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'fc,,*** *r-^ 10 JJrSUROW fcfSfc PLATE No. 1 Heads and Foreheads Chapter XII HUMANOLOGY Page 101 CHAPTER XII. PHYSIOGNOMY The science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; or the art of discovering the pre- dominant temper, or other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the form of the body, and especially by the ex- ternal signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features.—Bacon. The Human Head The head is a great executive organization controlling many systems. Its main office is the Brain and the chief rulers there are the Spirit and the Mind. Expressed in the features of the head and face is that abstract noun called personality, and argument among en- lightened people is unnecessary for the acceptance of this fact. Without special study and the acquisition of certain knowledge, however, it is impossible for one to read more than a small fraction of the many traits, characteristics and moods expressed. Here we have Physiognomy. The cranium or topmost part of the head is a bony covering to house and protect the brain. It grows from childhood to maturity, taking such form and size as the brain within requires. The average person can, to a lim- ited extent, realize a sense of appreciation of proportions and unconsciously feel the impression of intellectual power in some heads, and lack of it in others. Without the ac- quisition of special knowledge, however, it is impossible for one to obtain more than a slight idea of the intellectual powers possessed or the kind of nature under observation. Here we have the subject of Phrenology. The human physique is the entire human machine that does the bidding of the brain and is, for example, the army of servants that carry out the orders given from headquarters. Now this machine is either stronger than the intellectual powers, or the intellectual powers will pre- dominate. This relationship is hardly discernable by the lay mind, without special knowledge. It is the balance Page 102 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XII between the muscular powers and brain powers, and this determines the kind of basic nature you have to deal with. The sum total of all the above knowledge is necessary to correctly read the Spirit. Here we have Humanology. Expressions of the facial features, caused through the manipulation of the muscular system by the brain- power, records the thoughts of the mind, and is a group of symbols illustrative of the character of thoughts emin- ating from the Spirit. Therefore, thoughts have much to do with the personality that radiates from the head and face and gives proof of the fact that "As you think, you are.'1 The face reveals action and the traces of one's cus- toms are stamped thereon. The head delineates mental equipment; therefore, the uses this equipment is put to are mirrored on the face. From a general standpoint persons with broad craniums are broad-minded; with narrow-cra- niums are narrow-minded; with high craniums are high- minded, and with low craniums are low-minded. CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEAD:—Considered from general size, shape and all proportions, the following simple classification of heads can be made— 1—BROAD (across forehead) 2—LOW (above ears) 3—HIGH (above ears) 4—NARROW (between ears) 5— SHORT (from front to back) 6—LONG (from front to back). NOTE:—Heads in this chapter will only be discussed from the standpoints of size, shape, profiles and contours. The reasons for the findings are fully set forth in chapter on the brain. BROAD HEADS:—This type of head bespeaks a brain that is full and powerful in the districts of reason- ing and comprehension; and a fair degree of memoriz- ing power. It is the head of good judgment, as it is reason that perfects judgment. It is predominant over the muscular system in most cases, and is possessed by the Mental Muscular, Mental Affirmative and Ultra Mental Chapter XII The Human Head Page 103 Natures. It is the head of wit and humor, as keen reason- ing powers are required for this trait. It evidences an active mind and one of originality. It is the head of im- agination, creation and initiative. Breadth of Posterior Areas of the head and contrac- tion of the Anterior, gives evidence of a weakly balanced brain, poor judgment, little self-control and unreliability. Quality and activity of the mind as well as nature and intellectual development are all requisites to good judg- ment, and it is therefore not intended that the student should consider all broad heads have good judgment or that all narrow heads have poor judgment. The system of averages, however, is conclusive that most broad-headed persons have sound judgment. A broad, low brain is usually inclined to the mechan- ical, in a small way, such as working on simple machinery in the duties of assembling or repairing, but seldom in the field of inventor or master mechanic. The hoarding instinct prevails, especially in the con- tinual acquisition of worldly goods. The general breadth of the head should also be con- sidered in connection with the proportion of the skull, in breadth from the extreme lateral sides of the eye sockets and across the temples; as fullness and breadth in these districts evidences constructive ability and soundness of reasoning. It is the head of the professional man of suc- cess, and the commercial business man. Energy and activity depends upon natures to a large extent; therefore, the student must always consider the nature of a person in close conjunction with the head form- ation. LOW HEADS:—When the top of the cranium is low above the ears, we have the low, flat brain. If this head is broad, reasoning power is fairly good, but memory de- ficient. If decidedly low, it suggests inferior brain power. If both lowness and narrowness obtain then deficient men- tality follows, as