BF 850 S792e 1917 00830230R NLM D5DD575T 7 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Washington Founded 1836 U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service NLM050057597 THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF 0\> Face and Form Reading A COMPLETE SUMMARY OF CHARACTER ANALYSIS THE ONLY MODERN AND COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK SHOWING "THE LOGICAL METHOD" OF CHARACTER ANALYSIS, WITH ANSWERS TO EVERY QUESTION ON THE SUBJECT CAREFULLY GROUPED AND ARRANGED FOR QUICK REFERENCE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL TRAITS REVEALED BY M. O. STANTON Author of "A Practical and Scientific Treatise on Physiognomy;" "Chart for the Delineation of Mental and Physiological Characteristics;" "Lectures on Physiognomy and Hygiene," etc. FOURTH REVISED EDITION Illustrated with 380 Engravings F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS c /try COPYRIGHT, 1889 COPYRIGHT, 1895 BY M. O. STANTON COPYRIGHT, 1895 COPYRIGHT, 1913 COPYRIGHT, 1917 BY A. DAVIS COMPANY Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. Press of F. A. Davis Company 1914-1916 Cherry Street TO THE LOVERS OF SCIENCE, TO THE EARNEST AND ENTHUSIASTIC SEARCHERS FOR TRUTH THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. Physiognomy or The Study of Character Analysis in the Face and Form, as outlined in Stanton's " Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading," takes you into a field of very extensive re- search. Seldom do you get the opportunity, unless scientifically inclined, to follow the paths of these great thinkers and students , who, we know, are interested in solving the vast problems which are hidden in the depths of nature, but after the way is cleared, we very gratefully enjoy the result of their investigations. All know what tremendous strides have been made in the practice of medicine within the past thirty-five years, simply be- cause science has triumphed over the various conditions met with in disease. This was not accomplished without the spending of millions of dollars, and the united efforts of thousands of physicians and scientists, nor has the development of Character Analysis been developed without much expenditure of money and effort. We cannot begin to count the schools which have sprung up all over this country to teach the individual the value of proper development. Books by the thousands have been printed to show How to Win Success in the business world; both have their good points, but we find them all unconsciously leaning upon the funda- mental principles of Physiognomy without realizing their basic action in the formation of Character. Physiognomy will show why the different functions of the body should not be developed to the neglect of other functions of the body, as an excess of development while apparently satisfactory at the time, will later mean the development of Habits, Character, Disposition, Health, Disease, and Premature Old Age, as these are the results of unwise use made of the various functions or faculties of the mind or body. (v) vi PUBLISHERS* PREFACE. It is well to ask yourself: What do I know about my func- tions and faculties 1 Their Powers and Properties 1 A little of the circulation of the blood \ Yes. A little about the nervous system 1 Yes. Something of the process of digestion"? Yes. The number of the bones and the action of the muscles 1 Yes. These you were taught in your school life; coming out of school or college only partially equipped to battle in business with other men of experience because the most important factor in life was overlooked: The knowledge of Human Nature, and its Analysis. We find around us men of no education, or with the most brilliant education, either failing or succeeding. What of " the failures "? In their endeavor for success they overlook their natural field of endeavor. Ignorance of Human Nature—of which we all claim to be good readers and yet in which we are very poor students—is the greatest drawback in business life, and is the cause of 50 per cent, of all the failures. In the study of Character Analysis plenty of reasons for failures are given which show how the undeveloped faculties of the body and mind fail at the most critical time. This " Encyclopedia " is so very complete in its text, that at first it is rather confusing to the reader on account of the scientific research work done in connection with the elaboration of the scientific foundation of Physiognomy as established in the corn- prehensive work of acknowledged authorities upon which the author bases the practical Analysis of Character. It is, therefore well to follow closely the advice given under this, The Publishers' Preface; in so doing you cannot fail to become greatly interested in its most intricate details. Under no circumstances do we advise the beginner to try to study or read the first part of this work until the portions mentioned hereafter are first mastered. We heartily recommend, that the reader start at Chapter III, on page 749, and in connection with this reading take "The Logical Method," as outlined in Lesson I on " How to Analyze Character," which we send along with this Encyclopedia. Having covered with the Lesson, pages 749 to 1084, the reader is then ready to read and study the definitions given of the PUBLISHERS* PREFACE, vii different faculties and their location upon the face. This is out- lined between pages 271 and 749, and when applied to the indi- vidual, the reader has all the essentials necessary for Character Analysis. We would caution the reader not to rely upon himself to absorb the entire contents at once, but to get thoughts well im- pressed upon the mind and to memorize, and apply the principles on those around to see if the application is properly made; this will do more to make the analysis of these outlines more accurate and give the reader the ability to read from the face The Mental Characteristics, as well as the Physical Defects of those with whom he comes in contact, making for him a place as a leader among men. " The Greatest Study of Mankind is Man," and it is to relieve the man who only after many years of sad experience discovers the signs of character, and can analyze those with whom he comes in contact intuitively, that the study of Physiognomy will become an asset worth many a dollar and saving of many a heartache and dis- appointment. To some, Character Analysis is a natural gift; to others it is not; whether a man is successful in selecting those around him or not, he should by all means understand the principles upon which Character Analysis can be made part of himself, just the same as Hygiene, Physiology, Anatomy, and Language became a part of him in his school days. We might say here, that there is no work so complete and which can answer every question as concisely and dependably as can Stanton's " Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading." The Publishers. CONTENTS. Publisher's Preface, List of Illustrations, Aids to the Study, Introduction, PART I. THEORETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Bases of Principles of Scientific Physiognomy. Definition; Layater's work; Theory of Practical and Scientific Physi- ognomy ; What it teaches; How the discoveries were made; General laws and principles. The human face the index of all Nature^ Three grand divisions—Chemical, Architectural,Mathe- matical. Mineral forms. The physical basis of Mind, . . 7 CHAPTER II. The Basic Principles of Form. Rotatory motion the origin of Form ; The movement of the earth has a direct bearing on the form and destiny of created beings. Relation between universal existence and mathematical law. Number the proper index to the volume of Being; The human countenance the index to these laws and principles. The law of Scalenism, or perversion; Disease a temporary return to abnor mal or perverted types; Straightness of the bones indicates straightness of the mind. The normal factors of Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science,......27 CHAPTER III. The Five Organ Systems which Create Form and Character. All is symbolic in Nature; Form the decisive factor in the interpreta- tion of character. The five different organ sj-stems. Form, character, and earliest appearance of cell life in the organiza- tion of animal tissue ; The structure of organized bodies, . 59 The Vegetative System,.........67 Characterization of the vegetative adult; The organ systems in the chemical or vegetative division; Faculties derived from the development of these organs. (ix) V xxv A-7 1 X contents. The Thoracic System,........ .71 Facial signs for the internal organs; Diseases which assail the thoracic system. The Muscular System,.........*5 Arrangement of the muscles ; Voluntary and involuntary; The , varjed expressions of the human face due to the muscles ; The mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of ■ the* muscular- system ; Faculties that have signs located in the muscular division; Diseases which assail the muscular system; The dominant systems of man's organism control his capacities. The Osseous or Bony System,........83 Classification of the bones ; Firmness and integrity of character depend upon the bones; Composition of the bony structure; Kind of food necessary for good bones; Prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, and heroism ; Bony people the best; Faculties derived from the bony system; Faculties in the architectural division; Diseases incident to the bony system; Remedy for an excessive development of bone. The points of character which depend upon the several organ sys- tems of the body. The Brain and Nervous System,.......94 Size of the brain alone not a proof of great mental power; Form and congenital quality the most potent factors; Texture of the skin significant of mental quality; Physiology of the brain and nerves; Diseases which assail this system. CHAPTER IV. The Sub-Basic Principles of Physiognomy. Form and Size ; A large head no indication of superior intelligence • The nose the best indication of power. Quality or mental power • Fine hair and skin to be considered first. Form; Persons of creative or constructive minds are round in form ; The arch, the curve, the circle, the ovoid, the square, and straight line; Each illustrates different phases of character. Color; The mineral the original source; Pure air the best cosmetic; Color and heat synonymous,....... '101 The Law op Proportion or Harmonious Development Proportion a potent factor in determining character • One or more faculties excessively developed dominate and influence the action of other faculties; Secretiveness; Cautiousness • Acquisitiveness. » Health,....... The basis of all really useful character founded on health ' Organic perfection and morality; Precocious children- Sensi' tive, nervous children; Drug medication; Pure air the best • Compensation; The established laws of compensation 131 137 ' CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER V. Rationale of Physical Functions and Mental Faculties, and their Signs in the Face. The brain not the sole seat of the mind. Hope directly related to the liver. The source of moral power. The Kidney System,..........158 Faculties dependent upon it; Analysis of Conscientiousness; Morality dependent on the action of the kidneys; Color-blind- ness ; Analysis of Firmness. Faculties Derived from the Different Systems. The Intestinal System,........165, 185 Digestion or Alimentiveness ; Mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus; Relation of the visceral organs to the brain. Friendship ; Its selfish and unselfish action; Its connection with and dependence on other faculties: Analysis; The liver as a clearing-house of the entire organism. The Glandular System,.........169 Benevolence; Value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body ; Economy; The grade of intellectual development shows the kind of economy; Hospitality; Love of Home; Patriotism. The Reproductive System,.........177 Amativeness, or love of the sexes; Its moral and physiological importance should be taught; Love of Young ; Mirthfulness • Sanativeness; Pneumativeness. The Liver,...........182 Hope; Its dependence upon the liver. The Nerves op the Skin,.........190 Modesty; Analysis of the glandular system and olfactory gan- glia; Cautiousness; The correlation of function with faculty. The Osseous System,..........192 Veneration ; Its connection with the stomach. The Osseous and Muscular Systems,.......194 Executiveness. The Muscular System,........195, 213 Self-will; Credenciveness ; Uses of this faculty. Calculation ; Music'; All art is founded on a circle or sections of it; Analysis of Music ; Language ; Shown by a high quality of the muscular system; Musical qualities observed in language. Xll contents. The Osseous and Nervous Systems,.......199 Observation. The Muscular and Brain Systems, .......200 Memory of Events ; A faculty of the five systems of functions ; A great memory only is no indication of intellect or wisdom ; Memory depends upon a healthy condition of the body; Weight; A high development of the muscular system a power- ful ally to art; Locality; Large in those whose muscular sys- tem is supreme. The Glandular and Arterial Systems,......206 Analysis of color. The Brain and Nerve System,.......209, 233 Mental order; Physical order. Intuition ; A true and distinct sense; Division of the nervous system into two parts; De- scription of the powers and action of these two departments of the brain system ; Organs and functions from which the mental faculties derive their powers. The Five Superior Systems,..... . . 210 Time; Lacking where the vegetative system predominates; Time as well as Order one of the leading characteristics of the bony system. The Brain System,..........227 Comparison; Causality; Reason; Development of reasoning faculties among the masses; Children should be drilled in logical reasoning. CHAPTER VI. Theories of the Mode of Action of Certain Traits. Analysis of Amativeness; Should be judged by the adjoining facial signs. Analysis of Jealousy; The result of one of three causes. Analysis of Revenge. Analysis of Secretiveness; Intended by Nature to conceal the lack of some other faculty. Theory of Suspicion. Analysis of Anger, Will, and Temper; A dark man has the strongest temper; Its effect on the system; Self-will the basis of Anger and Temper; What true religion consists of. Analysis of Selfishness ; Two distinct and opposite methods of action; Caused by an insufficient development of the glandular system. Self-conceit; Egotism. Analysis of Scorn and Con- tempt. Analysis of Enthusiasm; Faculty that leads to great efforts. Analysis of Laziness ; Obstinacy; Contrariness ; Physi- ognomy teaches that all- defects can be remedied, to a large extent) . . . . . , , . . . m 239 contents. Xlll PART II. PRACTICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Three Natural and Primitive Divisions of the Face Created by the Mouth, the Nose, and the Eyes. The mouth; The centre of the most primitive system of function. The nose; Represents the mental powers. The eyes ; Repre- sent the muscular development of the entire body. Facial signs of the physiological organs and functions. Digestion, or Alimentiveness. Location of the signs for the visceral organs. Physiognomy'properly a part of medical science. The glands. The reproductive system. Lactation. The kidneys; Conscien- tiousness dependent on this system. Method of localizing the higher developments of the body ; The lungs and heart; The Liver ; The stomach. The muscular or motive system ; The eye; Motion ; Vision; Hearing. The osseous system ; Denoted by the bones of the eyebrow. The brain and nerve system ; Train- ing the feeble-minded and imbecile; The sense of touch, . . 273 Mental Signs of Character in the Face,.....287 Five practical subdivisions; The width and length of the face; The nose high and broad the entire length a good sign ; The lower part of the forehead and eyebrows an important part to consider; Great size of the forehead no criterion of mentality ; Local signs for the mental faculties; Summary to the five prac- tical subdivisions of the face. CHAPTER II. Location and Description of Signs of Character in the Face. Fifty separate and distinct faculties described; The adaptability of the human mind; Man does not possess a greater number of mental faculties than woman; Gestures significant in disclos- ing character; The face an exact register of all mental facul- ties and bodily functions and conditions,.....297 The Faculty of Conscientiousness,.......302 Definition; An excess and deficiency of this faculty; Facial and bodily signs ; The color of the face an indication of the general integrity of a person ; Bodily signs of Conscientious- ness ; Description of Conscientiousness; Conscientiousness large where the bony system predominates. The Faculty of Firmness,.........312 Definition; What an excess or deficiency causes; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Firmness ; A receding chin an in- dication of weakness ; The signs for Firmness observed all over the individual. xiv CONTENTS. qi g The Faculty of Economy,....... Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Economy; A normal degree of Economy indicates a normal or balanced condition of mind; Acquisitiveness not Economy. Love of Home,........... Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Love of Home ; This trait should be cultivated in children. Patriotism,............329 Facial and bodily signs ; Definition of Patriotism. Benevolence,...........335 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Benevo- lence; Faculties in combination modify and influence this trait; Difference between benevolence and friendship. Bibativeness,...........339 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Bibativeness; Situation of this sign most suggestive; Indicates the func- tional purity of the entire organism. Alimentiveness, or Digestion,........348 Definition; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Alimentive- ness ; The mouth by its shape and color gives the general tone or grade of the individual. Amativeness,...........355 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Amative- ness ; Training in sexual morality; Works that all young people should read; Signs for emotional traits found in the glands and muscles, not the bones. Love of Young,...........367 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Love of Young; Should be balanced by reason and justice; Does not necessarily impart a tone of kindness to the individual. Mirthfulness,......... # 373 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description ; Mental uses of Mirthfulness. Approbativeness,......... 37g Definition; What an excess or deficiency indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Approbativeness; Essential to the success of some people. Friendship,......... 005 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Friendship- Selfish and unselfish friendship; Friendship with fine inherited quality shows a strong, magnetic nature; Diverse manifesta- tions of Friendship. CONTENTS. XV Hospitality,............392 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Hospitality. Pneumativeness,...........397 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Pneumative- ness ; The most essential factor is pure air; Manifestations of Pneumativeness; Acuteness of scent; Great energy of mind and body. Glandular and Arterial System. Color,.............408 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Color ; A high cultivation of the color-sense a religious duty; Aids toward cultivating this sense; What the color of the face reveals; Color-blindness. Sanativeness,...........427 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Sanativeness; One of the normal and primitive functions ; Magnetic healers ; The faculty of Sanativeness should be large in physicians; Longevity of life; Facial signs that a good surgeon or physician should possess. Self-esteem,............436 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-esteem ; Its relation to other faculties ; Self-assertion and Positiveness; The combination of Self-esteem with other faculties; What a short upper lip denotes. Modesty,............445 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Modesty ; Blushing; Downcast looks not an indication of Modesty; Shy- ness sometimes spelt " slyness." Force,.............454 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Force; Possessors of round muscles are the most vigorous; Children should be thoroughly trained in gymnastics ; Force gives to the voice clearness and resonance ; Color of great service in determining what degree of force will be exhibited. Resistance,............463 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Resistance; Sometimes takes the form of combativeness or contrariness; Mental resistance. Secretiveness,...........469 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Secretiveness ; Physiological peculiarities of secretive men; What deficiency of faculties Secretiveness indicates ; This faculty large in priests and physicians ; Characteristics of Secretiveness. xvi CONTENTS. Cautiousness,...........479 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Cautiousness ; The nose the principal sign; Its connection with other faculties. Hope,.............486 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hope ; Hygienic remarks ; Its connection with and indication of the general con- dition of the internal organs ; Temporary disorders of the liver; A clear, fresh-colored complexion. Analysis,............493 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Analysis; The capacity for analyzing ; Large in all talented persons; Of great help in the investigation of human character ; Must be j udged in combina- tion with other faculties. Mental Imitation,..........499 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Mental Imitation; What is the basis of supply of Mental Imitation ; All features subject to the modifying action of the law of Quality; Signs for literary and artistic faculties grouped about the tip of the nose • Nosology ; Normal uses of Imitation. Sublimity,........... 50g Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of the faculty of Sublimity; Mental phase of Sublimity; This faculty an attri- bute of old and perfected races ; Largely observed in the faces of the Hebrews ; Prominent Hebrews; Sublimity in combi- nation with other faculties. Ideality,............5U Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Ideality • Physi- ological base of Ideality; Great diversities of degree'of this faculty exhibited; Natural allies and assistants of Idealitv • The dimpled chin. J ' Human Nature,...... Definition; What an excess or deficiency*of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Human Nature • The beneficial uses of the faculty of Human Nature ' Acquisitiveness,...... Definition ;Facml and bodily signs; Description of Acquisi' tiveness ; Should be judged in combination with other facultfel • The outline of each feature and limb reveals the entire man ' Acquisitiveness useful in connection with literary pursuits. ' 525 534 CONTENTS. xvn CONSTRUCTIVENESS,..........544 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Constructiveness; Physio- logical and anatomical description of the base of each separate and mental manifestation; A predominance of the muscular system necessary in all artistic pursuits; Analyze the combina- tions of systems of functions observed in each individual; With a knowledge of physiognomy a knave cannot be mistaken for an honest man; Combination of Constructiveness with other faculties. Veneration,.............553 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Veneration; Large where the bony system predominates; Exhibited in vary- ing degrees and in diverse ways ; The " scooped " or pug nose; The uses of Veneration ; Natural religion. EXECUTIVENESS,...........561 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Executive- ness; Its relationship to the stomach ; All power not in the brain; Different forms of Executiveness ; A vigorous thoracic system a great adjunct. Self-will,............569 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-will; This faculty sometimes necessary to make other traits conspicuous ; Secondary signs of Self-will ; Distinction between Self-will and Firmness ; Self-will, where deficient, can be cultivated by gym- nastic exercises. Credenciveness,...........578 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty causes; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Credencive- ness ; This faculty universal; Its uses in the artistic line; The best use of Credenciveness ; Rationale of Credenciveness. Prescience,............588 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Prescience; Its action best observed in aged persons ; The possession of the Prescient faculty gives a love and desire for a future life; Manifestations of Prescience different in each individual. xvm CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. (Continued.) The Practical Division of the Face. A consideration of the practical or mechanical group of faculties; Bones of the skull and face changed by a regular law of development,........• • 601 Form,.............602 Definition; What a deficiency in Form indicates; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Form ; The basis of all trades and professions ; The art of spelling depends upon the development of this faculty; Chess-players large in form and size. Size,.............609 Definition; What a deficiency in size indicates; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Size ; Impossibility of judging the shape and size of the brain by an external examination; The uses of this faculty in conjunction with others. Observation,...........617 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Observation; Persons with excessive Credenciveness never develop this sign; Attention must be paid to the peculiar expression of the eye; Anknal observation. Memory of Events,..........624 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Memory ; Analysis of the Memory ; How to strengthen this faculty; Dif- ferent kinds of Memory ; Memory is not wisdom; Disorders that this faculty is subject to. Locality,............635 Definition; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; General and diffused through the muscular system; Description of Locality; Surgeons and anatomists require a fine development of this faculty; How children can be taught to develop it; The study of physiognomy one of great interest to children. The Muscular System—Weight,..... g43 Definition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Weight; Its uses in every-day life. Language, Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Language• A combination of several faculties; Color has a controlling influence upon Language; Analysis of this faculty; How the degrees of force of Language are revealed. 652 Music, Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Music- Round, muscular persons make the best musicians; Curves one 665 CONTENTS. xix of the elements of sound ; The eye and ear; Connection of this faculty with Amativeness; The entire system must be built upon the curved or arched pattern; Round form denotes harmoniously- constructed organism ; Childish capriciousness of great singers; Other faculties necessary to make the perfect musical structure. The Mathematical Division of the Face. Faculties which assist the mathematical computation and demonstra- tion found in the upper division of the face, .... 680 Time,.............681 Definition ; Comprised in the five systems of functions ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Time; Kinds of time inherent in the thoracic system; In the osseous system ; In the muscular system; In the vegetative system ; Elements of Time; Its con- nection and operation with other faculties ; Motion the basis of Time. Order, Mental and Physical,........695 Definition of Mental Order; Facial and bodily signs; Descrip- tion of Mental Order; Physical Order; Squareness of the bones an indication; Different kinds of Order; A necessary and natural ally to other faculties ; Exhibited by animals and insects. Calculation,...........705 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Calculation; The base of everything mathematical or numerical; Persons of large and sound reasoning powers possess sound and strong bodies ; Its cultivation in children. Causality,............715 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Causality ; Mere questioning not true investigation; The value of Causality governed by the surrounding faculties. Comparison,............726 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Comparison; The natural ally and companion of certain faculties; Inductive reasoning. Intuition,............737 Definition; How this faculty can be cultivated ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Intuition; A separate faculty from human nature ; Cause and base of Intuition ; Women as a class possess a more general endowment of this trait than men ; The investigation of human nature greatly aided by In- tuition ; Children, as a rule, possess a high development of this faculty ; Intuitional genius of animals. XX CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. The Human Face in Outline, Motion, Feature, Expression. and Color. Every form in Nature reveals its own history; The muscular mechanism of the face ; The osseous formation; The nervous distribution of the same ; The glandular formation of the face ; The outline exhibited by each separate being and epitome of the entire character; The superior power of the face as a revealer of character to that of the skull; Geometrical forms of the face ; Five general outlines of the face, caused by shape and degree of activity of the internal organs,......749 Motions and Form,..........757 Motion also reveals the mind of the individual; Natural ges- tures strongly indicative of character; Congenital or profes- sional criminals use very few gestures; Movements of the mouth; Differences in the form of the internal organs; Basic elements of form as exhibited in the features. The Chin,............769 The signs of the chin; Three general forms of the chin—the globose, the oval, and the square; The three positions of the chin; Forms of the centre of the chin ; Three general classes of character; Dimpled chins ; Forms of the chin ; The effemi- nate chin. The Jaw,............791 Forms of the jaw; The upper and the lower; The embryotic lower ; The infantile jaw ; A dyspeptic jaw ; The weak, or nega- tive ; The consumptive jaw; The crafty and witty jaw; The curved, or artistic ; The dramatic jaw ; The square jaw—moral, mechanical, scientific; The angular, or contrary jaw; Prog- nathous jaw; Prognathism of the upper jaw. The Lips,..........; 795 The signs in the lips ; The movements of the month, lips, and adjacent parts highly significant of character; The lower lip; The embryonic lower lip; The infantile lower; The gustatory lip ; The sociable lip; The linguistic lower lip; The witty lower lip; The benevolent or sympathetic lower lip; The secretive lower lip; The criminal lower lip; Crookedness of the muscles indicates crookedness of the language; The undeveloped lower hp ; The stupid lower lip ; The destructive lower ; Visions of the lower lip; The embryonic upper; The undeveloped upper- The philoprogenitive upper lip; The modest upper; The imitative upper lip; The secretive upper lip; The self-estimative upper hp; Ihe amative upper; The normal upper lip; The mirthful upper lip. TheVoice'............825 Intensity of motion ; Analysis of the voice ; Reveals the domi- nant system or systems of the organism; Peculiarities of voice of those in whom the thoracic system is dominant__the vegeta- CONTENTS. XXI tive system, the muscular system; The clearer the voice, the clearer the mind; Lisping tones betray a want of balanced judg- ment ; Impediment to perfect articulation; Evolution of language in connection with evolution of the voice; Harsh voices ; Unconscious imitation ; Elocutionary exercises ; A man capable of emitting sound independent of the organs of speech; Comparison of the tones of the different races of civilization. The Mouth,............837 The line of closure; Analyzing a mouth; The graminivorous mouth ; The singing mouth ; The artistic mouth ; The conver- sational and oratorical mouth; The meditative mouth; The common-sense mouth; The orderly mouth; The economical mouth; The destructive or carnivorous mouth; Criminal mouths. The Cheeks, ...........848 General remarks; The two divisions of the cheeks; The om- bryonic; The globose, or infantile; The gluttonous; Oval or artistic cheek; The rectangular or conscientious cheek; The dimpled or beautiful cheek ; The concave, or consumptive ; The dyspeptic; The criminal; Normal upper cheek; Abnormal form of cheeks. The Nose,............866 The evolution of the nose; The plrysiology of the nose ; The anatomical formation of the nose ; Table of elements to be considered in relation to the nose; General remarks; Lower division—artistic and literary; Middle division—constructive; Upper division—executive; The three general outlines of the nostrils; The form or outline of the nose; The three basilar forms of the nose; The concave or immature nose of the adult, negative character; Embryotic type; Infantoid type; Idiotic type; Snub type; Pup type ; Retroussee type; Sing- ing type ; Straight class—passive character; Poetic tjrpe; Artistic type; Literary type; Critic's type; Philosophic type; Dramatic type; Constructive type; Athletic types; Convex class—osseous system dominant—positive character; Argumentative type ; Commercial type ; Melancholy type; Dishonest type; Scientific type; Mechanic type; Abnormal type. The Eye, ............936 The forms of the eye; The three general forms of the eye; Artistic type ; Reflective type ; The agreeable eye ; The lin- guistic eye; Politic eye ; Untruthful eye ; Upward oblique ; Double obliquity; Observing eyelid; Licentious and un- principled form; Secretive and acquisitive eye ; Truthful eye; Normal eye; Abnormal type ; The size of the eye; Expres- sion of the eye; Artistic expression ; Observant expression; Magnetic expression ; Brutal expression; Gluttonous expres- sion ; Shallow and passionate expression; Nictitating fold. The Eyelashes,...........969 The interciliary space; Artistic interciliary space; Super- stitious type. XX11 CONTENTS. The Eyebrows,...........974 Normal position of the inner termini; The conceited brow; The observing eyebrow ; The credulous eyebrow; Position of the middle of the brows—the impractical brow; The artistic brow ; Position of the outer termini—the arithmetical brow ; The deceptive eyebrow ; The aesthetic eyebrow ; The inventive eyebrow; The vital eyebrow; The delicate eyebrow; Move- ments of the brows ; The colors of the eyebrow. The Forehead,...........987 The practical forehead; The projecting forehead; Infantile forehead ; The mechanical forehead ; The artistic forehead; The scientific and mechanical forehead. The Head,............993 The Hair,............997 The evolution of the hair; The quality or texture of the hair; The quantity of the hair; The various colors of the hair; The remedy for gray hair; Various sorts of curly hair; Straight hair; Cause and cure for baldness ; The beard ; The texture of the beard. The Ear,............1015 The significations of the forms of the ear; The position of the ear; Defective positions; The external and internal ear; The three divisions of the ear; The color of the ear; The forms of the ear; The musical ear; The unmusical ear; The oratorical ear; The commercial ear; Generous versus stingy ear; The courageous ear; The timid ear; The linguistic ear; The refined ear; The unrefined ear; The abnormal ear. The Human Face,..........1032 The lines of the face ; The wrinkles of the face ; The wrinkles in the chin; The wrinkles in the lower cheeks ; Wrinkles of the lower lip ; Wrinkles about the eyes ; Mirthful wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes; Wrinkles under the eyes • Wrinkles on the forehead; Wrinkles of the neck; General wrinkles. Dimples,........... 1042 Signification of dimples; Dimples in the chin; Dimples in the cheeks. The Teeth,...... 1/vi, 1045 The physiognomical significance of the teeth; Animal tvoe« The Gums, . The Tongue, 1050 1052 contents. xxin Physiognomy of Smiles and Laughter,......1054 The Neck,............1057 The wilful neck. The Hand,............1067 The construction and divisions of the hand; The position of the hand; The lines of the hand ; The vegetative or infantoid hand; Muscular class of hands; Muscular class No. II (round muscles) ; The osseous class (square bones); Brain class; Mixed hands; Beautiful hands; Texture of the hand; The color of the hand. The Nails,............1082 The color of the nails. CHAPTER IV. Signs of Health and Disease, Strength and Weakness, Beauty and Ugliness, in the Human Face and Body. Signs of strength; Compression of the female waist; Signs of beauty in woman; The facial features as revelators of strength and beauty ; The nose, the chin, cheeks, and lips; The complexion; Use of stimulants; Disease of the eyes ; The forehead ; Bilateral symmetry of the face ; The thorough-bred ; What are the indications of a thorough-bred person; How to reduce the size without losing strength,.....1085 CHAPTER V. Choice of Vocations. The Combinations of Faculties for Trades and Professions, . 1111 The method to pursue in reading character; The combination of systems and faculties suitable for a hotel or boarding house keeper; The combination of systems and faculties required for a mechanic ; The combination of systems and faculties required for a printer; The systems and faculties essential to a dress- maker or designer of women's fashions; The systems and faculties required by a cook; The combination of S3^stems and faculties required for a farmer; The combination of sys- tems and faculties required for an engineer; The system and XXIV CONTENTS. faculties essential to merchants; The systems and faculties required for a speculator; The systems and faculties essential for a painter; Systems and faculties essential to a player; The faculties necessary to a tragedian ; The systems and faculties essential to a comedian; The systems and faculties essential to a society belle ; The systems and faculties necessary for an opera-singer; The systems and faculties requisite for a musical composer; The systems and faculties essential to a sculptor; The systems and faculties required by a physician; The systems and faculties required for a surgeon; Other classes of surgeons; The systems and faculties essential to the orator; The electric class of orators; Magnetic class of orators; The systems and faculties essential to a clergyman ; The systems and faculties essential to a lawyer; The systems and faculties essential to an inventor; The systems and faculties needed by a commander; The systems and faculties necessary to a scientist; The systems and faculties required by a civil engineer; The s}^stems and faculties required by a banker; The systems and faculties required by a philanthropist; The systems and faculties neces- sary to a philologist; The systems and faculties essential to an editor; The systems and faculties required by a writer of fiction; The systems and faculties required by a statesman. Conclusion,............1182 APPENDIX TO PART I. Origin and Evolution of the Visceral Organs and Facial Features, 1187 Summary of the Origin and Evolution of the Visceral Organs and Facial Features,........1205 Tabulated Summary of the Origin and Evolution of the Organs, 1209 Bibliography,...........1211 Glossary,........... 1213 Index,.............12n LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1. The Geand Divisions of the Face.........15 " 2. Mineeal Foems.............19 " 3. A Non-Nucleated Cell, the Peotamceba Peimitiva......63 " 4. Native Austealians,...........65 " 5. A Polyp...............66 " 6. Vegetative Infant............67 " 7. Vegetative Man,............67 " 8. Thomas H. Benton............72 " 9. Hebe Fleischman.............75 " 10. Andeew Jackson,............84 " 11. Hebbeet Spencee,............94 " 12. The Natueal and Peimitive Divisions of the Face.....273 " 13. The Pbactical Subdivisions of the Face,.......275 " 14. Location of the Signs fob the Visceeal Oegans......277 " 15. Local Signs fob the Mental Faculties,.......288 " 16. Geoege Washington,...........304 " 17. Chaelotte Cushman,...........305 " 18. Anna Dickinson,............314 " 19. Geobge Washinston (profile),.........315 " 20. Luceetia B. Mott,............318 " 21. Benjamin Feanklin,...........319 " 22. Mad. Octavia Walton Le Vebt..........326 " 23. James Fenimobe Coopeb,..........327 " 24. Mad. Mabie Jeanne Phillipon Roland,.......330 " 25. Thomas Stabb King,...........331 " 26. Lady Angela Geoegina Buedett-Coutts Baetlett-Coutts, . . . 336 " 27. Henby Beegh,............337 " 28. Alexandbe Dumas, . .........340 , " 29. Monsieub D'Aubeay,...........341 " 30. Sib John Feanklin,...........350 " 31. A. A. Low..............351 " 32. The Pundita Ramabai,...........356 " 33. Anthony Raphael Mengs...........357 " 34. Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England,......368 " 35. William Pitt, Eabl of Chatham,........369 " 36. Eliza Cook..............374 " 37. David G. Faebagut............375 " 38. Miss Otis,........... .380 " 39. Johann Chbistoph von Gluck..........381 " 40. M. Louis Adolph Thiees...........386 " 41. Thomas Mott Osborne,..........387 " 42. Maetha Dandbidge Custis Washington,.......394 " 43. Geobge William Childs...........395 " 44. Miss Floeence Nightingale,.........398 " 45. Chauncey M. Depew,...........399 " 46. Maeia Angelica Kauffmann..........410 (xxv) XXVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 47. Hans Holbein, 48. Db. Nellie Beighle, 49. Pieatbo Andeea Mattioli, 50. "Mothee" Byckebdyke, 51. Clemence S. L'Ozieb, . 52. Thomas Jeffeeson, . 53. Henby Waed Beechee, . 54. Belva A. Lockwood, 55. John William Dbapeb, . 56. Rev. Wm. A. Sunday, . 57. Wm. J. Bryan, 58. Maetin Luther, 59. Gbovee Cleveland, 60. Mes. M:..... 61. Feancois Maximilien Joseph Isidobe 62. Signoe Ceispi, 63. John Fox, 64. Ellen Teeey, . 65. Paul Gustave Doee, 66. John Ruskin, . 67. Matthias Jacob Schleiden, 68. Petee Cobneille, . 69. Wilkie Collins, 70. Sie John Feedebick William Hebschell, 71. Chaeles Daewin, . 72. Rev. Phillip Brooks, D.D., 73. Mr. H. Rideb Haggaed, 74. Maey Andeeson, . 75. William Shakespeabe, . 76. Johann Kaspab Lavatee, 77. Matthew Vassae, 78. Jay Gould, 79. John Eeicsson, 80. John Bunyan, 81. Benjamin Moobe, 82. Thomas Paine, 83. Miss Claba Babton, 84. William H. Sewaed, 85. Ex-Queen Natalie, of Servia, 86. Joseph Garibaldi, . 87. Joanna Southcott, . 88. Robeet Southey, . 89. Alice Caey, . 80. John Geeenleaf Whittier 91. Miss Habbiet Hosmee, 92. Rosalie Bonheub, 93. Ludovico Antonio David, 94. John Leo Gebome, 95. Maecus Tullius Ciceeo, 96. Henry James, 97. Frederick Henby Alexandeb (B 98. William Hickling Peescott, 99. Captain James Cook, . 100. Geobge Alfbed Townsend, . 101. Francois Jean Dominique Aeago, 102. Maeco Polo...... Robespieebe Humboldt), LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxvii Fig. 103. Louis D. Bbandeis, ........654 " 104. Noah Webster,............655 " 105. Homer Rodeheaveb,...........666 " 106. Ludwig Van Beethoven,..........667 " 107. Etelka Gerster.............668 " 108. Auguste Emil Wilhelmij...........669 " 109. Sir Isaac Newton,...........682 " 110. Miss Maria Mitchell,..........683 " 111. Signor Luigi Arditi,...........684 " 112. Patrick S. Gilmoee............685 " 113. Miss Ida Williams............687 " 114. Mes. Emily C. Judson...........696 " 115. Babon Cuviee.............697 " 116. Galileo Galilei,............706 " 117. Joseph Louis de Lagbange,.........707 " 118. Antoinette L. B. Blackwell..........716 " 119. Goldwin Smith.............717 " 120. Elizabeth Cady Stanton,..........728 " 121. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumfobd)........729 " 122. Heemann Louis Helmholtz,.........730 " 123. Leland Stanfoed,...........731 " 124. Chaelotte Beonte,...........738 " 125. Richaed Owen,.............739 " 126. The Musculab Mechanism of the Face........751 " 127. The Osseous Foemation of the Face, . . . . . . 752 " 128. The Neevous Disteibution of the Face,.......753 " 129. The Glandulab Foemation of the Face,......754 " 130. Geometeical Fobms of the Face,........755 " 131. Localization of Signs in the Chin,........770 " 132. Theee Geneeal Foems of the Chin—The Globose.....771 " 133. The Oval......771 " 134. The Squaee......771 " 135. The Thbee Positions of the Chin—The Pebpendiculab, . . . 773 " 136. The Receding.....773 " 137. The Peojecting.....773 " 138. Foems of the Centbe of the Chin—Flat, oe Stupid, . . . .775 » 139. Convex, ob Brutal, . . . 775 " 140. Indented......775 " 141. A Round-Dimpled Chin...........777 " 142. A Cleft-Dimpled Chin,..........777 " 143. The Broad and Square Chin,.........779 " 144. A Narrow and Receding Chin,.........779 " 145. A Sharp, Pointed Chin,..........779 " 146. The Long, Peaked, and Upturned Chin........779 " 147. A Chin Composed of Fatty Tissue,........779 " 148. A Convicted Thief............779 " 149. Prince Talleyrand............783 " 150. Human Embryo.............784 " 151. Countess of Huntington (Jaw),.........785 " 152. Oliver Goldsmith,...........785 " 153. Laurence Steene (Jaw)...........786 " 154. Claude Loeeaine (Jaw),..........788 " 155. Benjamin R. Haydon,...........789 " 156. Loed Byeon..............789 " 157. Sib Isaac Newton (Jaw)...........790 " 158. Voltaibe (Jaw)..... ,.....791 XXV111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. an Egotist Fig. 159. Pbognathous Jaws, " 160. Maey and Susie, . " 161. Alexandee Dumas (Lip), . " 162. William Pitt (Lip), . " 163. De Witt Talmage (Lip), . " 164. Jules Favbe (Lip), " 165. WlLBEEFOECE (Lip), " 166. A Convict (Lip), . " 167. A Bashkie, .... " 168. The Desteuctive Lowee Lip, " 169. Divisions of Uppeb Lip, " 170. Upper Lip Divided Hobizontally, " 171. A, Noemal Position of Lips; B, Lips of " 172. An Imbecile (Lip), . . " 173. The Philoprogenitive Uppeb Lip, " 174. Sib Walteb Scott (Lip), " 175. Miethful May (Lip), . " 176. Robespieree (Lip), " 177. The Self-estimative Uppeb Lip, " 178. Henby Wabd Beechee (Lip), " 179. Noemal Uppee Lip, " 180. Count Cavoue (Lip), . " 181. Noemal Line of the Mouth, " 182. Noemal Maegin of the Mouth, " 183. Miss Emma Thuesby (Mouth), " 184. Rosa Bonheur (Mouth), " 185. Jean Jaques Rousseau (Mouth), " 186. John Quincy Adams (Mouth), " 187. Samuel Houston (Mouth), . " 188. Benjamin Franklin (Mouth), " 189. Wm. E. Gladstone (Mouth), " 190. Michael Faraday (Mouth), " 191. Chief Geronimo (Mouth), . " 192. A Sensual Mouth, " 193. The Two Divisions of the Cheeks, " 194. Cherub, by Raphael, . " 195. The "Diamond Fat Lady," " 196. Lady Pitt, . " 197. Rogee Sheeman (Cheek), " 198. Dimpled Cheeks, . " 199. The Concave ob Consumptive Cheek " 200. Concave oe Dyspeptic Cheek, " 201. A Convicted Thief, " 202. Noemal Uppee Cheek, " 203. Abnobmal Cheeks, " 204. Savage Cheek-Bones, . " 205. The Nose Subdivided, . " 206. Location in the Nose of the Signs of the Visceral Oegans " 207. Local Signs foe the Mental Faculties " 208. The Horizontal Outline of the Nosteils " 209. The Upward Outline of the Nosteils, " 210. The Downwaed Outline of the Nosteils " 211. The Concave Foem of the Nose, " 212. The Steaight Foem of the Nose " 213. The Convex Foem of the Nose, " 214. Embryotic Nose..... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxix Fig. 215. Idiotic Nose and Foeehead,.........896 " 216. Snub-nose,.............897 " 217. Pug-nose,.............898 " 218. Blunt Pug-nose,............898 " 219. The Nez Reteoussee............900 " 220. Singing Nose.............901 " 221. Geeek Nose,.............903 " 222. Steaight Nose,............903 " 223. Aetistic Nose,............911 " 224. Dickens (Nose),............912 " 225. Ouida (Nose), . ............912 " 226. Celtic's Nose.............913 " 227. Philosophic Nose,...........913 " 228. Deamatic Nose,............915 " 229. Consteuctive Nose,...........917 " 230. Athletic Nose,............918 " 231. Aegumentative Nose............923 " 232. Commeecial Nose,...........924 " 233. Executive Nose.............924 " 234. Commeecial Nose,...........924 " 235. Melancholy Nose............928 " 236. Dishonest Nose,............929 " 237. Mechanical Nose,...........933 " 238. Abnoemal Nose.............934 " 239. Animal Type,............935 " 240. Revengeful Nosteils,...........935 " ' 241. The Muscles of the Eye...........943 " 242. Laege and Round Eye,..........946 " 243. Nabbow and Elongated Eye..........946 " 244. Oblique Eye,............946 " 245. Aetistic Eye,............947 " 246. Reflective Eye,............947 " 247. Ageeeable Eye,............948 " 248. Linguistic Eye,............948 " 249. Politic Eye.............949 " 250. Unteuthful Eye,...........949 " 251. Double Obliquity,...........949 " 252. Obseeving Eyelid,...........950 " 253. Licentious and Unpeincipled Eye.........950 " 254. Secbetive Eye,............951 " 255. Acquisitive Eye,...........951 " 256. Teuthful Eye,............. 952 " 257. Noemal Eye,............953 " 258. Abnoemal Eye,............953 " 259. Polygamic Eye.............954 " 260. Monogamic Eye.............954 " 261. Conjugal Eye.............. 955 " 262. Labge Eye,.............959 " 263. Medium Eye,............959 " 264. Small Eye..............959 " 265. Aetistic Eye,............962 " 266. Obseevant Eye.............963 " 267. Magnetic Eye.............963 " 268. Beutal Eye.............963 " 269. Gluttonous Eye,...........964 •• 270. Beautiful Eyelashes,..........970 XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 971 Fig. 271. Aetistic Intebciliaby Space,.........°'x 0*70 " 272. Supeestitious Type of Intebciliaby Space.......l~ " 273. Obsebvant Type of Intebciliaby Space,......9'3 " 274. Foems of the Eyebeow...........'' " 275. Position of the Innee Teemini of the Eyebbows.....978 " 276. Conceited Eyebeow,...........978 " 277. Obseeving Eyebeow............°79 " 278. Ceedulous Eyebeow,...........9.79 " 279. Impeactical Eyebeow,..........981 " 280. Aetistic Eyebeow............981 " 281. Arithmetical Eyebeow,..........982 " 282. ^Esthetic Eyebeow,...........983 " 283. Inventive Eyebeow............983 " 284. Vital Eyebeow,............984 " 285. Delicate Eyebeow............984 " 286. Pebpendiculab Foeehead...........988 " 287. Receding Foeehead,...........988 " 288. Pbactical Foeehead............989 " 289. Peojecting Foeehead,..........989 " 290. Infantile Forehead,...........990 " 291. Mechanical Foeehead...........990 " 292. Aetistic Foeehead,...........991 " 293. Scientific Foeehead,...........991 " 294. Vital Beaed.............1008 " 295. Vital Moustache,...........1009 " 296. Exteenal and Intebnal Eab,.........1023 " 297. Thbee Divisions of the Eab..........1024 " 298. Eab of Patti.............1027 " 299. Eab of Geestee,...........1027 " 300. Eab of Lucca.............1027 " 301. Eab of Sembbick............1027 " 302. Eab of Capoul.............1027 " 303. Ear of Annie Louise Cary..........1027 " 304. Ear of Master Solomon...........1027 " 305. Ear of Passmore,...........1027 " 306. Ear of Master Gibson,..........1027 " 307. Eab of Campanini,...........1027 " 308. Unmusical Eab,........... 