poetic type; Artistic type; Literary type; Critic's type; Philosophic type ; Dramatic type ; Constructive type ; Athletic types ; Convex class—osseous system dominant—positive character; Argumentative type ; Commercial type; Melancholy type; Dishonest type; Scientific type; Mechanic type; Abnormal type. The Eye,............936 The forms of the eye; The three general forms of the eye; Artistic type ; Reflective type ; The agreeable eye ; The lin- guistic e}re; Politic eye ; Untruthful eye ; Upward oblique; Double obliquity; Observing eyelid; Licentious and un- principled form; Secretive and acquisitive eye ; Truthful eye; Normal eye ; Abnormal type ; The size of the eye ; Expres- sion of the eye; Artistic expression ; Observant expression; Magnetic expression ; Brutal expression ; Gluttonous expres- sion ; Shallow and passionate expression; Nictitating fold. The Eyelashes,...........969 The interciliary space; Artistic interciliary space; Super- stitious type. XX11 CONTENTS. 974 The Eyebrows,........... Normal position of the inner termini; The conceited brow; The observing eyebrow; The credulous eyebrow; Position of the middle of the brows—the impractical brow; The artistic brow ; Position of the outer termini—the arithmetical brow; The deceptive eyebrow; The aesthetic eyebrow; The inventive eyebrow; The vital eyebrow; The delicate eyebrow; Move- ments of the brows; The colors of the eyebrow. The Forehead,...........987 The practical forehead; The projecting forehead; Infantile forehead ; The mechanical forehead ; The artistic forehead ; The scientific and mechanical forehead. The Head,............993 The Hair,............997 The evolution of the hair; The quality or texture of the hair; The quantity of the hair; The various colors of the hair; The remedy for gray hair; Various sorts of curly hair; Straight hair; Cause and cure for baldness ; The beard ; The texture of the beard. The Ear,............1015 The significations of the forms of the ear; The position of the ear; Defective positions; The external and internal ear; The three divisions of the ear; The color of the ear; The forms of the ear; The musical ear; The unmusical ear; The oratorical ear; The commercial ear ; Generous versus stingy ear; The courageous ear; The timid ear; The linguistic ear; The refined ear; The unrefined ear; The abnormal ear. The Human Face,..........1032 The lines of the face ; The wrinkles of the face ; The wrinkles in the chin; The wrinkles in the lower cheeks; Wrinkles of the lower lip ; Wrinkles about the eyes ; Mirthful wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes; Wrinkles under the eyes; Wrinkles on the forehead; Wrinkles of the neck; General wrinkles. Dimples, 1042 Signification of dimples; Dimples in the chin ; Dimples in the cheeks. The Teeth,............1Q45 The physiognomical significance of the teeth; Animal types 01 1116 l6CtQ» G0MS'............1050 'he Tongue, CONTENTS. xxm Physiognomy of Smiles and Laughter,......1054 The Neck,............1057 The wilful neck. The Hand,............106? The construction and divisions of the hand; The position of the hand; The lines of the hand ; The vegetative or infantoid hand; Muscular class of hands ; Muscular class No. II (round muscles); The osseous class (square bones); Brain class; Mixed hands; Beautiful hands; Texture of the hand; The color of the hand. The Nails,............1082 The color of the nails. CHAPTER IV. Signs of Health and Disease, Strength and Weakness, Beauty and Ugliness, in the Human Face and Body. Signs of strength; Compression of the female waist; Signs of beauty in woman; The facial features as revelators of strength and beauty; The nose, the chin, cheeks, and lips; The complexion ; Use of stimulants; Disease of the eyes ; The forehead ; Bilateral symmetry of the face ; The thorough-bred ; What are the indications of a thorough-bred person; How to reduce the size without losing strength,.....1085 CHAPTER V. Choice of Vocations. The Combinations of Faculties for Trades and Professions, . 1111 The method to pursue in reading character; The combination of systems and faculties suitable for a hotel or boarding house keeper; The combination of systems and faculties required for a mechanic; The combination of systems and faculties required for a printer; The systems and faculties essential to a dress- maker or designer of women's fashions; The systems and faculties required by a cook; The combination of systems and faculties required for a farmer; The combination of sys- tems and faculties required for an engineer; The system and xx iv CONTENTS. faculties essential to merchants; The systems and faculties required for a speculator; The systems and faculties essential for a painter; Systems and faculties essential to a player; The faculties necessary to a tragedian ; The systems and faculties essential to a comedian; The systems and faculties essential to a society belle ; The systems and faculties necessary for an opera-singer; The systems and faculties requisite for a musical composer; The systems and faculties essential to a sculptor; The systems and faculties required by a physician; The systems and faculties required for a surgeon; Other classes of surgeons; The systems and faculties essential to the orator; The electric class of orators ; Magnetic class of orators; The systems and faculties essential to a clergyman ; The systems and faculties essential to a lawyer; The systems and faculties essential to an inventor; The systems and faculties needed by a commander; The systems and faculties necessary to a scientist; The systems and faculties required by a civil engineer; The systems and faculties required by a banker; The systems and faculties required by a philanthropist; The systems and faculties neces- sary to a philologist; The systems and faculties essential to an editor; The systems and faculties required by a writer of fiction ; The systems and faculties required by a statesman. Conclusion, 1182 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1. The Grand Divisions of the Face.........15 " 2. MlNEEAL FOEMS,............19 " 3. A Non-Nucleated Cell, the Protamceba Peimitiva......63 " 4. Native Austealians,...........65 " 5. A Polyp,..............66 " 6. Vegetative Infant,...........67 " 7. Vegetative Man,............67 " 8. Thomas H. Benton,...........72 " 9. Here Fleischman, . ..........75 " 10. Andrew Jackson.............84 " 11. Herbert Spencer.............94 " 12. The Natural and Primitive Divisions of the Face.....273 " 13. The Practical Subdivisions of the Face,.......275 " 14. Location of the Signs for the Visceral Organs,......277 " 15. Local Signs for the Mental Faculties........288 " 16. Geoege Washington............304 " 17. Anna Howard Shaw,...........305 " 18. Anna Dickinson,............314 " 19. George Washington (profile),.........315 " 20. Joseph H. Choatb,...........318 " 21. Benjamin Franklin,........... 