1028 " 309. Oeatobical Eab,.......... 1029 " 310. Commeecial Ear,........ 1029 " 311. Noemal Dieection of Peimitive Line..... 1032 " 312. Peimitive Line in Uppeb Lip....... 1033 " 313. Talkeb's Weinkle......... 1036 314. Approbative Weinkle, 1036 315. Malicious Wrinkles,....... ^038 316. Executive Weinkles,........ 2038 317. Conscientious Weinkles,........ -^038 318. Peeseveeing Weinkles......... ^39 319. Miethful Weinkles......... -I040 320. Talented Weinkles, . ...... ,q.. 321. The Wilful Neck......... -.0fi0 322. The Amative Neck......... 1061 323. The Attentive Neck........ 10fi2 324. The Sagacious Neck,....... 10fi„ 325. The Gbaceful Neck........ .„.. .....1064 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxxi Fig. 326. The Neck of Coquetry...........1065 " 327. The Avabicious Neck,..........1066 " 328. The Vegetative Hand...........1072 " 329. Spatulate Hand............1072 " 330. Aetistic Hand.............1075 " 331. Supeestitious Hand,...........1075 " 332. Scientific Hand,...........1077 " 333. Philosophic Hand,...........1077 " 334. Mental Hand.............1079 " 335. Useful Hand,............1079 " 336. Beautiful Hands,...........1080 " 337. Beautiful Hand,...........1081 " 338. The Faenesian Heecules,.........1087 " 339. Noemal Female Waist,..........1090 " 340. Abnoemal Female Waist,.........1090 " 341. The Venus de Medici,..........1091 " 342. Egeeia..............1091 " 343. Daniel Appleton,...........1120 " 344. John Wanamakee............1121 " 345. Phineas T. Baenum............1122 " 346. Michael Angelo............1123 " 347. Raphael Sanzio,............1124 " 348. Alfeed Tennyson............1125 " 349. Toequato Tasso.............1126 " 350. Edwin Booth.............1127 " 351. Adelaide Ristoei...........•. 1128 " 352. Blanche Babeetta............1130 " 353. Joseph Jeffeeson............1131 " 354. Madame Recamier,...........1134 " 355. Giulia Grisi.............1135 " 356. Franz Schubert,...........1137 " 357. Richard Wagner............1138 " 358. Ariadne,.............1140 " 359. M. Pasteur.............1142 " 360. Edward Jenner,...........1143 " 361. John Hunter.............1144 " 362. Master Harry Shannon...........1147 " 363. Henry Clay,............1148 " 364. Ebnestine L. Rose............1149 " 365. Henby Haet Milman,..........1152 " 366. Caedinal Henby Edward Manning........1153 " 367. Cybus Hall McCoemack...........1157 " 368. Caius Julius Cesar,...........1160 " 369. Sib Chaeles John Napier..........1161 " 370. Maey Someeville,...........1164 " 371. Kael Vogt,........... 1165 " 372. Washington A. Roebling...........1166 " 373. James B. Eads,............1167 " 374. Anthony Rothschild,..........1170 " 375. Geobge Peabody,...........1172 " 376. William Dwight Whitney..........1174 " 377. Henry James, ...........1176 " 378. Charles Dickens,...........1178 " 379. William Makepeace Thackeray,........1179 " 380. Armand Richelieu............1181 ADDITIONAL HELPS ON THE USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FACE AND FORM READING These additional helps have been worked out with great care and by carefully reading up on these questions which are given under the various titles, you will gain a better insight into the work, and be able to understand its principles more fully. The Key-book which also accompanies this large volume will enable you to apply the study when away from home and help to refresh your memory in a great many cases. The Publishers. HUSBAND AND WIFE. How to Become the Ideal Wife ; How to Recognize the Ideal Husband ; How to Achieve the Ideal Home. By E. E. MONTGOMERY, M.D., Clinical Professor of Gynaecology in the Jefferson Medical College; Gynaecologist to Jefferson and St. Joseph's Hospitals. No relation can so affect, for weal or woe, the life of any individual as that of husband and wife. Probably no great move, in the course of one's life, is ever made with less thought or con- sideration than that which unites two souls as one, and influences their destinies both here and hereafter. Not only theirs, but that of those who come after them for generations. Propinquity, or a fancy, will direct two lives into one current to subsequently irritate and disturb each other until death affords a grateful release. Neither the chooser nor the chosen has had the least appreciation of the injunction, " know thyself," and con- sequently are in deepest ignorance of what qualities should be found in a life-companion to afford the highest degree of happi- ness. The stock-raiser exercises the greatest care in breeding domestic animals, and the advantages of such study can only be appreciated when we compare the cultivated with a neglected herd. Experience has demonstrated that by careful and systematic breeding blemishes can be eradicated and desirable qualities culti- vated and developed. It is a source of deepest regret, under such circumstances, that the seeds of this knowledge cannot be implanted in the minds of individuals sufficiently early to induce the young person con- templating matrimony to choose a companion who will aid in propagating a strong and healthful progeny. Not only should good health be a desideratum, but those qualities of head and heart which will render his companionship delightful or, at least, endurable should be discovered. The parents who are anxious for the comfort and happiness of their children will endeavor to point out their inherited tendencies with the proper method of training to lessen their evil influence, and instruct them as to the qualities in a life-companion required to supplement their faults and strengthen and develop their good qualities. The aim of every woman is to retain her beauty, and thus insure the maintenance of her personal charms. It should not be (A-9) A-10 HUSBAND AND WIFE. forgotten that physical beauty is dependent upon health of body, and that many of the frailties of mind which render her compan- ionship ofttimes unendurable are due to ill health Healtn or body and mind are obtained and maintained only through o Def- ence to the laws of hygiene, exercise, and diet. That face and form is an index of character has long been well known, and is, possibly, more or less insensibly utilized in all our relations with our fellow-men. Its systematic interpretation is the object of this work, and to render it available in the choice of a life-companion shall be the aim in the introduction of the following references and ques- tions :— Probably no one vice of the present day has a more baneful influence upon the life and comfort of the woman than the habit of Tight Lacing. Page 1092. Indications of defective lung-power and nutrition are found upon page 1096. Special signs of disease and consti- tutional defects. Pages 1097,1098. Disclosure of the character deter- mined by observation of the eye and forehead. Page 1103. Hints as to cause of ill health and poor appearance of the woman. Page 1089. How to secure reduction of size without loss of strength. Pages 1109, 1110. The advantage of a knowledge of Physiognomy. Page 1105. Diseases of the kidneys and repro- ductive organs indicated by the eyes. Page 1103. Diseases to which a woman defective in pigment or color is liable. Page 1098. Disorders induced by Tight Lacing. Pages 1091, 1092. How can this work be utilized in correcting faults and promoting Marital Happiness? Pages 270, 1185. Self-love the most prevalent form of mental weakness. Page 1209. How is it influenced, and upon what is Hope dependent (the normal activity of the entire body) ? Page 189. Of what advantage is the possession of Self-love in normal proportion? Pages 178, 179. What is the facial indication of Hope? Page 188. The advantage of a good chest- development in a companion. Page 73. How can we improve the race ? Page 99. How may we choose a vocation for a life-companion ? Page 1113. How can a well-bred person be recog- nized ? Pages 1108, 1109. What information regarding love will the e}'e reveal ? Page 956. What is the Conjugal Eye? Page 955. What information is revealed by the mouth ? Page 845. How is beauty, strength, and char- acter expressed ? Page 801. How is Love of Children indicated? Page 817. How is a weak nature disclosed? Page 785. How would you recognize a contrary person ? Page 791. How is Self-will indicated? Page 570. g What are the results of excess and deficiency of Self-will ? Pages 569, 570. What will be the advantage of a fair proportion of Veneration? Pao-e 557. How may compensation through training be procured for the ab- sence of Veneration ? Page 556. HUSBAND AND WIFE. A-ll How is Veneration indicated ? Page 553. How may the faculty of Ideality be recognized ? Page 517. What is the advantage of the pos- session of Ideality ? Page 522. How is Hope designated ? Page 486. In what way does Hope prove at- tractive? Pages 487, 492. What is the advantage of possessing well-balanced Self-esteem? Page 442. How may it be recognized ? Page 436. It should be judiciously combined with Force and Modesty. Pages 446, 455, 460. How may S:inativeness be desirable in both husband and wife, and especially in the latter? Pages 427-429. How may the possessor of Sanative- ness be recognized ? Page 427. How may Friendship be most de- lightfully combined ? Page 391. What is Amativeness ? Page 355. What are the physical signs of Ama- tiveness ? Page 355. What combination of Amativeness will make a delightful conjugal companion ? Pages 5, 361. How is Love of Home indicated ? Page 324. How should Love of Home be culti- vated ? Page 326. In what way may Love of Home be developed in the young? Page 328. What are the signs of Economy ? Page 318. In how far is Economy a desirable trait ? Page 322. What may be said of Real Econo- mists ? Page 323. What is the best Economy ? Page 322. How is Conscientiousness indicated ? Page 302. In what way do Gestures disclose character? Page 299. I feel confident that consideration of the questions given will indicate to the attentive reader that much useful information can be derived from the study of " Face and Form Reading." The grouping of these different faculties, or the index that has been arranged from experience, may be found on pages 277 and 288. In this relation, as in every other in life, " knowledge is power." Under the most favorable circumstances married life is a compromise in which each party must bear and forbear. She who is equipped with the ability to detect the weak places in the characters of herself and her companion, being forewarned, is armed to meet and overcome difficulties. While it cannot be claimed that the science of physiognomy has reached perfection, we feel assured that a study of the foregoing pages will repay any woman, and will enable her to so systematize her knowledge of Human Nature as to better fit her for life's duties. THE DAUGHTER. The Ideal Education to Fit her for the Greatest Possibilities of Womanhood, Happy Selection in Marriage, and Perfect Mother- hood. The Aid " Face and Form Reading " may be Made to Render in such Education and Training. By EGBERT H. GRANDIN, M.D., Obstetric Surgeon to the New York Maternity Hospital; President of the New York County Medical Society, etc. A critical study of this " Cyclopaedia of Face and Form Read- ing" convinces me that the subject matter rests on a scientific basis, and that the work is one which might to great advantage be placed in the hands of every thinking man and woman in the land. Further, it is an eminently safe work to give to our chil- dren, the diction being pure even when referring to topics which an absurd custom has forced us to hide from our young until, in the growth of inquiring mind, they come to us as parents for in- formation or, through shame-facedness, have sought to acquire the craved-for knowledge from companions whose thoughts, not being pure, have tinctured the extended information with the inklings of the impure. A busy professional career, which has thrown me chiefly in contact with the female sex, has taught me that our methods of training our children might in certain respects be bettered, par- ticularly in regard to the giving of information in reference to the sexual function—its necessity and its purpose. As well expect the newborn infant to walk unaided as to expect our daughters to be guided by other than, frequently, mere fancy in the selection of a partner for life, when ignorant as they are of the great purpose of marriage and of the necessary function of reproduction. Even as I am convinced that it is the duty of mothers to give their daughters information in regard to the married state, after the pure manner which will come naturally to good and to pure minds, even so does it seem to me that the reading of this treatise under the guidance of parents will result in the acquisition of much knowledge which must aid the girl in the selection of a partner for life fitted to make her and her children happy, and which, further, must assist her in avoiding the choice of a roue and a libertine—the type that makes not alone a brutal husband, but which starts unhealthy and cruel, often criminal, children on life's pathway. Without committing myself definitely to the opinion that all in this work is golden,—that is to say, is founded on a scientific basis • (A-12) THE DAUGHTER. A-13 for much more than a cursory reading is necessary to fully grasp the subject-matter in its entirety,—I am prepared to acquiesce in the statements wliich follow the questions appended below, and which have been selected with the end in view of calling the attention of my readers to the fashion after which this work may prove of as- sistance to Daughters in selecting suitable husbands, and to Sons in selecting proper wives. There are critics who will object to making of marriage a species of Natural Selection, robbing it as it were of romance ; but even such, on proper thought, must admit that fewer unhappy and uncongenial marriages would result were both the Son and the Daughter educated to weigh this most im- portant step in life less from the stand-point of the moment's fancy and more from the stand-point of future possibilities. We may even go farther and test this question from the stand-point of the bringing into the world of children Healthy not only in Body, but also in Mind. Hastily- and unthinkingly- contracted marriages are responsible for many an idiotic or epileptic child; I might add, for many a criminal. A careful reading of this work, therefore, may redound to the good not alone of the individual, but also of Society, using the term in its broad sense of the Commomccalth. The dream of every woman is to have a happy, congenial Home, and, if her thoughts extend so far, healthy children: the aim of every man is to possess a pure woman as Wife, capable of healthy and strong Motherhood. Anything which leads to the fulfillment of this dream and to the fruition of this aim is worthy of commendation from a citizen, irrespective of his vocation. Amativeness (or Sex-Love) and Conjugality. In what part of the face is the primary or first sign of Amative- ness to be found ? Page 355. How is vigor and development of the Reproductive System shown by this feature? Page 355. What is the second general sign of Amativeness as shown by the form ? Page 355. Where has this been localized by the author as an important secondary sign ? Page 355. What feature of the face distin- guishes Conjugality, or fitness for the married state, most fully? Page 358. Which persons are likely to have the most Creativeness or Originality ? Page 360. What is the full definition of Ama- tiveness? Page 355. What faculty, in connection with Amativeness, insures constancy and devotion ? Page 361. What are the facial signs of this faculty? Pages 303-385. What additional faculty indicates zeal and devotion, the possessor of which will defend the interests and honor of his companion with ardor, and remain faithful through all the vicissitudes of health and fortune? Pages 361,362. Walk and Gestures. Have you ever noticed any peculiar- ities in walk, gestures, speech, or laughter of your daughter? Have they any significance? If so, what? Pages 11, 14, 15. A-14 THE DAUGHTER. Hospitality, Good Nature, and Amiability. What and where are the general facial and bodily signs for Good Nature, Amiability, and Cheerful- ness? Page 373.' Where is to be found the facial sign lor Hospitality, so important in making a happy home? Page 392. Correlation of the Mental and Physical. In what manner is the Mental de- pendent upon the Physical ? Pages 23, 73. Harmony and Equilibrium. Nature uses her forces to produce Harmony and Equilibrium. How can the thoughtful parent assist Nature? Pages 53-57. What hygienic measures should you adopt if your daughter's body is weak and not in harmony with her mind? Pages 59-61. If your daughter is studying hard and her physical growth not keep- ing pace with her mental progress, how can you discern this, and what does the author recommend to produce Harmony? Pages 80, 81, 98, 99. What is a well-balanced, harmonious mind ? If not possessed by your daughter, can it be attained ? How ? Read carefully pages 133- 135. Precocious Daughters. If the daughter is young, but has a precocious mind, what are the best means to thoroughly harmonize body and mind and prevent early decay or decline? (An important chapter; read carefully.) Pages 138, 139, etc. Color. What is the complexion of your daughter?" Blonde, Brunette, or a Composite of both? Has she Light or Dark Hair and Eyes? What does it signify as to health or disease and the tendency to either? What general character and faculties does it indicate.' Pages 128-130. Health. What bearing has good health on the character and development of the daughter mentally and phys- ically, and how is it best con- served? Page 103. What tendency has compression of the female waist to induce a train of evils detrimental to health and beauty, and why should reform in this matter be gently, but firmly, urged upon the daughter? Page 81. Order. What part of the face indicates Love of Order and Neatness ? Pages 445, 696. Sports and Recreations. Fond and indulgent parents, as a rule, are very apt to be easy with the daughter, more particularly if an only one. They are solicitous that she does not work too hard. Should you not be as solicitous as to the kind and amount of her sports and recreations, and guide her into such channels as will tend to develop all latent forces ? Pages 141, 142. Companionship. What kind of a companion will the daughter be if she is quick to learn and of a restless and eager dis- position ? Page 73. If this tendency is in excess, how can it be directed and controlled ? Page 73. Parents should draw close to the daughter; endeavor to learn her thoroughly, her hopes and fears; shield, protect, and mold her body and mind for every duty and re- sponsibility, and fortify against every vicissitude of life. What aid will " Face and Form Read- ing " give you in this labor of Love and Duty? Pages 118-120. CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. Face and Form Reading of Pneumative Patients, and its Relations to Diagnosis and Treatment. By FRANK WOODBURY, A.M., M.D., Honorary Professor of Clinical Medicine, Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia; Associate Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association; Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pa. Two distinct, but distantly-related, questions are discussed in " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading." Both are of great importance to society, especially to all who are interested in solving the problems of psychology and physiology, under various conditions of health and disease. The physician, more than any other member of the community, is engaged in this study and in applying the results to practical uses. The first of the questions considered by the author is: To what extent are moral traits and in- tellectual capacity revealed by face and form 1 The second question is: What do physical features indicate with regard to diathesis or actual disease 1 The first question appeals to the poet, the painter, and the philanthropist especially, but is of general interest to all who are brought into daily contact with their fellow-men. The second question more directly attracts the attention of the phy- sician, since it bears upon the process of diagnosis, and also con- cerns the prognosis, since it enables him to predict to some degree the future course of the disease. Restricting the comments which I shall make to the physi- ognomy of pneumative patients, I will now proceed to inquire to what extent the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the air- passages are indicated by physiognomy, or the outward traits of feature and form. Pneumativeness is the name of the physiolog- ical function which presides over the introduction of oxygen and other gases into the body, the interchange of gases in the blood, and the expulsion of vapors and gases from the system. Our author, under this head, also includes " the mental faculty which takes cognizance of air, gases, and vapors." (See page 397.) As this also has a bearing upon medical practice, it will be interesting to note that, in the author's words, " this faculty gives the love and desire for fresh, pure air, and a capacity for distinguishing readily (A-15) A-16 CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. the differences in atmospheres ; detects odors and effluvia arising from decomposition ; gives keenness of scent, and enables one at a distance to scent the slightest odor of smoke, gas, or any peculiar change in the composition of atmospheric air. It gives a love for out-door life and a dislike to crowds, close rooms, vitiated atmos- phere, and of vile odors. Those who have a large measure of this function and faculty exhibit great recuperative powers, also ability for imparting health to others by hand-rubbing and by their cheerful and moral atmosphere." It is clear that this function and faculty should be the special study of physicians, since it " gives a love of life and activity, as well as power to resist and overcome disease." Since an excess " cannot be considered in- jurious unless it lead one to pass too much time in out-door sports to the neglect of ordinary business," and "a deficiency.tends to weakness of all the moral and mental powers, to consumption and early death," the importance of the knowledge of pneumativeness and of the means of its cultivation when deficient is very obvious. The facial and bodily signs by which it can be recognized and the method of developing weak organs so as to increase this indis- pensable function are given at some length in the work, and need not be repeated here. The special point to which attention should be directed is the fact that the size of the lungs and so-called vital capacity is related to the width of the nostrils, the color of the skin, the breadth of the face externally to the eyes, and the expression of the counte- nance. Narrow nostrils, mouth-breathing, and pallid faces accom- pany contracted chests and insufficient pulmonary development. The latter class are particularly liable to suffer from catarrhal affec- tions, nasal hypertrophies, enlarged tonsils, sore throat, laryngitis, bronchitis, and chronic pulmonary affections. The author very ably indicates the method of appropriate exercises to overcome the physical condition underlying deficient pneumativeness and to in- crease the size of the chest and the respiratory power. Incidentallv it is intimated that the mental faculty corresponding thereto will also be developed, and that the acquiring of the power to overcome and to heal disease is also within the possibility of those who de- sire to grow in grace and knowledge, and will take the trouble to work out their own salvation. As regards the actual application of these observations to clinical medicine, we recall the fact that the consumptive face has long been an object of study, and with the aid of composite pho- tography its principal features have, to some extent, become estab- lished. When the patient presents a hectic flush restricted to two small spots in the upper part of the cheeks, the rest of the face CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. A-17 pale, the nostrils narrow, the lips thin, the face somewhat drawn, and the eyes brightened by fever, there is little doubt about the diagnosis, and the condition is universally recognized ; taking from this the incidental element of the fever, and the physiognomy of an earlier stage is apparent. As already stated, the narrow nostrils and want of breadth across the upper part of the face, with deficient color in the skin, indicate a tendency to phthisis, which should suggest to the acute observer the timely adoption of pre- ventive measures. Such a condition also indicates a tendency to catarrhal disorders, especially quinsy and chronic throat diseases. For the diagnosis of diseased conditions we have special indi- cations in physiognomy. For instance, the expression is very much changed by the growth of nasal polypi, by which the nose may be so broadened at the base as to give a frog-like appearance to the face. As the result of chronic catarrh or specific inflammation or of injury, the bridge of the nose may be depressed; or, owing to deviation of the nasal septum, the nose may be deformed or dis- torted. Enlarged tonsils and mouth-breathing cause a stupid expression of the face. Various forms of growths in the antra, in the frontal sinuses, and in the nasal chambers seriously alter the shape of the features. The color is affected by obstructed respira- tion, and the face may be swollen and dusky and the lips blue in croup, diphtheria, and laryngeal spasm, or oedema. If, as the author states, deep breathing stands in close rela- tionship to " high thinking," it is evident that it is well to practice respiratory gymnastics for moral and intellectual, as well as for hygienic, reasons. TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. How will Face and Form Reading Indicate Consumptive or Catarrhal Tendencies in Son and Daughter, and Aid in Overcoming or Eradicating the Same. By 0. B. DOUGLAS, M.D., Professor of Diseases of the Nose and Throat in the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital; Surgeon to Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, Throat Department; Ex-President of the Medical Society of the County of New York ; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc. " As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man."—Page 20. What do we read in the face and form of child or friend? What may we read regarding their physical condition and ten- dency to disease 1 Can we detect the beginning of trouble to be avoided, and differentiate what will prove fatal, if not combated, from conditions they will pretty certainly recover from ? Why do some escape without effort from the ills of life against which others wage ceaseless warfare, only to succumb finally to the inevitable'? And is there an index to the evils that our son or daughter will meet, and are there labors and pleasures which they cannot endure % How are these things revealed to the wise and prudent1? May I acquire such knowledge 1 Let us see what "Face and Form Reading" means. It is really diagnosis under a different name. If our friend is sick, we send for a physician that he may discover the cause of illness, make a diagnosis, and prescribe a remedy. We prefer that he should see the patient, and the conscientious physician would hesitate before taking the responsibility of prescribing for one he has not seen; only quacks do that. The skilled doctor has studied this science of signs, and all may learn much by systematic observation. The medical profession concedes the vast practical value of being able readily to read the face and form accurately. To know the cause of certain effects is preliminary to knowing, in many cases how to ward off those effects. Of all the ills common to humanity catarrhal diseases are the most common, and they cause most suffering in the aggregate • they are far-reaching and destructive to usefulness and happiness (A-18) TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. A-19 as they have been most neglected or improperly cared for. In no class of diseases are facial and bodily signs more marked and significant than in catarrhal and consumptive conditions. What can this science of " Face and Form Reading" teach parents regard- ing the physical tendencies of their sons and daughters toward pulmonary and catarrhal diseases ] How can such a tendency be overcome X How may every father and mother learn to read these signs in their earliest manifestations X It is impossible to compute the number of lives lost that might have been saved, and the amount of suffering endured that might have been avoided, if parents had possessed the knowledge required to detect a tendency to disease and had pursued the course necessary to escape its dire effects. I have read this work with interest and with special reference to the detection of these diseases and their treatment. Most of its instructions are valuable, practical, and adapted to popular use. To obtain the greatest benefit from it, the work should be studied until its strong points are well understood and its teachings made effective by practical application. Yet a single hint may be seed planted that shall develop glorious fruitage through all time. I must reserve the privilege of differing with the author in some of her deductions, which I cannot here enumerate and which do not bear directly upon this subject. I Avould like to have seen in this work more regarding environment, change of climate, etc., in conditions under consideration. I believe many lives might be saved and untold suffering prevented by carefully selecting a climate adapted to the individual case. The public, as well as physicians, should more thoroughly understand the benefits to be derived from climatic advantages. Different sections of our country offer various excellent conditions, but perhaps the Gulf coast of Florida, especially that portion known as the Tarpon Springs region, is unexcelled as a suitable home for catarrhal and consumptive patients. It has been appropriately named the " American Riviera" and possesses unquestioned excellencies. In concluding this article, perhaps I can in no better manner impress upon all the importance of studying this encyclopaedia than by asking the following questions, and suggesting portions of the work to be carefully read. Other parts, equally excellent, you will discover. Pernicious Methods. What is said of pernicious methods of dressing by women, and its effects upon the lungs? Page 133. Precocious Children. Note carefully what is said regarding precocious children and the treat- ment that should be adopted re- garding them? Page 139. A-20 TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. Precocious Children (continued). What is pneumativeness ? Page 397. To what does a deficiency of Pneu- mativeness tend ? Page 397. What are the signs of Pneumative- ness as regards the nostrils, the nose, breadth of the face, bright- ness of the eye, color of the com- plexion and of the gums and lips? Condition of the skin ? Appetite for food and drink? Condition of the chest ? Page 398. Gestures, Motions, etc. What is said as to the motions, gest- ures, expression, gait, and condi- tion of the body of those well endowed with Pneumativeness ? Page 398. Harmonious Relation. What three features of the individual are said to be in most harmonious relation and proportion where this function is largely developed ? Page 398. What is said of the palms of the hands and the finger-tips, color of the nails, etc., where this condition exists ? Page 398. Features. What is said to perform the most important office of the body, and what feature is said to be the facial register of these organs? Page 399. To what feature, therefore, must we look primarily for our facial knowledge of Pneumativeness ? Page 399. Perniciousness of Mouth- Breathing. Of what are mouth-breathing and the mouth being more or less open habitually a sign ? Page 399. What is said of persons who breathe through the mouth as compared with those who breathe deeply and respire profoundly ? Read all of page 400. Love of Life. Read carefully paragraph at foot of page 401, commencing " Love of life"; also, paragraph at top of page 403, " Great energy of mind and body." What do large lungs create? Page 408. What is said of bright, fresh color of the skin and eyes, and from what are they derived ? Page 403. Acuteness of Scent. Read carefully pages 404 and 405, particularly paragraphs commenc- ing " Keenness of sensation and activity" and " Acuteness of scent." What should one do to remedy defective Pneumativeness ? Page 413. Read carefully two first complete paragraphs. What tendencies do very light, al- most colorless, eyes and hair and colorless, pallid skin indicate ? Page 424. Sanativeness. What is Sanativeness? Page 427. What are its facial and bodily signs? Page 427. What are the bodily signs of deficient Sanativeness ? Page 827. Executiveness. What advice given on page 568 as to how to increase the faculty of Ex- ecutiveness in son or daughter valuable in building them up to resist Consumptive and Catarrhal tendencies ? What form of face reveals a pure mind and indicates development of lungs and liver ? Page 756. Narrow Faces. What do narrowness of the face at the upper part of the cheek, flat- ness of the malar bones, narrow sharp nose, thin nostrils, hollow cheeks, and usually a thin lower lip indicate ? Page 786. TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. A-21 Narrow Faces (continued). What is said of the term of life of a person thus constitued? Page 786. What is said of the mental ability of such a person? Page 786. Read carefully last paragraph on page 833, continued on page 834. Narrow Cheeks. Of what are extremely narrow cheeks the sign ? Page 860. Read carefully the article, " The Concave or Consumptive Cheek," page 860. Noses. What is the chief characteristic of the nose where there is consump- tive tendency ? Page 873. How does deep breathing aid in overcoming such a tendency ? Page 873. Read carefully the article entitled, " The Physiology of the Nose," commencing on page 872. Shape of the nose of a consumptive. Page 873. Also general remarks under the head page 878. In fact, the entire article upon " The Nose " can be read to good advantage, but those por- tions here mentioned should, by all means, be read with great care. Mouth. When the gums show to a great ex- tent when the mouth is in repose or while engaged in conversation, Good Digestion. Where is the principal sign for Good Digestion found, and what is the relation, between good digestion and good health ? Pages 165,166. Do the pleasurable emotions assist the secretion of Gastric Juice, and of what is it indicative? Page 1050. How is this condition usually ac- quired ? Page 1050. Strength and Weakness. Read carefully signs of strength and weakness on pages 1089 to 1092, and the article entitled " The Nose," commencing on page 1094. Also article entitled " Face, Cheeks, and Lips." Page 1097. What advice is given to those who inherit a feeble development of the Thorax? Page 74. Good Health. What essentials to good health are mentioned on page 134? Ventilation. What effect has defective ventilation upon the growing son or daughter ? Page 139. How is the breathing-power of the lungs indicated ? Page 280. Voice. What peculiarity of the voice indi- cates a Consumptive or Catarrhal tendency ? Pages 832-835. How can we decide upon the possi- bility of lung-power in our son or daughter ? Page 1096. Indications for Catarrh. How does weakness or failing mem- ory indicate catarrh? Page 1100. what effect has Grief on Digestion ? Page 182. How does the Liver affect Mental conditions, and, upon this point, how is the theory of the author corroborated by the opinion of Dr. John William Draper? Page 184. Additional Questions by the Publishers Having a Direct or Indirect Bearing upon the Foregoing. MPTION AND CATARRH. A-22 TENDENCY TO CONSU: Good Digestion (continued). Why should every one, particularly the young, be thoroughly informed as to matters of Hygiene, etc. ? Page 185. How necessary is a sound Liver, and why does a diseased liver have a tendency to develop a condition favorable to Catarrh and Consump- tion? Page 189. How is the theory that low forma- tion of nose and long, slim necks indicate a Dyspeptic, Consump- tive, or Catarrhal tendency proven by Comparative Physiology ? Page 194. Blondes. Why should children of light hair and eyes and blonde complexions be particularly guarded against the insidious tendencies to Con- sumption and Catarrh ? Page 209. Language. Does Language indicate the Physical condition? If so, how important, then, for the parent to note changes in Voice to detect Ca- tarrhal and Consumptive tenden- cies ? Page 225. Defects. What will a study of the encyclo- paedia teach you in reference to the correction of defects and ten- dencies toward disease ? Page 270. Visceral Organs. What will 3'ou learn by consulting and carefully reading the " Lo- cation of the Signs for the Vis- ceral Organs"? Will it not aid you in looking for tendencies to Consumption and Catarrh in Son and Daughter? Page 277. Bronchial Diseases. What is one of the most predisposing causes of Bronchial and Lung af- fections in the young, and what hygienic measures will remedy this tendency? Page 401. The Nose. The Nose being the " Porch of Res- piration," will not the condition of this organ indicate a tendency to Consumption or Catarrh? Pages 405, 406. What relation does the sense of Smell bear to Taste? And if the " smelling sense " is deficient or morbid, does it not indicate ten- dency to throat or lung troubles ? Page 407. Remedies. What means are at your command to remedy these defects and over- come these tendencies ? Page 408. Signs of Weakness. How does the Face show Weakness and a tendency to Lung troubles, and what part does Color of skin play in such indication? Pages 1086, 1089. How can we know the natural pre- disposition to diseases, and, know- ing such tendenc)', will not Face and Form Reading aid us in ap- plying a remedy ? Page 1097. How and in what way does the con- dition of the eyes indicate Con- sumptive or Catarrhal tendencies? Page 1103. beauty of face and form. The Relations of Face and Form Reading to an Understanding oi the Basic Principles of Beauty in Face and Form. By JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. The student of physiognomy must contemplate dull as well as animated countenances, plain as well as beautiful lineaments, cruel no less than benevolent faces. A habit of observing the peculiarities of the human face leads one to reflect upon the man- ner in which character is displayed in its forms and lines. The relation between mind, tastes, acquirements, character and expres- sion, together with the effect which the face produces upon the thoughtful beholder, is most forcibly demonstrated if one has the opportunity of watching, year by year, the changes which slowly, but inevitably, stamp themselves upon the countenance. These alterations of form and expression depend upon the original dis- position of the individual and the manner in which it has been modified by his surroundings. It has been said that " Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." No absolute standard of beauty, as applied to the human being, can be formulated. The three essential attributes, however, are: Form, Color, and Expression. Form and Color depend princi- pally upon good hygiene. Expression is the result of the opera- tions of the mind. To thoughtful people, therefore, the counte- nance that is animated by intellect possesses a charm independent of the form, of the features and brilliancy of complexion. But, when the three characteristics which we have named are united in one person, every beholder at once yields tribute to the presence of beauty. A well-developed and rounded form and grace of motion should be associated with a fair face in order to produce the most commanding effect of personal beauty. All these elements may be studied not only from a purely artistic point of view, but also with the object of understanding how they have originated, and of using them as a key by whicli we may acquaint ourselves with individual character. Physiog- nomy is not a mere exercise of intellectual acumen, but is an in- tensely practical subject, and is capable of being applied with ad- (A-23) A-24 beauty of face and form. vantage to the varying circumstances of active life. In this work the structure of the features and the contour of trunk and limbs are examined in relation to the proper functions of the various organs of the body, the activity of the intellect, the action of the passions and emotions, and the development of the moral faculties. This work demonstrates how intimately physical beauty is associ- ated with bodily health, how strictly mental ability and energy depend upon the perfect performance of organic functions. The influence of mental and moral training upon the expression of the countenance is thoroughly recognized. Active respiration af- fords an ample supply of a vital element to the blood and tissues; a vigorous circulation conveys pure blood to all parts and pro- motes general nutrition; a normal performance of the functions of digestion, assimilation, and elimination maintains the quality of the blood; fresh air and physical exercise give tone and force to the muscular system and develop the frame-work of the body. All these topics are elaborated in this work with the special object of showing the influence of each factor in producing a beautiful, animated, and expressive countenance, a pleasing and attractive figure. But, as physical health may co-exist with moral obliquity, the evil effects upon the face of the ignoble passions are also thoroughly traced. Biology and History are alike called upon to explain the meaning of the human face; and the result is a work which all may read with profit. As an illustration of the character and scope of the work, in this particular line of thought, the following series of questions is appended, the answers to which are to be found upon the pages indicated:— What is the use of color to the human family, and what its method of action ? Page 126. What is the relation between color sense and pictorial art? Pages 126, 127. What is the relation between heat, color, and activity? Page 127. What is the relation between color and national characteristics ? Page 127. What is the relation between color, health, and strength? Page 128. What is the influence of musical talent upon the conformation of the features? Pages 218 et seq. What is the relation between ex- pression of thought in words and in the features of the face ? Page aa. What is the effect of health upon character? Page 138. How does the color of the face indi- cate the general integrity of the person ? Page 306. What effect has open-air exercise upon color, form, and beauty? Page 413. What is the normal standard of form as regards beauty? Pa«e 1085. What is the relation between health of the bodily organs and beauty ? Page 1086. In what manner will digestion influ- ence personal comeliness? Paae 1089. In what manner do features of the face reveal strength and beautv ? Page 1093. ' BEAUTY OF FACE AND FORM. A-25 What are the chief indications of female beauty ? Page 1092. What are the principal characterist- ics of a beautiful face ? Page 801. What influence have the muscles of the face upon beauty? Page 754. What is the relation of physical health and beauty of outline of face and body ? Page 1085. What will the form of the nose teach us as regards beauty, strength, and character ? Pages 1094 et seq. What is the relation between com- plexion, disposition, and beauty? Page 1099. What bearing has the study of physi- ognomy upon morality and civili- zation? Page 1105. The foregoing list of questions will serve to suggest the com- prehensive character pf this work. The author presents us with a very broad conception of the subject of physiognomy. She has spent many years in the scientific observation of the human face and form. She perceives, in this study, a wide field the cultiva- tion of which may have an important influence upon the char- acter, health, beauty, and history of mankind. This work teaches that the ability to read character by the signs of the face is but the beginning of the power and usefulness of face and form read- ing. This work is also a digest of all that has been written on the subject from Aristotle to the present day. The significance of the different features of the face has been sought with careful patience. The evolution of organs, the nature of their functions, and the reciprocal connections between the human organism and external nature are exemplified, and it is shown that a thorough study of physiognomy involves or leads to an acquaintance with the most important and practical of the modern physical sciences. It is needless to add that the questions which we have selected as examples might be indefinitely increased in number. FACE AND FORM READING FOR THE DIAGNOSTICIAN. The Discernible Facial and Bodily Signs of the Visceral Organs, Their Conditions of Development and of Health and Disease. By JAMES K. YOUNG, M.D. Professor Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia Polyclinic; Clinical .Professor Orthopedic Surgery, Women's Medical College; Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon, Women's Hospital. Proposition No. 1.—Has Nature outward signs for each physical organ by the prominence or insignificance of which the normal condition of strength and development of the organ (of which it is a sign) can be divinedX Or, can abnormal and pathologi- cal conditions, when they exist, be recognized'? I m^t Mi 91 Proposition No. 2.—Can the PHlIi Bfck^KsH ■/ carenil observer distinguish the \ *dl Bk AufJI ml s'gn f°r each organ or system, its normal qualities and develop- ment, and its condition in health or disease by a close and critical study of "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading"'? I am much inclined to an- swer the above propositions af- firmatively and to assert that the experienced physician knows quite intuitively the condition of the patient from the changes that disease impresses upon the countenance. In the brief space allotted to me, let me say that while facial expression depends upon many organs and many varying factors, the expression of the eye is often the keynote in the physician's diagnosis, the whole constitution contributing to what may be termed the expression of the eye. Every physician knows the sunken eyeball of the consumptive, with its moist lustre and large pupil; the anxious, glistening eye of the victim of pneumonia- the listless, apathetic eye of the mother just following delivery. (A-26) JAMES K. YOUNG, M.D. FACE AND FORM READING FOR THE DIAGNOSTICIAN. A-27 Surely, if so much of the personality may be betrayed by the eye, how many signs of the other organs or systems may one contemplate in the vast study of human physiognomy in health and disease'? In conclusion, I would suggest that the reader closely scan the following references :— shape Page How do the visceral organs or mold the facial features ? 278. What are the signs for the following organs, and where found ? Glandular. Page 278. Reproductive organs, tation, etc. Pages 279. Kidneys. Page 279 Heart and lurigs. 280. Liver, Page 282. Stomach. Page 282. Muscular System. 