319 " 22. Mad. Octavia Walton Le Vert..........326 " 23. James Fenimore Cooper,..........327 " 24. Mad. Marie Jeanne Phillipon Roland........330 " 25. Thomas Starr King,...........331 " 26. Lady Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts Bartlett-Coutts, . . . 336 " 27. Henry Bergh, . ..........337 " 28. Alexandre Dumas,...........340 " 29. Monsieur D'Aubeay............341 " 30. Sir John Franklin............350 " 31. A. A. Low,.............351 " 32. The Pundita Ramabai,........... 356 " 33. Anthony Raphael Mengs.........-. . 357 " 34. Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England,......368 " 35. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham,........369 " 36. Eliza Cook,.............374 " 37. David G. Farragut,.......... . 375 " 38. Miss Otis,........... .380 " 39. Johann Christoph von Gluck,.........381 " 40. M. Louis Adolph Thiers,..........386 " 41. Thomas Mott Osborne,..........387 " 42. Martha Dandridge Custis Washington,.......394 " 43. George William Childs, ..........395 " 44. Miss Florence Nightingale,.........398 " 45. Chauncey M. Depew,...........399 " 46. Maria Angelica Kauffmann, . . .......410 (xxv) XXVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Isidore D .D., Fig. 47. Hans Holbein, " 48. Dr. Nellie Beighle, . " 49. Pieatro Andrea Mattioli, " 50. "Mother" Byckerdyke, " 51. Clemence S. L'Ozier, " 52. Thomas Jefferson, . " 53. Heney Ward Beecher, " 54. Belva A. Lockwood, " 55. John William Draper, " 56. Rev. Wm. A. Sunday, " 57. Wm. J. Bryan, " 58. Martin Luther, " 59. Grover Cleveland, " 60. Mrs. M:, . " 61. Francois Maximilien Joseph " 62. Signor Crispi, " 63. John Fox, " 64. Ellen Terry, . " 65. Paul Gustave Dore, " 66. John Ruskin, . " 67. Matthias Jacob Schleiden, " 68. Peter Corneille, " 69. Wilkie Collins, " 70. Sir John Frederick William " 71. Charles Darwin, . " 72. Rev. Phillip Brooks, " 73. Mr. H. Rider Haggard " 74. Mary Anderson, . " 75. William Shakespeare, " 76. Johann Kaspar Lavateb, " 77. Matthew Vassar, . " 78. Jay Gould, " 79. John Ericsson, " 80. John Bunyan, " 81. Benjamin Moore, . " 82. Thomas Paine, " 83. Miss Clara Barton, " 84. William H. Seward, " 85. Ex-Queen Natalie, of " 86. Joseph Garibaldi, . Joanna Southcott, . Robert Southey, . Alice Cary, John Greenleaf Whittier, 91. Miss Harriet Hosmer, 92. Rosalie Bonheur, 93. Ludovico Antonio David, 94. John Leo Gerome, 95. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 96. Henry James, 97. Frederick Henry Alexander (B 98. William Hickling Prescott, 99. Captain James Cook, . 100. George Alfred Townsend, . 101. Francois Jean Dominique Arago, 102. Marco Polo,..... 87. 90. Servia, Herschell Robespierre Humboldt), 411 428 429 432 433 438 439 446 447 456 457 464 465 470 471 480 481 486 48> 494 495 500 501 508 509 516 517 526 527 529 536 537 544 545 554 555 562 563 570 571 580 581 590 , 591 604 , 610 . 611 . 613 . 618 . 619 . 626 . 627 . 636 . 637 . 644 . 645 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXVll Fig. 103. Louis D. Braxdeis, Noah Webster, . Homer Rodeheaveb, • Ludwig Van Beethoven, Etelka Gerster, . Auguste Emil Wilhelmij, Sir Isaac Newton, Miss Maria Mitchell, slgnor luigi arditi, . Patrick S. Gilmore, . Miss Ida Williams, Mrs. Emily C. Judson, Baron Cuvier, Galileo Galilei, . Joseph Louis de Lagrange, Antoinette L. B. Blackwell, Goldwin Smith, . Elizabeth Cady Stanton, . Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), Hermann Louis Helmholtz, Leland Stanford, Charlotte Bronte, Richard Owen, The Muscular Mechanism of the Face, The Osseous Formation of the Face, The Nervous Distribution of the Face, . The Glandular Formation of the Face, Geometrical Forms of the Face, . Localization of Signs in the Chin, . Three General Forms of the Chin—The Globose The Oval, The Square, The Three Positions of the Chin—The Perpendicular The Receding, The Projecting, Forms of the Centre of the Chin—Flat, or Stupid, Convex, or Brutal 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 1 118. 1 119. ' 120. ' 121. 1 122. ' 123. ' 124. " 125. " 126. " 127. " 128, " 129 " 130 " 131 " 132 " 133. " 134. " 135. " 136. " 137. ■• 138. " 139. " 140. " 141. " 142. " 143. " 144. " 145. " 146. " 147. " 148. " 149. 11 150. " 151. " 152. " 153. " 154. " 155. " 156. " 157. " 158. Indented, A Round-Dimpled Chin, A Cleft-Dimpled Chin, The Broad and Square Chin, A Narrow and Receding Chin, A Sharp, Pointed Chin, The Long, Peaked, and Upturned Chin, A Chin Composed of Fatty Tissue, . A Convicted Thief, . Prince Talleyrand, . Human Embryo, . Countess of Huntington (Jaw), Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Steene (Jaw), Claude Loeraine (Jaw), Benjamin R. Haydon, . Lord Byron, . Sir Isaac Newton (Jaw), Voltaire (Jaw), . xxviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 159. Prognathous Jaws,...........' " 160. Mary and Susie.............°™ " 161. Alexandre Dumas (Lip),..........^_ " 162. William Pitt (Lip)............80° " 163. De Witt Talmage (Lip).........• • 806 " 164. Jules Favre (Lip)............. 806 " 165. Wilberforce (Lip)............g07 " 166. A Convict (Lip).............808 " 167. A Bashkir..............811 " 168. The Destructive Lower Lip..........813 " 169. Divisions of Upper Lip,..........814 " 170. Upper Lip Divided Horizontally, . ........814 " 171. A, Normal Position of Lips; B, Lips of an Egotist.....815 " 172. An Imbecile (Lip)............817 " 173. The Philoprogenitive Upper Lip.........817 " 174. Sir Walter Scott (Lip), ,.....818 " 175. Mirthful May (Lip),...........819 " 176. Robespierre (Lip),...........821 " 177. The Self-estimative Upper Lip,........821 " 178. Henry Ward Beecher (Lip)..........823 " 179. Normal Upper Lip,...........823 " 180. Count Cavour (Lip)............824 " 181. Normal Line of the Mouth,.........837 " 182. Normal Margin of the Mouth,........837 " 183. Miss Emma Thursby (Mouth),.........839 . " 184. Rosa Bonheur (Mouth),..........840 " 185. Jean Jaques Rousseau (Mouth).........841 " 186. John Quincy Adams (Mouth),.........841 " 187. Samuel Houston (Mouth),..........842 " 188. Benjamin Franklin (Mouth),.........844 " 189. Wm. E. Gladstone (Mouth),.........844 " 190. Michael Faraday (Mouth),.........844 " 191. Chief Geronimo (Mouth)...........846 " 192. A Sensual Mouth.......... _ 847 " 193. The Two Divisions of the Cheeks..... 851 " 194. Cherub, by Raphael, ....... g53 " 195. The "Diamond Fat Lady,"..... 354 " 196. Lady Pitt......... ort. " 197. Roger Sherman (Cheek),..... 8cfi " 198. Dimpled Cheeks....... fi.h " 199. The Concave or Consumptive Cheek, .... 860 " 200. Concave or Dyspeptic Cheek..... 861 " 201. A Convicted Thief, . . " 202. Normal Upper Cheek, .'.'.'.'. 863 " 203. Abnormal Cheeks, . ' ' rra " 204. Savage Cheek-Bones, . .' ' ' ' ^ " 205. The Nose Subdivided....... ' 87„ 206. Location in the Nose of the Signs of the Visceral Organs ' 879 207. Local Signs for the Mental Faculties..... 881 208. The Horizontal Outline of the Nostrils, . 891 209. The Upward Outline of the Nostrils, ... 891 ' 210. The Downward Outline of the Nostrils, \ 891 211. The Concave Form of the Nose, ] ' rqi 212. The Straight Form of the Nose, . aq " 213. The Convex Form of the Nose, ' • . 891 " 214. Embryotic Nose, ... • • • . . 891 ........ 894 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxix Fig. 215. Idiotic Nose and Forehead,........ . 896 " 216. Snub-nose,.............897 " 217. Pug-nose..............898 " 218. Blunt Pug-nose,............898 " 219. The Nez Retroussee............900 " 220. Singing Nose.............901 " 221. Greek Nose..............903 " 222. Straight Nose,............903 " 223. Artistic Nose,............911 " 224. Dickens (Nose),............912 " 225. Ouida (Nose),............912 " 226. Critic's Nose,............913 " 227. Philosophic Nose............913 " 228. Dramatic Nose,............915 " 229. Constructive Nose............917 " 230. Athletic Nose.............918 " 231. Argumentative Nose..........'. . 923 " 232. Commercial Nose,...........924 " 233. Executive Nose,............924 " 234. Commercial Nose............924 "■ 235. Melancholy Nose,......... . 928 " 236. Dishonest Nose, ............929 " 237. Mechanical Nose............933 " 238. Abnormal Nose.............934 " 239. Animal Type.............935 " 240. Revengeful Nostrils............935 " 241. The Muscles of the Eye...........943 " 242. Large and Round Eye,..........946 " 243. Narrow and Elongated Eye,.........946 " 241. Oblique Eye,............946 '■ 245. Artistic Eye,............947 " 246. Reflective Eye.............947 " 247. Agreeable Eye.............948 " 248. Linguistic Eye,............948 " 249. Politic Eye,............949 " 250. Untruthful Eye............949 " 251. Double Obliquity,...........949 " 252. Observing Eyelid,...........950 " 253. Licentious and Unprincipled Eye,........950 " 254. Secretive Eye,............951 " 255. Acquisitive Eye,...........951 " 256. Truthful Eye, ...".........952 " 257. Normal Eye.............953 " 258. Abnormal Eye,............953 " 259. Polygamic Eye,............954 " 260. Monogamic Eye.......•......954 " 261. Conjugal Eye,............ 955 " 262. Large Eye..............959 " 263. Medium Eye,............959 " 264. Small Eye,......• • • • • .959 " 265. Artistic Eye, ............962 " 266. Observant Eye.............963 " 267. Magnetic Eye,.............963 " 268. Brutal Eye.............963 " 269. Gluttonous Eye............ " 270. Beautiful Eyelashes, . . _• •......9>^ XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 971 Fig. 271. Artistic Interciliary Space......... 272. Superstitious Type of Interciliary Space.......*<* 273. Observant Type of Interciliary Space.......' 274. Forms of the Eyebrow,.......... 275. Position of the Inner Termini of the Eyebrows, .- . . • «7» 276. Conceited Eyebrow,......... 277. Observing Eyebrow,.........• ' J,q 278. Credulous Eyebrow,............9^ 279. Impractical Eyebrow...........98j 280. Artistic Eyebrow,...........98* 281. Arithmetical Eyebrow...........983 282. ^Esthetic Eyebrow............983 283. Inventive Eyebrow,...........983 284. Vital Eyebrow.............984 285. Delicate Eyebrow............984 286. Perpendicular Forehead,..........988 287. Receding Forehead, . .........988 288. Practical Forehead,........... 989 289. Projecting Forehead,..........989 290. Infantile Forehead............990 291. Mechanical Forehead...........990 292. Artistic Forehead,........... 991 293. Scientific Forehead,...........991 294. Vital Beard.............1008 295. Vital Moustache,...........1009 296. External and Internal Ear..........1023 297. Three Divisions of the Ear..........1024 298. Ear of Patti,............1027 299. Ear of Gerster,...........1027 300. Ear of Lucca....... •......1027 301. Ear of Sembrick............1027 302. Ear of Capoul,............1027 303. Ear of Annie Louise Cary,.........1027 304. Ear of Master Solomon,..........1027 305. Ear of Passmore............1027 306. Ear of Master Gibson,......... . 1027 307. Ear of Campanini............1027 308. Unmusical Ear,............1028 309. Oratorical Ear,.......... 1029 310. Commercial Ear,.......... 1029 311. noemal dleection of primitive llne....... 1032 312. Primitive Line in Upper Lip,....... 1033 313. Talker's Wrinkle......... 1036 314. Approbative Wrinkle,....... 1036 315. Malicious Wrinkles,....... 1Q38 316. Executive Wrinkles......... 1038 317. Conscientious Wrinkles......... 1038 318. Persevering Wrinkles........ Iqqq 319. Mirthful Wrinkles........ -iqaq 320. Talented Wrinkles........ i04i 321. The Wilful Neck, ...... Iqao 322. The Amative Neck,...... 1q61 323. The Attentive Neck...... 10fio 324. The Sagacious Neck, ..'...] 