283. Osseous or Bony System. Page 284. Brain and Nervous S}'stem. Pages 285, 286. What do light hair and eyes indi- cate? Pao-e 424. lac- 278, Page Page Of what is the projecting forehead indicative ? Page 989. How is the condition of the liver indicated; its facial signs, etc.? Pages 182, 183,280. How is the condition of the kidneys indicated ; signs, etc.? Pages 158, 159. What denotes enfeebled conditions of any feature or member? Pages 1085, 1086. What denotes strength and har- monious development ? Pages 1087,1088 What are the signs of health and disease, strength and weakness? Read carefully pages 1085 to 1091. How does the nose, chin, cheek, lips, and complexion show morbid con- dition? Pages 1097, 1098. How does the face indicate the use of stimulants to an unhealthy ex- cess? Pages 1102, 1103. Besides these references the reader is referred to pages 753 and 754, where the opinion of Henry Gray, the distinguished anatomist, is briefly set forth; also to pages 528 and 755, where the views of Darwin and Sir Charles Bell on certain interesting subjects are succinctly stated. It is worthy of remark that the succeeding article on the subject of "The Physician" should be read in connection with the present brief exposition dealing with the diagnostic value of " Face and Form Reading." THE PHYSICIAN. What Proficiency in Face and Form Reading can do fob the Physician, both in a Social and Professional Way. By JAMES K. YOUNG, M.D. Professor Orthopedic Surgery, Philadelphia Polyclinic; Clinical Professor Orthopedic Surgery, Women's Medical College ; Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon, Women's Hospital. Andrew Jackson once said, " Some people think that the office of the President of the United States consists in signing documents and shaking hands." Were this slightly paraphrased it might apply to .some of the views entertained of a physician's aim in life. Nothing could be more remote from living actuality. A physician is not a self-propelling textbook who exacts fees; but a sympathetic worker in one of the greatest fields of human endeavor, who, both by study and by a peculiar intuitive power, reads the story of suffering and affliction in the face and form of the subject before him. The careful physician can read a great lesson in the expression of the eye, the color of the cheek, the fullness and redness of the lips, the poise of the head, etc. To the physician the face is the index of bodily health as surely as it is indicative of character to the physiognomist—" Vultus est index animi." How proficient must be the medical attendant to interpret face and form reading when the patient is still carried in its mother's arms ! Contraction of the baby's brow is strongly indicative of pain in the head; sharpness of the nostrils, pain in the chest; drawing of the upper lips, some abdominal disturbance. Again, a baby born with dread tuberculosis has, as a rule, an oval face- fine silky lashes; a transparent skin, prominent veins at the temples, and the hair on its head is soft and downy. But more than this. A physician must possess many attri- butes and characteristics not always demanded in other pro- fessions. (A-28) THE PHYSICIAN. A-29 He must be firm, yet kind; conscientious and hopeful, and is best fitted for his vocation if he be blessed with a sunny disposi- tion that so often lightens the burden of the sufferer and sends a ray of hope into the bosom of him who is forlorn and depressed. The subject is so voluminous that the following questions will fill a gap occasioned by the brevity of this article:— Hospitality. Why should a physician be hospita- ble? Page 174. What benefit will accrue to him from possessing the faculty of making and keeping friends? Pages 187, 188. Cautiousness and Observation. Why should the physician possess these two faculties? Pages 192, 200. Conscientiousness. Why should this trait or faculty be of prime importance to the physi- cian ? Pages 302, 303. What and where are its facial and bodily signs ? Pages 303, 304. Firmness. Why is it necessa^ to the physician, and what is its sign? Pages 312, 313. In long-continued sickness what im- portant part does it play ? Page 316. Mirthfulness. Of what use to the physician ? Pages 376, 377. To what does it conduce and what are its bodily signs ? Pages 373- 377. Facial Signs. What are the facial signs of a good physician ? Page 435. Secretiveness. Why should the physician possess this faculty? What is it, and what are its signs? Pages 469- 474. Executiveness. What is it, and what are its signs ? Page 561. Why should a pl^sician possess this faculty, and how can he cultivate it? Pages 563-569. Force. Of what use is this faculty to the physician ? Page 459. To what extent is force necessary to the Promotion of Healing ? (See article by Dr. John Cross.) Page 459. Analysis. ,, Why should a physician be pos- sessed of the power of mental and physical analysis ? Page 493. Will it aid him in making a diag- nosis of disease ? Pages 493-495. Self-esteem. Why should a physician put a high estimate on his character and live uptoit? Pages 436, 437, 441-445. Hope. Why should a physician possess a large fund of this faculty ? Pages 486, 488. A-30 THE PH How does it sustain life and health ? Page 491. Resistance. Why is this faculty necessary to a physician ? Pages 464-468. Mental Faculties. What mental faculties should a phy- sician possess to be successful pro- Additional Questions on th Reading" to Mind. According to the views of the lead- ing scientists of today, what is the office and function of the mind ? Page vi of Preface. As to the theory of " Diffusive Lo- cale " of the mind, what eminent physicists and physicians support this view ? Page vi of Preface. From a physical and scientific stand- point, how do we know, and what do we know of Nature's method in the evolution of man,.mentally and physically? Page 1188. What was Locke's method of inves- tigating the mind ? Page 9. Is not the study of man's mind (" The Highest Manifestation of Creative Energy") useful to the physician ? See the Preface and Introduction. From the standpoint of Advanced Medical Thought what bearings have Comparative Anatomy, Physiology and Embryology upon the Science of " Face and Form, Reading"? Pages 1188, 1189. fessionally and socially? Pages 1141-1146. Human Nature. Why should this study be cultivated by every physician ? Page 525. What and where are its facial and bodily signs ? Page 526. What are some expert opinions on the subject? Pages 528-531. Basic Principles. What are the Ph}-sical Basic Prin- ciples of Physiognomy according to the author? Pages 7-11. What are the deductions of Quatre- fages and Dr. Maudsley, as to the Physical Basis of Mind? Page 10. What is Cuvier's Law on the " Cor- relation of Organs " ? Page 14. Upon what is the Philosophy of Expression based ? Page 27. Read Article by Dr. J. Buck. What is the Physical theory of Mind, and wh}' do such eminent men as Drs. 0. H. Lewis, H. Maudsley, Alexander Bain and J. Lauder Lindsay advocate this theory? Pages 22-24. Pathological and Physiological. Are Pathological mysteries unveiled by the Human Face ? Page 15Y. As to the contributory power of the Viscera to Mental Manifestations : Value of "Face and Form the Physician. THE PHYSICIAN. A-31 what are the opinions of Drs. Sir Charles Bell, G. H. Lewis, and others. Page 158. In Mind and Body Dr. Henry Maudsley states that " persons of defective physical organization have not a strictly true moral sense." Is this not startling? Page 160. Do the nerves possess " Instinctive Intelligence"? (Dr. Cutter's "Physiology," page 27.) Pages 166, 167. What does Sir Astlev Cooper say ? Pages 166, 167. Of what value are the Lips as indi- cators of Morbid Conditions of the Physical System? Page 170. What do thick cheeks indicate ? Page 170. Where do the faculties obtain their vigor. Page 172. What effect has diseased Liver on the Mind? Pages 182, 183. What are the Facial Signs for Liver trouble? Pages 182, 183. Drs. Luke, Budd, Philip, J. William Draper, and others hold the opin- ion that affections of the Liver have distinct Facial Signs. Why ? Page 184. Correlation of Functions. What are the deductions of the author as to " Correlation of Func- tion " ? Page 191. What relation does Speech bear to Pulsation or Heart Beat? Page 225. Is this opinion borne out by facts ? Page 225. Bbain. Is the Brain the sole and exclusive seat of Mind, Intelligence, and all Mental Sensations? Page 236. Do the experiments of Anatomists on the Brain disclose its capacity for thought ? Pages 285, 286. Enthusiasm. What has Enthusiasm done to ad- vance Medical and Surgical Knowledge ? Page 267. Signs for Mental Faculties. What are the Mental Signs for Char- acter and where located in the Human Face? Pages 287, 288. Study chart carefully. Color. Does color or tint reveal to any ex- tent the Physical Condition of the System ? Page 413. What is understood by Color as ap- plied to the complexion ? Pages 413-416. Why is Color a Physiological Con- stituent of Man? Page 419. Sanativeness. Are there any natural qualifications for the physician and surgeon? Page 427. What is Sanativeness ? Page 427. What faculties, mental and physical, should the physician and surgeon possess ? Page 435. What the trained nurse or attendant upon the sick? Pages 435, 436. A-32 THE PHYSICIAN. The foregoing questions give merely a faint outline of the many thoughts that this volume will impart to one interested in questions physical, physiological and psychical. To the physician and to all those interested in a study of human physiognomy the references will prove invaluable. THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. The Uses op Face and Form Reading to the Progressive Teacher. By EDWARD BROOKS, A.M., Ex-Superintendent of Public Schools, Philadelphia, Pa. During many years' ex- perience as an educator of youth and superintendent of schools, the question has frequently presented itself whether any method can be formulated whereby one can have a more intimate knowl- edge of his pupils and of the teachers under his super- vision. Such knowledge is of paramount importance. A superintendent or principal of a school should know whether a certain person is adapted mentally or physic- ally to the training of children or the teaching of certain branches of knowledge; for success in teaching depends upon the power to set in activity, unfold and develop all the latent faculties and forces of the pupil; and only such teachers should be employed in the schools of the country. In the recitation-room we meet with all grades of character and mental activity; the bold and fearless, the timid and diffident, the dull and phlegmatic, and the bright and energetic boy or girl who is interested in every kind of mental activity and ambitious to attain high standing among their fellows. To understand these differences and be able to adapt instruction and training in accord- ance with them are essential factors in the work of the teacher. Whether form and heredity have anything to do with these contrasts in human character is a question often asked. If they have, how can one unravel the mystery and trace the intangible threads of influences that go to mold the mental habits and char- (A-33) EDWARD BROOKS, A.M., Ex-Superintendent of Public Schools, Philadelphia, Pa. A-34 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. acter X How can one learn to stimulate, unfold, develop, and har- monize the diverse elements of character, and lay the foundation for a noble manhood or a pure and beautiful womanhood X These and other similar questions often arise in the mind of the teacher and educator, and one who desires to attain high success in the vocation must deal with such questions and endeavor to solve them; for upon the solution of such problems all real progress in education must be based. Germane to the solution of these problems, I would call attention to " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading," a new work on the nature of the mind in relation to the physical system, recently published. It is a valuable work, and covers a wide scope of discussion relative to the general question of edu- cation and social development. After a somewhat careful examination of the work, I do not hesitate to say that I am pleased to find that the author has thrown much light on the solution of the problem suggested. The " Encyclopaedia " can be recommended to the perusal and careful consideration of the teachers of Philadelphia, and will at least stimulate and direct thought if it do not give final answers to the important questions suggested. The publishers have prepared a list of questions in respect to the teacher's work which will assist in the examination of the treatise, and no doubt be of special interest to teachers. Many of these questions lie right along the path of a teacher's daily thought and occupation, and they will suggest lines of pedagogical inquiry even though the author may not always present a satisfactory solution of the questions; and, after all, the most useful function of any work is that it shall awaken thought in the minds of its readers, and stimulate to further reading and investigation. The Teacher. From a careful study and intelligent use of the Theory, Prin- ciples, Facts, and Truths of " Face and Form Reading " you can arrive at central and vital truths as to the mental and moral con- ditions of your pupils, know their peculiarities, their adaptability for certain studies, and so shape your methods and course as to render the control of pupils easier and better, more satisfactory to yourself, their parents or guardians, thus molding and building up the mental and moral character of the child to a hio-her level. Please read Preface page v (bottom) as to object, purpose etc., of this work. ' ' the progressive teacher. A-35 Questions showing the Usefulness of "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading" to the Teacher. Faculties Needed by Teachers. What are the requisite qualities and faculties required in a progressive, practical teacher ? This requires, as it were, a composite character. Please read Philologist, page 1173; Scientist, page 1163; Commander, page 1159 ; Clergyman, page 1136 ; Musical Composer, page 1136, and, in fact, all of Chapter Y, from pages 1111 to 1184. Vegetative or Assimilative System. What is the Vegetative or Assimi- lative System? Page 67. How can this system be made useful and normal? Page 69. How can you distinguish this type among your scholars ? Page 68. What part does it play in the human economy ? Page 70. If a scholar is deficient, what are the signs? Page 70. What faculties will be most promi- nent in a scholar in which this system predominates ? Page 71. How does this system blended with the others create health and hap- piness? Page 71. Thoracic or Chest System. If some of your scholars are rest- less, eager, and apt, what system predominates ? Page 73. What and where are its signs? Page 73. In what will they excel ? Page 73. What particular line of study would you suggest ? Why ? Page 73. What kind of companions do chil- dren of this type usually make? Page 73. What kind of a disposition does it engender in teacher and pupil? Page 73. Muscular System. For what kind of effort does it give ability ? Page 80. Why should the teacher be possessed of a fair share of this system? Page 80. How can you distinguish scholars of this type? Page 75. If yourself or scholars are deficient in this, how can you more thor- oughly develop it and thus be- come healthier and better able to perform your duties, and how have your scholars better perform theirs ? Page 83. Force of Character. Why is it a prime essential in the teacher? Pages 78, 79. How can you develop it? Pages 78, 79. What are the deductions of Herbert Spencer on education? Carefully read foot of page 81. Hence is it not important to you to endeavor to know yourself and those with whom you come in con- tact, and to analyze the various emotions common to mankind ? Pages 82, 83. How can you do this ? Pages 82,83. Osseous or Bony System. What does this give to the scholar and to the teacher ? Page 86. How is it known ? Page 85. When the bones are round and small, what does it indicate ? Page 86. For what are those possessing large- ness of bone noted ? Page 91. Where are the signs found ? Page 91. What is the remedy for excessive bone development? Page 92. What for poor development ? Page 92. How can you best succeed with scholars of this type? Page 93. Brain and Nervous System. Upon what is all mental power based ? Page 95. What is the origin of thought? Page 95. 3SIVE TEACHER. A-36 THE PROGRES If you have a scholar with a small but well-formed head, what does it usually indicate ? Page 98. If a scholar is very active, well de- veloped in Brain System, but the body is puny, how would you treat this scholar to get the best results ? Page 98. What will this establish? Page 99. What faculties endow man with the power of abstract, mathematical reasoning, and how and why are these faculties useful to the teach- er?. Page 99. How can you tell the quality of the brain in your scholars ? Pages 112, 113. What are the signs? Pages 112, 113. If the eye of the scholar is particu- larly bright, what do }'OU decide as to quality of mental power? Page 113. You sometimes have a scholar who appears to be all nerves or " brains all over." How can you distin- guish such? Page 114. How should you treat them ? Page 114. If you have a scholar courageous, determined, and efficient, how is the hair an index? Page 119. Form. Its relation to character: if you have a scholar of a round form, what character does it usually indicate? Page 120. If squarely built, what? Page 120. Forms of noses are indices of the character in children as well as in adults, Page 127. If a scholar is angular or skewed in form, what does it indicate ? Page 120. How had you better treat such a one? Page 124. Color. Why and how is Color a potent factor indicating character ? Page 125. What is the local sign? Page 129. If a scholar has a bright, fresh color, what does it usually indicate ? Page 127. Proportion. How is the law of scientific propor- tion and beauty illustrated ? Page 132. How can disproportion be reduced? Page 134. Cannot the teacher, by noting the scholars not developed in true proportion, formulate a plan to enable him or her to get better results and more thorough devel- opment? Page 136. Health. What is the base of all really useful character? Page 137. How should precocious scholars be treated? Page 139. What do they need ? Page 139. "All work and no play," etc. Now, you are very careful to oversee your scholars at their tasks; should you not be as careful how they play? Page 141. (Read this paragraph very carefully.) Sub-Basic Principles of Face and Form. If you wish to read the character of your scholars or your friends, how can you do it? Page 143. Will you kindly read bottom of page 146? We will now pass to the considera- tion of the signs for and locality of the Mental Faculties. Mind. What is Mind ? Page 12. The office of the mind is threefold. Upon what are these three depart- ments founded? Page 151. Properly read, the human face will reveal what? Page 151. Hope. What faculty should be manifested in a teacher who really loves the work, and where is its sign ? Page 179. 6 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. A-37 If you notice a scholar full of Hope or possess this yourself, how can you distinguish it, and where is its sign? Pages 182, 183. Friendship. What are the signs for Friendship? Pages 185, 186. A very useful trait. How can you cultivate and develop it in 37our scholars ? Page 187. Executiveness. You can judge of this faculty by carefully watching your scholars, friends, and those with whom you come in daily contact.. Where is this sign? Page 194. Self-will. What are the indications for a strong Will? Page 195. Which in excess is called Self-will? Page 195. Properly balanced, why is this a precious inheritance? Page 196. If this faculty is deficient and the person is of a weak, irresolate will, how can it be best remedied? Page 197. If in excess, how? Page 197. C REDENCIVENESS. What are its signs? Page 197. What is it? Page 197. How can the teacher render it useful and subordinate it to Observation and other useful faculties ? Page 97. What and where are its signs ? Page 200. Observation. This useful faculty in pupil and teacher is very essential. If de- ficient, how can it be cultivated ? Page 199. Memory. If 3rou have a pupil whose Memory is poor, what means would you employ to remedy it ? Pages 202, 203. Where is its sign ? Page 200. Upon what does it depend ? Page 203. Locality and Color. This faculty with Color is usually possessed in a normal quantitj- by the young. How can you indicate them ? Page 208. Mental and Physical Order. Where and what are its signs ? Page 209. Why important to teacher and to pupil? Page 210. To what is it adapted? Page 210. Calculation. In what formation is it usually found the best? Page 213. How can it be cultivated if deficient? Page 213. Music. What are the indications of the fac- ulty for Music ? Pages 677, 678. Why should it be encouraged and developed in schools? Pages 218, 679. What is its tendency? Page 679. What have geometrical measure- ments and Form to do with Mu- sic? Page 218. Language. Why should a teacher endeavor to cultivate a love of pure, free, and fluent Language in the scholar? Page 225. Is it any indication of intellectual powers ? Page 225. What and where are its signs ? Page 223. What is Language ? Page 225. (Read all of page.) Comparison, Causality, and Reason. What are their signs? Page 228. Why should a teacher have a good share of these faculties, and why should the teacher endeavor to develop them in the scholar? Pages 227-231. A-38 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. To know more we must be more. Why ? Page 230. Intuition. What is it ? Page 234. Please examine carefully pages 236 and 237. What is the basis of exhibitions of anger or temper ? Page 257. What diseases does it often cause ? Page 257. Enthusiasm moves the world. Should not the teacher have a large fund, and, if so, why? Page 258. Can defects of organization be rem- edied ? Page 270. Please examine charts, pages 273, 275, 277, 288. What is the most salient feature of the face ? Page 289. What are its indications? Page 289. Read Sir Thomas Brown, M.D., on " Face and Form Reading," top of page 297. Why is it proper and womanly for a woman to cultivate a logical mind? Page 299. Gestures. Of what use are gestures? Page 299. What do they mean ? Page 300. How can you interpret them ? Pages 299, 30*0. Why are women better fitted, by nature, as teachers of the young ? Pages 372,373. (Read carefully.) Approbativeness. What will often prove a powerful incentive to better conduct in a scholar? Page 385. How can this faculty be developed ? Page 385. Pneumativeness. Why and how is deep breathing in close relationship with high think- ing and high teaching? Page 400. How can you cultivate it? Page 400. Read Gr. H. Lewis and others on " Mind." Page 12. Will you kindly read Victor Cousin on " The Beautiful "? Page 59. Will you read Professor Le Conte on " The Advance of Science " ? Page 3. How will a thorough knowledge of this work," Face and Form Read- ing," aid you in your work ? Page vii (Introduction). Conclusion. And in conclusion,dear Teacher,can you not know more of self, your scholars, your friends, fhcrease your usefulness, add to your hap- piness, and round out and assist others in forming a pure and noble character, by reading and using the suggestions in " Face and Form Reading"? Will you not try ? TEACHER AND PUPIL. Value of Face and Form Reading in the Management of Refractory and Insubordinate Pupils and in the Arrangement of Special Courses for the Backward and Abnormal. By H. WINFIELD WRIGHT, LL.B. Director, Commercial Department, Strayer's Business College, Philadelphia, Pa. The teacher's calling, ranking now in importance with the other professions, has made rapid and material advances during the past half-century. During this period we have witnessed the resurrection of psycho- logical tenets and pedagog- ical creeds, older than Aris- totle. Huxley, Darwin, Tol- stoy, Schopenhaur, Herbert Spencer, Sully, and Bain, with their various followers, have transmitted to us these age-incrustedtheoriesclothed in modern garb, transformed to harmonize with the stage- setting of the present. By studying the results of these old masters, who taught intuitively, the above-mentioned transmitters were able to evolve the precepts of our modern pedagogy. The fact that pedagogy and psychology are akin was soon accepted. Pedagogy, as comprising only a set of methods or rules of procedure for the shaping of the infantile mind, was soon seen to be crude and insufficient. The joining of the study of the mind, psychology, to the study of methods, to enable the teacher to take up, in the most natural order, the development of the mental faculties, such as perception, conception, judgment, imagination, memory, etc., was inevitable. Still, however, the science of imparting knowledge was little better than guesswork. Those who achieved marked success in (A-39) H. WINFIELD WRIGHT, LL.B. A-40 TEACHER AND PUPIL. this, the most necessary of the professions, still taught intuitively. They were often called born teachers, etc. All others, to a greater or a less degree, were groping in Stygian darkness. There was no certain and scientific means of gaining a pre-knowledge of those psychological or physiological forces which create all men- tal activities. This knowledge was wanted. It came. The author of this book has satisfied this long-felt demand. Physiognomy, or Face and Form Reading, has come to take its place alongside Pedagogy and Psychology. With these three considered in juxtaposition, we have the trinity of all educational endeavor. We can now, with the pre-knowledge so easily avail- able, go about our work logically, scientifically, almost uner- ringly, no matter whether we are working toward the reformation of refractory students, or are engaged in shaping their school courses and incidentally their life careers. The writer, therefore, most gladly recommends a careful study of this volume to his co-laborers, being convinced that the knowl- edge thus gained will fill a long-standing want, giving, as it does, a lucid and correct insight into the temperament and char- acter of pupils, enabling instructors to get real, tangible results, and at the same time to lighten their labors. The following list of topics will help teachers to arrive at vital truths, enabling them to mold and build up the mental and moral character of the student to a higher level. The annexed topics with pages indicated will facilitate study. 1. The Human Face, the index of all Nature. Page 7. 2. Precocious Children, Sensitive and Nervous Children. Page 137. 3. If a student is deficient, what are the signs ? Page 70. 4. What are the deductions of Herb- ert Spencer on education ? Page 81. 5. What is the origin of thought? Page 95. 6. If a pupil is very active, well de- veloped in brain system, but the body is puny, how would you treat that pupil to get the best re- sults ? Page 98. 7. The Brain not the Sole. Seat of Mind. Page 158. 8. Hospitality, Love of Home, Pa- triotism. Page 169. 9. Memory and Locality. Page 200. 10. Anger, Will, and Temper. Page 239. 11. What is the basis of exhibition of anger or temper? Page 257. 12. Logical Reasoning in Children. Page 227. 13. What will often prove a power- ful incentive to better conduct in a pupil? Page 385. 14. Why and how is deep breathing in close relationship with high thinking and high teaching ? Page TEACHER AND PUPIL. A-41 15. Language and Music. Pages 17 Intuition. Page 737. 652-665. 18. The Voice. Page 825. 16. Order: Mental and Physical. 19. The Method to Pursue in Read- Page 695. ing Character. Page 1111. The above list might be extended to almost any length. The writer is convinced, however, that, as soon as the above topics have been studied by his fellow-teachers, they will immediately read the work carefully from cover to cover, and assimilate it. THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOY^. The Practical Value of Face and Form Reading to Employers. By HAMILTON DISSTON, Esq., Of H. Disston's Sons, Keystone Saw and Tool Works, Philadelphia, Pa. There is no question in my mind that " Face and Form Reading," often, per- haps, unconsciously done, is an accomplishment of all suc- cessful employers. No better evidence of this is needed than the fact that seldom, and then only on the strength of un- questioned recommendations, does the judicious employer fill an important position without a personal intervieiv. Why is this X It is in order that he can observe and read the applicant, can note per- sonal appearance, color, eyes, expression, form, gesture, step, voice,—all that enters into " Face and Form Reading,"—and from observation of this combination the decision is formed. That all these features are the signs of human character—not only physical and mental, but moral also—no intelligent person can doubt. They have been so recognized in all ages, and possess to no class a greater value than to the employer and organizer. The employer who can read and recognize these signs, who can properly estimate and weigh the various combinations and traits of which Nature has furnished the outward signs, has the most important of the qualifications required for great success. A close study of men prominent in any line of life will show this trait strong in each. Man is not great as an individual; but when he possesses the faculty of always discerning the proper man for each place, of making human combinations, each unit of which is the proper (A-42) THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. A-43 unit for its respective situation, it is then that he becomes a mighty factor in society. I should like to see all employers (except my competitors) versed in this useful and fascinating science, and believe the result would be still pleasanter relations between labor and capital, and improved conditions for both. The following questions will, if the encyclopaedia is studied sufficiently to find out the answers, call attention to some of the portions of which I particularly approve:— Muscular System. Should you have occasion to emplo}7 a mechanic, engineer,or a man for any special work, requiring exact- ness, nicety, and symmetry, why would you employ one of good chest development? Page 73. What kind of ability does a good share of the Muscular System usually indicate? If deficient, how can it be developed ? Page 80. Methods. If you wish to read the character or acquaint yourself with the facul- ties of an employe', what method would you pursue? Pages 1114, 1115. If an enthusiastic person should come to you with some scheme or invention promising great things, and ask your help to push it through, can you tell if he is practical or a mere dreamer or theorist? How? Page 1104. Noses. Should you require a mechanic in a particular line of duty, requiring activity, quick perception, and of good executive ability, would you choose one with narrow, pinched nostrils? If not, why not ? Pages 1095, 1096. Is there any way you can tell an avaricious or dishonest employe* from shape or contour of nose? Page 935. What type of nose indicates the mechanic ? Pages 932, 933. If an employe* possesses large, wide nostrils, bright ej-es, fresh color, what does it indicate ? Anything more than good health ? Page 398. What kind of character and ability does this system develop? Page 403. Voice. You wish a whole-souled, heart}', active, and honest man in your business as book-keeper, clerk, master-mechanic, etc.; what would the intonation of voice reveal as to his physical and mental condi- tion ? Why ? Pages 828-838. Comparison and Causality. You have a particular line of work, requiring a first-class workman, with Comparison highly developed. How can }'ou tell who possesses it ? What and where are its signs? Pages 726, 727. You are a mechanic or inventor or both ; you have a crude idea of a machine which, in your opinion, will revolutionize old methods, and you wish to employ a first- class man to assist you in devel- oping and carrying out these ideas. How can you tell if the applicant possesses the necessarj' qualities ? Page 716. What are the signs of Causality ? Page 717. Calculation and Order. What kind of men do we usually find possessing high Order, and how is Order allied to Mechanics ? Page 696. A-44 THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. Calculation and Order (continued). In the higher mechanics, such as engine-building, manufacturing machine-tools, and instruments and machines of precision, a large amount of Calculation of a high grade is necessary in the employe*. What are the facial and bodily signs indicating this faculty? Page 706. High-grade mechanics constantly use the sense or faculty of Weight. How is it useful in setting up and running machinery, and what are the signs for it? Where? Pages 643-648. Observation and Continuity. What incentive to invention is Ob- servation ? Why ? Its signs ? Pages 618-620. Why are round persons who are broad between the eyes better adapted for superintendents, fore- men, or bosses in large industrial establishments than others ? Page 605. A machine is to be constructed or a certain work performed requiring Continuity of thought and purpose to work out to a successful issue certain ideas; now,in choosing an employe* for this special work, how would you tell if he was fitted for the task ? Page 574, second para- graph. EXECUTIVENESS AND CONSTRUCT- IVENESS. How can you tell if an employe pos- sesses the requisite amount of Executiveness to forward your in- terests? What is its sign? Page 561. What combination with large Con- structiveness produces such men as Roebling, Watt, Fulton, Edi- son, and Ericsson. Page 552. Human Nature and Analysis. Why is a good share of Human Na- ture needed in the employer? Why in the employe*? What is its scope, and how is it manifested ? Pages 527, 528. How does keen Analysis assist the manufacturer, inventor, mechanic, etc., in times when he must rely solely on self? How does it aid the judgment. Pages 493, 494, 495, 498. Force and Self-esteem A man of Force, what is it ? What does it create? What use is it in overcoming obstacles and carry- ing forward great engineering and business enterprises. Page 455. Why should emplojrers and em- ployes as well have a good amount of Self-esteem ? How essential in managers, superintendents, etc. Pages 430, 441, 442. Firmness. What important part does Firm- ness play in the human economy ? Page 316. Its most decisive sign ? Page 312. Why essential in the higher grade of employes ? Page 312. Economy. In order that you may reach the maximum of production at the minimum of cost, it is necessary the foremen, superintendents, and employes should possess the trait of Economy. How can you tell easily if employes possess it? Pages 316, 319, 320. ' There are many practical, vital ques- tions which "Face and Form Reading" answers cogently, logi- cally, and convincingly. Among the portions of the work of special interest to the employer, I particu- larly recommend- the following pages: 267-289, 525-534, 1085- 1110,1114,1115,1116,1119,1158, 1183, 1184, etc. THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. A-45 Additional Questions by the Publishers, showing the Value of Face and Form Reading to the Inventor, Mechanic, Engineer, etc. The following questions by the publishers will enable you to grasp the intents and purposes of this book, and give you some idea of its practical usefulness to all grades of persons in every walk of life, more particularly the Mechanic who wishes to advance and take front rank among the Industrial forces of this Electric Century. The publishers commend the work to you for its eminent practicality, believing that a knowledge of yourself in particular, and mankind in general, will redound to your credit financially and socially. If so, our mission is accomplished. Faculties. What Physical System and Mental Faculties are the most conducive to the success of the Inventor, Mechanic, etc. Page 1156. Does not the success of Edison, Howe, Morse, McCormick, etc., prove this? Page 1156. How are the Mental Faculties and the Character developed? Page 1158. What Physical Systems create Form and Character? Page 61. What kind of faculty is necessary for one engaged in the manufact- ure, setting up, and tuning of Musical Instruments, and what does the Ear indicate as to the possession of this faculty? Pages 1026, 1027. Noses. What type of nose is called the Mechanical ? Pages 932, 933. Lips. What indication does the curve, formation, etc., of the Upper Lip give us as to the possession of the Imitative ability, and what has Imitation to do with Mechanical ability ? Page 819. Intuition. What benefit is this faculty to the Mechanic, etc.? How can it be cultivated? Page 737. Comparison. To what does this faculty lead, and why is it of importance to the Mechanic, Inventor, etc.? Pages 727-732. Causality. What are the relations existing be- tween Causality and Practicality ? Pages 721. What kind of study will develop this faculty in the Mechanic, etc., and why should such methods of reasoning be encouraged? Pages 720-726. Why should Inventors especially cultivate the faculty of reasoning from effect to cause? Page 721. Calculation. In all branches of Mechanics it is absolutely essential to advance- ment or progress that Calculation of a high order be possessed. What are the signs showing its possession, and how can this fac- ulty be cultivated? Pages 706- 712. A-46 THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. Order. WI13' are some Mechanics very neat and orderly, and why some slov- enly, in work, habits, etc. ? Page 696. How can Order and System be cul- tivated? Page 700. Time. Why is this in connection with Order very essential to the Mechanic? Page 690. Locality. Why should this faculty be culti- vated by the active Mechanic, and how can it be so cultivated as to aid him? Pages 635-640. Observation. To the Architect, Engineer, and High-Grade Mechanic this trait is an important one, aiding him to seize upon important facts seen in his daily intercourse with the world and adopting them to use in his special line. How can this faculty be cultivated, and what aid and incentive to Invention is it? Pages 618-620. Form and Size. Persons of round formation, broad between the eyes, usually make the best Superintendents, Foremen, Bosses, etc. Why ? Page 605. Two important faculties of every- day use to the Inventor, Machinist, and Mechanics of all kinds. Defi- ciency in these faculties incapaci- tates one for many mechanical pursuits, hence the necessity for thorough development. Of what importance, and why ? Pages 605- 615. Constructiveness. This faculty is one of the most im- portant to the Architect and Builder as well as the Millwright and Constructive Machinist, and should be cultivated to the highest possible degree. What will aid in its cultivation ? Page 545. Why were such men as Roebling, Watt, Fulton, Ericsson, and others so successful as Inventors ? Page 552. Ideality. The Higher grade of Mechanics, Architects, Inventors, Builders, etc., need this faculty. Why ? Pages 515-523. Hope. All grades of Industrial workers need Hope. What is its capacity as a sustainer under adverse cir- cumstances and in sickness? Pages 486-491. THE CLERGY. How will a Study of Face and Form Reading Aid the Pastor in Church Organization and Church Development? By GEORGE A. PELTZ, D.D., Associate Pastor of The Temple, Broad and Berks Streets, Philadelphia. " Whenever I have an important business interview on hand, I face my man to the light and myself to the darkness." So said one of Philadelphia's shrewdest business men, in a recent inter- view. Why did he face his man to the light X Because he knew that the man's face would tell much that his lips would leave untold. The form of the face, as well as its many phases, and, indeed, the form of the entire body and its various movements, all are significant of the inner man, whose visibility and tangibility they constitute. Just how far face and form indicate personality may be debatable; but no close observer of men doubts that they are of large value; indeed, most of the conclusions in " The Encyclo- paedia of Face and Form Reading" may be unhesitatingly accepted as substantially correct. That knowledge and skill in these lines would abundantly aid every clergyman is beyond question. It is recorded of our Lord himself that he " knew all men, and needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew what was in man " (John 2: 24, 25). In this respect, as in many others, his servants have need to strive to be like him; and as they approach him in char- acter, they will also approximate more closely to his success. In the phenomenal work at The Temple, the accurate esti- mating and fitting employment of men have had much to do. The Rev. Mr. Con well, the leader of that great work, excels in I lis appreciation of just what the people need at any given moment; also of the most direct way to meet that want. Then comes into play his ability to select leaders and organize measures, and, by his rare and almost unerring capacity here, he has won many of his most conspicuous achievements. He seldom fails to select the much-desired "right man," and to get him into "the right place." A quick and correct estimate of men, whether from face or figure, expression or action, is immensely valuable to every clergyman, as to every other man who is expected to meet (A-47) A-48 THE CLERGY. and to mold his fellows; and what has proved to be good in one field is worthy of careful trial elsewhere. It is a matter of congratulation that the contents of this elaborate work on " Face and Form Reading " have been set forth fully in a well-digested Table of Contents and Index; but a special series of questions also has been prepared for clergymen, whereby they are put directly on the road to those topics they most need to consider. Without passing judgment on the book as a whole, or assuming to indorse all its positions, one is wholly safe in pronouncing it a most helpful volume, and commending it to his fellow-clergymen. Health and Harmonious Development. Essential to the clergy. How best attained? Pages 131-137. " Meus Sane in Corpora Sano." What is necessary for a sound mind ? Page 94. What are the Normal factors in Form and Being in Nature, Science, and Art ? Page 57. Approbativeness. Of what use? When desirable? Its tendency ? Page 378. Enthusiasm. Can we analyze it? What is neces- sary to become enthusiastic ? Page 267. Love. " The Greatest Thing in the World." What is it? Upon what does it depend ? Page 242. Manly men and womanly women. What makes ? Page 242. Knowledge. What is the most important to man, and how should this interest the clergy? Pages 182-185. Force and Self-esteem. If you are deficient, how can you develop this trait? Page 461. Why should the clergyman possess Self-esteem ? What will it lend to the character ? Pages 437-462. What effect will it have upon preach- ing? Page 461. Deep Breathing and Energy. What relation does deep breathing bear to Energy, physical and mental ? Page 403. How can deep breathing be devel- oped and weak throat and lungs made stronger ? Pages 400, 401. Friendship and Hospitality. Two strong, essential traits. How do they add to your usefulness and extend your influence ? Pages 385-397. Ideality and Sublimity. Why should these faculties be pos- sessed by the clergy ? Page 514. How does it aid in Sermon-writing, Preaching, and Lecturing ? Pages 506-518. Hope. How is it useful to the Clergy, and how to every one in health and also in disease ? Pages 488-491. What kind of a force is it? If deficient, how can it be obtained ? Page 491. Resistance. Why should a clergyman possess this faculty? To what does it tend ? Pages 463-469. What does a study of the Faces and Forms of talented divipes, etc., show ? Page 458, THE CLERGT. A-49 Executiveness. A Pastor, Sunday-School Superin- tendent, and others having any authority in church work should possess this faculty. How can you tell if possessed ? Pages 561— 564. Veneration. Should be a faculty in every pastor. How is it indicated ? Pages 553- 558. How can you develop it if deficient, and what has logical reasoning to do with it ? Page 559. Where is the highest form of re- ligion exhibited, and what are the relations between Veneration and Virtue ? Page 560. Constructiveness. Upon this facult}r depends the power to build up a logical discourse. Why? Page 545. How can you develop if weak? Page 544. Human Nature. This faculty is of vast importance. How do you know if you possess it, and how can you acquire it ? Page 525. Memory. Upon what dependent? What causes its impairment, and how can it be cultivated ? Pages 625- 627. Observation. A desirable faculty to the minister. How can a deficiency be sup- plied ? How does it tend to ren- der a minister aid in preaching, lecturing, etc? Pages 618, 621. Self-will. If not in excess, very desirable. Why so to the minister? Page 575. Language and Eloquence. What is necessary in order to con- verse well ? How can one become eloquent ? Page 661. Gestures. Have they a meaning ? If so, what 5" Pages 759-761. Intuition. How can this faculty be made to subserve the interests of the cler- gyman ? Page 746. Mozart's Self-analysis is an exam* pie. See pages 742, 743. Comparison and Causality. Why should a clergyman possess a large fund of Comparison ? Pages 732-735. Why possess the faculty of Caus- ality ? Page 722. What relation does Causality bear to Progress? And can Causality be cultivated? Pages 720, 721. Eyes, Nose, Mouth, and Lips. What does the form and expression of the Eye indicate ? Page 936 et seq. How does the Nose indicate charac- ter? Pages 866-936 How much is revealed and concealed by the Mouth ? Pages 837-848. Does the contraction, expansion, compression,-etc., of the Lips in- dicate mental condition ? Pages 795-824. Necks, Ears, and Hair. Does the poise of the head, the atti- tude of the neck, etc., have any meaning? Pages 1057-1066. Various forms of ears greet us, do these varieties each have a different meaning? Pages 1015-1032. What does coarse, stubborn hair mean ? Has hair, its color, texture, etc., any signification in reading character or ability ? Pages 997- 1012. A-50 THE CLERGY. General Fitness, etc. How can you know your parishioners so as to be able to call out all latent powers and know their fitness for their duties? Pages 1114, 1115. How can you tell the impostor? Pages 1106-1109. A clergyman is endeavoring to fit his congregation to lead better lives here and hereafter. Why should he be a student of Physi- ognomy, and what will aid him ? Page 1154. Uses. To what uses can a clergyman put a practical knowledge of Face and Form Reading? Pages 1182— 1184. Physical and Mental Systems. What physical systems are required bv a clergyman? Pages 1151, 1152. What are the mental faculties essen- tial to a successful ministry ? Pages 1153, 1154. LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. The Aid "The Encyclopedia or Face and Form Reading" May be Made to Render Those Interested in Legal, Judicial, and Deliberative Professions. By Hon. Judge JOHN L. KINSEY, Philadelphia, Pa. When the second edition of your unusual, thorough, and interesting book appeared a certain portion of the in- troductory matter was written by me. Now, when a new issue is contemplated, I do not see that I can make any valuable additions to the for- mer article, it seeming to cover, in general comment, in condensed form, a sugges- tion as far as a lawyer's re- lations to the science of phys- iognomy are concerned. My judgment now is hon. judge john l. kinsey substantially the same as at the time of the earlier preface. I can only reiterate that knowledge of the science of physiog- nomy would be most useful to one whose business leads him into dealing with human beings, the characters and acts of whom are the data with which he has to do. In this restless age, which is seeking a cause for every effect, relating to the inner or outer nature of man, as may be instanced by the great progress made in the subjects of psychology and physiology, no doubt physiognomy will likewise, in a short time, make great advances. Lavater attempted to formulate physiog- nomy into a science, for the first time, in 1807. From that time little or nothing, save the classic production of Charles Bell, was done for this subject, until Darwin, within our own day, gave the matter an impetus. Stanton's work has treated this theme with the most extreme minuteness and exhaustive particularity (A-51) A-52 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. and to an extent that has never before been approximated. In this respect it is quite entertaining and suggestive of possibilities which may be later realized. It has a practical utility and many hints may be obtained from it which might be of great convenience and service to us in our relations to our fellow-beings. The student may find, however, that some of the generaliza- tions appear too broad and seem not warranted because of the limited number of observations made. A comprehensive rule is sometimes laid down from the contemplation of too few instances. Every one of us is necessarily more or less a physiognomist, and has unconsciously become so through experience with men, and we have acquired certain rules by which we judge from appear- ances. Therefore, any book which will aid us to estimate accu- rately the character or the mental mood of the person from the expression of the face, would be of incalculable value. Especially is this true of lawyers. Suitors, jurors, witnesses, and judges daily pass under their inspection, and to their appearance and expression, as it varies, they adapt their action or argument. Take, for instance, the argument of counsel to a jury. There the contest between mind and mind is more keen, intense, and vivid than can be found in any other debate. Throughout the argument the speaker scans momently the face of each juror, noting the posture of his body, expression of the eye, knitting of the eyebrows, particularly the change and quiver of muscles about the mouth, the turn of the head, movement of hand or foot; in fact, any change which, as he proceeds with his argument, leads him into a contemplative train of thought as to what is the condition of mind of his auditor which leads to the movement observed. Therefore, when physiognomy is able to give us a reliable rule by which we can instantly interpret the meaning of any such movement, it will give us the secret to aid greatly the more successful practice of our profession. It will not be amiss for any lawyer to read this work, as he will find it not only entertaining, but containing much that the results of his own observation can corroborate. The extensive experience of years of active service in the profession has afforded many particular incidents along the lines discussed in this book, but to cite them would 'inappropriately overload this introduction to which you have invited me LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. A-53 In now reconsidering the book, I should pronounce it un- doubtedly the most comprehensive that has ever treated of this theme, and I do not hesitate to say that it makes all others, even the great Lavater himself, seem relatively inferior. One admonition, however, to students of this subject may be deemed appropriate, that not always can one rely wholly upon facial expression. A transient phase of emotion as to cer- tain passing events or thoughts may mislead us as to sincerity; indeed, those more crafty in this respect often possess ability to deceive totally, by simidated expression, for, as Shakespeare, with his masterdom of utterance, puts into the mouth of Duncan, dis- covering the perfidy of Cawdor, " There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face. He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust." Enthusiastic people move the world. To be eminently suc- cessful at the bar you must be brimful of enthusiasm. Can you not, from a careful study of the following questions and answers, see how vital a knowledge and use of "Face and Form Read- ing" will be to you? Will it not broaden your vision and enlarge your ideas as to man, his character, his failings, his capabilities, the means for his mental, moral, and physical improvement, and teach you to know and appreciate your fellow-man at his true worth1? The answer we leave to your own convictions. Faculties Needed. What Physical Systems and what Mental Faculties should be most prominent in a lawyer ? Why ? Pages 1154-1156. Why should a lawyer make a careful study of the Laws, Principles, and Facts of " Face and Form Read- ing"? Page 1183. How will such knowledge, practically applied, aid him in arriving at cen- tral truths in the examination of witnesses? Pages 1183, 1184. What will scientific " Face and Form Reading " teach you ? Page 1113. The Thorough-bred. If a client wishes to retain you as his counsel and professes to be a thoroughly refined person, how can you tell if this person is thorough- bred? Pages 1108, 1109. Necks. Suppose you are examining a wit- ness who has a long, shriveled neck stretching far out, what would you think was the leading trait of char- acter of that person ? Page 1066. Suppose a lady client who carries her head high has a habit of toss- ing and nodding her head forward and sideways while in conversation with