1063 325. The Graceful Neck, . ,A„. ' .........1064 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxxi Fig. 326. The Neck of Coquetry,..........1065 «' 327. The Avaricious Neck,..........1066 " 328. The Vegetative Hand...........1072 " 329. Spatulate Hand,...........1072 " 330. Artistic Hand,............10J5 " 331. Superstitious Hand............10'5 " 332. Scientific Hand,...........^1 " 333. Philosophic Hand............10J7 " 334. Mental Hand.............JJJ'9 " 335. Useful Hand.............j079 " 336. Beautiful Hands............J98? " 337. Beautiful Hand,...........j98* " 338. The Farnesian Hercules..........1087 '« 339. Normal Female Waist...........JJJ90 " 340. Abnormal Female Waist,.........j999 " 341. The Venus de Medici...........109;j « 342. Egeria..............]°*l " 343. Daniel Appleton,...........x * " 344. John Wanamaker,.......• • • • : " 345. Phineas T. Barnum............jj£j " 346. Michael Angelo............ " 347. Raphael Sanzio............. " 348. Alfred Tennyson,...........* " 349. Torquato Tasso,............j ~j " 350. Edwin Booth.............^tf " 351. Adelaide Ristori............ " 352. Blanche Barretta............ " 353. Joseph Jefferson............ " 354. Madame Recamier............ " 355. Giulia Grisi............ 1137 " 356. Franz Schubert........... " 357. Richard Wagner............ « 358. Ariadne..............*yr* " 359. M. Pasteur.............*J™ "' 360. Edward Jenner,...........Yt " 361. John Hunter.............}}; " 362. Master Harry Shannon,..........jj*' ' " 363. Henry Clay............."* " 364. Eenestine L. Rose............^j* " 365. Heney Haet Milman,..........li, d " 366. Caedinal Heney Edward Manning,.......jj°d » 367. Cyeus Hall McCoemack...........l^ "• 368. Caius Julius Caesar,...........j " 369. Sie Chaeles John Napier..........JJ°* " 370. Mary Somerville,........... " 371. Karl Vogt............. " 372. Washington A. Roebling...........^ " 373. James B. Eads............. " 374. Anthony Rothschild,..........' " 375. George Peabody............ " 376. William Dwight Whitney,.........l ' " 377. Henry James, ........ ' ^ " 378. Charles Dickens.......... " 379. William Makepeace Thackeray,........ " 380. Armand Richelieu.......... INTRODUCTION. IF the most learned man of the twelfth century were to return to earth and become cognizant of our advance in the sciences and industrial arts, he would doubtless believe, at first, that he was in the midst of works of magic more won- derful and powerful by far than the mysterious and occult operations of the Magi of his own age He would note the use of nat- ural forces in the economics of life through complicated machinery : see the wonders wrought by steam and electricity; travel at mar- velous speed on the earth, in the air, on water or under it; find distance annihilated by telephone and telegraph, be astounded at the telescopic and microscopic discoveries which startle even this progressive age. The knowledge of the laws of sound, motion, light, and color, which this epoch has evolved, would unfold to his senses a world of realities as new to his mind as if he, in verity, were transported to quite another planet than the one which had been his former habitation. After taking note of all our increased knowledge of science in its various departments, and after examin- ing our museums and institutions of learning, if he were to ask, What do you votn know of man1?—of his powers and properties'? what reply could we make % We might answer that Ave understand the circulation of the blood, a little about the nervous system, somewhat of the process of digestion; that Ave know the number •of the bones and have named them, and also the action of the muscles; that we are in a state of uncertainty as to the function of the brain ; that we know very little of the prevention of dis- ease, much less about its cure, and nothing at all as to the meaning of his physiognomy. What think you would be his opinion of our progress in useful knowledge % Surely, he would conclude that we had vexed our minds with many things that could be dis- pensed with, and had neglected the most useful of them all. The knowledge of man and how to improve his capacities, hoAv to pro- tect his bodily powers, how to prevent and remedy the diseases which assail him, is surely of more importance than many of the studies upon which valuable time has been spent without advanc- ing the knoAvledge of man one step. All through the ages of which we have any recorded history we find inklings of an instinctive perception of phvsiognomv. en 2 INTRODUCTION. The writings of Moses show him to have been a profound student of human nature,, and possessed of a power to read and understand countenances and features. His knowledge of sanitary law, in regard to food and diet and the protection of the body, and the success attending the application of these laws, place him even beyond the sanitarians of to-day. Among the earliest Greek writers, Aristotle, Plato, and Galen may be named as having written and taught physiognomy. Hippocrates also formulated a system based upon the several colors of the human complexion. This classification has passed down to the present day, and has been accepted by naturalists in its application to man, while at the same time, with singular inconsistency, the lower animal kingdom has been classified on the basis of form, and correctly so, as color is an effect, not a cause; it is dependent on climate, food, habit, and other accidental surroundings. Even phrenologists, who ought to know better (since their researches extend widely among the animal kingdom), have retained the classification which Hip- pocrates set up. The differences observable in the human family he denominated temperaments—a word which has no intelligent application even to the false basis upon which the old Greek phy- sician founded his system, long before the circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey, and before the functions of the liver, heart, and brain Avere at all understood. Each age has added its contributions to our knowledge of physiognomy, and if these contributions have not given us hereto- fore a correct system, at once practical and scientific, they have maintained an interest and a belief in this science. This interest and belief have served as beacon-lights which have flashed far down the ages made brilliant by the works of the most renowned philosophers and literates. Among the Grecians, Aristotle wrote extensively on this subject. Pliny, Cicero, and others of ancient Rome found this science worthy of their consideration, Avhile, later in the advancing centuries, we find Petrus d'Abbano lecturing on physiognomy before the students of the University of Paris. After him followed the renowned Avicenna, Averroes, Michael Scott, and the Italian sculptor and naturalist, J. Baptista Porta, the discoverer of the camera obscura. Later still, many German, French, Eng- lish, and American observers left their writings among us'to be added to and built upon. Lavater, in 1801, wrote numerous volumes on the subject, copiously illustrated, in which he had the assistance of some of the best artists in Europe. It is through his works, and from his associations that this science is best knoAvn to modern students. His purity of life and high position (he having been an eloquent clergyman, pastor of St. Peter's Church at INTRODUCTION. 3 Zurich) placed physiognomy on a footing of credibility. His works are what he named them—"Fragments"—merely, without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the belief and interest in the science. Prominent among the German and French observers are found the eminent Blumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and He la Sarthe; among the English, Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker; and among Americans, James W. Red- field. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse published from the University Press, at GlasgoAv, a series of lectures on physiognomy which he had delivered, setting forth a system which contains practical knowledge, susceptible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary observer. Prof. Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California, in an able article in the Popular Science Monthly describing the ad- vance of science, says:— " In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more com- plex departments, there are three distinct stages of advance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and arrangement of facts—Descriptive Science. The second is the reduction of these to formal laAvs—Formal Science. Thus far the science is inde- pendent of all other sciences. The third is the reference of these Laws to the more general laws of a more fundamental science—in the hierarchy as their cause—Causal Science. It is this last change only which necessarily folloAvs the order indicated above. Its effect is always to give great impulse to scientific adA ance, for then only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning planetary motions— Descriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced these to the three great and beautiful laAvs knoAvn by his name—Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for NeAvton, by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Keplerian laAvs by referring them to the more gen- eral and more fundamental laAvs of mechanics as their cause, and thus he became the founder of physical and causal astronomy. In other Avords, astronomy Avas at first a separate science, based on its OAvn facts. NeAvton connected it Avith mechanics, and thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time astronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, hoAvever, another more solid and 4 INTRODUCTION. central shaft had grown up under the hands of many builders, viz., mechanics. Newton connected the astronomical shaft Avith the central column of mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a vet higher shaft." This description truthfully and beautifully shows the progress of scientific research. The system Avhich this work presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to the human physiog- nomy and organism which have been observed and collected ; it reduces these facts to laws, and, lastly, shoAVS the correspondence of this science to the general and fundamental laAvs which under- lie all matter, viz., those of chemistry, architecture, and mathe- matics. The sum of all human action is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, and man's organism illustrates the influence of these laws. I would like to see the facts contained in this work in the hands of all avIio love their kind, and who de- sire its elevation by scientific methods. In the years to come I do not doubt that more "ample knowledge of physiognomy will be disseminated by greater minds, Avith better opportunities of obser- vation than have fallen to me. It Avould seem a Aery appropriate time for spreading the knoAvledge of man, now that so much is known of his environment, and while so many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and substances of Nature are coming- daily to light Avhich are immediately connected with his Avelfare. Earnest and religious regard for the adArance of mankind to grander heights of purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing short of the knowledge of scientific laAvs and their appli- cation can regenerate the human race, has impelled the Avriting of these ideas. Part I. Theoretical Physiognomy. » (5) CHAPTER I. Basic Principles of Scientific Physiognomy. "The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of physiognomy/' —WlNKLEMAN. TAVATER defines physiognomy to be the " art or science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of • the face, or the art of discovering the predominant ^ temper or other characteristic qualities of the mind by the form of the body, but especially by the external signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features." This definition scientific physiognomy accepts in so far as it relates to the human species, but extends it in a more compre- hensive manner so as to include all animate and eATn inanimate nature. The form of every rock, tree, animal, and object in ex- istence has come by design, and is self-revealing as to its true character. That Ave fail in