vou, what would this indi- cate?" Page 1065. Will you kindly read the article on "Necks"? Page 1057. A-54 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. Smiles and Laughter. What do they indicate? Can you analyze them? How? Pages 1054-1056. A client comes to you for advice (probably a stranger), you say something that causes him to laugh, suppose it is of a chuckling or suppressed nature, what does it indicate ? Page 1056. We here give you a wrinkle—please take it in the spirit intended—do wrinkles reveal character? Did you ever think of thein as indic- ative of mental condition? If not, why not? Can the}' be read ? Pages 1034-1042. Just observe a middle-aged lawyer (a friend) who has achieved an enviable reputation, and look for wrinkles under chin to the side ; then compare with figure 313 and see if our analysis, page 1036, is not correct. Head. Does size of head indicate great talent? If not, why not Page 994. Eyebrows. Eyebrows indicative of character,— how? Read article, pages 969- 985. Eyes. Watch the eyes of the criminal classes with whom you occasion- ally come in contact, and what do 3rou read therein recorded ? Why ? Page 967. What is a magnetic eye ? Have you ever seen it? Page 963. What a wonderful organ is the eye ! How much it expresses 1 Can this expression be read? How? Will you carefully read pages 937-968. Noses. Are Noses very significant in study- ing character ? Why ? Page 928. Can you tell if a witness (or would- be client) is honest or dishonest by carefully noting the length, breadth, and curvature of the nose ? If so, how ? Page 929. How can you tell if a lawyer or coun- selor is talented in debate or of an argumentative mind ? Pages 922, 923. Of all classes of the world's thinkers and workers you probably need an accurate knowledge of " Face and Form Reading" more than any other. Why ? Page 881. Local Signs. On page 881 you will find the Local Signs for the Mental Faculties. Can 3'ou not gain some knowledge of the underlying principles of this science from a careful study of this chart ? Please turn to it. Page 881. Many of the criminal classes are born so. Can you find any signs in the face to inform you of this fact? Where? Page 862. How do mouths and their expression indicate character? Page 837. What will observation and compari- son of a collection of photographs of notorious criminals show ? Page 847. Please read pages 837-848. Voice. How does the voice often reveal character? Page 837. How do words reveal the intellectual state ? Page 833. If a person approaches you with a voice of excessive softness, look out for him. Why? Page 832. Suppose a person addresses you in a rich, full, rounded voice. What does this indicate ? Why ? Page 828. Lips. Their motion in expression are land- marks denoting character. How can we read their meaning ? Pages 795-824. & LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. A-55 Lips (continued). Will permanent facial signs follow as the result of repeated emo- tions and speech ? Why ? Page 797. How can you tell a secretive person ? Page 809. Intuition. Do you possess this faculty? If not, can you cultivate it ? How? Page 737. How can you distinguish it ? Where are the signs? Pages 737, 738. What has Dr. Carpenter to say about "Intuition"? Pages 741, 742. Read Mozart's beautiful introspec- tion and self-analysis. Pages 742, 743. How does Intuition assist the law- yer? Pages 743, 744. Will a full knowledge and applica- tion of " Face and Form Read- ing " have a tendency to develop Intuition? How? Pages 746-748. Comparison. This faculty a lawyer needs, and needs largely? What is it? Page 731. Facial and bodily signs, where found? Page 727. How distinguished ? Page 728. In order to complete and perfect the reasoning process in Man, what two traits are absolutely essential ? Page 730. As the lawyer must, if successful, be able to reason logically, does it not follow that he must be an adept in Comparison? What abilit3r does it give? Page 731. How does it aid an eloquent lawyer in addressing a jury or in open- ing or closing a case ? Page 735. How is it related to Causality ? Page 737. Where and how do confirmed crimi- nals usually show their depravity ? Page 810. Chins. Is there character in the chin ? How can you know ? Pages 770-780. Causality. What is the meaning of this term ? Why is it important to those dealing with large interests to possess this faculty (or trait) to a large degree? Page 715. Where are its most prominent signs —facial and bodily? Pages 716- 718. Those lawyers who are noted for their ability to get at bottom facts possess this trait largely. Can it be cultivated ? Page 721. What effect has its cultivation on the mind ? Page 726. In your re- lations with 3'our client, in order to put your case strongly before the court, you wish to arrive at all the bottom facts ; now, if you have a large share of Causality, you will ask such questions as will give you the central truths tersely and accurately, hence mere questioning is not investigation. Read pages 721-726. Calculation. You need this faculty. Why ? Page 707. You very often have in- terests of your clients at stake where it is absolutely essential that you be possessed of a general knowledge of accounts and the science of numbers. If you are deficient, it is essential that you remedy the deficiency ? Can you doit? Pages 706, 707. In order to show you the usefulness of " Face and Form Reading," we will introduce to you the faculties which should predominate in the general make-up of the attorney, by wliich you can readily appreciate the importance of this work. A-56 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. Order. Mental and Physical. Do you pos- sess this desirable faculty ? How do you know ? Page 696. Why should you possess it? Page 700. Language. What is it? What the facial and bodily signs ? Page 652. What does the capacity to express words intelligently involve ? Page 655. In order to converse well, what is essential ? Why ? Page 655. What are the salient points of true oratory ? Page 661. In order to speak with telling effect to a jury, what must the speaker possess? Page 661. Can this desirable faculty be culti- vated ? How ? Page 663. What does Ruskin say about " Lan- guage " ? Page 225. Memory. Memory is a faculty the possession of which greatly aids the lawyer in all his multifarious duties? How? Page 631. How is memory often lost or im- paired? Page 632. How can it be strengthened and developed? Page 627. How can you tell if a person has a good memory? What are the signs? Page 625. Observation. Why is it necessary that a lawyer should possess great powers of Observation? Signs, etc. Pages 618-620. What does a cultivation of this faculty lead to ? Page 623. Credenciveness. - You should have a fair amount of this faculty. Why ? Page 586. Self-will. What is it? What are its signs? Pages 569, 570. Why should you possess it ? Pages 574,575. How does it aid a lawyer, and to what does it tend? Pages 571, 572. Did it ever occur to you that a great deal of the wickedness of the world can be attributed to a lack of Self- will? Page 570. If you were examining a witness or a criminal, how would 3rou tell whether they were deficient in will-power ? Page 570. If you, yourself, are deficient in will- power and wish to possess this factor of success, how can you do so ? Page 578. EXECUTIVENESS. The possession of this faculty is an absolute necessity Ito one who wishes to command. Why ? Page 564. This faculty can be highly cultivated. How? Page 561. In choosing a partner, or in dele- gating an assistant to perform any business requiring Decision and Judgment, how could you tell if the person chosen possessed this essential trait ? What is its sign, and where located ? Page 561. Constructiveness. If you want to build up your case and make it strong and convincing to court and jury, you must know how to build; hence a fair share of Constructiveness aids you, does it not? Why? How? Pages 544- 552. Human Nature. Why should a lawyer possess it in a large degree? Page 527. How can he make it subserve his in- terests ? Page 532. Is there any method whereby you can read others like a book ? Page LAWYER AND Ideality. We have often heard of gifted law- yers who are able to strongly in- fluence a jury through the use of beautiful language, metaphors, similes, etc. This indicates Ideal- ity in a high degree. How do you know this? Pages 515-517. Can you cultivate this desirable trait ? How ? Page 522. Analysis. Here is a faculty you need and must cultivate. Why? Page 493. You need it to sift the evidence put before you. You need it in pre- paring your brief, and, in fact, it is a prime factor of success in all the operations of the law. Wiry ? Page 494. If deficient in this faculty^ you can cultivate it. How ? Page 495. Hope. This faculty is a great sustainer, and enables you to battle against odds and often win your point by pure push,persistency,and stick-to-it-ive- ness; sometimes called " Gall." How can you distinguish it? Page 486. How can you cultivate it? Page 491. Upon what does it depend? Page 489. How important is it, then, that you keep good health ? Page 489. Caution. How does this faculty act as mentor over our character ? Page 483. What are its signs? Page 479. How does it aid us in all the walks of life? Pages 483-485. Resistance. You meet this in many people with whom you come in contact, and would like to develop some plan to combat it in others who possess COUNSELOR. A-57 more than you ? How can you do this? Page 464. How can you read it in others ? Or know your own deficiency ? Pages 463-466. Force. What is force ? Page 455. Its signs? Where found ? Page 454. Without force of character we are of little account. Can we culti- vate it ? How ? Pages 460-463. Why should a lawyer possess it to a large degree? (Important.) Page 461. Self-esteem. This faculty is one of the most im- portant in the whole human char- acter, and one a lawyer should specially cultivate. Why ? How can you know if you possess it, and how detect it in others ? Page 436. What does this faculty impart? Page 437. How does it assist the character and create confidence ? Page 439. What does it teach man ? How is it a tower of strength ? Page 441. Conscientiousness. What is the relation between Con- scientiousness and Thorovghness ? Page 311. What are the facial and bodily signs for a thoroughly conscientious per- son ? Page 303. Why should the honest lawyer pos- sess a large share of Conscientious- ness? How will it aid him ? Page 304. Gesture. Gestures are of much importance in reading character, taken in con- nection with facial and bodily signs. Read bottom of page 299. What and where are the local signs for the Mental faculties? See Fig. 15, page 288. Locate in the face the signs for the Visceral Organs. Page 277. RAILROAD MANAGEMENT. How " The Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading " Can Aid in Managing and Operating Railroads. By THE PUBLISHERS. From a careful study of the following questions and answers, do you not think that " Face and Form Reading " is of great use to all railroad officials in formulating a series of questions of use in Examinations for all grades of railroad employes in the various departments"? See also the special article on " Employer and Employe," by Hamilton Disston, Esq., President Keystone Saw, Tool, and Steel Works, and the questions accompanying it. If a railroad, bridge, culvert, cause- way, etc., is to be built, requiring accuracy and nicety of construc- tion, a Civil Engineer will be required to draw the plans, etc. What are the Physical and Mental requirements of a Civil Engineer? Pages 1165-1168. How is character developed ? Paoe 1158. What are the Physical and Mental faculties necessary in a Locomo- tive Engineer? Pages 1119. What in a Machinist or Mechanic ? Page 1116. Is size of Head always an indication of Mental power? Page 109. What is a prominent exponent of the quality of Brain power? Pa<>e 113. What is a most important factor in revealing and comprehending hu- man character? Page 120. If you are about employing a man for a certain line of duty in the railroad service, and he has some very peculiar Gestures, what sig- nification, if any, have they in revealing his character or capa- bilities ? Page 299. (A-58) In reading the character of those applying for any position on a railroad, how would you proceed? Pages 1114, 1115. Conscientiousness. All employe's about a railroad should be conscientious. How can you tell if they possess this trait ? Pages 303, 304. What is it ? To what does it tend? Pages 305, 306. How is it related to Thoroughness? Page 311. Approbativeness. A fair share of this trait is a good friend to all. Why ? Pages 379- 385. In reading the character and facul- ties of those engaged in or apply- ing for positions on railroads, in any capacity, what principles guide us? Pages 146, 147. Firmness. What shaped persons are the most Creative, and why are such useful in railroading? Pao-e 121. RAILROAD MANAGEMENT. A-59 A desirable trait in all engaged in I railroading, from the highest to the lowest. Why? How is it indicated? Pages 164,165, 312- 317. In these days of close calculation, observable in the fixing of freight- and passenger- rates, etc., economy of management becomes the gen- eral order all through ; hence you want those identified with you who possess the faculty of Econ- omy. How can you tell who may possess it? Pages 171-173, 318, 319. Color. We commend to all interested in the management, building, promotion, etc., of railroads the author's whole article on Color. Pages 125-131, 409-413. In what class of men is the sense of Color deficient? Why? Page 128. Why should Engineers, Firemen, Brakemen, Conductors, and Train- men generally have a fine, discrim- inating sense of Color? How can you distinguish the signs, etc.? Page 129. Color-blindness. To what is it usually due? Page 163. What is Color-blindness? Pages 417,418. How can it be told, and what is the remedy, if not inherited ? Pages 408-426. Health. Why should general good health be a sine qua non of all applicants for railroad positions? Pages 137- 143. Friendship. Its facial and bodily signs? Page 385. Why necessary to one in authority? Page 388. Why necessary to a "railroader"? Page 389. Can it be cultivated ? How ? Page 391. ; Pneumativeness. What is it, and what are its signs? Pages 397, 398. Why useful to railroad officials? Pages 403, 404. How related to high thinking and high effort ? Page 404. Self-esteem. Men in all stations of life should possess this. Why, and what ability does it impart to the pos- sessor ? Pages 437-441. Force. When we say, " He is a man of Force," what do we mean ? Page 454. How does it aid a Railroad Super- intendent or Boss? Page 455. How does the Language one uses indicate the quality of Force? Page 460. What does Force impart to the Voice? Page 461. Resistance. How is it indicated ? Page 463. Why, and to what extent, is it needed by the railroad official ? Page 463. What characteristics are shown by those deficient in Resistance ? Page 469. Secretiveness. A fair share of this faculty needed. Why? Page 473. Hope. Why is a fair share of Hope desir- able? What and where are its signs? Pages 183-189, 468. Cautiousness. Railroad Engineers, Brakemen, Fire- men, Conductors, etc., must all possess Cautiousness, in order to perform arduous duties with a mini- mum of losses and accidents. Page 483. What is Cautiousness ? Page 479. What is its principal facial sign? Pages 191, 479. A-60 RAILROAD MANAGEMENT. EXECUTIVENESS. Here is a man of Executive ability. How do we know this ? What are the indications ? Pages 561- 565. Why highly necessary to all officials, particularly those of railroads? Pages 566, 567. (Kindly read carefully the whole article on Executiveness.) Self-will. How does this faculty aid great enterprises, and why should those high in authority in Railroad Circles cultivate it, if deficient ? Pages 569-578. What are its facial and bodily signs ? Pages 569, 570. Human Nature. Should not every official, Superin- tendent, Boss, etc., be a good physiognomist ? Pages 525-527. Are there not many good physiog- nomists (unconsciously) at pres- ent ? What are its beneficial uses ? Page 532. Constructiveness. Why should the constructive ability be one of the leading faculties in the general make-up and character of all railroad people? How can you tell if one does possess it? Read all of chapter. Pages 544-551. Form and Size. How do these faculties assist in building up character and ability ? Pages 602-614. Of what use are these faculties to all grades of mechanics, more particularly railroad mechanics ? Pages 602-614. Locality. What desire does this faculty give to its possessor? Page 638. Why, and to what extent, is it useful to the Engineer, Machinist, Super- intendent, etc. ? Pages 638, 639. Why is it essential ? Page 642. How can the Localizing Sense be cultivated? Pages 640, 641. Observation. Why is this faculty of great use in operating and managing great enterprises? Page 618. Of what is it the basis ? Page 618. What results from the cultivation of this desirable faculty ? Page 623. Memory and Weight. What power does the possession of these faculties give to their possessors in the forwarding of great works of engineering and railroading ? Pages 627-651. How can a weak memorjr be strength- ened ? Pages 627-632. Physical Order. Of what use, and from what derived ? Pages 209, 210. To what does it tend in employe's ? Pages 698-705. Time. Why highly essential to the Loco- motive Engineer and Conductor ? Page 681. Calculation. Calculation, pure and simple, enters into every branch of railroading? What is its origin, and where are the best natural calculators ? Page 213. Facial and Bodily Signs. Page Comparison, Causality, Reason. Should not these faculties be pos- sessed by all connected with rail- road enterprises? Pages 227-231. Where is this shown most promi- nently in the Human Face ? Paees 227,716,717. S How does it cause Practicality? Page 721. J Of what does Comparison take cog- nizance ? Pages 732-735. RAILROAD J Enthusiasm. Are not railroads usually an evidence of the exercise of this force? How can you tell the enthusiasts who will do and dare for your interests? Pages 267, 268. Chins and Jaws. Their use as indicators of Character and Ability ? Pages 773-794. Voice. Its modulation and intonation as in- dicating Character and Ability. Pages 827-828. How do words reveal the intellectual ' condition? Page 833. Harsh voices, as a rule, belong to what kind of people ? Page 832. Mouth. If you want a man of plain, practi- cal common sense, who will carry out, with the discipline of a sol- dier, all orders given him, why would you choose one with a mouth of medium size, showing considerable of the red portion, gently closed, and fairly well- proportioned ? Pages 843, 844. Why reject one like Fig. 191 ? Page 846. Noses. Noses play an important part in readin<>-character. Why? Pages 879, 880. Please observe carefully chart. Page 881. How does the Nose indicate ability ? Page 921. A-61 How does the Nose show the pos- session of Executiveness in a marked degree? Pages 887-889, 917. How is the positive character de- noted by the Nose? Pages 919, 920. In choosing a Mechanic who said he was "A-l," would the Nose give 3rou any indication as to the truth or falsity of his statement ? Page 933. Eyes. Eyes are factors in " Face and Form Reading." In choosing an Engineer, etc., why would vou prefer one with eyes like Fig. 216? Page 947. Why not like Fig. 250 ? Page 949. Engineers. Engineers should possess large and delicately-sensitive ears, as also Telegraph-Operators (particularly in the Railroad service). Why ? Page 1022. Smiles and Laughter. How do they indicate character? Page 1056. To what kind of a person does a loud, boisterous laugh usually belong? Page 1056. Try this as an indicator, and watch the laugh and general conduct of some employe. Will the conduct and character not correspond with the laugh? Page 1056. How is Sagacity, etc., shown by the shape and poise of the Neck? Page 1063. ANAGEMENT. * THE CHILD. The Value of Face and Form Reading in the Raising, Education, and Training (Physical and Mental) of the Child. By THE PUBLISHERS. The raising, education, and training of children by the parent or guardian is a problem of no mean proportions, and any work suggestive of methods in advance of the systems at present in vogue will, we think, be hailed by parents and guardians with pleasure. Many times we are confronted with the fact that harsh measures will not succeed, nor in many cases will easy treatment bring about the desired end. Do not many of the errors and mistakes in training rest pri- marily upon the parent or guardian X Is not this primary fault, in nearly all cases, ignorance of the physical and mental capacity and capabilities of the child X Are we not often arbitrary and harsh with a child when, if its mental condition, disposition, and traits were more perfectly known, it would be found that mild measures, with an occasional appeal to the approbativeness of the child, would accomplish far more than harsh words or blows'? Knowing how to treat children in their training and education is an art that every parent or guardian would gladly learn. We do what we think is for the best interests of the child, and often we wake up to the fact, after much time spent in such training, and realize that we have been pursuing the wrong course. Will a study and application of the principles of " Face and Form Reading " enable us to become better acquainted with our children, their needs, their capacities, their capabilities X Can the secret springs of volition be traced to their fountain-head and the why and wherefore of mental phenomena in the child be analyzed and understood X We think so ; hence this work. And in order that parents and guardians may possess some landmarks to aid them in the search for mental characteristics in the child, we have prepared the ap- pended questions, the answers to which (found on pages indicated) will enable you, we hope, to handle this delicate subject in a (A-62) THE child. A-63 manner befitting its importance, and with results far more grati- fying than under the old " hit or miss " plan. To parents nothing is more important than the proper raising, training, and education of the child, and as they are trained in youth so will be their Manhood or Womanhood. Almost every phase and condition of child-life is touched upon in these questions, and the answers from the author's stand- point are, in the main, practical and in accordance with right reason. These questions could readily be extended into the hundreds, but what we give you will suffice to show the great desirability and utility of " Face and Form Reading" to every parent and guardian. Muscular System. Why is a good development of the Muscular System necessary to the child ? Page 75. What are the best means to develop ? Page 76. What important traits will it develop in the child? Page 77. If your child has a very large mus- cular development, upon what par- ticular lines should be the train- ing? Pages 81-83. Should your child have a bright eye, what does it indicate as to the nerves of sense ? Page 96. Brain. What have Brain and Nerves to do with character-building, and how can vou measure the Mental power of the child? Pages 97, 98. Should the child be puny and weak physically, but brain development large, what can be done to balance and harmonize ? Page 99. Form. What has this to do with Natural ability, and how can we interpret Form? Pages 120-124. Color. What does the difference in com- plexion indicate? How and why is this so? Page 127. Does Color indicate Mental Power and Genius? Page 113. What are Kindergartens doing to develop the Color-sense in chil- dren ? Page 129. Harmony. Is not this the basis of a really good useful character in the child ? Page 137. What is the connection between Morality and Harmony, and the best way to develop, that the child may possess a well-balanced organ- ization? Page 138. How shall we treat very precocious children? Page 139. What should we do and what not do? Page 139. What is the most conducive to the Mental and Physical welfare of the child, and what method will pro- duce the best results? Page 139. How should oversensitive and ner- vous children be managed for the first ten years of child-life ? Page 140. Why should children be overseen at play as well as at work ? Page 141. What do pinched features usually indicate as to physical condition? Page 143. How is the Moral sense of the child created and fostered ? Pages 155, 156. (Read Dr. H. Mandsley.) CHILD. A-64 THE Self-will. This, in some children, is hard to control. What are the author's views as to the management of children who are self-willed ? Pages 195, 196. Love of Home. EIow can a Love of and for Home be created in the young? Page 165. What measures tend to create this trait and prevent the child learn- ing vicious habits ? Page 165. What are the signs for this faculty ? Pages 175, 324. Observation. For what is this faculty useful, and how can it be cultivated in the child? Pages 199, 201, 621. Comparison, Causality, and Reason. Why teach these faculties to our children? Pages 227, 228. What has " Face and Form Read- ing " to do with the child's train- ing for the duties of Life ? Pages 239, 240. Jealousy, Revenge, etc. Can tendencies in the child to Jeal- ousy, Revenge, and Anger be modified and controlled ? Pages 248-257. These traits are not conducive to health. Why not ? Page 263. Gestures, Smiles, and Laughter. Do Gestures, Smiles, Laughter, Mo- tion, etc., indicate in any man- ner character or mental ability? Pages 299,300. What does the kind of Laughter in a child signify ? Pages 1054,1057. Necks. What kind of a Neck had Napoleon Bonaparte, and what kind of char- acter did it indicate? Page 1063. If the Neck of the child is long or short, thick or thin, what does this indicate as to character? Page 1057. Health. What are the signs of Health and Disease, Strength and Weakness in the child, and where do we find the indications? Page 1085. Vocations. How can we be guided in choosing a vocation for the child ? WThat aid will " Face and Form Read- ing " give us in such choice? Pages 1111-1182. Harshness, etc. If you have been harsh with the child and stubbornness has re- sulted, what is the best course to follow in order to harmonize ? Pages 1182, 1183. If too lenient and indulgent, what is the best to do? Pages 1182, 1183. Dietary for Bone and Muscle Development. Should the child be taking on Flesh too rapidly or " Getting Fat " (an excess of which tends to indolence and disease), what kind of food should be given to overcome this tendency ? (Important.) Page If the child is small-boned or the development of bone appears to be somewhat retarded, what should the diet of such a one consist of? Page 87. Why is it of prime importance that the food of young, growing chil- dren should consist of those articles containing Lime and its phosphates (such as Bread from Unbolted Wheat), Milk, Eggs, Salt, Farinaceous or Starchy food THE CHILD. A-65 Dietary for Bone and Muscle Development (continued). (as in all vegetables), and Animal Fats? Pages 87, 88. Should an excess of Bone exist and a deficiency of Fat and Muscle, we must use foods that are Flesh and Muscle builders. See the author's remarks. Read all as to " Dietary " carefully, as it is very important and has the indorsement of Phy- sicians and Hygienists of promi- nence. Pages 91-93. Conclusion. If you read carefully and follow out the suggestions of the author of " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading," can Health, Hap- piness, and Character-building be advanced and developed in the child? Pages 1183, 1184. MAN DOES NOT DIE, HE KILLS HlMSELF.'-s.n^. Make a careful study of Character Analysis along the lines of Longevity through Hygiene. It will help you to keep well. Theories advanced as to a tendency to disease and the means to avert such tendency through the knowledge and practice of Hygiene, while not new, gain additional force and assume an im- portant aspect when connected with Face and Form Reading. These signs on the face are indicators of Health or Disease, Strength or Weakness, Longevity or Early Decay. In one respect we could well learn from the Chinese, i.e., consult the Physician how to keep well in place of consulting him after we are sick, we would thus avoid the early development of disease and come to old age under happier conditions. The great advancement which has been made in recent years in Physiology, Hygiene and Medicine by such well-known men as Doctors Sajous, Lorand, Ott, and many others goes to prove still more how the functional organs show clearly as an indicator of disease. You will find much valuable information of every day use which will enable you to cope with these realities which mean so much to each one by reading this and other parts of Stanton's "Encyclopedia." The following questions, the answers of which may be found on the pages indicated, will help you to understand what is in- tended by Hygiene and see more clearly the conditions of the internal functions Our suggestion is that you use this knowledge in your daily life, for it will give long life and happiness. There are no better works on the subject than "Old Age De- ferred" by Lorand, Ott's "Physiology" and Sajous's "Internal Secretions and the Principles of Medicine," to use in connection with this work. Vegetative System. If the system is overburdened with an excess of fat, what Hygienic measures will tend to bring about an equilibrium? Page 69. If a deficiency of the Vegetative (A-66) System exists, what diseases are liable? Page 70. Thoracic or Chest System. What Hygienic measures tend to produce harmony? Page 74. longevity THR Thoracic or Chest System (continued). Persons with large chest-develop- ment are subject to what diseases? Page 73. How can this tendency be avoided ? Page 74. Muscular System. What Hygienic measures will assist in muscular development and pro- mote Longevity ? Page 83. Osseous or Bony System. For an excessive development of Bone, what Hygienic measures will tend to harmonize ? Page 92. For a deficient development of bone, what is the remedy ? Page 92. Brain System. A disproportioned brain system leads to what diseases ? Page 99. Does Hygiene inform you how such an evil tendency can be avoided or remedied ? Page 133. Signs for Longevity. Where are these signs shown in face and body? Page 133. What is the main reliance to over- come disproportion ? Page 134. Examples of Longevity due to liv- ing in accordance with Hygienic Laws? Pages 134, 135. Good Health. The basis of long life. Page 137. The connection between good health, morality, and long life? Pages 138, 139. How does Ventilation affect lon- gevity? Page 139. What is conducive to Longevity ? Pages 139, 140. What examples of weak, sickly chil- dren, who lived long and useful lives, does the author give ? Page 140. What are the author's views as to Drug Medication versus Hygiene ? Pages 142, 143. UGH HYGIENE. A-67 What is the Vis Medicatrix Naturae as outlined by the author ? Page 143. How should Eating and Drinking be regulated? Pages 162, 354. What has perfect Kidney Organiza- tion to do with Longevity ? Page 163. Those noted for longevity have a certain unfailing sign in the face? What is it? Page 164. Can this faculty be so cultivated as to promote Longevity ? How ? Page 165. Alimentiveness, or Digestion. What influence have perfect diges- tion and assimilation on Lon- gevity? Pages 165,166. What is the most important knowl- edge for mankind to gain? Page 185. What bearing has this on good Men- tality and Longevity? Page 185. Why is a perfectly normal liver essential to high Mentality and conducive to Longevity ? Page 254. What is an ally of Longevity ? Page 257. What does " Face and Form Read- ing " teach as to Mental and Physi- cal defects ? Page 270. What signs have we in the face indi- cating healthy Visceral organs, and what do these signs indicate as to power to resist disease and assist in attaining Longevity ? Page 277. Firmness and Hope. How do these faculties promote Longevity ? Pages 316, 488, 490. Drinks. Do artificial drinks assist in pro- moting Longevity or retard it? Page 345. What drinks do tend to Longevity ? Page 346. A^-68 LONGEVITY THROUGH HYGIENE. Laughter and Mirth. Laugh and grow fat; laugh and live long. Is longevity promoted by Mirth and Laughter? Page 376. How does a sunny disposition ward off physical ills and promote long life? Page 376. Pneumativeness. How does this faculty aid long life ? Page 397. What is the prime essential in Health and Longevity ? Page 400. If one is rather deficient in this faculty, how can it be developed ? Page 408. Sanativeness (Love of Life). If strongly developed and fortified by Hygienic measures, what is the tendency toward Longevity? Pages 427-430. Is Longevity an attribute of Sana- tiveness? Page 433. What Natural Remedies conduce to Longevity? Pages 432, 433. What important part does Sanative- ness play in the Drama of Life? Page 434. Force. What does it create ? Page 458. What does lack of it create? Page 459. Can those lacking it develop it, and, if weak, strengthen it? How? Page 460. Resistance. How is resistance an ally of Hygiene, and how does it assist to Lon- gevity ? Page 464. Cautiousness. An aid in attaining Longevity through Hygiene. How is this? Page 483. What are Nature's Physicians? How do they aid to Longevity ? Page 578. Hair and Beard. In what respect is the hair a sign of Longevity? Page 1000. How do the Moustache and Beard indicate Longevity ? Page 1014. Laws of Nature. How should the Laws of Nature be applied to aid in attaining Lon- gevity ? Page 1105. Physicians and scientists are bending every effort, and Boards of Health formulating measures of Hygiene, whereby the masses can avoid many of the ills of life. Much thought is being given to the development of Hygienic measures in order to stamp out diseases due to dirt. Preventive Medicine is, at the present day, forging to the front; and, aided by Physical Training, will, we hope, carry mankind to a higher plane of perfection, physical and mental. A study and application of the principles of " Face and Form Reading" cannot fail to be of benefit. These few ques- tions and answers show the great scope of the work and its practical uses in every-day life. IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. What Light will Face and Form Reading Throw on Human Improvement and Human Development? By THE PUBLISHERS. Why do some faces repel, others attract X Why do different people often form the same conclusions regarding a certain other person X Why do we associate certain traits with certain pecul- iarities of face, form, gesture, color, etc.'? Because there are natural laws which govern these things. Because there cannot be an effect without a cause. That certain types of faces, both as to shape, color, and expression, are associated with certain types of bodily form is a fact familiar to all anatomists. Every student of evolution knows that, commencing at the lowest form of animal life, facial features have been evolved, one by one, in conformity with vital organs of the physical system. Everywhere in nature each ascertained fact, in the slow but steady progress of human research toward a better and more thorough knowledge of God's manner of working through nature, adds but additional and irresistible testimony to the doctrine that form, color, gesture, voice, and expression all have a meaning, and can be traced back to primal causes,—to a correlation with the vital organs upon whose action life and development depend. This being the case, and this natural science having been practiced intuitively, often unconsciously, from the birth of the race to the present day, by every class and condition of mankind, from the cradle to the grave, it is but fitting that in this age of marvelous development, this period of wonders in electrical, biological, psycho- logical, bacteriological, medical, and general scientific development, this science should at last be reduced to basic laws and principles, harnessed down, as it were, by the strong hand of investigation and discovery, and, in common with other natural forces, made to serve, even more directly than in the past, the needs of man. Having penetrated so far into this new domain, having grasped the basic principles underlying the reading of human character and the reason for its different phases, why should not this science, so wonderfully fascinating, which appeals so strongly to every human being, be made to work wonders for humanity X Having learned the physical causes of mental peculiarities, and (A-69) A-70 IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. that certain physical and mental combinations produce certain physical and mental results, why should not the process of evolu- tion, through right training, education, marriage, and generation, go on until a race shall be evolved that will be as superior to that which exists to-day as is the race of to-day to our rude forefathers of a thousand years ago X What untold wonders of scientific, mental, physical, social, and religious development may not the coming generations wit- ness through this new science,—new in this fullest sense, but yet, in instinctive, uneducated, and ungoverned use, is old as the race, —a science which in its crudity, like Niagara, has existed for thousands, possibly millions, of years, but which now, trained, guided, and governed like the Niagara of to-day, is at last being bound by rules and bands wliich shall yet render it an obedient servant of progressive mankind ! In this day of higher education, of discovery and investiga- tion, particularly in the fields of Evolution and Psychology, skep- ticism upon the subject of the possibility of " Face and Form Heading " is fast passing away. While differences of opinion exist and will doubtless continue to exist, yet the general tendency is in the direction of a steady progress toward reducing this science to fixed principles recog- nized by the mass of investigators. No one who reads carefully this work can for a moment doubt its usefulness in the Improvement and Development of the Human Race. Basic Principles. Has the science of " Face and Form Reading" any underlying Basic Principles ? If so, what are they ? Pages 7-10. What is Mind, and who advances this idea? Page 12. Upon what is the philosophy of expression based ? Page 27. Form. Pages What is the origin of Form ? 29, 30. Has Form, as exhibited in the human body, a meaning? Page 41. In the evolution of the Human Race, can we prove the co-operation of Nature, Art, and Science? Page 55. INTERPRET ATION. How is a rational interpretation of Social phenomena possible ? Page 81. If the face is read scientifically, will it aid us in analyzing character? Page 95. Through what channel is Man en- dowed with the power of reason- ing? Page 99. Color. The Human Race is many-hued, variously tinted as to Color. What do these different tints mean? Pages 126-128. What has the state or condition of the Liver to do with Color? Pase 183. B What is the connection of the Liver with the Mind ? Pages 184,185. IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. A-71 Memory. Upon what does it depend ? Page 203. What causes a loss of memory ? Page 204. Development. What is the distinctive difference between Developed and Undevel- oped Races ? Pages 227-229. Signs, Mental and Physical. Where are located the signs for the Physical Organs ? Page 277. Where are located the signs for the Mental Faculties ? Page 288. What does Sir Thomas Browne, M.D., say as to " Signs of Char- acter in the Face "? Page 297. Where is Man's character spread ? Page 301. Energy. Upon what is great energy of Mind and Body dependent ? Page 403. What does large lungs create ? Pages 403-405. To Read Character. In order to read Human Character, what is essential? Pages 1114, 1115. How is a study of the encyclo- paedia of use to parents in choos- ing vocations for children ? Page 1113. Do the Face and Form indicate the well-bred or thorough-bred person ? Pages 1108, 1109. To what physical disorders are people of very dark skin, hair, and eyes liable ? Page 1099. How can the Human Race be im- proved and more thoroughly de- veloped, and will a study of this work aid in attaining this desirable end? Pages 1105, 1106. Natural Phenomena. Causality is the base of all Natural Phenomena. What does a cultiva- tion of it lead to? Pages 721, 722. Health and Disease. What are the signs of Health, Dis- ease, Strength, and Weakness in the Human Face and Body ? Pages 1085-1106. Will a study of the principles and application of the hints and ideas aid in Human Improvement and Human Development? Page 1183. These few questions (answers on pages indicated) will show the reader the great usefulness of this work, and, in connection with the special articles by eminent physicians, educators, etc., will aid him or her in obtaining knowledge of every-day use in the home, in business, and in society. HISTORICAL SKETCH. Away back in the dim, misty days of antiquity, of which we catch but a glimmer from the light of history, man was seeking light and knowledge,—to know more of his environment, more of himself, his kindred, and others. The ivhy of every phase and form of Mental Phenomena was sought for with much avidity and painstaking care. During this chaotic and evolutionary epoch much that, in the hands of Modern Science, has been systematized into form was evolved, until, at the present time, " Face and Form Reading," the Modern Physiog- nomy scientifically explained, stands before us, and must, of neces- sity, take rank as an important Mental Science. No science has as yet reached perfection (and probably never will), nor do we claim perfection for the present System of Physi- ognomy; but such as we give you in this work is capable of Mathematical and Physical, as well as Practical, demonstration. Many brilliant and solid minds have for ages been engaged in the task of unraveling the tangled threads of life and human action, to assign a cause for every effect. "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading,'' while a scientific work, is pre-eminently practical; and, while the limits of the science have not by any means been reached, what we give you in this encyclopaedia is the concentrated and sublimated result of the evolution of.many ages of thought and research on this interesting and fascinating subject. All that is known on the matter to date is here gathered in systematic arrangement, and the theories and laws for all mental phenomena, so far as is known, render the science practical and useful. The following eminent Physicians, Scientists, Thinkers, and Philosophers, Ancient and Modern, have thought and written on the all-absorbing subject, " Man, Know Thyself." Writers on Physiognomy and Kindred Topics. historians, poets, etc. Moses, " First Elements in the Pentateuch." Adamantius, Ancient Greek Philosopher Socrates, Greek Philosopher. Born, b.c. 470; Died, b.c. 399. Plato, Greek Philosopher. Born, b.c. 429; Died, b.c. 348. (A-72) Aristophanes, Greek Poet. Born, B.C. 440; Died, b.c. 380. Aristotle, Greek Philosopher. Born, b.c. 384; Died, b.c. 322. Zeno, Greek Stoic Philosopher. Born, B.C. 358 : Died, b.c. 260. Cleanthes, Greek Philosopher. Born bc 300; Died, b.c. 220. historical sketch. A-73 historians, poets, etc. (continued). Seneca, Roman Stoic Philosopher. Born, b.c. 5; Died, a.d. 65. Lucius Ann^us Tertullian, Latin Theolo- gian. Born, a.d. 150; Died, a.d. 220. Xenophon, Greek Philosopher and Historian. Strabo, Greek Historian and Geographer. Born, B.C. 54 ; Died, a.d. 24. Plutarch, Greek Historian and Biographer. Born, a.d. 49 ; Died, a.d. 120. Caius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman Historian. Born, a.d. 55; Died, a.d. 117. Marcus Valerius Martialis, Latin Poet. Flourished a.d. 98 Decimus Junius Juvenalis, Roman Poet. Flourished a.d. 100. Lucan, Greek Poet. Flourished a.d. 140. Lucian, Greek Author and Poet. Flourished a.d. 150. PHYSICIANS (ANCIENT). Hippocrates, Greek Physician. "The Father of Medicine." Born, b.c. 460; Died, b.c. 357. Caius Pliny, Roman Physician, Naturalist, and Author. Born, a.d. 23; Died, a.d. 69. Claudius Galen, Roman Physician and Medical Author. Born, a.d. 130; Died, a.d. 200. Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, Roman Phy- sician and Writer. First century. Ibn Sina Avicenna. Mohammedan Phy- sician, Philosopher, and Author. Born, a.d. 980; Died, a.d. 1037. Ibn Rashd Averroes. Arabian Physician, Philosopher, and Author. Born, a.d. 1149; Died, a.d. 1198. EARLY CHRISTIAN FATHERS, ETC. Niquetius, Jesuit Father. " Physiognomia Humana." Flourished 1648. St. Ambrose, Latin Father. Bishop of Milan. Born a.d. 340; Died, a.d. 397. St. Gregory the Great, Supreme Pontiff. Born a.d. 540; Died a.d. 604. St. Gregory Nanzianzen, Bishop of Con- stantinople. Born, a.d. 326; Died, a.d. 389. St. Gregory Nyssus, Greek Bishop, etc. Born, a.d. 332; Died, a.d. 394. Sophronius Eusebius (St. Jerome), Latin Father and Bishop, Church Historian, etc. Born, a.d. 345; Died, a.d. 420. St. Augustine, Numidian Bishop of Hippo. Born, a.d. 354; Died, a.d. 430. MODERN PHYSICIANS, SCIENTISTS, THINKERS, ETC. Hieronymo Cortes, Spanish Physician. " Phisonomia y varios Secretos de Natu- raliza," 1610. Ciro Spontini, Eminent Venetian Physician. " Metaposcopy of the Eyebrows." 1626. Dalla Porta Napolitano, Italian An- thropologist. "Delia Fisonomia dell' huomo." 1627. De la Chambre, French Physician and Anthropologist. " L'Art de Connaitre les hommes." 1660. C. Lebrun, Celebrated Artist of Louis XIV. "Expressions des passions de Tame." 1667. Ghiradelli, Italian Professor and Anthro- pologist. " Cephalogy Physiognomical." 1672. Adrien Sicler, French Physician. " Chiro- mancie Royale Nouvelle enrich de figures de observations de la Cabale." . 1677. Giovanni Ingegneri, Italian Bishop of Capo d'Istria. " Naturale Fisonomie." 1686. Scipione Chiaramonte, Italian Anthropolo- gist and Physician of Cesena. " De Conjectandis Cujusque Moribus et laten- tibus anima affectibus." 1690. H. Engel, German Physician. " Briefs die Expression." 1765. Camper, French Physician. " Dissertation Physique sur les differences replies que presentent les raits du visage." 1791. Sir Charles Bell, English Physician. "Anatomy and Physiology of Expres- sion." 1806. Lavater, Swiss Clergyman. " Fragments of Physiognomy " ; " The Physiognomi- cal Bible," etc. 1807. Povi Polli, Italian Physician. " Essay on Physiognomy and Pathognomy." 1837. A. Burgess, English Physician. " Physiology and Mechanism of Blushing." 1839. Lepelletier de la Sarthe, French Phy- sician. " TraitS Complet de Physiogno- mic." 1848. Prof. S. R. Wells, American Physiogno- mist. " The New Physiognomy." 1863. Fillippo Cardona, Italian Physician. " Delia Fisonomia." 1863. A-74 HISTORICAL SKETCH. MODERN PHYSICIANS, SCIENTISTS, thinkers, etc. (continued). Prof. A. E. Willis, American Physiogno- mist. " The Modern Physiognomy." 1864. Gratiolet, Italian Anatomist. " De la physi- ognomie et des mouvements d'expres- sion." 1865. Albert Lemoine, French Physician and Anthropologist. " De la Physionomie et de la parole." 1865. Aug. Piderit, German Physician and An- thropologist. " Wissenschaftliches Sys- tem der Mimik und Physiognomik." 1867. C. Mastrani, Neapolitan Physician. " Noto- mia Morale," etc. 1871. Chas. Darwin, English Anthropologist, Phy- sician, and Scientist. " The Expression of the Emotions in Animals." 1872. P. Duchenne, French Anthropologist. " M6- canisme de la physiognomie humani ou analyze electro-physiologique de l'ex- pression de passions." 1876. Paoli Mantegazzi, Italian Senator, Anthro- pologist, Physician, etc. " Physiognomy and Expression " ; "Physiology of Pain." 1891. Sir Thos. Browne, M.D., English Physician. " Religio Medici." Francis Galton, English Physician. " He- reditary Genius." J. Lauder Lindsay, English Physician. " Mind in the Lower Animals." L. Topinard, M.D., Florence, Italy. " Revue d'Anthropologic des Diverses especes de Prognothisme," Archivo per 1'Anthro- pologic et l'Ethnologie. INTRODUCTION. IF the most learned man of the twelfth century were to return to earth and become cognizant of our advance in the sciences and industrial arts, he would doubtless believe, at first, that he was in the midst of works of magic more won- derful and powerful by far than the mysterious and occult operations of the Magi of his own age He would note the use of nat- ural forces in the economics of life through complicated machinery : see the wonders wrought by steam and electricity; travel at mar- velous speed on the earth, in the air, on water or under it; find distance annihilated by telephone and telegraph, be astounded at the telescopic and microscopic discoveries wliich startle even this progressive age. The knowledge of the laws of sound, motion, light, and color, which this epoch has evolved, would unfold to his senses a world of realities as new to his mind as if he, in verity. were transported to quite another planet than the one which had been his former habitation. After taking note of all our increased knowledge of science in its various departments, and after examin- ing our museums and institutions of learning, if he were to ask, What do you now know of man]—of his powers and properties'? what reply could we make X We might answer that we understand the circulation of the blood, a little about the nervous system, somewhat of the process of digestion; that we know the number of the bones and have named them, and also the action of the muscles; that we are in a state of uncertainty as to the function of the brain ; that we know very little of the prevention of dis- ease, much less about its cure, and nothing at all as to the meaning of his physiognomy. What think you would be his opinion of our progress in useful knowledge X Surely, he would conclude that we had vexed our minds with many things that could be dis- pensed with, and had neglected the most useful of them all. The knowledge of man and how to improve his capacities, how to pro- tect his bodilv powers, how to prevent and remedy the diseases whicli assail him, is surely of more importance than many of the studies upon which valuable time has been spent without advanc- ing the knowledge of man one step. All through the ages of which we have any recorded history we find inklings of an instinctive perception of phvsiognomv. a) 2 INTRODUCTION. The writings of Moses show him to have been a profound student of human nature, and possessed of a power to read and understand countenances and features. His knowledge of sanitary law, in regard to food and diet and the protection of the body, and the success attending the application of these laws, place him even beyond the sanitarians of to-day. Among the earliest Greek writers, Aristotle, Plato, and Galen may be named as having written and taught physiognomy. Hippocrates also formulated a system based upon the several colors of the human complexion. This classification has passed down to the present day, and has been accepted by naturalists in its application to man, while at the same time, with singular inconsistency, the lower animal kingdom has been classified on the basis of form, and correctly so, as color is an effect, not a cause; it is dependent on climate, food, habit, and other accidental surroundings. Even phrenologists, who ought to know better (since their researches extend widely among the animal kingdom), have retained the classification which Hip- pocrates set up. The differences observable in the human family lie denominated temperaments—a word whicli has no intelligent application even to the false basis upon which the old Greek phy- sician founded his system, long before the circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey, and before the functions of the liver, heart, and brain were at all understood. Each age has added its contributions to our knowledge of physiognomy, and if these contributions have not given us hereto- fore a correct system, at once practical and scientific, they have maintained an interest and a belief in this science. This interest and belief have served as beacon-lights which have flashed far down the ages made brilliant by the works of the most renowned philosophers and literates. Among the Grecians, Aristotle wrote extensively on this subject. Pliny, Cicero, and others of ancient Rome found this science worthy of their consideration, while, later in the advancing centuries, we find Petrus d'Abbano lecturing on physiognomy before the students of the University of Paris. After him followed the renowned Avicenna, Averroes, Michael Scott, and the Italian sculptor and naturalist, J. Baptista Porta, the discoverer of the camera obscura. Later still, many German, French, Eng- lish, and American observers left their writings among us to be added to and built upon. Lavater, in 1801, wrote numerous volumes on the subject, copiously illustrated, in which he had the assistance of some of the best artists in Europe. It is through his works, and from his associations that this science is best known to modern students. His purity of life and high position (he having been an eloquent clergyman, pastor of St. Peter's Church at INTRODUCTION. 