many instances to comprehend the meaning of certain forms observed in Nature is due to our lack of acute observation, or want of comparison, or ignorance of the meaning and significance of the basic principles of form,—a science which this system of physiognomy undertakes to unfold and apply to the human and animal face and body, as Avell as to vegetable and mineral formations. It is logical to infer that form has general laAvs Avhich are self- revealing. Without knoAvledge of these general laAvs we must forever remain in ignorance of most of Nature's meanings in regard to the myriad things in the universe. Without some principles of form to guide us, character remains a sealed book; but Nature has equipped many if not most of her children Avith faculties suited to the true interpretation of signs which are thrown out in the most affluent manner by every form in existence. Nature's hieroglyphics are easily 'deciphered by the keen ob- server, and the facial signs of every human creature can be under- stood by those avIio are aa illing to study and apply the basic prin- ciples of form. In entering upon the study of physiognomy, or mental science, it will be well if Ave consider briefly the methods formerly employed by metaphysicians in the investigation of the science of mind, and then, as Ave proceed to contrast them and their results Avith the O) 8 practical and scientific physiognomy. system which I shall present to your attention,—a system which has occupied the best thought of thirty-five years of my life. You Avill doubtless ask what relation there is between the human phys- iognomy and metaphysical theories. If we were intending to con- fine our study to ancient metaphysics or even modern metaphysics and theological theories of the mind, I should be compelled to ansAver that there is no relation between them, since these two classes of thinkers confined themselves to speculations merely and sought no solution in the investigation of the mechanism through Avhich mind is manifested. Modern scientific observers, hoAvever, pursue the study of mind by investigating the body it inhabits and of Avhich it is a part, and, as the face is proven to be the index or register of the entire organism (Avhich you will acknowledge as we proceed), Ave are compelled to study the mechanism Avithin the body Avhich Ave find to be the moving cause of those expressions, forms, and colors that reveal to us the mind or character of the individual. Our knoAvledge of the history of mental science reaches far back into the age of Grecian civilization. The philosophical or metaphysical method of studying the human mind was coeval Avith the age in Avhich configuration or sculpture reached its acme. It Avas also coeval Avith the creation of the greatest epic poems, of some of the grandest dramas and most sublime orations knoAvn to man. In short, it Avas an age of art, not of science. The great metaphysicians of Greece-,—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Pythagoras, Anixamander, and many other ancient philosophers, —however they may have differed in their several systems of philosophy, all alike believed in and used one common method of investigating mind. This method consisted in the investigation of self-consciousness, that is to say, an observation of the manner in Avhich the mental processes—viz., those of memory, reason, will, comprehension, and perception—Avere carried on in the mind of the observer. Each philosopher sat in judgment, as it Avere, on his own method of thought, etc., and then gave to his investigations the name of " mental science." Observations Avere pursued in this manner by all of the Greek thinkers, without.any reference to bodily conditions, with the* single exception of Aristotle, whose re- searches in natural history among insects, birds, and beasls, had given him greater insight into the origin and development of mind, both in the loAver animals and in man. He, beyond all the other philosophers of his age, possessed a better comprehension of the physiology and anatomy of animal organisms, together Avith a very moderate knoAvledge of the physiology of man. The superstitions of his age prevented the dissection of human bodies, and thus these BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 9 philosophers Avere cut off from pursuing one practical and scien- tific method of studying mind. For two thousand years these impractical systems of mental science dominated the world of thought, then the great Bacon arose and began the study of mind from an entirely different stand- point. His studies in the practical sciences—he having been the inventor, it is said, of the telescope, air-pump, diving-bell, and of gun-poAvder, besides having Avritten very learnedly upon optics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and many other sciences—natu- rally led him to adopt a scientific method of investigating mind; but as very little more of physiology was knoAvn in his day than in the age of Aristotle, his writings on mental science are not as reliable as those of the more modern thinkers, yet his method Avas an advance on those preceding him. The circulation of the blood was not discovered by Harvey until four hundred years after the death of Bacon; the construction and operation of the heart, liver, lungs, and brain Avere not known until still later periods. How, then, can it be expected that a knoAvledge of the mind of man could be studied or comprehended Avithout an intimate knowledge of his bodily functions ] The subjective method (as it is denominated) of the ancients • would not have seemed so impractical a mode of studying mind, had all persons been alike normally constituted; but so large a proportion of persons are insane (it is iioav estimated that one in five hundred is so at the present day, and there are also many un- developed races in existence, and Avere then, as Avell as children Avho are also in a state of undevelopment), that if the subjective method is to be employed, Ave should never knoAv anything at all about these several classes of beings avIio form a large proportion of our population. Noav, in any system of mental science, to ignore the