3 Zurich) placed physiognomy on a footing of credibility. His works are what he named them—"Fragments"—merely, without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the belief and interest in the science. Prominent among the German and French observers are found the eminent Blumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and He la Sarthe ; among the English, Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker; and among Americans, James W. Red- field. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse published from the University Press, at Glasgow, a series of lectures on physiognomy which he had delivered, setting forth a system wliich contains practical knowledge, susceptible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary observer. Prof. Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California, in an able article in the Popidar Science Monthly describing the ad- vance of science, says:— " In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more com- plex departments, there are three distinct stages of advance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and arrangement of facts—Descriptive Science. The second is the reduction of these to formal laws—Formal Science. Thus far the science is inde- pendent of all other sciences. The third is the reference of these laws to the more general laws of a more fundamental science—in the hierarchy as their cause—Causal Science. It is this last change only which necessarily follows the order indicated above. Its effect is always to give great impulse to scientific advance, for then only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning planetary motions— Descriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced these to the three great and beautiful laws known by his name—Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for Newton, by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Keplerian laws by referring them to the more gen- eral and more fundamental laws of mechanics as their cause, and thus he became the founder of physical and causal astronomy. In other words, astronomy was at first a separate science, based on its own facts. Newton connected it with mechanics, and thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time astronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, however, another more solid and 4 INTRODUCTION. central shaft had grown up under the hands of many builders, viz., mechanics. Newton connected the astronomical shaft with the central column of mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a yet higher shaft." This description truthfully and beautifully shows the progress of scientific research. The system which this work presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to the human physiog- nomy and organism wliich have been observed and collected; it reduces these facts to laws, and, lastly, shows the correspondence of this science to the general and fundamental laws which under- lie all matter, viz., those of chemistry, architecture, and mathe- matics. The sum of ail human action is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, and man's organism illustrates the influence of these laws. I would like to see the facts contained in this work in the hands of all who love their kind, and who de- sire its elevation by scientific methods. In the years to come I do not doubt that more ample knowledge of physiognomy will be disseminated by greater minds, with better opportunities of obser- vation than have fallen to me. It would seem a very appropriate time for spreading the knowledge of man, now that so much is known of his environment, and while so many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and substances of Nature are coming daily to light which are immediately connected with his welfare. Earnest and religious regard for the advance of mankind to grander heights of purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing short of the knowledge of scientific laws and their appli- cation can regenerate the human race, has impelled the writing of these ideas. Part I. Theoretical Physiognomy. (5) CHAPTER I. Basic Principles of Scientific Physiognomy. "The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of physiognomy."" —WlNKLEMAN. LWATER defines physiognomy to be the " art or science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of • the face, or the art of discovering the predominant A temper or other characteristic qualities of the mind by the form of the body, but especially by the external signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features." This definition scientific physiognomy accepts in so far as it relates to the human species, but extends it in a more compre- hensive manner so as to include all animate and even inanimate nature. The form of every rock, tree, animal, and object in ex- istence has conic by design, and is sclf-rcrcaliny as to its tine character. That we fail in many instances to comprehend the meaning of certain forms observed in Nature is due to our lack of acute observation, or want of comparison, or ignorance of the meaning and significance of the basic principles of form,—a science wliich this system of physiognomy undertakes to unfold and apply to the human and animal face and body, as well as to vegetable and mineral formations. It is logical to infer that form has general laws wliich are self- re vealiiiff. Without knowledge of these general laws we must forever remain in ignorance of most of Nature's meanings in regard to the myriad things in the universe. Without some principles of form to guide us, character remains a sealed book; but Nature has equipped many if not most of her children with faculties suited to the true interpretation of signs which are thrown out in the most affluent manner by every form in existence. Nature's hieroglyphics are easily deciphered by the keen ob- server, and the facial signs of every human creature can be under- stood by those who are willing to study and apply the basic prin- ciples of form. In entering upon the study of physiognomy, or mental science, it will be well if we consider briefly the methods formerly employed by metaphysicians in the investigation of the science of mind, and then, as we proceed to contrast them and their results with the (?) 8 practical and scientific physiognomy. system which I shall present to your attention,—a system which has occupied the best thought of thirty-five years of my life. # You will doubtless ask what relation there is between the human phys- iognomy and metaphysical theories. If we were intending to con- fine our study to ancient metaphysics or even modern metaphysics and theological theories of the mind, I should be compelled to answer that there is no relation between them, -since these two classes of thinkers confined themselves to speculations merely and sought no solution in the investigation of the mechanism through which mind is manifested. Modern scientific observers, however, pursue the study of mind by investigating the body it inhabits and of which it is a part, and, as the face is proven to be the index or register of the entire organism (which you will acknowledge as we proceed), we are compelled to study the mechanism within the body which we find to be the moving cause of those expressions, forms, and colors that reveal to us the mind or character of the individual. Our knowledge of the history of mental science reaches far back into the age of Grecian civilization. The philosophical or metaphysical method of studying the human mind was coeval with the age in which configuration or sculpture reached its acme. It was also coeval with the creation of the greatest epic poems, of some of the grandest dramas and most sublime orations known to man. In short, it was an age of art, not of science. The great metaphysicians of Greece,—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Pythagoras, Anixamander, and many other ancient philosophers, —however they may have differed in their several svstems of philosophy, all alike believed in and used one common method of investigating mind. This method consisted in the investigation of self-consciousness, that is to say, an observation of the manner in which the mental processes—viz., those of memory, reason, will, comprehension, and perception—were carried on in the mind of the observer. Each philosopher sat in judgment, as it were, on his own method of thought, etc., and then gave to his investigations the name of '• mental science." Observations were pursued in this manner by all of the Greek thinkers, without any reference to bodily conditions, with the single exception of Aristotle, whose re- searches in natural history among insects, birds, and beasis, had given him greater insight into the origin and development of mind, both in the lower animals and in man. He, beyond all the other philosophers of his age, possessed a better comprehension of the physiology and anatomy of animal organisms, together with a very moderate knowledge of the physiology of man. The superstitions of his age prevented the dissection of human bodies, and thus these BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 9 philosophers were cut off from pursuing one practical and scien- tific method of studying mind. For two thousand years these impractical systems of mental science dominated the world of thought, then the great Bacon arose and began the study of mind from an entirely different stand- point. His studies in the practical sciences—he having been the inventor, it is said, of the telescope, air-pump, diving-bell, and of gun-powder, besides having written very learnedly upon optics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and many other sciences—natu- rally led him to adopt a scientific method of investigating mind; but as very little more of physiology was known in his day than in the age of Aristotle, his writings on mental science are not as reliable as those of the more modern thinkers, yet his method was an advance on those preceding him. The circulation of the blood was not discovered by Harvey until four hundred years after the death of Bacon ; the construction and operation of the heart, liver, lungs, and brain were not known until still later periods. How, then, can it be expected that a knowledge of the mind of man could be studied or comprehended without an intimate knowledge of his bodily functions X The subjective method (as it is denominated) of the ancients would not have seemed so impractical a mode of studying mind, had all persons been alike normally constituted; but so large a proportion of persons are insane (it is now estimated that one in five hundred is so at the present day, and there are also many un- developed races in existence, and were then, as well as children who are also in a state of undevelopment), that if the subjective method is to be employed, wc should never know anything at all about these several classes of beings who form a large proportion of our population. Now, in any system of mental science, to ignore the knowledge of the character of all children, of all un- developed races, and persons such as idiots, imbeciles, and the in- sane, as well as those who are laboring under temporary aberration and weakness of mind of any degree whatsoever, is to deprive mankind of the most useful and necessary part of the knowledge of himself; hence any system of mental science which fails to treat o*f these several classes, together with the means for their improve- ment, cannot be considered either practical or scientific. In order to understand the human mind practically, we must commence with its first manifestations in childhood. It was in this manner that Locke, so justly celebrated for his wonderful essay on the "Human Understanding," commenced the investiga- tion of mind in the eighteenth century. He considered the nature of children and of savage races. He was the first metaphysician 10 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. who made any decided advance in the method of studying, inves- tigating, and interpreting the human mind, and this advance was due to his observation of* Nature, by his discarding the old metaphysical methods, and by basing his laws upon observations made on living subjects. He first observed natural phenomena in children and savages, and then, by generalizing, was able to dis- cover the laws underlying the actions of the individuals thus ob- served. He also made observations among animals, and here the investigator will find corroboration of many laws which are recognized in the human family. Writers of the greatest eminence, among whom we find the celebrated M. de Quatrefages, Herbert Spencer, Darwin, Dr. II. Maudsley, and Professor Huxley, all agree in their methods of investigating character by first observing plants and animals. M. de Quatrefages, in his celebrated work on " The Human Species," remarks:— Now, plants and animals have been studied for a much longer period than man, and from an exclusively scientific point of view, without any trace of the prejudice and party feeling which interferes with the study of man. Without having penetrated very deeply into all the secrets of animal and vegetable life, science has acquired acertain number of fixed and indis- putable results, whicli constitute a foundation of positive knowledge and a safe starting-point. Whenever there is any doubt of the nature or signifi- cance of a phenomenon observed in man, the corresponding phenomena must be examined in animals and even in plants. They must be compared with what takes place in ourselves, and the results accepted :ts they are exhibited. What is true of other organized beings cannot but be true of man. Tliis method is incontestabty scientific. Every solution which makes or tends to make man an exception from those laws which govern other organized and living beings is unsound and unscientific* Dr. Maudsley asserts:— The study of the plan of the development of mind as exhibited in the animal, the barbarian, and the infant furnishes results of the greatest value, and is as essential to a true mental science as the study of its development is to a full knowledge of the bodily organism. Those who have read Lavater's renowned work on physiog- nomy, will doubtless look for some theoretical testimony from his facile and prolific pen. Now, although Lavater wrote many volumes on physiognomy, and was himself a great ■intuitional physiognomist, he was, unfortunately, not a scientific student. He says of him- self that he did not understand anatomy and physiology, and without a thorough knowledge of these sciences it is impossible to found a system of physiognomy. At the same time, such was his rare gift of observation and correct intuition, and such his ardor, * The Human Species, M. de Quatrefages, p. 27. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 11 that, added to his noble character and purity of life, it enabled him to revive the belief in physiognomy, which had waned during the middle ages, or had become classed with the " black art" and works of magic. And this pure-minded minister of the gospel was received at the courts of kings and princes, and his observa- tions and researches were hailed with enthusiasm by the most emi- nent men of his day. His writings, although they lack system and are really what he terms them, "Fragments" merely, restored physiognomy to that rank which it had held in the estimation of man two thousand years before, when such great minds as Plato, Galen, Aristotle, Pliny, Cicero, Seneca, Hippocrates, and others as learned and renowned, had written upon and taught physiognomy as an art. From Lava tor's day to the present, a period of over one hundred years, inventions and discoveries of mechanical in- struments and principles have given us means of investigating the human body and mind, wholly unknown to any former age of the world. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The theory of mental science wliich I shall present to you is the most advanced and comprehensive that has ever been offered to the world, and to the discoveries made by the microscope and in anatomy and physiology I am largely indebted for the discov- eries which I have made in this department of science. Let it be understood at the outset, that physiognomy teaches and proves that the mind and body are a unity, acting in unison and harmony; that all mental power is originated primarily by sensation; that all parts of the body contribute to mental action ; that the heart, the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, the glands, the muscles, the bones, the nerves, and all other organs are each in- strumental in creating and assisting mental efforts. This system also teaches that there is a unity of action and universality of law running from the lowest creation, the inorganic or mineral, up to the highest, the animal and human kingdoms. It shows, too, that all form has meaning and character, that every form observed in Nature is shaped by law and design, and discloses the character of the mineral, plant, tree, or animal under observation. This system of physiognomy goes still farther. It proves that certain physical functions arc directly related to and sustain certain mental faculties. The idea that all or nearly all parts of the body con- tribute to mental action was vaguely perceived by some anatomists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sir Charles Bell re- marks that he had a dim though strony conception that it was an 12 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. error to limit sensation to the action of the special senses. He observes:— It appears to me that the frame of the body exclusive of the special organs of seeing, hearing, etc., is a complex organ,—I shall not say of sense, but which ministers, like the external senses, to the mind.* George Henry Lewes, one of the most philosophic and scien- tific writers, remarks:— If every distinct part of the organism which is the source of distinct sensation is to be called a sense, we must necessarily include the muscles and viscera among the senses, for the sensation derived through the muscles are as specific as those derived through the eye or tongue, and the glandular sensations are assuredly distinct from those of the muscles. The sensations derived through the viscera are not less specific nor less important than those of the eye or ear. We are not at liberty to reject this fact, because it is capable of proof as rigorous as the proof of the existence of sight 01 taste. Mind is the sum total of the whole sensitive organism; no one exclu- sive organ of mind can be said to exist.~\ In this theory and its proof lie the greatest advance made in mental science in this era. The celebrated gentlemen whom I have mentioned as having taught that mind inheres in the entire or- ganism stop short at that theory, but scientific physiognomy, as taught by this system, goes farther, and proves the relation between Conscientiousness and the kidney or fluid system of the body; between Benevolence and the glandular system; the relation of Amativeness, or the love of the sexes, to the reproductive system ; of Hope to the liver; and, in short, proves that all so-called sentiments have a physical base as well as a representation in the brain, which organ may be likened to the counting-house of a manufactory, the emotions being manufactured by the muscles, nerves, and viscera, and registered in the brain, where consciousness and abstract: thought has its home and origin; and, lastly, shows that all this is revealed in the face, as well as by the voice, the walk, the color. movement, gesture, etc. A practical application of the laws of scientific physiognomy is the only method that can make possible race improvement by intelligent design. As long as the human face is a sealed book, men and women cannot intelligently choose partners in marriage, and the progress of the race will be left to natural selection, which is a slow process, as we observe in the present instinctive methods. But where reproduction is the result of laws intelligently under- stood and applied, there is no reason why the races of man should not advance in nobility as rapidly and surely as have the scientifi- cally-bred animals of the past few years. Aristotle tells us that * The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, Sir Charles Bell, M.D., p 83. f Physiology of Common Life, O. H. Lewes, p. 194. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 13 " a life devoted only to sensual enjoyments is brutish, an ethico- political life is human, but a scientific life is divine." If by a scientific life he meant living up to the laws of God as shown by the laws of Nature, I can wholly and heartily agree with him. In announcing the discoveries which I have made pertaining to the human physiognomy, it may not be uninteresting to the reader to know in what manner they were reached, what mental process or scientific observation was required to elaborate the sys- tem setting forth the three grand divisions of the face, and why I denominate them the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathe- matical. In the first place, my studies in anatomy and physiology had shown me that the action of the glands is purely chemical, and, as I found that the development and normal action of this system were most apparent in the lower part of the face,—in the cheeks (as is observed in healthy infants), in the lips, and adjacent parts,—it occurred to me that this part of the face must represent the purely chemical or vegetative department of the human or- ganism. Knowing as I did that nearly all the principles of me- chanical forces were illustrated by the action of the several lever powers in the movements of the muscles and bones, of the hinge in the joints, of the pulley in the muscles of the eye, of valves in the heart and arteries, while the principles of optics are exhibited in the eye, the principles of acoustics in the construction and action of the ear, the principles of hydrostatics and capillary attraction in the veins, tubes, and tissues of the several parts of the body; knowing that electricity is a property of the nerves and magnetism of the muscles, I saw that these several systems constituted a mechanical or an architectural system, the signs for which I have discovered are located in the middle portion of the face. When I had discovered and located the signs for the heart, the lungs, the liver, the muscular, the nervous, and bony systems, logic came to my aid, and I argued that if the signs for chemical action and architectural powers were to be found in the human face I must look there for the signs of the mathematical powers also. I had years previously ascertained by observation and reflection that these three laws or principles govern all matter. Reflection soon convinced me that in the upper part of the face I should find the signs for mathematical power indicated, and, as in the upper part of the forehead we have the signs for Logical Deduction, or reason, so in the lower part of the forehead are located the signs for Form, Size, and Calculation. I at once saw that here were the signs for the last of the three ruling principles needed to complete the harmonic system of laws wliich underlie all matter, and of which man is the highest expression and exponent. 14 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Is it not logical to infer that in the countenance of man (which is certainly the most perfected object that the human mind has ever studied) should be found concentrated and combined all the general principles wliich assist in the formation of man's organism'? I know that this is a novel theory', and one perhaps as startling and revolutionary as was Newton's theory of the law of gravitation, but, as time rolls"on, a scientific knowledge of man and of his physiog- nomy is as certain to evolve as is the knowledge of the laws of light, sound, color, and other abstruse departments of natural law. The proof of my theory is so easy of verification that any person of ordinal) observation and reflection can satisfy himself experi- mentally of its truth. I now address myself to scientific thinkers and those accustomed to investigating the correlations of the laws and forces of Nature, and I ask them if it seems to them unreason- able or illogical that the basilar laws of all the lower creations should find illustration in man and his countenance X When we reflect that man is the outcome or evolutionary product of all the lower kingdoms, mineral, vegetable, and animal, it should not seem improbable that man's face, read scientifically,—that is, according to his physiological and anatomical organization,—should typify and disclose the action of all these formative and creative powers. The general laws and principles enunciated in this chapter, together with the connection of physical functions with mental faculties, will appeal the strongest to naturalists, scientists, and phy- sicians,—those who are accustomed to observe in Nature's processes the action of that law discovered and set forth by the eminent Baron Cuvier, viz., the law of the correlation of organs, " accord- ing to which a certain conformation of structure in one organ is always found in conjunction with a certain conformation in another." Now, under the operation of this law it is quite safe to predict the existence and presence of certain mental faculties by observing the signs for certain physical functions in the face; as, for example, where the signs for Amativeness and Love of Young are exhibited in a highly developed degree the sign for the glandu- lar system is also well defined, and the same is true of other faculties and functions. Not only do we find that certain faculties are correlated, but that certain physical functions and mental faculties are always observed to develop pari passu. Another proof of this interaction is shown where the sign for a faculty is small in the face and the action of its related function is weak and corre- spondingly undeveloped in the body, as, for instance, where the sign for Hope is small in the face the activity of the liver is corre- spondingly feeble. Later on all of the various organs will be treated of in this connection. THE HUMAN FACE THE INDEX OF ALL NATURE. 15 THE HUMAN FACE Til K IN DEN OF ALL NATURE. Standing at the apex of all creation is man, the very epitome, sublimification, and essence of creative energy. What more natu- ral, then, that in this high and complex organization should be found in combination all of the components of what may be termed the lower creations'? Man is literally made of the "dust of the earth." Considered as a chemical compound, man will be found upon analysis to be composed not only of the "dust of the earth," but also of nearly all the primitive elements contained in the earth. In his Composi- te;. I.—THE THREE GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE FACE. 1, Chemical; 2, Architectural; 3, Mathematical. tion will be found oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, and a small amount of other minerals. In the face of man will be found, by dividing it into three grand divisions, the signs of character representing the three basilar principles underlying all matter, as well as man's own organism, viz., those of Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. If one examine closely a grain of sand, and enters into an analysis of its constituents, he finds that it has, first, chemical properties,—a portion of one kind of element, another particle of some other sort; perhaps several other elements enter into 16 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. its constitution. These various elements have an affinity for each other and harmonize in their combination. This is the power which binds them in one and forms them into a chemical compound. Upon further examination it will be found to possess a definite form. In the case of crystals of the various minerals this form is always defined by law, and the mineralogist recognizes each object by its form. This natural law of shaping of all objects, both ani- mate and inanimate, is an illustration of architectural law. If the crystals be reduced to their elementary particles the number of their constituents is discovered. This is the mathematical law exemplified. All creations, from a grain of sand up to the planetary bodies, have their chemical properties, their architectural formation, 01 shape, and the number of particles wliich mathenudical law re- quires for their completion. The same constituents which compose planets, which form minerals as well as plant, insect, and animal life, form also man's organism. These elementary constituents bring with them into man's body their basic principles, and wherever we find man we can but observe that in the chemical action of the elements com- posing his body and surrounding him,—that in his form and pro- portions, and in the number of elements entering into his consti- tution,—the same laws of chemical action, of architectural forma- tion, and of mathematical quantities or particles which govern all other departments of life are as potential in fashioning him and in determining his character. In this wonderful microcosm, as exhibited in man's face, we find illustrated m its three divisions the signs of character which denote man's ability to be either chemical, architectural, or mathe- matical, or, in other words, exhibiting vegetative, constructive, or reasoning power. We shall find, upon investigating the lower organisms, whether of plant, insect, or animal life, that chemical action is the primary mode of organization, next that the formative, or architectural, follows chemical action, and the perfection or com- pletion of the life of all organisms requires the full and complete number of particles of matter whicli compose its entirety, thus illus- trating the mathematical law whicli dominates every department of organic and inorganic life. In the mineral world we find, as I have previously stated, that chemical action precedes formation, and that formation pro- duces the number of faces or sides and angles which each species " of mineral assumes, and mineralogists are able to classify each mineral by its architectural or geometrical formation. MINERAL FORMS. 17 MINERAL FORMS. The first and most primitive formations of any kind whatso- ever are found in the crystals of minerals. Here, at the very be- ginning of inanimate organization on the globe, the law of Form discloses its supremacy. This law is dominated by the law of Number, which lies at the base of all things in existence, and from Number, Form proceeds. Although minerals are inanimate, thev have their precise laws of shaping as set and rigid as those that form the plant, the animal, or man. They fall into shape by law and design. They are not chaotic, shapeless masses of matter, but in their interior, microscopic, molecular construction, as well as in their completed outward shape, they afford us fine illustrations of the dominance of the law of Form, wliich is exhibited in a much more complex manner in higher organizations, in the vegetable, animal, and human kingdoms. After minerals have become solidified by passing through the chemical processes of heat, incan- descence, vaporization, or by condensation, as water does in freez- ing, they each assume a definite and diverse fixed form, each one differing from every other, and by their forms alone mineralogists are able to say to which class each belongs, and can also state their properties by inspection of their forms. An inherent law of shap- ing causes one mineral to form crystals which are cubical in form,— salt, for example,—while another assumes six-pointed sides or prisms, as exhibited by quartz. The most plentiful mineral—water—becomes solid at 32° F., and then crystallizes and constitutes snow or ice. Flakes of snow consist of a congeries of minute crystals and stars, and may be detected hy a glass.* One significant fact in regard to snow-crystals is that, although many hundreds of different shapes have been observed and figured, thev all with singular unanimity show that the laws both of Form and Number preside over their construction,'for without exception they present six points or rays, as shown in Fig. 2, E, F, G, regardless of the peculiarities of their formation. Thus it is shown that the number six is the underlying law which controls water when it assumes a solid form. Of the identity of the various mineral species, Professor Dana tells us:— The true foundation of a species in mineralogy must be derived from crystallization, as the crystallizing \* fundamental in its nature and origin ; and it is now generally admitted that identity of crystalline form and structure is evidence of identity of species.^ * Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 78. t Ibid., p. 74. 2 18 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. As we proceed in the study of physiognomy the reader will find that the highest expression of divine architecture—the human face—combines and illustrates all of the primary elements of Form which are exhibited in the structure and form of all minerals. These elements are the point (or central axis), the sphere, the line, the angle, the square, and cube. The sphere is represented by the spherical molecule, which it is now known that the mineral assumes while in a state of fusion or incandescence, as I have shown in the chapter entitled wi The Basic Principles of Form." From these few primary elements of Form all other forms are derived by multiplication or combination. Of the constancy of crystalline forms in the mineral kingdom Professor Dana observes:— Bach mineral may be properly said to have as much a distinct shape of its own as each plant or each animal, and may be as .readily distinguished by the characters presented to the eye. Crystals are therefore the perfect individuals of the mineral kingdom. The mineral quartz has a specific form and structure as much as a dog or an elm, and is as distinct and unvarying as regards essential characters, although, owing to counteracting causes during formation, these forms are not always assumed. In whatever part of the world crystals of quartz may be collected they are fundament- ally identical. Not an angle will be found to differ from those of crystals obtained in any part of this country. The sides of the faces vary and also the number of the faces, according to certain simple laws hereafter to be explained, but the corresponding angles of inclination are essentially the same, whatever the variations or distortions. Other minerals have a like constancy in their crystals, and each has some peculiarity, some difference of angle, or some difference of cleavage— structure—which distinguishes it from every other mineral. In many cases, therefore, we have only to measure an angle to determine a species. Both quartz and carbonate of lime crystallize at times in similar six-sided prisms, with terminal pyramids, but the likeness here ceases, for the angles of the pyramids are quite different and also the internal structure.* Minerals, like plants, animals, and human beings, possess many other properties besides form, number, and chemical con- stituents. These are 'primitive, or fundamental, common to each kingdom of Nature. The mineral possesses other properties, among which are lustre, color, diaphaneity, refraction, taste, odor, mag- netism, electricity, specific gravity, density, luminosity, and phos- phorescence. It is thus shown that although minerals are not vital, animate objects, they yet possess many characteristics wliich are observed in plant and animal life ; it is from these fundamental' sources that these very qualities are obtained, for the higher mani- festations of life derive these qualities from the foods grown upon the mineral soil, and bring up into the plant, animal, and human being the same elements of form and color, and other properties with which the mineral abounds. All the primitive mineral ele- * Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 22, MINERAL FORMS. 19 ments and primary forms of the mineral are found in the human . body and are illustrated and revealed in his face,—the most wonder- ful evidence of the harmony of Nature's laws in the universe. Fig. 2, shown below, discloses the supremacy of the law of form in several of the best-known minerals. In the shells of the ocean we observe that the same laws govern their formation, and that the " mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and proportions the size of its valves to the distance between them." Fig. 2,-j-MINERAL FORMS. A. B, C. common salt; D. quartz; K, F, G, snow; H, sulphur; I, J. gold ; K, h. diamoud. C'ummon Bait crystallizes in cubical forms, as shown in A, B, C. Quartz, D, always crystallizes in six-sided pyramids. Snow assumes many forms, yet they all express the dominance of the number six, as exhibited by the diagrams E. F, G. Sulphur appears in octahedral forms, and is yellow in color, as in II. Gold. I. J. has several forms aud is ot a yellowish color ; its crystals are cubical. The diamond, K. L, is a crystallized carbou. and is found iu octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and other complex forms. After cutting it appears in various forms, as seen in the above ligure. [Note.—These illustrations are from works on mineralogy by Prof. J. B. Dana.] Mathematical law governs in the vegetable kingdom, and regulates by number the petals, sepals, stamens, pistils, and leaves upon every blossom and branch. In the human family the number of bones, muscles, joints, etc., proves its dominance, and wherever we look we must admit that these three great laws are universal and general. It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, typifies all creation, proving that he is the very essence, the subtle, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, powers, causes, and chemical activities in the universe, and that the face of man reveals the action of all these laws, 20 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. A correct understanding of this grand organization is the first science in the world, the first in importance to each one of us. It has its laws, which are exact and yet complex ; but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them X As Nature is per- fect in her works, and has made few laws so mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, then, to infer that man is capable of understanding his own organization and the laws which govern it X He may, if he will but seek the truth and fear not. As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man; it is his exponent, morally, mentally, and physically; on it are written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weaknesses, predispositions to health and disease, and there is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot perceive these signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge is incalculable. Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest importance not only that we should understand ourselves, but also that we should be able to comprehend to a nicety all with whom we associate, not merely for our protection and the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good we may do. Again, this knowledge will teach us that what we now call " charity" in over- looking the faults and weaknesses of others is but simple justice, for it is not just to expect something different of an organization than Nature has given it power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our charity and, through knowledge, give justice. The three grand divisions of the face—namely, the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathematical—have also their sub- divisions. The Chemical includes and reveals the signs for the moral, the domestic, and the supplyanfc powers; the Architectural, the faculties which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration. Within the three grand divisions of the face we find the facial indications of five different systems of functions which create the different forms of man, and which are always found in combination, but in different degrees of development in different persons. These are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the INIuscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. Upon the different degrees of development of these several conformations depends man's power for being mainly either chemical, architectural, or mathematical The organization, which is mainly chemical in its operation and effects, is known by a predominance of the vegetative system, and is accompanied most largely by all those functions wliich serve to supply the body with material, and for the protection and pro- MINERAL FORMS. 21 creation of the race. The functions included in this division of the organism are those of digestion, reproduction, respiration (through the mouth), secretion, excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of the following faculties: Conscientious- ness, Firmness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Friendship, Digestion, Bibativeness, Sanativeness, Hospitality, Pneumativeness, Color, Economy, Love of Home, and Patriotism. These include in their action all the laws common to vegetable life, and the de- velopment of all these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action, as, for instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of the race. These operations are almost entirely chemical. The architectural division is shown by a predominance of the muscular, thoracic, and osseous systems, which embrace within their own action almost all of the principles of mechanical forces, such as the different lever powers, different principles* of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye); also other mechanical powers which will be mentioned hereafter. The traits indicated in this division are : Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Construct- iveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Cre- denciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Time, Language. You will observe by these names that the artistic and religious faculties are included in this as subdivisions. The mathematical division of the face has its work performed mainly by the brain and nerve system. The faculties shown in this division are named Time, Order, Causality, Comparison, Intuition. The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind act and react upon each other and sustain inter-relations to each other, but each division is mainly sustained by the action of the system to which the several different parts of the face indicate it as belonging. As I have before stated, the principles of physiognomy are founded on the same general laws which underlie all matter, but they have for their demonstration special laws. When we reflect that brain-matter in the form of nerves and nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in producing mental mani- festations, avo must at once conclude that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient metaphysicians and modern phrenologists must give way to more extended and well-demon- strated facts. The entire surface of the body, being covered with a cuticle upon which a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, gives us a very extensive sense-organ, and makes us cognizant of temperature, 22 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tactile* sensations, and pressure, and by the aid of these several sensations very many mental impressions are conveyed. The theory of mind whicli is sot forth in this system of physi- ognomy is more comprehensive than any which has boon given hitherto. Many advanced and eminent scientists and physicians to the insane have recently become imbued with the idea that the brain is not the sole and exclusive mental organ, but that the muscles and the nervous ganglia and plexuses of human and ani- mal organisms may be of a mental character and exhibit or assist in illustrating mental manifestations. Not only is the idea held that the nerves and muscles are contributive to mental power and expression, but it is found that the several organ-systems within the body, as, for example, the heart, the liver, the lungs, the glands, and kidneys, also promote and are the direct cause of what has hitherto been held to be produced by brain-power exclusively. This sup- position arises probably from the fact that all of these organs have representation in the brain through their connection with the great sympathetic chain of nerves and ganglia, entitled the nervus vagus. Among those who advocate this theory as probable I may mention George Henry Lewes, Dr. Henry Maudsley, Dr. Alexander Bain, and Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay,—men whose opinions are received with credence and respect. Those who have passed years in the study and investigation of any branch of science are presumed to be more learned on the subject of their pursuit than those who have given it little atten- tion, and I hold that the opinions of the former are entitled to the credence and respect of the latter. Believing this most fully. I append the following extract from the work of Dr. Alexander Bain, who, in his celebrated volume entitled " Mind and Body," remarks as follows:— Yet although the brain is by pre-eminence the mental organ, other organs co-operate; more especially the senses, the muscles, and the great viscera. So far as concerns the entire compass of our feelings or emotions it is the universal testimony of mankind that these have no independent spiritual subsistence, but are in every case embodied in our fleshly form. This very strong and patent fact has been kept out of view in the multi- farious discussions respecting the immaterial soul. Apparent as it is to the vulgar, and intently studied as it has been by the sculptor, the painter, and the poet, it has been disregarded both by metaphysicians and bv theologians when engaged in settling the boundaries of mind and bodv.* On this same point Dr. Henry Maudsley observes:__ We cannot limit a study of mind even by a full knowledge of thf functions of the nervous and muscular systems; the organic system ha> most certainly an essential part in the constitution and functions'of mind.f * Mind and Bodv, Alexander Bain. LCD. (Humboldt Library), pp. 2 and 3 t Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 34. IP ' MINERAL FORMS. . 23 Elsewhere he remarks:— The internal organs are plainly not the agents of their special functions only, but by reason of the intimate consent or sympathy of functions they are essential constituents of our mental life.* In corroboration of the views of the highly respected gentle- men above quoted, I add the following from the pen of George Henry Lewes, who observes:— I do not agree in the opinion respecting the brain as the organ of the mind; one of the principal conclusions to which fact and argument will direct us in these pages will be that the brain is only one organ of the mind, and not by any means the exclusive centre of consciousness. It will be understood by the word Mind we do not designate the intellectual opera- tions only. But the word Mind has a broader and deeper signification ; it includes all sensation, all volition, and all thought. It means the whole psychical life, and this psychical life has no one special centre any more than the physical life has one special centre ; it belongs to the whole and animates the whole. The brain is a part of this whole, a noble part, and its functions are noble, but it is only the organ of special mental functions. It is not the exclusive sensorium, and its absence does not imply the absence of all consciousness. It cannot, therefore, be considered as the organ, but only as one organ of the mind.f The following from the work of Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay, en- titled " Mind in the Lower Animals," will not be without interest, and is entitled to our respect in consideration of the source whence it emanates, Dr. Lindsay being for many years at the head ol an institution for the insane in Scotland, and also a Fellow of the .Royal Society of England. His investigations of diseased mental peculiarities of the insane have opened the way to an un- derstanding of the locale of the mind, and he states his belief of its location and action thus. He remarks:— The student of comparative psychology cannot too soon divest himself of the erroneous popular idea that brain and mind are in a sense synony- mous ; that the brain is the sole organ of the mind ; that mind cannot exist without brain; or that there is any necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development. Even in man there is no necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development, while the phe- nomena of disease in him show to what extent lesions of cerebral substance occur without affecting the mental life. Physiologists are gradually adopt- ing or forming a more and more comprehensive conception of mind, and are coining to regard it as a function or attribute not of any particular organ or part of the body, but of the body, as a whole. Long a-, inaugurative of Xew Careers, and Scientifically Supreme.* This new element which Mr. Andrews proposes to introduce is Number, the same by which Plato, Pythagoras, and other emi- nent Greek philosophers sought to pierce the veil of the infinite and open up to the world the secrets of creation. Many modern philosophers have sought from this basis to deduce a law of uni- versal application. Comte, in his " Philosophic Positive," has come perhaps the nearest to it of the moderns up to the time of the appearance of " Universology." In his system he endeavors to make mathematics the basis of all things, yet Mr. Andrews goes farther, both in simplicity and complexity, and founds upon very simple numbers the whole scheme of being, viz., the domi- nance of the law which he terms " the spirit of the numbers 1, 2, and 3." The arithmetical reader will immediately recognize the fact that these are basic numbers, from the combinations of wliich all other numerical powers proceed. He says:— Comte has furnished the rational basis for the first of these beliefs, viz., that the fundamental principles of all science are to be sought in the mathe- matics by establishing the fact that the mathematics are the basis or funda- ment um of the pyramid of the sciences, in virtue of their greater simplicity and generality,—properties which constitute the elementary character of this as of other elementary domains. He failed, however, to draw from the demonstration the consequence which I am here deducing from it, namely, that it is in this elementary domain of science that the first principles of all science must be sought, f I shall now proceed to show Mr. Andrews' ideas of the supremacy of the first of these three units, and thence how thev come to stand as representatives of the science of morphology or form; how, in fact, they create the sphere and cube, which he terms the " morphic measurers " of the universe, and which I find, when applied to the forms of man, to be the measurers and revela- tors of his character. On page 102 he remarks that "the number two (2) is the virtual basis of the whole of mathematics; more properly speaking, it is not a sum. Two (2), the first sum, is the simplest form of division ; its included units being divided even before it is a sum, and division by thought lines or real lines is -the Essence of Form."% Of the dominance of simple numbers in all domains of thought and substance, he remarks:— If mere number is the simplest, most general, and hence the most ele- mentary of the Domain of Thought and Being, we have next to inquire What is most simple, most general, and most elementary within this whole. * Ibid., p. 590. 11 bid., pp. 137,138. J Ibid., page 103, 38 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Domain of Being. Here the numbers (1), two (2), three (3) answer to our call, and appear as the first heads or principles prima capita of the whole positive numerical Domain. It is here that, the Child begins to acquire Science in the pure and exact meaning of the term, and it is with these numbers or with the recognition of the Spirit or Meaning of these Numbers, enlarged into the Universal Principles of Being, that the Thinking World will pass from its infancy—the stage of mere observation and vague specu- lation—to an exact comprehension of the Universe. * The First law of Universal Being, in the natural order of precedence, has relation to the number one (1), and may be regarded as the spirit of one, whence it is denominated Unism, from the Latin unus, one. It ramifies or permeates all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is one of the two organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all things in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The second law of Universal Being, in the natural order, has a similar relation to the number (2), and may be regarded as the spirit of two, whence it is denominated Duism, from the Latin duo, two. It likewise ramifies or permeates constitutively all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is the remaining one of two antagonistic but co-operative organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all things in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The third law of Universal Being has relation to the number three (3), and may be regarded as the spirit of three, whence it is denominated Treism or Trinism, from the Latin tres, three. From these three laws or principles the whole Universe is wrought out by their successive repetitions in new forms of manifestation in infinite variety, but in serial order and traceable regularity of structure from the lowest to the highest domain, from the basis of the scientific pyramid in the Abstract Mathematics up to its culminating point in Theology, or the sci- ence of God. In quoting so copiously from universological laws as I shall, I leave out, as far as possible, all that pertains to the transcendental, the abstract, and abstruse, and come as quickly as possible to the 'practical applications of number to form, and as an application of the evolution of form from number I quote the following, which is simply and concisely stated. Mr. Andrews says:— Posit through the imagination two points anywhere in space, and let these two points represent two units. Conceive of them as the sum called two, that is to say, collectively, or as co-existing at the same time in the mind; and this conjoining of the two individual or separate units into a collective twoness is necessarily effected by drawing a line of abstract thought as a trait d'union or connection between them. This line so impro- vised and interposed by the operation of the mind itself is then Limit, and as such it is the governing element of Form. Form is thus generated from Number, f The preceding shows how the mind first by abstract reflection and imagination creates Form mentally. We can illustrate the process practically by placing two articles of any sort whatsoever in space, as, for example, two pencils, and we create a third object, viz., the form resulting from the space inclosed between the pen- cils ; that is the most simple form that can be shaped. t Basic Outlines of Universology, pp. 139,140, et seq. f Ibid., p. 35§. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 39 Number is, then, the simplest or most elementary and primitive kind or variety of Limitation. The mathematical unit representing the Individual Thing is in turn represented Geometrically by the mere point, and Number is an aggregation of Geometrical Points. This is lower down in the Ele- mentismus of Limitation than the line which pertains to figure or Form, and hence to Geometry, above the domain of mere Arithmetic. It is here, there- fore, in Number and in the First Elements of Number that the definite limitations of Being must first be considered. * Mr. Andrews includes a system of comprehensive analogies, by which Form is made to echo to or repeat Number, and this idea of echo or analogy is carried through everything in Nature, as well as into every human scheme, plan, government, system, and all modes of conduct whatsoever. I can only refer in a meagre man- ner to these manifold subjects, as I need all my space for the con- sideration of my own particular branch of science. Suffice it to say that all thinking persons can apply his system infinitely and absolutely unlimitedly. To return to the consideration of the anal- ogies of form and number, Mr. Andrews observes:— The Morphic Analogies of the 4, the 3, and the T are the square, the equilateral triangle, and the House, Edifice, or Temple with its body and its roof. The Compass (dividers) associates with the Circle. This, together with the Square, the Triangle, and the Edifice or Temple, again reminds us of the Symbolism of Masonry, as the Instinctual Stage of the religion of science and of the science of morals, f The point is a very important factor of Form and Being. Aside from its significance as a unit in mathematics and its import as the type of the "least element of roundness" in general morphology, it is the analogue of the nucleus or "starting-point of development" in all organic processes, and it must also type the centre of the mineral crystal, where the polar forces cross each other in the development of that object. Although here the angle is formed, yet it corresponds to the point. It is the analogue of motion, and hence of development in the egg or vegetable cell, because it is from this central point, as in the germ spot in the animal egg, that the forces of the egg-substance are set in motion which commence the evolution or progressive development of the chick or mammal. It is, therefore, the type-form of Nature domi- nated by art in its inceptive or embryotic state. Motions are the essential forces of art acting upon substance. We all know that the ovoid is the primitive type-form of the mineral, vegetable, and animal cell. How, then, do we arrive at the square, cube, and angle in primitive forms X By motion, by segmentation. * Ibid., p. 190. t Ibid., p. 541. 40 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The yelk or true mass of nutritive matter in the egg begins its course of development by being, as it were, completely cut up, segmentized, or see* tionized. Nor is this process of segmentation a merely random cutting up, but an orderly succession of central and equal divisions of the spheroidal yelk into halves, quarters, eighths, etc., thoroughly hemispheroid, quadratoid, cuboid.* It is in this manner that we obtain the angular and squaring principles of form in living organizations, primarily illustrated to our senses. The law of the square and angle, of the line, the point, and the cube, are all contained in the spherical egg, just as all of the "potencies and possibilities of life " are contained in the human ova or embryo. I think I have now demonstrated the pri- mary origin of the several factors of form ; later I shall make the application to matured or developed form, as seen in the various shapes of perfected human beings. I use the term " primary " here in a limited sense. The most elementary principle of form lies back of anything of which the human senses can take cogni- zance. If we believe these principles to have existed in nebulous matter, we should be obliged to look back of that for the law which is existent in that chaotic state of evolution. It is as inconceivable to our minds as are the laws of squaring to our senses in the egg- substance before the motions of the forces which develop it have shown themselves by segmentation. Let it be understood, then, that the terms primary and primitive are used by me in this second- ary sense unless otherwise stated. The segmentizing of the ova into lines or furrows of latitude and longitude shows the influence of the measuring—the geometric or formative power—of the law of number. From this law proceeds exactness, scientific or posi- tive illustration (diagrammatic as in form), and demonstrable as to the number of lines, etc., exact, scientific ; the primitive compound of form and number,—primal principles which repeat themselves in the perfected man in every part of his body and mind in infinite number and variety. As before stated, the sphere is capable of bisection into equal halves, and these must cut each other at right angles, and here we have the beginning of the orderly, exact, and scientific—the type of truth, accuracy, conscientiousness—of accu- rate measurement, the prime elements of the cube and square, which last is (as shown by Mr. Andrews) to be the "type or analogue of exactified science." The correspondence of this basic law is wonderfully illustrated in the form of the natural scientist, moralist, and mechanic; all square-built men. I have shown else- where that the square-built individual illustrates the scientific aspect of humanity, and exhibits this character by his pursuit of * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 7(J. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 41 scientific subjects and discoveries of natural laws, as is demon- strated by the body and face of Sir Isaac Newton, whose counte- nance could easily be made to fit into a rectangular frame, thus showing the uprightness and downrightness, the squareness, and integrity, or wholeness of the man, and uprightness and squareness of form gives the shape the best adapted to the comprehension of scientific law as well as to the illustration of conscientious con- duet, for (dl forms exhibited in the human body disclose their mean- ing if the true and natural significance of the primal principles of form be applied to them. George Washington stands as the rep- resentative of the law of the rectangle, as applied to human form and conduct; he was over six feet in height, perfectly upright in his bearing, and his general outlines and features were at right angles to each other; hence, his uprightness and obedience to the laws of rectitude and morality was in accord with the law of his form. He was also a surveyor by profession,—a scientific pursuit based on number and form. A spherical or primitive type-form is exemplified in the ovoid shape of the physiognomy of Herbert Spencer, the creator, as it were, of theories which possess a universal application to the beginnings of life, as they are basilar or underlying. This round- ing form is observed in the faces, heads, and limbs of all the great creative artists, for the ovoid is the most primitive type-form, and art-forms and nature-forms are nearly identical, while scientific forms, such as the square, angle, and cube, belong to later and more developed shapes, as seen in the mineral crystal after it is cooled. Thus, the ovoid or globose form represents infancy,— creation,—the first beginnings of life; and this form confers ability to represent the same shape in external works, as in art, in gesture, dancing, painting, acting, or singing; for all art is founded on the circle or sections of it, and art-forms and nature- forms more nearly coincide than nature-forms and scientific forms, yet both partake of the nature of each, for, as we have seen, the scientific form has arisen out of the natural or primitive spheroidal shape by motion primarily, and the artist combines all these forms by motions of his hands and eyes. The making of lines of latitude and longitude upon a globe is an unconscious repetition of the law of development, as exem- plified in the segmentation of the ova of the mammal, outworking according to the law of inherent geometry, the primal principles of which have come up from the mineral to the vegetable, and from this to the animal; from the animal, vegetable, and mineral to man. The same forces and principles of form which shape the crystal come along up the line of progressive evolution, and find at 42 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. last their highest manifestation in the shape of the body, the head, and, pre-eminently, in the face of man. By going back of animal organizations for our demonstrations of the universality of the law of form, we shall find that geomet- rical and mathematical laws and principles are equally potent and equally well illustrated in all the forms of crystallization of mineral and other substances. Ice and snow exhibit the most beautiful forms of crystals, and always crystallize according to law in six-pointed rays. Although many hundred diverse forms of these crystals have been observed, this number always rules. In the human kingdom the law of form dominates, and each individual acts according to the law of his form as infallibly as the crystal obeys the inherent laws of its shaping. I have shown previously that the first or primitive form of the mineral molecule is spherical. I have also evidenced the fact that the primitive cell of vegetable and animal life is spheroidal, globose, or ovoid; as, for example, the germ of all mammals, and the eggs of fowls, reptiles, fishes, insects, etc. I have put in evi- dence the manner in which the form-principle of the line, angle, square, and cube manifests itself in the germs of organized life. Now it is in order for me to explain how and when the square principle of form makes its appearance in the crystal, and how it becomes the type or symbol of scientific form, as expressed by the square-built man. I am now again coming to deep water, yet not so deep but the eye of man can penetrate below the surface. In the first place, let me state that mineralogy shows that The lines of force have a general tendency to arrange themselves at right angles to each other. This is primarily seen in the constructive or polar axes of crystals; the magnetic and electric currents cross each other in the earth and in minerals. The truths of science fully justify the importance attached by the ancients to the ideas of the cross and the correctness of its use as a symbol. A great truth underlies its symbolism ; it is the expression of a universal law of structure, growth, and action. The polarity of all the great forces is recognized as a truth by the most eminent scientific men. The forces are positive and negative, repulsive and attractive, masculine and feminine. The studies of antiquarians, and the whole history of phallic worship, prove that the cross was anciently used to symbolize the organs of repro- duction, the generative forces in creation and in man. At first, it was a symbol of the masculine forces only, but afterward it was used to represent those of both sexes. The ancients looked upon these forces with profound wonder and respect. Here was the greatest of all Nature's mysteries. Back of these were the mightiest passions of the human soul. Here was wrapped up the future of the human race, the molding forces of the world of life.* * Book of Wisdom, p. 188. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 43 It is here shown that from the earliest ages the idea of crossing and of generation were instinctive in the human mind, and the cross, a right-angled object, was symbolically used to represent the generative forces of the human family. Certainly the law of crossing, of creating angles by the motions of the chem- ical contents of the ova (in which sulphur plays an important part), is instrumental in developing the germ, for without the bisection or crossing of the ova no further development could take place. Let it be noted that sulphur wherever found is crystallized, and it is probably present in a state of angularity in the ova of mammals, but of less than microscopic proportions, hence will never be observed by the use of the microscope. The mightiest works of Nature are conducted on so infinitesimal a scale as to elude the senses and instruments of man, yet we know that when a cer- tain form makes its appearance in a perfected or completed object the basic or ruling principle of that form was present from the beginning. In the cooling of the mineral crystal the polarity of action tends to equation, and thus changes the primitive spherical form (which all mineral molecules assume when in a state of fusion or incandescence) to a square or cube, as is observed in alum and rock- salt, or to a right-angled form, as in many minerals. Thus the square and cube become the type-forms of exact science, because the crystallization or squaring of the crystal by cooling perfects its shape; that is to say, it assumes the form which it always retains, and thus shows the finished or completed stage, which is a state depending upon exact mathematical law for its completion. Now, in the transformation of the egg of the frog, or in the development of the human germ or ova, what takes place after the ova has been carried along the Fallopian tube and deposited in the uterus X Why, a formative process analogous to that which changes min- eral substances from numerous spheroidal forms to an angled or cubical one. The polarity of the forces involved in development (call them electric, magnetic, or what you will) operate in such a way as to commence a system of equation according to geometric law, and this system is expressed by lines crossing each other at right angles, and creating equal areas within given spaces. Now, here we have the same straight-lined, angled, and geometric law of the cube and square many times repeated in the evolution of a germ- form as low down as that of the toad or frog (and this process is known to be repeated in the germs of all mammals). This, then, is the law of form-development; first, the ovoid or sphere; later, the angle, square, and cube. The perfected crystal and the germ or ova in taking on its completed form presents lines, angles, and 44 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. plain cubes, and these are typical of exactitude, measurement, geometric law, and are the analogues of the equator and lines of latitude and longitude which man uses to illustrate equal areas of equal distances upon the globe; an unconscious outworking of the law of geometric form which dominates not only his own germ- form, but also that of the form of the perfected human being, as observed in the ovoid or rounded form of the artist, and the square or rectangular form of the man of science. The bony framework of man is composed mainly of mineral matters,—lime, etc,—and it is these mineral substances which give solidity, integrity, and angular form to his outline. The more bone the man possesses the more integrity, morality, and capacity for the comprehension of mechanical laws will he exhibit. Again, bone is formed of innumerable crystals of angular shape. In con- firmation of this idea, Mr. Andrews remarks thus:— The whole bony fabric not only of man but of every animal, as well as the muscles and nerves and the organs and systems, is laid out in accord- ance with a primitive typical plan, derived from the typical sectionizing of the Globe Figure, and then from a similar sectionizing of the cube. The whole carpentry of every organized body is thus devised or self-arranged, as we choose to regard it, in orderly obedience to these simplest and most primitive divisions of form. Whether it is urged, therefore, as the true theory of this subject, that they are derived from the operations of Reason in the Mind of a Conscious Creator, or that Reason itself is a mere Echo in the Mind of Man from the Inherent Necessity and Universality of these primitive Congruitifes of Form, it is for the purely Scientific result wholly indifferent. The two theories are brought into a complete reconciliation upon the scientific arena, from the fact that under the operation of either theory the phenomenal result is the same. * The four points of the compass are also illustrations of the angle and cube. Besides the spherical and square forms in the human being, and in all Nature there is found an infinite number of diverse forms composed of a blending of the square and sphere ; each ex- presses by its dominance which type of character prevails. If the form is more round than square, the artistic, the emotional, and imaginative type is exhibited. If the square form is slightly in the ascendancy, the mechanical, exact, scientific and moral tvpe is illustrated, and so of all the manifold varieties of form produced by the varying quantities of each chemical and numerical principle within the human organism. In the segmentation or right-angled furrowing of the ovum in its development from a globose unit to an angled, progressive con- dition, we find all the basic principles of form which are afterward * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 609. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 45 repeated in incalculable diversity in every part of man, both inter- nally and externally, in his thoughts as well as in his own shape; afterward the thoughts are represented in his motions and in his life-work and pursuits. A round man will think round thoughts; if mental, he will be metaphysical,—a creator of ideas and theo- ries. If less mental, and more muscular than mental, he will pursue some form of art. He may be a singer, and singing is founded on the curve; the voice impinging upon the atmosphere sets it in vibration, and these vibrations are curvilinear. The organs of speech and hearing are also circular or curved, or are flexible, and thus capable of receiving and emitting sounds. He may as an athlete repeat his rounded form in his motions and attitudes; if an actor, his speech and gestures will repeat the forms of his head, body, and limbs, by describing the circle or sections of it, as in the curvilinear motions of his gestures and poses, as well as in the wavy motions produced in the atmosphere by his voice. In the orderly progress of the evolution of mind and thought, theories and plans naturally precede acts or results; hence, meta- physics—logic, the discussion, investigation, and elaboration of laws and principles—precede their practical application. Meta- physics in all ages have preceded the discovery and application of scientific laws. The form must first be in the thought before it can outwork in acts or objects, and in this observation we can make another practical application of the basic laws of form, for we find that the forms of all the eminent metaphysicians of ancient and modern times are rounded, their faces inclined to the ovoid or pyri- form shape, and their heads globose. Now comes the application: The ovoid form represents creation, infancy, the first beginnings of lile, and the works of the great creative philosophers and artists originate in the domain of the ovoid or spherical,—the primitive form ; for all art is based upon the circle, or sections of it, as in painting, speaking, gesturing, posing, dancing, and athletics, all included by me under the general term, Art. In the evolution of the mind of the world, art and metaphysics preceded the discovery of science, which in our age is tending to the illustration of exact scientific and demonstrable law through the practical application of those external and immutable laws which lie at the foundation of universal existence, and which find their highest expression in man, and are indexed more particularly and unmistakably upon his physiognomy. In the history of the evolution of the Greek mind wo find that the metaphysics or first principles of thought in regard to the laws of being and existence were investigated and carried to great 46 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. perfection. We also find that the science of number, of geometry, was also one of the dominating pursuits. The result naturally of these two studies showed itself in architecture and art, the branch of art dependent directly upon weight and measurement, viz., sculp- ture. These two forms of art reached their acme in Greece, and culminated in the works of Agesander, Ageladas, Phidias, Poly- cletus, Agasias, and Praxitiles. Now, the science of number is naturally related to logic or reason. This evolves metaphysical discussion. Number and logic develop not only forms of thought, but, as a natural consequence, produce concrete forms, as exhibited in buildings, works of art, etc. Sculpture is the offspring of number, as in measurement and weight, balance or equilibrium, and is dependent mainly upon the spherical form for its perfection, for the curves of the outlines of all figures are sections of the circle. Architecture, on the other hand, al- though it proceeds primarily from number, arises from a distinct branch of number from that of art. It proceeds from geometry, and is evolved from or built upon the square, angle, and cubic form,— upon exact scientific measurement,—and is severely simple, accu- rate, defined, and no less beautiful in its perfected outlines than is the statue with its curving, undulating lines of blended beauty. Compare, for example, the figure of the Apollo Belvedere in the Vatican with the symmetrical and finished rectangular form of the Parthenon at Athens, and we shall find that, although these two types are so entirely distinct, the statue and the building are equally grand, beautiful, and perfect. The figures and physiognomies of the best types of the ancient Greeks exhibit the dominance of the brain and muscular forms, or of the muscular and brain forms; the former represented in the " roomy arches" of the head of Socrates, the metaphysician, the latter in the more curving, yielding, elastic form of the sculptor. Yet both these "creations " belong to the ovoid class of forms, hence belong to the " infantoid " order of mind. (The term " infantoid " is here used in a relative sense, and regards metaphysics as being prior to the discovery of scientific laws or of the positive knowledge of scientific law. The course of mind-development is always in this manner: first, observation ; then surmise ; then theory ; next, dis- covery, and, finally, demonstration, resulting from the combination.) If we contrast the forms and physiognomies of these men with our more modern scientists we shall have a practical illustration of the harmony existing between the forms, thoughts, and works of the former and the figures, faces, and works of the latter. Compare, for example, the square-boned figure and rectangular face of Pro- fessor Tyndall with the rounded head and body of " old Socrates," THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 47 or the squared face and form of Francis Bacon, Copernicus, and Michael Faraday, eminent scientists, with those of Plato and Her- bert Spencer, ovoid-faced men,—grand theorizers. Inventors, as a rule, possess a blending of the square with a rounding form of the forehead, face, and figure. In some the angular appearance predominates, in others the form is slightly more round than square. In either case the inventions made will coincide with the peculiarities of the form. The intricacies and subtleties of the sig- nificance of human forms are very profound, and too minute and complex to enter into detail here. These differences in form and v a nations in character will be elaborated in later pages. In concluding the history of the evolution of the two most universal type-forms, viz., the sphere and cube, I would state that my theory will prove by the laws of Form what I have enunciated from the very beginning of my system, viz., that the human mind and body are an epitome or index of all the laws and principles which exist in and govern the universe. I have, however, gone farther, and have shown that the human counieuance is the index or verification of all these laws and principles, and have elaborated a system wherein archetypal or normal type-forms can be applied to every distinct feature, line, outline, and most minute portion of the human body, and thus make them yield up the secrets of human conduct, moral, physical, and intellectual, proving that Form is the true " philosopher's stone," at whose bidding Nature's most secret arcana is laid bare to human sight and knowledge. The basic laws of form, when rigorously applied to all parts of the human body, yield the most striking results in the line of actual and positive knowledge. When we come to consider that these laws are just as rigorous and just as applicable to the begin- nings of all life, organic and inorganic, and that they are as self- revealing in the completed mineral, vegetable, and animal as in the perfected man, we learn that there is a universality of law showing everywhere by a universal method of expression. In short, we shall be obliged to concur with Mr. Andrews when he states:— Form is the most determinate and exact of all the domains of Being. As Xumber furnishes the Universal Principles of Things and their Tech- nical Xamings, so Form furnishes their Precise and Diagrammatic Illus- tration. * The law of the angle, the square, and the cube (and these include the perpendicular and horizontal), as exemplified by the highest and most perfected of human forms, is shown to be the law of completion, as well as the form which in man is capable of the greatest moral force, scientific judgment, and comprehension of * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 614. 48 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. mechanical laws, which last are the universal principles upon which all nature is founded and operated. Those whom I have selected to represent these laws are Martin Luther, who, by his cubosity, squareness, and integrity was able to successfully defy the whole ecclesiastical world in the cause of right, was a moral giant; but the one in whose form is embodied the very highest degree of scientific principles is Sir Isaac Newton, and the one in whose structure may be seen the square, upright, and downright form of the most exact of the mechanical forms, viz., the straight line, the angle, the cross, and square, is Thomas Jefferson. These are all typical men. Their characters, life-work, and results were in accord with their forms,— moral, straight, square, and in harmony with the mechanical laws of the universe. Mr. Andrews' recognition of the meaning of these several laws of form is stated thus. He observes:— Next above the straightened point is the straight line. The Straight Line is the Type of Laws in Science, as derived from the Primordial Prin- ciples represented by these minims of Straight Form, as the Heads or Beginnings of Laws. The Square is representative of Exactified Specu- lations and Explanations under the guidance of known laws, or, in other words, of Pure Abstract Scientific Theories, not as yet confirmed by the induction or accumulation of corresponding facts. The Cube is the Type Symbol or Representative of Science, or a Sci- ence as a Completed Structure as to its main outline. It is, then, the body of a Temple or Edifice having in it by Subdivision various apartments or rooms. The Cube is, then, in all ways the Grand, Elaborate, Scientific Emblem. while it is also the Grand Type of Structure or Architectural Plan. Im- buing the Mind with Science or Knowledge is instinctively called Instruc- tion (Latin in, in ; struere, to build), or Building-in. The Cube presents, better than any other figure, the Conjoined Conceptions of Length, Breadth, and Thickness, which are in an important sense the radical conceptions of all Form.....It results from what has been shown that the Cube or Main Elevation of an Edific Fane or Temple is by an obvious echo of Analogy the Standard Emblem or Symbol or Type of the Total Elaborate Construction of Being.* The careful reader and acute observer in scientific physiognomy will find himself enriched by these extensive extracts from " Uni- versology." Not only so, but he will see how accurately they coincide with my system down to the last detail even. It affords me great satisfaction to find the corroboration of my theories of form so logically indorsed by this great philosopher's ideas as well as by several other eminent men mentioned in this and other chap- ters. Other principles of form will now come forward for consider- ation. Considerable attention has been given in the preceding pa«-es * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 591 et seq. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 49 to the investigation only of the normal or regular factors and laws of form. The thought will present itself to the careful reader, How come those innumerable perversions of character which are observed in the feeble-minded, idiotic, insane, eccentric, and con- genital criminal X To which class of form do their peculiar shapes belong, and what law of form shall we apply to their singularly malformed features, organs, limbs, and bodies X This question is pertinent, for regular, natural law does not apply to them, nor would its application produce an intelligible and satisfactory answer. In order that there should be room for evolution, for progress, the creative power, or Nature, has set in motion primarily the law of the sphere. This form is the only one which could produce regular rotatory motions in every direction ; hence, it is the form of flexi- bility, and when we have an instrument which is capable of curved motions, we then have an instrument which can by interference be arrested in its perfect curvation, and by its very flexibility be per- verted or changed in its original design from its natural course; hence, its movements can, if interfered with, originate discordant and abnormal manifestations of form, sound, and motion. The muscular apparatus is the principal motive apparatus of the body, and is built upon the plan of perfect cur vat ion, and in its normal state will produce perfect curves in every outline, motion, and movement of the body, hands, and vocal organs. Now, when human ignorance, or ignorant and already vitiated human parents or ancestors have brought forth perverted offspring—an idiot, a congenital criminal, or defective child, for example—we observe some one or more of the following phenomena, viz., obliquity of the vision (as in crossed eyes), angularity of the head, whicli should be rounding; or, in others, the slanting of one foot, and skew of the eye (cat-like), the extreme slope of the shoulders, the crooking of the mouth (the normal type of which is the straight line); crook- ing of the lower joint of the leg, the normal form of the bone being also straight; a devious, winding, serpentine gait, or else a purposeless, unintelligent shuffle from side to side; angular ges- tures, or awkward, half-curving ones ; crooked features of the face; much too flexible fingers, hands, and limbs, and voices either ex- tremely harsh, discordant, and bass, or else extremely soft, silly sweet, and insincere, lacking in volume and reality, or lisping. We know, when we observe all these, that there has been an infraction of the laws of normal form, and that (ignorantly, of course) parents or ancestors have united who were unfit and wholly inadapted to perpetuate normal types, as is often observed in the union of two consumptives, or those with a tendency to insanity, epilepsy, or pos- sessed of a torpid liver, and other defects of form and organization. 50 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. These are some of the signs and forms of perverted or defect- ive beings, who are neither natural, artistic, nor scientific. They are the products of violations of the laws of Nature, Art, and Sci- ence—true illegitimates, having upon their escutcheon, the face, the bar sinister. These signs and forms have been observed in association and singly in congenital criminals, such as liars, sneak- thieves, confidence-operators, and in the several grades of defective mentality, weak morality, or idiocy, and in the several stages of eccentricity tending sometimes to madness, and sometimes to the border-land of genius. Observe these peculiarities of form, sound, and motion where we may, they indicate that a separate and dis- tinct principle of form must be applied to them in order to unravel the hidden depths of their characters and to seek the mainspring of their motives. THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. This is the law which will apply to such defective beings, and is the only one which will interpret their true character. The law and form of the shew is their normal type, and in order to improve or alter their natures for the better the most enlightened scientific treatment is demanded. For the credit of humanity I will say that idiocy, feeble-mindedness, and dipsomania are regarded as diseases and defects and are treated as such. In former ages they were regarded as possessions by demons. Very little justice is accorded the congenital criminal who daily violates some of the ten commandments. He is regarded as being a willful violator of these moral laws, and is not understood to be acting under an irresistible and, to him, a natural impulse. The law of his being is oblique, askew, and slanting; not straight, square, upright, and downright. His form or features are also of similar shape. If he have no rich or influential friends to shield and pay for his delinquencies, he is thrust into prison, where he meets hundreds even more defective than himself, and here, in- stead of being purified and elevated, raised above his former self by being straightened and squared by intelligent scientific treatment, he graduates in crime, and is able upon making his exit to outdo all his former criminal exploits, and add his quota to the criminal element of the country by propagating a brood of his own sort, and so perpetuate skewism, or the law of the abnormal. In geometry a scalene is a triangle, having its sides and angles uneven; in fact, it is all awry and askew, a ludicrous burlesque upon a true triangle, and looks like a good triangle on a " spree." Just so do the poor victims to man's ignorant building look when contrasted with the best forms; they are awry, out of joint, not in THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 51 harmony with the persons and conditions about them. Thev de- mand our largest philosophy, justice, and love, and, like the Arabian philosopher, we should pray: "Oh God, be good to the wicked (defective), for Thou hast been sufficiently kind to the good in making them such." It is this abnormal principle of the skew which we have now under consideration, and which produces the various and innumer- able malformations which are the result of the ignorant human builders or defective parents, who unite in producing such wretched burlesques upon human nature as are found in every community. The title of this law I have adopted from Mr. Andrews, and will now make its practical application. There is a law operative throughout Nature by which an attempt in prenatal life is made to return to normal types. Were not this the case the world would be now filled with monstrosities instead of the passably regular forms which prevail. Another principle of form and growth is observed in the artistic modifications which occur in the changing of the form of the infant from a globular vegetative shape to the later ovoid, curved, or square form which it assumes in adult life, and which becomes its final or completed shape. The vegetative adult always retains this form, and its accompanying comparative infantile condition of intellect. The same soft, fiuidic, fatty form is characteristic of some idiots, feeble-minded persons, and many who are lacking in good, square, moral natures, or strong and sound judgment. The law of the skew obtains to some extent in the lower orders, among vegetables and animals, as witnessed in the several malformations of form and perversion.-, of character. The latitude allowed to Nature, coupled with ignorant interference, is the cause of these " freaks," as they are termed. In order that progress or evolution should have scope a certain degree of freedom of action is essential ; hence, these abnormal phenomena. Disease is a temporary return to abnormal or perverted types; so true is this, that we find that even the handwriting of those who have had nervous shocks becomes altered and appears irregular, skewed, shaky, or angular,—like the features and limbs of the par- alytic. Interference with the normal law of form by the union of inadapted parents or by disease, afterward produces similar results, viz., perversions of functiDn and form. It need not be supposed that all criminals, feeble-minded or insane persons are incarcerated in jails and asylums. Moving about in society are large numbers of the skewed, oblique criminal, eccentric, semi-insane, semi- idiotic, and feeble-minded individuals, but often in such compara- tively slight degree or so shielded as to escape these penalties. 52 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Many elegantly-dressed dames have been detected in the act of shoplifting and "kleptomania," as stealing is termed when exhib- ited by the rich, but is set down to individual "peculiarities" of the subject, and is hushed up by the payment for the articles taken. Congenital liars and the congenitally feeble-minded (in varying degrees) are observed in every circle and sphere of society. It is only when their acts become unendurable that they are restrained (either publicly or privately) of their liberty. One class of detest- able criminals, as a rule, are seldom punished, never adequately. I refer to those lecherous fiends who are prowling about in every community seeking to debauch innocence, and who leave death and destruction in their train. These immoral monsters (for they are neither brute nor human) should be deprived of their power to perpetuate such crimes as are often proved upon them; for it is perhaps impossible to teach them better or to make them able to control their morbid sexual impulse in any reasonable manner whatsoever, for this impulse is a primitive one, the next most powerful to hunger; hence, a part of the real being itself. As before stated, straightness, perpendicularity, and horizon- tally are inherent properties of bone,—true curving of muscle. If the bone has not sufficient mineral matter in its composition to make it straight and firm the character suffers through a deficiency of integrity. If the muscle is rigid and does not curve properly and easily, then we find the excess either of will or stupidity. If the muscle curves imperfectly, we find awkwardness of movement, gesture, position, and inability to execute mechanical move- ments with dexterity, precision, and accuracy, as is observed in the feeble-minded and in many professional criminals. When the ravages of paralysis are discernible in the face, at times they as- sume a skewed or crooked appearance owing to the perversions of the nervous system. This is another proof that abnormal action tends to abnormal form and skews the features affected. When the muscles are too soft and flexible and the bones small and soft, abounding in animal matter, the subject is apt to be too flexible, too yielding for morality, and shifts his position and opinion with every wind that blows; hence, suffers through want of firmness. decision, rectitude, or a positive opinion. Many sneak-thieves possess great flexibility and the capacity for turning and shifting; hence has arisen the vague, instinctive "idea that a man too supple in his movements is dangerous. The peculiar lack of grace, beauty, and aptness on the part of professional or congenital criminals has long been the subject of observation on the part of prison surgeons in Europe, where there exists an hereditary class of criminals, born in and bred to THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 53 crime. All classes of defective beings also exhibit peculiarities of slant, skew, or oblique lines and movements, which are observed in the gait, attitude, position of the body and limbs, the set of the feet, and slant of the shoulders; all these reveal perverseness. In some cases it does not assume criminal or idiotic proportions, but simply tends to awkwardness and willfulness, to cranky or inapt methods of working, walking, etc. This is the method of operation of the principle or spirit of the skew, slant, or oblique line, often observed more particularly in the various features, members, and outlines of the human family. It produces neither a true curve nor a straight line, nor a true angle and square ; yet tends or attempts to evolve both. Where the slant predominates it will show in some one or more of the features, limbs, or out- lines of the body, or in the walk, the gesture, the voice, and pur- suits. In some persons it is indicated by sophistical writings, or in poor attempts at works of art, or in hoarse, discordant, or shrill vocalization, and in various and numerous social and commercial irregularities. Eccentricity of manner is another manifestation of abnormal development. It sometimes results in insanity as well as talent, as in Dean Swift and Mary Lamb, the gifted writers. In others it is allied to genius, and is sometimes characteristic of criminals. The law of the slant or skew operates differently from the law of the angle; yet angular people are sometimes judged by the law of the slant. It is true that angular persons are slightly eccentric and peculiar, yet, as a rule, are honorable, sometimes un- pleasantly so in their manifestations of the square principle, and show it by projecting their opinions (as well as their elbows) for- ward at inopportune times. They lack tact, and are disagreeably blunt in their enunciation of unpleasant truths. What this class of persons lack is the rounding, yielding, agreeable curving prin- ciple, the angular element being disproportionately great, thus opposed to symmetry of form as well as to symmetry of character, yet harmonizing with the elements and principles of form which are dominant in them. There is always an attempt on the part of the dominating forces of being to produce harmony, equilibrium, and symmetry in all things. This is Nature's method pre-eminently; it also is the endeavor of Art and is the supreme law of Science. When a failure to produce these ends occurs it results from interferenee in some way with the laws involved. The monstrosities and abnormal de- velopments observed in the vegetable, animal, and human kingdoms are the result of violated laws, whether we are able to trace them to their origin or not. Giants, dwarfs, hunchbacks, two-headed 54 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. women and animals, and those with superfluous members, as well as congenital idiots, drunkards, and criminals, are proofs and illus- trations of a falling away from righteousness in the past of our- selves or of our ancestors. " Genius is ofttimes to madness near allied," and the infraction of certain laws by some has produced sometimes very talented persons. This infraction of laws on the part of others has evolved an idiot or criminal. Maudsley tells us " insanity in one generation often induces immorality in the next," and vice versa. When the law of the slant is allowed to govern we cannot predict where the warping will end, nor yet what form it will assume and exhibit. Of one thing we may be sure,—that it will produce biased, warped, eccentric, insane, or criminal characters. How essential, then, the constant study of what I have named the " divine sciences," viz., Anatomy, Physiology, Heredity, Hygiene, and Physiognomy! How necessary the application of their laws ! For, " beyond the prin- ciples of each science there is a philosophy of the sciences. The principles of one science fully comprehended are a key to the inter- pretation of all sciences. They are the same footsteps of Nature treading upon several subjects."