knoAvledge of the character of all children, of all un- developed races, and persons such as idiots, imbeciles, and the in- sane, as well as those aaTio are laboring under temporary aberration and weakness of mind of any degree Avhatsoever. is to deprive mankind of the most useful and necessary part of the knowledge of himself; hence any system of mental science Avhich fails to treat of these several classes, together Avith the means for their improve- ment, cannot be considered either practical or scientific. In order to understand the human mind practically, jve must commence Avith its first manifestations in childhood. It Avas in this manner that Locke, so justly celebrated for his Avonderful essay on the "Human Understanding," commenced the investiga- tion of mind in the eighteenth century. He considered the nature of children and of savage races. He was the first metaphysician 10 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. who made any decided advance in the method of studying, inves- tigating, and interpreting the human mind, and this advance was due to his observatfon of Nature, by his discarding the old metaphysical methods, and by basing his laws upon observations made on living subjects. He first observed natural phenomena in children and savages, and then, by generalizing, Avas able to dis- cover the laws underlying the actions of the individuals thus ob- served. He also made observations among animals, and here the investigator will find corroboration of many laws Avhich are recognized in the human family. Writers of the greatest eminence, among Avhom we find the celebrated M. de Quatrefages, Herbert Spencer, Darwin, Dr. H. Maudsley, and Professor Huxley, all agree in their methods of investigating character by first observing plants and animals. M. de Quatrefages, in his celebrated work on " The Human Species," remarks:— Now, plants and animals have been studied for a much longer period than man, and from an exclusively scientific point of view, without any trace of the prejudice and party feeling which interferes with the study of man. Without having penetrated very deeply into all the secrets of animal and vegetable life, science has acquired a certain number of fixed and indis- putable results, which constitute a foundation of positive knowledge and a safe starting-point. Whenever there is any doubt of the nature or signifi- cance of a phenomenon observed in man, the corresponding phenomena must be examined in animals and even in plants. They must be compared with what takes place in ourselves, and the results accepted as the}7 are exhibited. What is true of other organized beings cannot but be true of man. This method is incontestably scientific. Every solution which makes or tends to make man an exception from those laws which govern other organized and living beings is unsound and unscientific* Dr. Maudsley asserts:— The study of the plan of the development of mind as exhibited in the animal, the barbarian, and the infant furnishes results of the greatest value, and is as essential to a true mental science as the study of its development is to a full knowledge of the bodily organism. Those who have read Lavater's renowned work on physiog- nomy, Avill doubtless look for some theoretical testimony from his facile and prolific pen. Now, although Lavater wrote many volumes on physiognomy, and Avas himself a great intuitional physiognomist, he Avas, unfortunately, not a scientific student. He says of him- self that he did not understand anatomy and physiology, and without a thorough knowledge of these sciences it is impossible to found a system of physiognomy. . At the same time, such was his rare gift of observation and correct intuition, and such his ardor, * The Human Species, M. de Quatrefages, p. 27. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 11 that, added to his noble character and purity of life, it enabled him to revive the belief in physiognomy, Avhich had waned during the middle ages, or had become classed Avith the " black art" and Avorks of magic. And this pure-minded minister of the gospel was received at the courts of kings and princes, and his observa- tions and researches were hailed with enthusiasm by the most emi- nent men of his day. His Avritings, although they lack system and are really Avhat he terms them, "Fragments" merely, restored physiognomy to that rank Avhich it had held in the estimation of man two thousand years before, Avhen such great minds as Plato, Galen, Aristotle, Pliny, Cicero, Seneca, Hippocrates, and others as learned and renoAvned, had Avritten upon and taught physiognomy as an art. From Lavater's day to the present, a period of over one hundred years, inventions and discoveries of mechanical in- struments and principles have given us means of inAestigating the human body and mind, wholly unknoAvn to any former age of the world. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The theory of mental science Avhich I shall present to you is the most adAanced and comprehensive that has ever been offered to the Avorld, and to the discoveries made by the microscope and in anatomy and physiology I am largely indebted for the discov- eries which I have made in this department of science. Let it be understood at the outset, that physiognomy teaches and proves that the mind and body are a unity, acting in unison and harmony; that all mental power is originated primarily by sensation; that all parts of the body contribute to mental action ; that the heart, the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, the glands, the muscles, the bones, the nerves, and all other organs are each in- strumental in creating and assisting mental efforts. This system also teaches that there is a unity of action and universality of laAV running from the lowest creation, the inorganic or mineral, up to the highest, the animal and human kingdoms. It shoAvs, too, that all form has meaning and character, that every form observed in Nature is shaped by laAV and design, and discloses the character of the mineral, plant, tree, or animal under observation. This system of physiognomy goes still farther. It proves that certain physical functions are directly related to and sustain certain mental faculties. The idea that all or nearly all parts of the body con- tribute to mental action was vaguely perceived by some anatomists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sir Charles Bell re- marks that he had a dim though strong conception that it was an 12 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. error to limit-sensation to the action of the special senses. He observes:— It appears to me that the frame of the body exclusive of the special organs of seeing, hearing, etc., is a complex organ,—I shall not say of sense, but which ministers, like the external senses, to the mind.