* This philosophy or universal law is illustrated at its comple- tion by forms which possess the normal principles of form. The highest expression of divine architectural skill is in the human body and face. To comprehend the basic laws which produce the most perfection in this direction should be our aim, and the three domains of Nature, Art, and Science are the fields wherein the human being may co-operate with the Creator in improving by design, through law, the human family. Nature, Art, and Science are the true factors of Being which are found in varying degrees of power in all natural objects. The plant, cultivated up to a high state of perfection (as most of our garden vegetables have been from wild stock, wholly uneatable), is a product of Nature, Art, and Science combined, the scientific factor here dominating because the perfection has arisen through the application of scientific laws in regard to the best soil, location, treatment, etc. Here Nature and Art are subdominant, and the triumphs of science in vegetable products are every day witnessed upon our tables. Let any one follow the course of the development of the potato, the cucumber, the radish, the beet, the tomato, the celery, or other vegetable, and he will receive a most instructive lesson in the scientific culture ol natural products which will be quite astonishing. In some in- stances the cultivation seems to have left but a mere suggestion oi shape and flavor of the original wild edible. Just so it would be * Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D.,p. 185. THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 55 with the human race if scientific law were allowed scope in the matter of reproduction, instead of childish instinct, blind passion, or selfish indulgence. These are not the forces we put into horti- culture or horse-breeding, for here they would not pay. The blending or co-operation of Nature, Art, and Science in the evolution of the human race is shown in many ways. To those accustomed to take the very limited view of Art, that it consists merely in painting pictures, singing, acting, etc., the idea of man being in part an art-product, will appear strange, but this will seem plainer when it is stated that those born in barbarism are more nearly children of Nature; those born in civilization are more nearly children of Art, i.e., born under the influences of education and refinement, and are hence cultivated products by preponder- ance. Children whose parents have intermarried according to the laws of fitness and adaptation, with the intention of becoming the progenitors of superior offspring, are more particularly the product of Science, with a subdominance of Nature and Art intermingled in their make-up. Such children may not necessarily be superior to all other children, but are undoubtedly superior to what either of those parents would have perpetuated had the}' intermarried with more unsuitable mates. The law of " natural selection," so happily elaborated by Mr. Darwin, is the method which Nature pursues to improve the human race and all races, in accordance with a law of progressive develop- ment, which, it appears, is one of the most important factors in carrying forward the evolution of the race toward a higher grade of development. Those born under the spontaneous operation of this law are almost purely natural products. In civilization, the choice of the woman by the man, on the ground of some real or fancied excellence, is an aid—a slight one— to the former slow method of improvement. This is the triumph of Art over Nature. The third method, that which is pursued by a very limited number of persons, indeed, in civilized life,—the plan of intermarrying because of mutual adaptation and fitness,— produces a scientific result in offspring, born according to law, bred with the design of improving the race by scientific culture. This method, if universally practiced, would carry forward the evo- lution of the race with great rapidity, and if the higher, scientific plan of reproduction were followed instead of the instinctive or animal-like method (which is the lowest form of reproduction, and the one commonly pursued in civilization as well as in barbarism, in obedience to a blind, sexual impulse or selfish gratification), there would be evolved a race of wonderful beings far transcending any which have ever appeared on earth. 56 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The principal and most important use of the knowledge of the Basic Principles of Form is found in its application to scientific physiognomy, and the most important use of this science is toward the scientific culture of the human race. To study the science for the simple desire of knowing what certain faces and forms reveal is mere childish curiosity. The application of its principles is its highest use. My motive in elaborating this system proceeds pri- marily from a desire to improve the race by practical methods, to bring it up to a higher grade of moral, physical, and intellectual excellence, instead of relying upon the slow and uncertain natural way advised by theologists, wliich is the merely sentimental phase of improvement, slow and uncertain, not radical and certain. I do not wish to underrate theology or any other system of ethics which promotes in any degree, however slight, the morality and integrity of humanity; but what I urge is that fundamental principles of life are now, at this particular stage of the world's development, greatly needed, and I add this, my contribution, in a true mission- ary spirit, as being the attitude of benevolence I hold and have ever held toward my fellow-beings. The form of its expression has, however, changed with advancing years ; for, whereas in my youth I thought it my duty to proceed to Africa and Christianize the bar- barous races, I now believe it my duty to remain at home and appeal to the most enlightened and refined of the Christian races, and to instruct them in divinely constituted scientific law instead of teaching inspirational, intuitive beliefs to the heathen. The latter belongs to the infantile stage of man and the race and the former to the adult stage of mind. In the preceding pages each primal principle of form has been considered. There now remains only the duty of giving a tabulated summation of the several discriminations of form, together with their related symbols or significations. The six simple mechanical powers involved in Nature, or the working forces which operate the world and man's organism alike,—viz., the lever, the wheel, the axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge and screw,—will be treated of when we arrive at the discussion of the moving forces or dynamics of the human mind and body. This chapter is de- voted more particularly to the application of the factors of Form to the human organism, regardless of the operation and effects of the mechanical forces and visceral organs which produce them, except in the most primitive and elementary sense, as connected with primitive geometry or the form and motions of the planets. Let it be understood in the following summary that the term " artistic" is used in its most comprehensive sense, including not only the art-side of Nature, but also all of the arts of man, such as sculpture, THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 57 painting, acting, singing, musical instrumentation, athletics of all sorts, and the semi-artistic professions, such as photography, pho- nography, telegraphy, and all other arts which are a combination of art and science, with the art principles dominant, and a sub- dominance of the scientific laws. The term " scientific" is also used comprehensively, and in- cludes mechanism, invention, and all scientific pursuits in which mechanical or scientific principles dominate the artistic. The Normal Factors op Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science. The Sphere, the Curve, the Square. The Point, . . . Motion, Germination, Progress. ~| The Sphere, . . Nature, Art, Infantile Stage. I j>eautv Product, . . The curvilinear or artistic man (normal [ auiy- type.) J The Line, . . . Science, Determinate form. The Angle, . . . Regularity, Precise "Diagrammatic Illustration." The Square, . . Stability, Rectitude, Morality, "The \ Perfection. Measure of a Man." The Cube, . . . Integrity, Wholeness, Completion, Adult Stage. Product, Natural, Artistic, Scientific. The square or scientific man (normal type). The Law of Imperfect Curvation, Illustrated by the Abnormal Factors of Form and Being, Skewism or Scalenism.. One-sidedness, Immorality. Non-stability, Genius, Ugliness, or Mad- ness, Contrariness of Thought and Action. Sophistry, Knavery, Defective Func- tions. Perversion of Form and Motion, as in— Sinistrality or Left- iiandedness, . . Awkward and Inapt Movements. Obliquity, . Eccentricity, Imperfect Curvation, Imperfection. Imperfect curvation, or crookedness of the features, the head, the limbs, the organs, and body, producing malformation of the organs of speech, hearing, and sight. Unnatural, Inartistic, Unscientific. Product, . . The crooked or perverted man (abnormal type). \ CHAPTER III. The Five Organ Systems which Create Form and Character. "The history of the evolution of form, which primarily occupies us, is at the same time the history of the evolution of functions, and this is equally true of the human and all other organisms."* " Ilab'ts and the use and disuse of organs are certainly of the greatest impor- tance as efficient causes of organic form."f VICTOR COUSIN, in his admirable essay on the beautiful, remarks: "All is symbolic in Nature. Form is not form only; it unfolds something inward."J This phi- losophy is scientifically correct, for it is a law of Nature that form indicates character; if this be so, then the form or shape of the individual must bear a strong relation to his actions. Not only is this true, but it is also true that if in attending to the detail of a man's physiognomy we observe with the eye of science, we shall be able to discern not alone his mental powers and his moral proclivities, but likewise his physical qualities and predis- positions to health and disease. The natural shape, or the one with which one is born, can be modified, it is true, by attention to diet, rest, exercise, mental occu- pation, etc., but, as little attention is paid to modifying inherited forms, we can safely say that the majority of men attain manhood with the form which was inherited, unless disease, diet, or una- voidable circumstances have modified the inherited form. In investigating the laws and forms of organic life and their mean- ings, we must be governed by the methods of reasoning that are observed in all other departments of scientific research. We must first collect the facts as to forms and their related characters, then we must pursue a course of generalizing, as it is termed. This consists in collecting a certain number of facts relating to forms, together with the characteristics which accompany such forms, and then compare facts and forms, and if in the majority of in- stances the facts and forms agree we have sufficient evidence upon which to found a law. This is the method pursued by all scientists. The safest and surest way of discovering the laws and truths * Haeckel's Evolution of Man, vol. i, p. 86. t Ibid., p. 19. J Philosophy of the Beautiful, Victor Cousin, p. 129. (59) 60 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of Nature is to follow her indications, to use one's sense of obser- vation and comparison, and to interpret Form according to its indications, assisted by the " basic laws of form." That all form indicates character is a principle so well estab- lished throughout Nature as to need little testimony from me. In the study of the science before us, it is absolutely essential that this principle should be thoroughly comprehended, and the char- acter of its various phases understood at first sight, in order to render the interpretation of character certain and beyond all doubt,—for upon the conformation of the physiognomy (and here I mean the entire body) are we mainly dependent for knowledge of the character of the entire man. It is true that size, color, texture of the skin and hair, health, etc., play their part in deter- mining characteristics; still, Form is primarily the grand deter- mining, dominating principle underlying all others. Its meanings should be completely mastered before proceeding to the considera- tion of other branches of our subject. The more advanced phrenologists, who commenced the inves- tigations of phrenology on the basis of classification by color of the complexion, hair, and eyes, have gradually arrived at the conclu- sion that form is the most decisive factor in the interpretation of character. O. S. Fowler declares, in his work on " Human Sci- ence," that the correct way is to classify character by the forms of the body, and that these forms are produced by the predominance of one or the other of the five principal systems of functions in- cluded in the human organism. These systems and forms he designates the "Vital, Motive or Mechanical, and Mental Temperaments." I cannot comprehend how Mr. Fowler can consistently retain the word "Temperament" in his designation of forms. Tempera- ment is the word used by Hippocrates to indicate the several colors of the complexion. It has no relation to Form, whatever it may have to color. If we wish to use language at once intelligent and comprehensive, it must be rejected, as well as the method of deciding character by so small a portion of the organism as the skull alone. Why should not the face (where the most active and expressive muscles are located) and the contour of the entire body be taken into account X It is certainly a great deal more difficult to feel the head (which has no active expression, and is not so practicable for every-day and instant observation as the face and the outlines of the body) than it is to scan the face. "A cat may look at a king," and so one may study the features of his fellow-men, without saying "By your leave." This system of physiognomy classifies upon the basis of the foi°ms that are de- FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. 61 rived from the development of the several organ systems which are comprised in the human body. It also shows the influence of color and health, as well as all the other conditions which deter- mine character. In the human organism there are five different organ systems, wliich, in their development, produce different configurations of the body and corresponding differences of mental development. These systems are always found in combination, but in different degrees of power in every individual, and to these variations are we in- debted for the infinite variety of the human race. These five systems are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the INIuscular, the Osseous or Bony, and the Brain and Nervous Systems,—the last mentioned forming one system and producing one conforma- tion. Each of these systems evolves and exhibits a different set of physical functions and mental faculties peculiar to itself, but they are so constituted that neither can exist without the action and interaction of a certain proportion of each of the others. In order to create a normal and healthful condition of the organism, there must always be a due development of each of these systems, else incompetency, disease, and early decline will be the result. The system which is the first in the order of development of all organized life, and which is also the underlying or basilar system of man's organism, is the Vegetative, and it has, in common with the various growths of vegetable life, the functions of susten- tation, imbibition from the air and water (through the pores, in plants, and the mouth, in man), of reproduction, assimilation, absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, circulation, and growth; but the Vegetative System gives no power for the expression of the phenomena of either thought or volition. Every plant, tree, vege- table, and shrub has the power of absorbing, excreting, and reproducing, circulating its sap and juices through its cells and tubes (and this by hydrostatic law and the law of gravitation). All the lower animals have the same powers and functions. Not until other systems of functions are superadded do we discover any capacity for volition or conscious sensation. It is true that the lowest animal organisms, such as the Amoeba, give indications of possessing a certain form of sensation, yet these are all in the vegetative condition. No organs for the expression of sensation, as we find it illustrated in higher animal organisms, have yet been evolved, and until these organs or systems of functions are added,—such, for example, as bones, muscles, and brain,—volition, sensation, and thought, in their most complete sense, are not present. The intelligent reader, who has followed the course of the evolution of man from the lowest organisms, or from the primi- 62 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tive human germ, will have observed the order in which the sev- eral systems of functions and their accompanying faculties of mind (as it is called) have evolved or developed. As Nature has indi- cated this order as her supreme law of progression, I shall endeavor, in the exposition of this system of physiognomy, to follow her methods, believing the laws of Nature to be divine and infallible. These laws, if allowed free scope, and not impeded by the ignor- ance or wilfulness of man, will always result in harmonious devel- opment and equilibrium. A study of the laws of natural progression shows that all organic life commences with the development of the functions of su_A N()N.NUCLBATED CELLi THB All organized bodies are built peotamceba peimitiva. (After up of associations of masses of Haeckel.) , , i • . <• j.i • A, original condition; B, commencement of repro protoplasm, which from their ap- duction by fission; C, after complete separation. pearance are termed cells, or, from the functions which they fulfill, elementary organisms; and as the physical properties of inorganic matter are dependent on the arrangement of their molecules, so the physiological peculiarities of organized bodies are dependent on their cellular structure. Physiology is, therefore, the study of the properties of cells. Cells possess the properties of Nutrition, Reproduction, Growth, Development, and in many cases their contents are capable of Motion and manifesting Irritability. Microscopic examination teaches that every living object, from man down to the smallest animalcule invisible to the naked eye, from the largest tree down to the most microscopic plant, is built up on the same general plan. In each the same element of organization is found, and every living form is built up of associations of these microscopic units, each of which, even in the most complex forms of life may be regarded as separate individual organisms..... The best known of such undifferentiated forms of cell-life is the amoeba, one of the simplest examples of an animal organism. In its lowest form the amoeba (Protamoeba primitiva, Haeckel) consists of a mass of jelly-like, structureless, albuminoid substance (protoplasm), which, so far as its chemical composition and general attributes are con- 64 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. cerned, cannot be distinguished from the contents of all active forms of cells. (See Fig. 3.) The amoeba is capable of spontaneous motion, both as regards change of external form and of progressing from place to place. Motions may also be evoked by various stimuli; hence free protoplasm, in common with muscular fibre and ciliated organisms, is contractile. The peculiarity of protoplasmic motion as seen in the amoeba is that motion does not occur around a fixed point, but rather is a flowing motion, such as might occur in the particles of a fluid. Thus, in an amoeba the changes in form and location are effected through the thrusting out of lobe- like prolongations of the periphery (pseudopodia) and their subsequent withdrawal or the flowing into these extensions of the remainder of the body. Occasionally one or more of these pseudopodia become gradually more and more constricted, until finally a portion becomes entirely separated from the original mass, increases in size, and itself possesses all the properties of the parent stock; hence protoplasm is reproductive, and possesses the power of growth. Moreover, the movements of an amoeba are not neces- sarily the consequences of external stimuli, but may be self-originating; hence protoplasm is also automatic. If watched for some time an amoeba will often be seen to take into its interior by flowing around them small vegetable organisms, of which portions are dissolved and converted into the substance of its body, while the undigested remainder is extruded; therefore, protoplasm, even in the absence of all digestive organs, possesses the power of nutrition. The amoeba requires for its existence an atmos- phere of oxygen, which is absorbed, and which it again partly exhales as carbon dioxide. Protoplasm is, therefore, respiratory.* The above clear and explicit statement of cell-powers shows that the common basis of mind-organization is present in the simplest forms of organized life. In this phase of existence the animal appears to be stomach all over; formless, yet possessing all the possibilities of form; unorganized, yet exhibiting all the attri- butes of organization, viz., capacity for motion, reproduction, growth, secretion, excretion, respiration, and digestion. In this stage it seems to be a chemical compound, merely; the rudi- mentary stage of all organic life is mainly chemical, yet possessing as we have seen all the " potencies and possibilities" of archi- tectural and mathematical development. The primitive germ of the human embryon is nothing more at its inception than a minute mass of non-nucleated protoplasm, yet possesses all the properties of mind which in its developed state may exhibit the transcendent genius of an Humboldt or a Newton. It is hence important that we should study the primitive origin of man, in order that we may comprehend the physical basis of his mind. It is to further this purpose that I have introduced the preceding description of the Amceba.| 1 Fky/iology of tBe Domestic Animals, Robert Meade Smith t A study ot embryology or of the evolution of man would be mn«t Q,i,ro„t the student who desires a thorough knowledge of this most interlsW nhnotntafSe0US }C, development. My limits forbid further elaborltion here.-^THE Author P °f mental FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. 65 The lowest animal organisms exist in and upon watery or fluid nutriment; and man in his embryonic state, while he is devel- oping from his protoplasmic condition, as well as for months after his birth, lives upon fluid nutriment. The native Australian is a fair sample of this stage of evolu- tion. Of course, the germs of all the five systems are present in the lowest typos of man, but in this stage of development they lack both size and quality, and are not perfected as in perfected races. The other systems of functions, and many faculties now seen in combination with the vegetative, have been very largely perfected since, particularly the brain and nerve system, which is Fig. 4.—NATIVE AUSTRALIANS. (After D'Ubville.) Showing absence of muscular tissue. now in a more active state than ever before in the world's history. From being a stomach race we are becoming a brain race. What evolution will do for us in the ages to come it is difficult to predict. The law of pregress is always from the lower to the higher, and surely we can say of human nature that it has need of higher growth or a higher development in quality. The next class of animals above the Amoeba is that of the Infusoria, also of microscopic proportions. Above these we find the Polyp (Fig. 5), a soft, round-bodied animal, that seems to be merely a gelatinous mass, yet with quite a distinct digestive appa- ratus in the form of a tube. These creatures multiply by what is termed gemmation or budding. They respire through the skin ; 66 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. they have no blood-vessel system, but are supplied with a nourish- ing fluid analogous to the blood of higher animals. From this stage of animal life until wc reach Amphibia, a class of animals whicli are capable of living both in water and on land, we find no true lung or perfected breathing apparatus. To be able to inhale air is the next great step in progressive develop- ment of animal powers, and in Amphibia we observe a development of both lung and heart power. The next stage of development is shown by an increase of the muscular system. This increased power is necessitated by a life on land, as the amphibious animals seek their food on land as well as in the water ; hence, they require more muscular power to enable them to gain a livelihood in both realms. A life in the open air under the direct rays of the sun causes the bony structure to become perfected. A life in the water exclusively gives to the bony structure a cartilaginous or soft condition. A Ye find in the human and animal races that those classes that have led an outdoor life for generations, as, for example, farmers, laborers, etc., have the best-developed bony structure. The animals and birds that skulk and come out mainly at night have not so good a bony system as those that live in the open air exposed to the sun. Compare the tiger, the coon, the opos- sum, the polecat, and skunk, with the sheep, the goat, and dog, the owl with the sparrow-hawk, etc., and we shall have a very good idea of what the sun can do in developing and perfecting a bony structure. In the plan of progressive development in the lower animals we find that the order observed is as we h.ave indicated: First, the vegetative functions, or the ability to eat, drink, respire, secrete. reproduce, and grow ; the next step is to breathe ; the next is the development of the muscular system, then that of the osseous or bony system; later on, as we advance above the fish family, wc find a beginning of a true brain system. Not until we arrive at the order Mammalia do we find a perfected brain and nervous svs- tem, represented first in the several races of animals, both wild and domestic. This is the order which Nature unfolds, whether we look for it in her manifestations through the long ages of pro- Fig. 5.—A POLYP. (Much En LARCED.) A simple animal organism. THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. 61 gressive development from the simple Amoeba up through fish, reptile, bird, and boast, to man, or whether we trace it through the embryonic life of the human being and find it written on man's face, which is the register, if we read it scientifically, of all these changes and growths. The order above described I shall follow in my exposition of the five systems of functions. THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. FIG. 6.-VEGETATIVE IN 1- ANT. FiG. ".-VEGETATIVE MAN. microcosm, or miniature world. How wonderful! How beautiful! How divine! It seems to me that religion can go no farther than to know the human face scientifically, and then to use this knowl- edge for race-improvement by intelligent and scientific methods. If the theory of the evolution of man had never beenprermul- qated, the human face read scicntifictdly would have necessitated 'its promulgation, for the lace of man proves the order of his de- velopment, and the course of embryonic life corroborates the methods which have governed the gradual unfolding of all animal organisms, from the lowest to the highest. In the highest animal organization in the world, the first few years of life are passed with 68 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. apparently no purpose but to assimilate nutriment and grow; these fill out the infant years of the human race. The counte- nance in infancy is comparatively expressionless, the bony parts of the face and body are cartilaginous and scarcely perceptible owing to the amount of fatty tissue which the constant absorption of liquid food has produced. What will eventually be bone is in an almost gelatinous state ; the glands are active and give a large quantity of juices which soften the tissue. The cheeks and chin are round, the nose small and depressed, the mouth large, the cheeks protuberant, the forehead small, narrow, rounding, and bulging at the centre. There is a sleepy look, with little inclina- tion to move. The infant while in this state may be said to be in the vegetative condition, that is to say, it assimilates food, it respires, it secretes, and grows. This is precisely what all vegetable life does, only vegetables never get beyond this stage. They never develop the powers of voluntary will and motion; these require bones and muscles. The entire existence of vegetables is passed in absorbing and growing, and these functions being common alike to plant and animal existence are named vegetative. If these functions and faculties remain dominant in adult life, then the individual is mainly vegetative, and although in the adult there are bones, muscles, and nerves, and other animal powers, still the individual thus built will be childlike as compared to those who possess more muscle and larger bones with less soft, fatty tissue. The judgment of this class in matters of literature, mathe- matics, and art will be defective, and the domestic faculties will be found in the ascendant. The vegetative adult is characterized by large mouth, small, depressed nose, globular cheeks and chin, slow motions, slow pulse. large abdomen, voracious appetite, love of liquid foods, and of sleep and ease, mind free from anxiety or care, and apparent deficiency of capacity for mental effort except in the most limited degree. This class of persons is found generally with the mouth open and the eyes shut, and this is in accord with the principles upon which they are built. The stomach in this sort being more capacious than the intellect, they naturally put themselves in a position to favor their dominant powers. By keeping the eves closed the individual is able to shut out sights which might cause ideas, and as thought is foreign to his nature and eating the highest enjoyment, he is by this attitude in a condition to favor the pecu- liarities of his structure. As it is a law of human nature that we are inclined to use the faculties and functions which are most developed or strongest in us, those with this formation will be inclined to gluttony and to THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. 69 the diseases which an overcharged system engenders. These are shown by dropsical tendencies, rheumatism, scrofula, gout, tumorous growths, fatty degeneration of the heart, liver, and kidneys, apo- plexy, inflammations, and fevers. The character is unambitious, indolent, contented, lacking in integrity and enterprise, selfish in its enjoyments, and only willing to give after being fully satisfied itself. Fortunately for the world, there are in it very few of this class of individuals. We often meet with men of eminent talent who have a large degree of the vegetative system, but who have inherited with it a fine and large brain system and well-developed bones and muscles. Among this class I may mention Hume and Gibbon, the historians ; Dumas, the novelist; Samuel Johnson, the philologist; and Ark- wright, the eminent inventor. Robert Tngersoll is also a representa- tive of this combination. These men, by reason of their having such a great store of vitality as the vegetative system yields, were enabled to perform immense mental labor. This formation gives the power and warmth necessary to sustain great mental effort by reason of the juices wliich the glands secrete and absorb from the large quantity of nutriment taken into the stomach. Food of the liquid sort is especially desired by persons with the vegetative system large. This system and formation can be made a useful and normal one by using hygienic measures: First, by taking less sleep and on a hard bed, then by restraining the appetite in eating, and espe- cially in drinking, by avoiding carbonaceous foods, such as white flour, sugar, eggs, potatoes, butter, milk, beer, and spirits, drinking water only and sparingly. By thus doing in a short time the ex- cess of fat will disappear, the mind will become clearer, the indi- vidual will, by reason of the increased activity of the liver and lungs, grow more active, more unselfish and thoughtful of others. Especially should the society of active, bright people be cultivated, as wo all are "more influenced by association with others than we are aware of or are willing to allow. The illustrations Figs. 6 and 7 are perfect types of the vege- tative class, with but a small development of the bony or muscular systems. The man is a sort of human polyp or human cabbage; yet such persons can, by a persevering application of hygienic laws, develop a fairly useful organization. The infant illustrates the normal condition of the infant, which is the vegetative. In the lower animal world we find that the upward progress of the organism was caused mainly by the evolution of a breathing apparatus. The power to inhale air was a great step forward, and the order of the development of animal organs is precisely the 70 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. same as that which the human animal observes in his progress to perfected manhood. Ernst Haeckel tells us, in his celebrated work on evolution:— Man, in his embryonic life, passes through all the various stages of progress and development whicli the lower organisms pass through in their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms.* At his birth he possesses all the functions and faculties which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, with the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension and with more per- fected and sensitive members and faculties. These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they have evolved from the lower organisms—the vegetative functions occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the body. In the human face the signs indicating these several organs and functions with their accompanying faculties will be found to follow precisely the same plan. A good proportion of the vegetative system is essential to health, and those who are lacking in the right proportion of it suffer from dyspepsia, nervousness, sleeplessness and consumption. What is required to make a well-balanced individual is equilibrium in the several functions, and this law of equilibrium is universal, controlling and regulating all created things. It is the law which keeps the planets in motion, and holds them true to their orbits. Some of the finest traits are evolved from the vegetative system; the domestic and social here find their origin. If we wish to lead happy, healthy, and moral lives, we must seek to obtain a fair share of this system, and then keep it in repair by applying hygienic law to its conservation; yet an excess must be avoided, unless we wish to sink to the level of a mere vegetable existence. The vegetative system will always play an important part in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of character aswell as being the sustaining power of the organism. The absence of a due admixture of this system produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many beautiful and useful traits Inendship, Approbativeness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are directly related to this system and are all sustained bv its develop- ment and action. " The signs for the following organ systems are ivithin the chemical or vegetative division: The intestines, the kidneys the glands, and reproductive system. Their action is chemical mainly and does not involve the action of the muscles or bones, except as * Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. § THE THORACIC SYSTE.M. 71 a secondary cause. The faculties derived from the development and functional action, of these organs are Conscientiousness, Firm- ness, Digestion, Bibativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Self- esteem, Friendship, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Economy, Hospitality, Love of Home and of Country. The vegetative system shows all the functions and faculties wliich are dominant in childhood, and the physiognomies of all children, if they are healthy, exhibit a larger development of these signs than of other divisions where the signs of the Mechanical, Artistic, and Mathematical powers are located. The three grand natural divisions of the face, by the very order of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of pro- gressive growth and development of the body and mind. First, the vegetative system, which is supreme in childhood; afterward, the mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strengthen; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material sub- stances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and mechanical calculation servos also to assist mental processes. The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis,—just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affect- ing the human family would he unknown. A judicious mingling of this system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the organism creates health and happiness; how to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of physiognomy. This system constitutes the chemical division of the bodv and mind; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation. Architectural Division. the thoracic system. The thoracic system is located in the highest portion of the trunk, and contains the organs of respiration and circulation, the heart and lungs, as well as the liver, which is an active agent in purifying the blood that has been created by the assimilation of nutriment in the intestines and glands. The blood is poured into the heart through the thoracic duct; from the heart it is carried to 72 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the lungs by the pulmonary artery. This system therefore includes the heart, liver, and lungs, together with the several ducts, veins, arteries, and tubes comprised in its action. These physical func- tions give rise' to the following faculties: Pneumativeness, Hope, Analysis, and Color, and exert an influence upon Human Nature, Imitation, and Sublimity. The Architectural Division has three subdivisions. One is composed of the heart, liver, and lungs; the second, of the muscles, including the stomach, which is a muscular organ; and the third, the osseous or bony system. Each of these organ systems origi- nate a different class of mental efforts. The outward facial sign for the lungs is, of course, the nostrils, as it is through these organs that we are enabled to respire. The facial sign for the heart is also the nostrils, as well as bright color of the complexion. The heart and lungs being correlated organs, they mu- tually condition each other; hence large nostrils are indicative of good heart and lung power. A predom- inance of the thoracic system is known by large rounding chest, wide nostrils, rather high cheek-bones, full throat, bright eyes, and elastic step, while the abdomen and brain are com- paratively small. The greyhound is a fine illustration of this system, also the various deer tribes. This system in its highest manifestation shows that the aeration of the blood is performed on a large scale, inducing buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of apprehension, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. It causes the individual to be cheerful, happy and pure-minded, owing to. the large quantity of oxygen taken into the system and the purifying effect wliich a large heart, liver, and lungs give to the whole organism. History abounds in the record of men with large thoracic de- velopment and small brains, who have made of life a brilliant suc- cess, but it is almost void of those possessed of small lungs and large brains. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, orators, and aggres- sive people in thought and action the world over will be found within this class. Where this system is well marked, the indi- vidual will be fond of outdoor sports and pursuits, quick at appre- hending everything perceived, and as quick to drop it. This Fig. 8.—THOMAS H. BENTON. (United States Senator.) Thoracic System dominant. THE THORACIC SYSTEM. 73 peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneering and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where great activity and constant motion is required. Children of this formation of body are restless, eager, and apt, but dislike close and continuous study and dull routine and drudgery, and will run from it if pressed too closely. This class will make better students later in life, and study better after thirty years of age, yet will pick up and store away thousands of useful facts, apparently without effort, in childhood. They will excel in outdoor pursuits and enjoy outdoor labor even in early life. It is cruel to compel them to study closely and continuously in youth. The study of the sciences is natural to them. This class of per- sons (with a suitable brain system in addition) can become botanists, orchardists, navigators, naturalists, stock-breeders, geolo- gists, hygienists, and succeed in similar occupations. By follow- ing these pursuits, their health, happiness, and usefulness will be promoted. People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, for, as their organisms are filled with the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere, their moral sense said purity of mind are stronger than in weaker developments of the thoracic system. They are also, as a rule, high-minded, filled with noble and philanthropic ideas, or ambitious to hold prominent and distinguished positions in society. Persons with large lungs become poisoned with noxious air sooner than do those with small lungs. The reason of this is owing to the greater quantity of bad air whicli is inhaled* in a given time. A large development of the thoracic system engenders a cheerful, sportive, ardent, courageous, and magnanimous disposition, and those who inherit and conserve this system will retain their youth- ful feeling and vivacity to an advanced age; hence it is that we find in the countenances of many aged persons a fine complexion, skin of a fine, soft texture, and but few wrinkles, as compared with others who do not possess as large a development of the thorax. Among the eminent persons who have been endowed with a fine thoracic system, I may mention Julius Caesar, Cicero, AA7ell- ington, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Patrick Henry, AA illiam Pitt, Henry Clay, and many other well-known warriors and orators. The diseases which assail this system are acute and inflamma- tory, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, cerebral and pulmonary con- sumption, rupture of the heart, hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, and inflammation of the lungs. These disorders are caused by the intense activity of this system. It is a law of human nature that we love to use most our strongest faculties. 74 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Hence, those persons possessing a large thoracic system are apt to be too energetic, and to consume their vital forces by undue use of them. Such persons should avoid exciting scenes and all kinds of commotions in which the emotions take a leading part. They should live on some simple vegetable diet, sleep much,'and pursue a steady unexciting occupation. Those who inherit a feeble development of the thorax should live in hilly regions, engage in walking, running, boating, horse- back exercise, and gymnastics, especially those which develop the upper part of the body. It is a circumstance worth noting that all the high-flying birds have larger lungs relatively than those that remain in marshes and fly low. The bones of the former are permeated with air-cells which contain air, and thus their flight is assisted by their frame being lightened by this peculiarity of construction. All those races of men and animals that inhabit mountainous regions have larger thoracic systems than those who dwell in the plains. Naturalists tell us that fishes inhabiting mountain streams have larger air-vessels than those found in other waters, and the reason of it is that the atmosphere in those regions is rarer or more attenuated, hence the lungs are compelled to respire more in order to get the same quantity of air. Persons with small or weak lungs will find it advantageous to inhale the atmosphere of the hills, because it induces activity of the lungs and heart, and this causes a demand for more blood. The appetite, under the stimulus of this atmosphere will call for more food, the digestive processes will derive more nourishment from the aliment consumed, and thus the entire system will become invigorated by the improved quantity and quality of the air, while the lungs will be compelled to greater activity; and, as use increases capacity, many persons who have inherited weak lungs have been benefited and almost renewed by early change from low to higher altitudes. Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present age. AVe cannot expect pure- minded, noble characters to thrive and expand in close, ill-smell- ing, noxious dwellings. If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and water supply will have to be amended before such result can be secured; for any system of Theology or Ethics which does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle will create no improved types of the human family, and will only succeed in pro- ducing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, without the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly religious. Fresh air, pure THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 75 water, bathing, hygienic diet, and self-control, used according to law, contain all the fundamental principles of true religion, and will advance civilization to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than all the dogmatic theories of centuries. Pure water and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be obtained if a fine development of the thoracic system is desired. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. The next system in the order of development or evolution is the Aluscular. It is in the Architectural Division, and assists for- mative effort of every kind whatsoever, whether literary, artistic, mechanical, or in the rebuilding of the human race. In analyzing the salient points of features of the Aluscular System and Form, we must make a dis- tinction between muscle and fat, as these two classes of tissues create and exhibit two distinct and opposite kinds of character. The predominance of the INIuscular System is known by a rather broad form, with well-developed muscles and tendons; quick, elastic step; shoulders broad in pro- portion to the body; rather low or high and rounding forehead; the nose rather short and broad; full convex eye; round, short ears; short, thick neck, with a tendency to develop long, perpendicular wrinkles on the face. AVriters of works on physiology and anatomy arrange the muscles into two general divisions, viz. the voluntary and the involuntary ; but scientific physiognomy finds it necessary to take cognizance of and describe every formation which the muscles may assume, in the outward conformation of the human body. The six classes of muscles whicli we are obliged to take into consideration in the reading of character are as follow :— FlG. 9.-HERR FLETSCHMAN. (Okkman Aktist.) Muscular System supreme. Straight muscles. Crooked muscles. Round muscles. Thin muscles. Long muscles. Short muscles. Combinations of these produce the following forms:— Round and long forms. Round and short forms. Thin and lon«: forms. Thin and short forms. Crooked and thin forms. Crooked and round forms. 