* George Henry LeAves, one of the most philosophic and scien- tific writers, remarks:— If everv distinct part of the organism which is the source of distinct sensation is to be called a sense, we must necessarily include the muscles and viscera among the senses, for the sensation derived through the muscles are as specific as thosi> derived through the eye or tongue, and the glandular sensations are assuredly distinct from those of the muscles. The sensations derived through the viscera are not less specific nor less important than those of the eye or ear. We are not at liberty to reject this fact, because it is capable of proof as rigorous as the proof of the existence of sight or taste. Mind is the sum total of the whole sensitive organism; no one exclu~ sive organ of mind can he said to exist.~\ In this theory and its proof lie the greatest advance made in mental science in this era. The celebrated gentlemen whom I lurve mentioned as having taught that mind inheres in the entire or- ganism stop short at that theory, but scientific physiognomy, as taught by this system, goes farther, and proves the relation between Conscientiousness and the kidney or fluid system of the body; between Benevolence and the glandular system; the relation of Amativeness, or the love of the sexes, to the reproductive system ; of Hope to the liver; and, in short, proves that all so-called sentiments have a physicid base as Avell as a representation in the brain, which organ may be likened to the counting-house of a manufactory, the emotions being manufactured by the muscles, nerves, and viscera, and registered in the brain, where consciousness and abstract thought has its home and origin; and, lastly, shows that all this is revealed in the face, as Avell as by the voice, the walk, the color, movement, gesture, etc. A practical application of the la\vs of scientific physiognomy is the only method that can make possible race improvement by intelligent design. As long as the human face is a sealed book, men and women cannot intelligently choose partners in marriage, and the progress of the race will be left to natural selection, Avhich is a sIoav process, as Ave observe in the present instinctive methods. But where reproduction is the result of laAvs intelligently under- stood and applied, there is no reason Avhy the races of man should not advance in nobility as rapidly and surely as have the scientifi- cally-bred animals of the past few years. Aristotle tells us that * The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, Sir Charles Bell, M D p 83. t Physiology of Common Life, G. H. Lewes, p. 194. ' v' **" THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 13 " a life devoted only to sensual enjoyments is brutish, an ethico- political life is human, but a scientific life is diA'ine." If by a scientific life he meant living up to the laAvs of God as sIioavii by the laws of Nature, I can wholly and heartily agree Avith him. In announcing the discoveries Avhich I have made pertaining to the human physiognomy, it may not be uninteresting to the reader to knoAv in Avhat manner they Avere reached, Avhat mental process or scientific observation AAas required to elaborate the sys- tem setting forth the three; grand divisions of the face, and Avhy I denominate them the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathe- matical. In the first place, my studies in anatomy and physiology had shown me that the action of the glands is purely chemical, and, as I found that the development and normal action of this system Avere most apparent in the loAver part of the face,—in the cheeks (as is observed in healthy infants), in the lips, and adjacent parts,—it occurred to me that this part of the face must represent the purely chemical or vegetatiA^e department of the human or- ganism. Knowing as I did that nearly all the principles of me- chanical forces Avere illustrated by the action of the several lever powers in the movements of the muscles and bones, of the hinge in the joints, of the pulley in the muscles of the eye, of valves in the heart and arteries, Avhile the principles of optics are exhibited in the eye, the principles of acoustics in the construction and action of the ear, the principles of hydrostatics and capillary attraction in the acins, tubes, and tissues of the several parts of the body; knoAving that electricity is a property of the nerves and magnetism of the muscles, I sa\v that these several systems constituted a mechanical or an architectural system, the signs for which I have discovered are located in the middle portion of the face. When I had discovered and located the signs for the heart, the lungs, the liver, the muscular, the nervous, and bony systems, logic came to my aid, and I argued that if the signs for chemical action and architectural powers were to be found in the human face I must look there for the signs of the mathematical powers also. I had years previously ascertained by observation and reflection that these three laAvs or principles goAern all matter. Reflection soon convinced me that in the upper part of the face I should find the signs for mathematical poAver indicated, and, as in the upper part of the forehead avc have the signs for Logical Deduction, or reason, so in the loAver part of the forehead are located the signs for Form, Size, and Calculation. I at once saAV that here Avere the signs for the last of the three ruling principles needed to complete the harmonic system of hnvs which underlie