76 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The two divisions which are made by anatomists are termed the "Voluntary" and the "Involuntary." * The voluntary muscles are those which are moved by the will and are the muscles involved in motion, such as the muscies of the arms, legs, trunk, and face. These are moved whenever the individual desires, and are the muscles of motion. The involuntary muscles are those which move automatically and are not controlled by the will or wish of man. These muscles are the large organs of the viscera, com- posed of fibrous material, and are moved by inward motions pro- duced by the circulation of the air and the periodic movements of the heart, and the involuntary contractions of the stomach in digestion; hence the heart, lungs, and stomach are involuntary muscles, together with the valves of the veins and the several septums of the heart and other organs. The muscles of the larynx belong to a mixed class. In the production of sound they are wholly under the control of the will and are then voluntary; but in deglutition and respiration they are spasmodic and automatic, and are then involuntary. A minute description of all these combinations is unnecessary for the general reader. Those who design becoming teachers and examiners can refer to the rules laid down for the " Basic Principles of Form," and apply those principles to the combination which they have under consideration. After learning the sort of character exhibited by the straight, the crooked, the round, the thin, the long muscles, etc., he can, upon observing any given combination in a character, make such observations upon it as the basic rules of Form declare to be correct. The combination of muscles which are most commonly exhibited are the short and round, and the long and thin; yet they are sometimes found mingled in just the opposite manner, and then they point to characteristics easily understood by those who learn the principles upon which they act and the kind of character which each simple uncombined sort discloses. Those with short and round muscles have relatively broad and short figures, with thick chests, broad shoulders, thick neck; low, broad heads, and particularly broad above the ears; the joints small and well covered • the fingers tapering and nails oval; the feet short and thick, with high instep; the forehead broad and rounding outwardly at the sides and rising in an almost straight line from the eyebrows upward. The face is round or oval, cheeks full, nose round, eyes large and convex, chin often dimpled, hands and feet small, and the" limbs short, round, and tapering. The functions most active in this class are those of digestion, circulation, and motion, and the heart, lungs, and stomach are strong and large. The mental constitution dis- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 77 inclines to study, for love of motion here works against close application to books. The predominance of the vital organs, as shown by the strong development and action of the muscular organs, the heart, the lungs, the stomach, the reproductive system, and veins, gives great muscular strength, love of eating and drinking, social enjoyments, athletics, music, dancing, etc., and love of the opposite sex, animals and children. This type of character is inclined to commercial business and speculation, contracting, brokerage, and all classes of trades which bring in the social element and allow of motion without hard labor. The noted Jim Fisk, of Erie Railroad notoriety, is a good specimen of this class. Those with a good brain development in combination will exhibit capacity for surgery and military life. Napoleon I illustrates this combination. The army includes many surgeons of this build. AVhere the muscles are of the long and thin type, the character has less of the aggressive and more of the sentimental cast, owing to the fact that the internal viscera are relatively less round and the motor muscles longer and thinner than in the former class. This difference in muscular structure shows in the face in several ways. The face is relatively long and the chin oval. The nose is higher, thinner, and longer than with the former, the cheeks not so full and round, and the eye, although as large and round, not as convex or full as the above. The affectional and intuitional traits are well developed; yet the sentiment of love of the opposite sex and of children will exhibit itself in a more r*. fined manner, and the commercial instinct will not be so pronounced as with the former. The head rather high and narrow, the limbs and body long, the joints, knuckles, etc., appear rather prominent, the bones of the fingers pronounced, and the body lithe and flexible. Men- tally, this build will have capacity for some form of art, will enjoy domestic ties and possess true conjugal feeling, sincere friendship, and, with a suitable brain-formation, will be inclined to languages, belles-lettres, and metaphysical studies. These two different and distinct formations are so often met with and so thoroughly described as to make it quite easy for the reader to give the delineation correctly. AAliere certain variations are observed, as, for example, if the combination presented should be round and long, some of the characteristics common to each of these forms will be present; or, if the combination should present the thin and short type, or the crooked and round, or the thin and crooked, which is rare, the reader has only to apply the general law governing the two distinct forms of muscle. The many and varied expressions of the human face are due 78 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. to the action of a great number of muscles; there are found in the face thirty-six pairs and two single muscles, and in the body more than five hundred. The eye contains more muscles, more active ones, and those which express more thought, than those of any other part of the body; hence the eye, being a mass of muscles, is the facial exponent of the muscular system. When we desire to know the muscular development of an individual, we can safely trust to the eye for our knowledge. The larger, more convex, and deeper colored the eye, the greater the degree of strength in the muscular system. Small or depressed eyes with sunken orbits always denote less muscular power than large full eyes, and pale- colored eyes indicate less vigor than well-colored ones. A com- parison of the eyes of all- muscular animals is one proof of this statement. Examine the eyes of the deer tribes, the gazelle, springbok, hare, rabbit, etc. In all these creatures the muscular predominates over the osseous or bony system. The bull is an example of great muscular power, as well as the bull-dog, and both have great convex eyes. Light-colored eyes do not denote as much vigor of the muscles as dark eyes, but this branch of the subject will be considered under the head of Color. All eminent artists, actors, singers, musicians and sculptors are endowed with a fine quality of muscle. Observation of their physiognomies will reveal the fact that they have large bright eyes. The nature of their professions requires a fine as well as strong muscular system. Inasmuch as all parts of the organism involved in the production and reception of tone or sound are in the muscular system, it follows logically that we should look to that department of the body for capacity in this direction. The vocal cords, the larynx, the tongue, the lips, as well as the ear, are all engaged in the production and reception of tone or sound. In artistic works, such as acting, painting, and sculpture, the muscle must be in excess in order to take command of the bones ; hence we find that nearly all artists are round-built persons. They are lithe and elastic like muscle itself. In speaking of artists as muscular persons, it might seem to the unobservant that this is incorrect, since a muscular person is usually thought of as being developed like an athlete or black- smith. Now, size of muscle is not the only indication of power, for we know that horses training for racing are exercised with a view of decreasing the size of the muscles in order to make them more dense and firm ; in short, to improve their quality. Quality is the dominating principle all through Nature. Many large men are weaker than some much inferior in size. It is the inherited quality which first gives superior power; after- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 79 ward exercise must keep up the natural tone and vigor of the system. The muscles of a dwarf might dominate his bony system, 1 should then classify him among muscular men. Observation of the faces and forms of all eminent artists will give all the proof needed on this point. It will be seen that they possess large, wide-open eyes with arched eyebrows, the bones small at the joints and the fingers tapering—every part and mem- ber disclosing a rounder appearance than where the bony system predominates. For when Nature creates an artist the hands and ieet are those of an artist, and agree with the shape of the head, the face, and body; all alike arc artistic, and the physiognomist is able to discern this character in the hands and fingers, in the shape of the finger-nails, as well as in the features of the face and round- ness of the body. The following description of the various powers of the muscles in the human organism will give some idea of the mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system. The human body combines within itself almost all the principles of natural mechanical forces; for instance, the arch in the thorax, shoulder, and hip; the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones, one principle of which is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm; so, also, in the flexors generally, namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna in extending the forearm is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus ma gnus muscle of the thigh in abducting the femur. The differ- ent joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder; the hinge-joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions as well as with flexion ;ind extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno-clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac hones in the vertebrae, and in the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc;. We have also the different principles of valves in the heart and veins, and in the pylorus between the stomach and the duodenum, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye. These are some of the mechanical forces which inhere in and regulate the several parts of the muscular system ; other principles will be shown in other systems of the body as we reach them in their proper order. 80 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The action of the muscular system gives ability for artistic, emotional, literary, religious, and executive effort. The faculties that have signs located in this division and that depend mainly upon the muscles for their power, arc the following, viz., Cautious- ness, Sanativeness, Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Imitation, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Ven- eration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Weight, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Magnetism is a force belonging exclusively to the muscular system. The most magnetic orators and those persons endowed with power to heal through magnetism are very muscular, and have either size or fine quality of the muscles or both combined. The animals that exhibit magnetic power are also muscular. 1 suppose that the mineral constituents of muscle must be those which create magnetism. But this branch of science—histology— is yet in its infancy, and it is hoped that further experiment will give us more accurate demonstration of the laws and principles governing animal magnetism and its uses. From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of muscular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural Division of the organization, and, in combination with the osseous or bony system, which will next be treated of, constitutes the building powers and capacities of man. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are constructive, often artistic. religious, emotional, and amative, and, with a suitable brain in combination, excel in literature as novelists, actors, dramatic writers, etc. Many highly emotionally-religious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not follow that they are moral, also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality; yet at the same time it assists ardor, zeal, faith, and imagination. In those races that exhibit the most Credenciveness—that is to say, the most faith and belief—there will be found the predominance of the muscular over the bony system, as, for example, in the Hebrew, the Turk, the Persian, the Arabian, the Mongol, the Celt, and the Hindoo; and what is true of races applies with equal force to individuals. Those in whom this system predomi- nates are apt to be contrary (not obstinate), changeable, and shifting in moods and tempers, affectionate and amative, with plenty of physical courage, adepts in commercial life and in mystic religions, preferring one in which faith is a leading principle. They make good companions in marriage, as domesticity is one of their ruling tastes, are also social, fond of gay, sportive companions and athletic pursuits, enjoy bathing and swimming and liquid foods, such as soups, milk, soda, lemonade, etc. However, they should THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 81 never indulge in intoxicants, as, having great power of assimilation, strong liquors will cause them to become dangerous and destructive. The diseases which assail the muscular system are derange- ments of the liver, acute rheumatism, dumb ague, bilious colic, cramps, softening of the brain, muscular exhaustion, and valvular disease of the heart,—all consequent on too great exercise or emotion, to which the system is liable. An early training in morality and the rights of others is highly essential, for suffering, disgrace, and an early death often follow the unrestricted indulgence of the temper and the tastes which accom- pany this system—where it is greatly in the ascendant. The most eminent men of ancient and modern times have been noted for a fine development of the muscular system. In ancient Greece the Isthmian, Nemean, and Olympian games were national, and large numbers of the citizens trained for the periodi- cal exhibition of athletic sports. Even the women and children had their own gymnasia and baths, and at no time in the world's history has the human figure, particularly the female figure, attained such perfection'as in ancient Greece. A close observation of the statues of the classic sculptors will disclose the development of certain muscles about the female waist and abdomen which are not to be found in the modern woman. The disuse of these muscles has caused an atrophy or shrinking of them, and modern women are, without exception, born with waists too small, and entirely changed from the nomad type and standard. The lines of the body should curve outward from the bust to the hips. In modern women this form is completely reversed. The more we investigate man physiologically, the more is the conclusion forced upon us that the dominant systems of man's or- ganism control and guide his acts and capacities. It was by ignor- ing the investigation of man's physical powers and functions that we were so long deprived of a practical method of studying the mind of man. But the instrumentalities for such research were not in existence until recently, as, for example, the microscope and chemical discoveries. A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and character of man. Herbert Spencer, in his essay on education, remarks:— Without acquaintance with the general truths of biology and psy- chology, rational interpretation of social phenomena is impossible. And he also says:— The actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood. 6 82 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysicians were not founded on an intimate knowledge of either physiology or the laws of mind, as revealed by investigation of either bony, muscular, or brain and nerve systems. They were most of them simply specu- lative theories which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. They were like the loves of the poets,—creatures of the imagination merely. If we desire to advance in exact knowledge of real human nature we must cast out the ancient dogmas, which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy. AVe must, instead, interrogate Nature face to face. First learn the facts, then manufacture the theory in accordance therewith. Formerly, the method was to con- struct an abstruse theory couched in incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one time considered the crowning virtue of human character. Now, childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying eye, and we feel both sorrow and contempt for him who is too weak or too cowardly to grapple with the truths of Nature lest they overthrow some time-honored-error which he is cherishing. Fortunately, some eminent theologians have recognized this fact, and have boldly entered the arena of discussion. AVhen we wish to understand the emotions which play so im- portant a part in the drama of life we must look to the physio- logical and anatomical development of individuals and races, for it is to the muscular system mainly that we are indebted for the power to manifest will, emotion, and expression, both of the face and body. The great number and variety of the muscles of the face alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feeling, will, mental energy and capacity than all the other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental characteristics of the individual than any other portion of the muscular system, and the reason why it does this is explained by the fact that the eye is a mass of muscles. Added to this power is the fact that the optic nerve also finds its centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world the will of the man as he stands revealed before our gaze. The muscles of the eye and the optic nerve bring to us the bulk of the knowledge which we acquire. It is true that we can feel heat and cold; we can taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual organs, but the world of form, of architecture, is unknown without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge of form bring THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 83 to us our most useful and practical acquirements, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted for much that is practical and necessary; hence, the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleasure are laying up a store of goodness, which, whether they desire it or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and " thus do our deeds follow us." When we examine the nature of muscle we find that although it is powerful in expressing emotions, it is wanting in feeling, in sensitiveness. Hence we find that muscular people, although able to express emotion, have very little of that keenness of sensation whicli those have who are endowed with a fine nervous organiza- tion. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that often those who seem to feel the most, in reality feel the least. If one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve there would be little, if any, feel- ing experienced. It is only by analyzing the constituents and nature of the several systems in the body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate share of work. This method enables us to relieve the brain of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind have ascribed to it. Hitherto it has been a poor.overworked organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has boon assigned to it by meta- physicians, of what use, I ask, are the several ganglia, the plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral organs'? AVe must either divide the labor equitably or declare the utter inability of the last mentioned to assist mental manifestations. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. Observation of the order of progressive development in the lower animals shows that a perfected bony system was the result ' of life upon land and in the open air. As soon as the Amphibia had ceased their life in the water, a race of animals was evolved from them which, instead of using air-vessels for the purposes of respiration, developed a true lung system that was no longer suited to life in the water. This necessitated a great many other changes in the anatomy and physiology of animal life. A heart and blood- vessel system became necessary, as the lungs and heart are corre- lated and essential to the existence of each other. A strong and true bony system became also a necessity in place of the cartilagi- nous one of the fish tribes. This strong bony system was needed to whicli to attach the muscles, as life on the land required a better muscular system for purposes of locomotion and for the 84 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. getting of food. Accordingly we find that the order observed in the lowest forms of animal development, as shown by geology and evolution, was in the following manner: First, the chemical or vegetative; second, the thoracic or breathing power; third, the evolution of the muscular system; fourth, the bony system; fifth, the perfected brain and nerve system. All through these various growths and developments (which doubtless took millions of years to complete) the brain and nervous system had gradually developed. As each animal organism took on a more and more complex organization, a more complex nervous system and larger brain was necessitated. AVhen muscles were developed, as we find in the body and legs of Amphibia, the intelligence essential to their use was evolved simultaneously. AVhen the bony system became per- fected, a higher quality of cerebral power was exhibited. The per- fecting of a true bony system marked a great advance in the animal, not only by reason of the substantial quality of the con- stituents which enter into its com- position, but when an organism has arisen to the grade of devel- opment which is marked by the possession of a perfected osseous system we find that there is a higher quality of both body and mind, as we shall learn later on. But we do not find the high- est degree of mental power until we reach the order Mammalia, which is endowed with a more perfect reproductive system as compared with the lower methods of reproduction, viz., by fission, gemmation or egg-multiplication. The higher and more complex method of mammal reproduction demands more intelligence in the rearing of the young and for the getting of food and other purposes of the animal. Hence we find in the order Mammalia, which includes both our wild and domestic animals, as well as Alan, a far higher grade of intelligence than is observed in all the lower races—the fishes reptiles, and birds. Now, what is the logic of this correlated devel- opment X We find that as physical functions have evolved, intel- ligence has increased; that mentality has associated itself with the physical functions; that a creature endowed with wings is more intelligent than a simple jelly-fish. AAe must, therefore, deduce Fig. 10.—ANDREW JACKSON. Osseous System dominant. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 85 the theory that physical functions and mental faculties are in close relation to each other, and if by observation we can ascertain which functions and faculties are connected, then we have all that is necessary to discern character, simply by observing the physical development of any order, species, or individual. In the preceding remarks it was stated that the greatest ad- vance in the intelligence of animal organisms was made simulta- neously with a more perfected reproductive system. In the human family, the most developed and perfected races will be found to possess a developed reproductive system. All the great creative artists, such as poets, painters, actors, authors and sculptors, are developed men and women; that is to say, are well sexcd; and this development is the base of creative talent. This function and faculty have been wholly misunderstood and their office and action not at all comprehended in their entirety. A reference to the faces of all our great creative minds will show the sign for Amativeness and the reproductive system to be well defined; and this is another fact proving the relation of physical functions to mental faculties. The osseous or bony system (Fig. 10) is known by height, large joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and projection of the lower part of the forehead over and beyond the eyes; prominent and broad chin; large, bony hands; long, flat, bony feet; prominent joints and knuckles; tips of the fingers inclined to the square form as distinguished from the oval or tapering form of the muscular system; and relatively small, angular head, rising high above the ears. There are six classes of bones to the meaning of which the physiognomist must pay strict attention. To those unused to the close observation essential to discerning these slight variations of structure, they may seem trivial and unimportant, but let me say that in Nature's broad domain there is no form insignificant, no matter how minute. How much more important must every slight variation of form observed in the human face be when we reflect that in it are to be read the physical, moral, and mental traits of the individual, together with all his individual peculiarities, as well as '"all the traits of all his ancestors," as Emerson aptly remarks ! "To despise the minute in Nature is to despise the infinite," and so we shall come to the study of the following-named classes of bones with increased understanding of the close observation which the several variations of the bony structure demand. Classified and combined as follows, they have a pregnant meaning:— 86 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. CLASSIFICATION OP THE BONES. Straight and square hones, Straight and round hones, Straight and short hones, Straight and long bones, Round and short hones, Hound and long bones, Round and crooked bones, Long and crooked bones, Short and crooked bones. It will be observed by reference to the above that there arc six simple formations of the bones, each indicating something dis tinct from the others. The adjective employed to describe each form will reveal to the reader its condition without elaborate description. I have never found that nature crooked which .was produced by combination of the straight with the square form of bone. This combination produces and denotes the most solid character, and as it is composed of a rocky material, viz., lime, and shaped in the most enduring form, it is, we might say, incapable of becoming crooked. The nature of bone gives solidity, firmness, and integrity to the organism, but where it is crooked by Nature, then this signal is thrown out to tell the observer the character of the individual. Where the bones are round and small, the character possesses less firmness and integrity, less capacity for endurance and resistance; but it exhibits ability to execute curved motions, as in gestures, writing, dancing, etc., and to produce curved or circular work with tools; hence such persons are adapted to art-work. They are like the animals which exhibit similar formations, such, for example, as the mole, squirrel, and beaver. These are all highly artistic in the constructions of their dwellings, and have round bones, and are quite skillful architects. They are also playful, lively, and fond of motion, and all possess the combination of round muscles with round bones; while horses and several species of dogs exhibit square bones combined with round muscles, and these animals exhibit less artistic talent than the former, but more of the moral, solid, reliable, teachable and practical traits of character. There are several causes in Nature which assist in forming and developing a good bony system. These are, first, water, in which lime is a large constituent; next, a diet of grains, into which lime enters in the shape of its phosphates. These grains are grown in a soil from which the phosphatic elements are extracted by the grain through chemical action in the process of growth. The next influence favoring bone development is exercise in the sunlight. In this exhibit of what constitutes bone, we observe that the most substantial material in Nature enters largely into r;s Straight bones, Crooked bones, Square bones, Round bones, Long bones, Short bones. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 87 composition. The very material of which rocks are made is found, upon analysis, in the bones of man as well as in those of the higher animals; hence it follows that those in whom the bony system is dominant will be the most reliable and trustworthy. The bony system is composed mainly of lime in two forms—the carbonate of lime and the phosphate of lime; these two materials form the solid part of the bones. It is found also in the teeth, muscles, blood, and cartilages; in the gastric juice, the blood, and secretions, it is in the fluid form. In the bones, teeth, and carti- lages, it assists in making them firm and solid. The enamel of the teeth, which is the hardest substance in the body, is composed mainly of the phosphate and carbonate of lime, and in the ivory of the teeth these form a large part of the constituents. In the hones, more than one-half is found to be composed of these two forms of lime. It is lime which gives to the bones their firmness and solidity. If we were to soak a bone in a mixture of muriatic acid and water we should dissolve from it all the mineral ingredi- ents and leave nothing but the animal constituents, and should then find it so soft and flexible that, if we were to treat one of the long bones of the body in this manner, we could tie it up in knots just as we can a rope. Lime is found in the various grains, in milk, and in lean meat. Salt is another useful element, not only in the bones but in the several tissues. In connection with water it is found in every portion of the body,—in the bones, tissues, and the various fluids and secretions,—and is necessary in digestion, where it assists by chemical action the various processes of assimilation. The taste for salt is, therefore, natural and necessary. The taste for pepper is not natural, inasmuch as that is not found in any part of the body, and has no use in the human economy. Black pepper is highly indigestible and inflammatory. There is no similarity between these two constituents. Pepper induces dis- orders of the stomach and kidneys, and should be used like all spices, for a remedy and not for food, as it cannot be digested like salt. Salt, lime, and water are found in every part of the body, and are natural and necessary to health and life. Salt we derive from the air and water; lime comes to us in our food in grains, fruits, etc., and if we use them as Nature has provided we shall rebuild our blood, bones, muscles, nerves, and brain with the materials which they require for their replenishing; but if we cast out the phosphates of lime and the carbonates, as we do in making fine white bread, we shall have nothing to assist the repair of the bones, muscles, nerves, and brain, since the phosphates are rejected by this mode of preparation. A man would starve in a 88 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. short time were he fed on foods deprived of lime and salt; neither would he exist on a diet which did not contain starch or animal fats, and fat is created both from animal and vegetable foods, as chemical analysis shows. This exhibit of the composition of the bony structure informs us at once why it is that those who possess large and strong bones are more firm, persevering, reliable, and honest than those with smaller and weaker ones. The more fluid lime dissolved in the blood which goes to make up the solid parts of the organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, etc., the more integ- rity and strength will these tissues and organs possess. A com- parison of the animals in which the bony system predominates, with those in whom the fat and muscle are in excess, will give us a correct idea as to how the bones are related to integrity and stability. If honesty were a sentiment merely, something which could be taught, then the one best taught on this subject would have the most reliable character, but we know full well that some are more naturally honest than others. We know that some have more ability for music or painting than others, and we find by observation that those who are skillful in music, etc, are so mainly by virtue of an organism wliich fits them for this art; that some are musicians without instruction, while others are not able to be taught because they are lacking in the proper construction of body; in short, they have not the right muscular development for this purpose. A comparison of the highest and most useful animals—the horse, the dog, the camel, and ox—with the rhinoceros, the hog, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the panther, and tiger, will show us a physiological combination as distinct as is that of the mental and moral characteristics of each class. The rhinoceros and hog, by reason of their excess of fat, are too vegetative to be either moral or intelligent. The mole, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the cat, the rat, etc., have relatively small bones and large muscles, and they are suited to slyness, skulking, deception, and craft,—to live in the shade and prey upon others. AArhile the bones of these creatures are hardly perceptible, their bodies are sleek, sinuous, graceful, and quick-motioned, and they are quite artistic in some of their habits,—the beaver and mole, for ex- ample, building their houses on excellent architectural and artistic principles. Now compare the camel, with his great, homely, un- gainly, bony structure, and his fidelity and usefulness, docility and intelligence; compare him with the graceful, gliding, sleek-looking tiger; compare the bony ox, with his great joints, his patient and useful ways, with the hog; compare the horse, with his bones THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 89 jutting out over his eyes, his large hip-joints and bony face, his mental development and observation, with the unwieldy, stupid, and brutal rhinoceros; compare the intelligence of the former with the ferocity of the latter; compare the fidelity, usefulness, and forms of all these various creatures, and you will find in every instance that the bony formation gives and exhibits integrity, re- liability, intelligence, and morality, as compared with those forms that resemble the muscular and vegetative or fat animals. Fat in excess is not honest, whether we find it in man or beast. Fat, by its lack of resistance, is negative and self-indul- gent, and is not capable of self-control; muscle in excess is unre- liable, and by the nature of its constituents and action is change- able and shifting; it moves with rapidity and changes constantly, and is not built of such substantial material as bone; hence, it is suited to artistic pursuits, while bone is suited to mechanical and scientific occupations, for mechanical individuals must have physical order and a good, true eye for angles and straight lines. They must have patience and perseverance, steadfastness and in- tegrity, in order to produce straight and square work. In every age and country the most reliable, honest, and upright men are (as a class) its mechanics. They perform honest work; the very house that we dwell in must be plumb and built on the square, or it will fall to the ground. The scientist, too, must possess a large share of integrity,—of bone. Inasmuch as he has the ability to comprehend the truths of Nature, he must be built on Con- scientiousness, else he would be incompetent to comprehend the laws of Nature, which are all based on absolute truth and mathe- matical certainty and precision. Newton, the discoverer of the most important law of Nature, viz., gravitation, was a square-boned man, and Conscientiousness is large in his face. Now, all persons and animals must have bones in a greater or less degree, and in the degree that they have good, square bones are they capable of honesty, morality, and fidelity. Hence the importance of endow- ing offspring with a good', square, bony structure. AVe cannot do this if we feed upon fine white flour, or allow our children to con- sume too much sugar and other carbonaceous food. If we look abroad for our proof of the action of the various kinds of food as it relates to bone-making, it is only necessary to refer to the low stature of the Lapps and Finns, who subsist mainly on a fish diet, and whose bones are both small and short, while their near neigh- bors,—the Norwegians, Swedes, and Russians,—who live upon a farinaceous and vegetable diet, are much their superiors in stature and strength. But the subject of bone-building I will consider later, 90 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I will here note some of the prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, heroism, and honor, and in every instance we shall see that each one possessed a large and fine quality of bone. Our own AVashington was six feet three inches in height, and broad and square built. Andrew Jackson was above the medium height, and the bones jutted out all over him, in the eye- brows, the cheeks, the chin, the forehead, the joints and knuckles. Lincoln, too, shows a very bony organization, and was more noted for his fidelity to principle than for great intellectual power. Had he been made of soft, fatty tissue, the results of our civil war might have been quite different. General Lafayette's portraits show him to have been possessed of good bones; likewise Alex- ander the Great in ancient times, also Caesar, Mahomet, and Cromwell. Luther had a very large bony structure, with a power- ful vegetative system, and a fine brain. Isaac Newton, Lamartine, James AVatt, Humboldt. Cuvier, AVashington Irving, von Liebig, David Livingstone, Charles Darwin, George Stephenson the in- ventor, Peter Cooper, and a host of others, who have shown by their lives that integrity, morality, and mechanical and scientific powers were theirs, possessed large, bony development. It makes quite a difference in our powers of endurance, either moral or physical, whether we have four or six feet of bone in our bodies. It is true that the persons just mentioned had fine brain systems in addition, but without the same amount of bone and with muscle in its stead they never would have evinced such rectitude, endurance, and reliability, as with the large bones in combination. The greatest and most useful men and women have been those with the bone and brain systems dominant. The greatest artists have been those with a fine quality of the muscular and brain systems combined; hence they form a less useful class than mechanics and scientists. They are, also, less reliable and moral, but more entertaining. The record of the purely vegetative men is limited to a few, who succeeded in becoming prize hogs in appearance, notably, Daniel Lambert, Vitellius, the Roman Emperor and glutton, and some few others whose fame rests entirely upon their fat, selfish- ness, and immorality. The bony structure is the foundation and framework of the human organism, upon whicli is built the entire organism, and to the predominance of the bony structure man owes his character for integrity, stability, and physical and mental soundness. The very constituents of bone—lime, phosphates, magnesia, soda, etc.—give stability, integrity, decision, and firmness to the organization in which they abound most largely; hence the bony system is the one in wliich, from the very nature of its com-. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 91 ponents, we naturally look for the most stability and trustworthi- ness. Tall, lean, square, bony people are noted for their usefulness. unselfishness, integrity, and generally for mechanical ability. Bony people, with a fair proportion of the muscular system in combination, make the best mechanics in the world. Length facilitates activity, while muscle combined with a large bony struc- ture gives the form essential to mechanical construction. This system is included in the architectural division of the face and body, and has for its assistance the muscular powers. These two systems combine and include most of the principles of natural forces, as has been shown, and persons in whom this com- bination is largely developed will have not only the power to become good mechanics and artists, but will be able also to build up and perpetuate a fine race of children, if proper attention be given to combinations with suitable conformations, added to righteous regard for hygienic and sanitary laws. It will be per- ceived from this analysis and illustration of the bony system, that the human organism is dependent upon bone development for all those attributes which go to form stability and integrity as well as architectural and mechanical ability. These principles lie at the very foundation of physiology, anatomy, human greatness, moral goodness, government, and society; and in every age, country or community, noted for its justice, probity and true civilization, there will be found upon examination a majority of its people built upon this conformation and possessed of mechanical powers. In selecting trades for young people, due attention should be paid to this principle of Nature. A neglect of its application will result in failure, and one reason why we sometimes find poor mechanics is that they have mistaken their vocation and chosen a pursuit to which their conformation was un suited. The signs of the bony form predominant are found all ewer the individual, in the large joints of the hands, fingers, wrists, arms, and legs. The projection forward of the lower jaw, the projecting of the brow over the eyes, and the high, long, bony nose are all evidences of a conscientious and morally-inclined character; indeed, the square bony svstem may be depended upon for moral conduct. The large development of bone shows that the fluid circulation has done its primary work in a thorough manner, and has conveyed all the materials needed in bone making to their several destinations in just the right proportions, thus giving soundness to the whole framework. Size and Form, Physical Order, and Calculation are some of the prominent faculties in this system, as well as Veneration and Executiveness. Conscientious- 92 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ness is seen all over the individual in whom the bony system pre- dominates over all the other systems. The list of faculties in the architectural division is as follows: Sanativeness, Secretiveness, Force, Resistance, Hope, Cautiousness, Imitation, Constructiveness, Analysis, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Self-will, Executiveness, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, AVeight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Some of these facul- ties are derived from the functional action of the heart and lungs; others from the power of the muscles and bones. Hope is related to the liver, Color to the lungs and heart, and A^eneration to the stomach. Every faculty depends upon some organ or system of functions for the power to exhibit its peculiar mode of activity. In all cases where one sv stem is found in excess in an organ- ism, no matter how useful it may be, we shall find that it is pro- ductive of various disorders and predispositions to certain diseases. An excess of bone makes the system liable to chronic rheumatism, torpid conditions of the liver, the spleen, the stomach, and bowels, enlargement of the joints, gravel, granular degeneration, stone in the bladder, disorders of the digestive functions, and inclination to melancholy as old age advances. An excess of bone also causes laziness and inertia; the bones being too heavily charged with mineral matter disinclines the individual for motion, hence he will care only for work that can be done in a sitting posture. The remedy for an excessive development of bone is to drink water that has been purified from all traces of lime, to remain in the shade as much as possible, to study more, to eat less farinace- ous food and adopt the diet of the carnivorous animals, whose bones are smaller than those of the grain-eaters. Stimulate the sensitive parts of the nature by indulging more in light, active games; cultivate the emotional parts of the mind by attending theatres and balls and by associating with the lively and light- minded. By pursuing this anti-bone-making course, the tendency to these diseases may be avoided and the bulk of bone may be reduced considerably in a few years. Getting health is like getting religion—it comes by struggling for it. In fact, good health seems to me a really religious condition and ought not to be considered as distinct from it. If, on the other hand, the bony system is too poorly developed, inactivity and weakness are the result. AAlien we observe a person with small, thin hands and feet, with large brain and small abdo- men and short, small, round bones, we know that he is doomed to a short life and one of suffering, unless hygienic treatment comes to his relief. Drugs and doctors cannot alter such conditions, but THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 93 will do more harm than good. Only Nature, the Infallible One, can regenerate such beings. Calisthenics, gymnastics, outdoor exercise in pure air, and lime-water, with farinaceous foods will do more for such boneless creatures than all the drugs in existence. AVhen we come to comprehend fully the differences existing "between the various organ systems of the body, we shall recognize at a glance the main points of character. AVe shall see that bone gives more integrity and power of resistance, with love of science and mechanism; that muscle indicates emotion and affection as well as passion and artistic ability; that fat assists in softening the emotions and gives warmth to the system. It must be apparent to the thoughtful that we do not love with our bones—that all parts of the body concerned in emotion are found in the muscular and soft tissues. All the parts of the organism involved in reproduction are mainly in the muscular and glandular system, hence when we wish to know the degree of Amative sentiment in an individual we must look to the facial representation of the muscular system— the eye; we must mark its shape, size, and color, its degree of activity and brightness. If the eye be large, bright, well-colored— either blue, brown, or black—then we can safely say that such an individual is highly emotional and affectionate, and artistic as well; but when we observe a bony person with large joints, small muscles, long, slim, bony fingers, and small eyes shaded by a full, projecting, bony brow, then we know that he is more thoughtful than emotional or amative, with considerable control of all the emotions. This class of persons is mechanical, inclined to science, given to reforms and original radical ideas rather than to imitating artistic efforts. In this class are found such men as Charles Darwin, Richard Owen, the naturalist; Professors Morse and Edison, the electricians; and, among reformers, AVendell Phillips, Richard Cobden, Peter Cooper, Thomas Paine, Susan B. Anthony, and others well known for reform work. A good degree of bone offers a steady resistance and pressure; muscle has a reactive power, moving first in one direction and then in another; hence muscular people are not so reliable as bony ones. Muscle shows itself in will-power, in sudden bursts of temper as suddenly subsiding, while bone offers a steady but calm resistance, and this is the difference between the two faculties of Firmness and Self-will. Fat is yielding, without the ability either to withstand or to overcome. It is negative in its nature, utterly unreliable, except where we find it in combination with a good bony structure and considerable muscular development. Tliis concludes the description of the architectural division of 94 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the face and faculties. The term " architectural" is used in its broadest and most comprehensive sense. AVhatever exists is built and has a form ; not a particle of any sort whatsoever is found with- out form and without combination with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance; thus it is architectural. In works of art the same principle applies. In dramatic composition, in works of fiction, and in the sermons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive principle prevails. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. In entering upon the investigation of the brain and nervous system, I shall depart from the usual methods employed by writers on this subject, and, instead of giving cuts representing the interior of the brain, which can afford the reader no clue as to its functions, I shall devote my space to a discussion of its origin as exhibited in the lowest forms of animal life, and then describe its appearance in the exterior of the organism by facial and bodily indications. Anatomists, in dissecting the brain, are al- most entirely in the dark as to the use and connection of the several parts of the brain with the various organs of the body. AVith the exception of being able to trace the course of the optic, auditory, olfactory, and facial nerves to their origin in the brain, the functional action of the several portions of the brain are still as great a mystery as ever. Very recent observers have mapped out on different parts of the cerebral hemispheres certain areas which are thought to be the representatives of certain mental faculties. The faculty of language is thought to have its representative in one of the frontal convolutions, and this convolution is found in a rudi- mentary stage only in the anthropoids, but fully developed in man, the only creature endowed with the capacity for perfect language. Other areas of the brain are thought to be the locale of other faculties, but as yet these are not firmly established. Yet I be- lieve that every function, as well as every faculty, must be repre- sented in the brain and have " a local habitation" in that oro-an Fig. 11.—HERBERT SPENCER. Brain and Nerve System supreme. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 95 where all sensation is wrought into consciousness and translated into thought and emotion. The face, read scientifically, will give the clue to the right analysis of the various parts of the brain, and any anatomist who will take as a basis of investigation the evolution of the organ systems of the body, as shown by Haeckel in his "Evolution of Alan," can trace1 the connection between the organs of the bodv and the several parts of the brain. Aly understanding of the brain is that it is functional of the entire organism, and not an organ acting independently, but affected by morbid or abnormal con- ditions of the blood and visceral organs. I believe that all parts of the body have representation in the brain, and that these repre- sentations are localized. My researches have1 led me to the conclusion that size of the brain alone is not the proof of great mental power nor of the lack of it; that its/on// and cong< niUd or-inherited qualify are the two most potent factors in deciding its power ; also that a proportionate and normal degree of physiological development of the body, as well as of the brain, is far more influential in deciding mentality than size of the brain alone; but the question of size1 and form I will postpone until I come to the consideration of the " Sub-Basic Principles." In tracing the course of the evolution of the brain and nerve system, the history of the development of the lower animal organ- isms is most instructive, and the physiognomist, if he desires to be truly scientific, must go back to the earliest and lowest animals in the scale of creation and note the gradual development or evolution of the nerves and brain. The first sense-organ was the outer skin-covering, long before any bodily organs had evolved, as in the case1 of the Zoophites, In- fusoria, Corallines, and Polypi, and other low forms of animal life. The bodies of these creatures arc composed of a hollow globe1 or tube, with an opening at one end. Their entire construction con- sists only of an inner and an outer skin, with a row of cells be- tween. All knowledge of the outer world comes to these creatures entirely through the sense of touch or feeling, and the outer skin- covering is their only sense-organ, therefore their only mcnt