there is insufficient brain substance. Page 104 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XII The very low head possesses the least talent and is found only in the extreme lower classes of society and among imbeciles. It is of the Physical Nature. HIGH HEADS above ears:—Individuals who are ser- ious-minded, pessimistic, unappreciative of wit and humor, are naturally possessed of lofty narrow craniums with features long, thin and pointed. This type of head denotes superior memory and conscientiousness, but is lacking in shrewdness, forcibleness, practicability, originality and in- itiative. Heads prominent Anteriorly manifest love of poetry, book knowledge, religious sentiment, benevolence, orator- ical talent, aptness for details and morality. The tenden- cies regarding books and religion being dependent upon whether the Anterior Districts are broad or narrow. In the former case scientific books that require reasoning ca- pacity are preferred, and with prominent perceptives and a Mental Muscular Nature, energy, originality, productive- ness and individuality are found. In the latter case lit- erary books are preferred and the knowledge obtained through memory is more thoroughly acquired. THE HIGH, NARROW HEAD signifies high ideals and religious perception, while analytical ability is deficient. If the posterior area of the cranium is especially lofty and the Anterior portion low, then firmness, conceit, narrow- mindedness, failure of conscientiousness and benevolence is indicated. If the cranium is high Anteriorly and low Posteriorly, then the above traits will "be reversed, except self-reliance would not be strong. The high head is of the Mental Affirmative and Ultra-Mental Natures. NARROW HEADS (between ears)—Heads narrow between ears should always be carefully considered with regard to the other proportions, for by heedful observa- tion both strength and weakness of mentality may be in evidence, from Anterior and Posterior proportions. The average narrow head bespeaks activity, timidity and sub- missiveness. If possessed of a Muscular as well as a Men- tal Nature, energy and activity will be present. Chapter XII The Human Head Page 105 Memory and capacity for details fair, and oratorical power is possible. Narrow heads between ears (if of fair height Anter- iorly and Posteriorly) are of the Mental and Muscular natures, and if low are of the Physical Nature. SHORT HEADS (from front to back):—If also high and narrow, love of poetry, high ideals, religious sen- timent, memory and imagination are prevalent. Reason- ing, initiative and constructive ability will be deficient. If the head is short and broad, then we have willfulness, decision, love; also acquisitive, aggressive, secretive ten- dencies and caution; reasoning, constructive and analyti- cal ability will be possessed. The Mental Muscular Na- ture predominates. LONG HEADS (from front to back):—Do not in- dicate forceful traits, and therefore lack of aggression, meekness and kindness of disposition is evident and mem- ory is good. If narrowness of the head and broadness of the jaws obtain then an obstinate, unreasoning tempera- ment exists. Long Heads that protrude, Posteriorly (at the back) indicate the following:—A yearning for knowledge, mem- ory, enduring affection. Prominence of the superciliary ridge (above the eyes) indicates force and initiative, as an adjunct to the long head. This is of the Mental Af- firmative Nature. Page 106 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIII CHAPTER XIII. The Forehead The forehead comprises the Anterior area of the head, covering highly important districts, and as the growth and development of the brain determines the size and shape of the forehead, it becomes evident that this significant area is of paramount moment in establishing the degree of men- tality possessed. For centuries gradual progress in civilization and the development of higher ideas, that come with acquisition of knowledge, has changed the outlines of the human fore- head. The frontal areas have become more prominent and lofty; while low, narrow and abrupt receding foreheads are gradually falling among the ancient relics left in the wake of human advancement. Classification of Foreheads Foreheads can be classified as follows:—BROAD — NARROW — HIGH — LOW — SMOOTH — WRINKLED — PROMINENT ANTERIOR UPPER FOREHEAD — PROMINENT ANTERIOR CENTRAL FOREHEAD — PROMINENT ANTERIOR LOWER FOREHEAD. BROAD FOREHEADS:—When the Anterior districts are broad the brain is broad and if the superciliary ridge (district No. 1—Plate No. 6) is eminent, and the jaws also broad, then creative ability, imagination, originality, cau- tion, perseverance, practicability, acquisitiveness, secretive- ness and executive ability will be present. The prominent superciliary ridge denotes a perceptive forehead; this creates brows and brings them forward and causes the deep-set eye (Fig. 1, Plate 1). When the forehead is not prominent at the superciliary ridge together with narrow- ness of jaws, then the above traits will not be so pre- dominating and memory will be prevalent. If fullness in the areas of district Nos. 2 and 3 (Plate 6) is evident, we have the reflective forehead. Loftiness of brain signifies Chapter XIII The Forehead Page 107 power of reason and clear judgment, if general breadth of head, face and features is pronounced. This is of the Mental Muscular, Mental Affirmative and Ultra Mental Natures. NARROW FOREHEADS:—Lofty, narrow foreheads (Fig. 12, Plate 1), portray an aptness for details and su- perior memory; while deficiency in creative and imagina- tive power prevails. If the perceptive district (No. 1, Plate 6) is prominent, activity of mind prevails. This is of the Mental Natures. A memorizing brain is not con- ducive to individuality and radiance of personality. A nar- row forehead (Fig. 12, Plate 5) evidences a brain of like proportion and this is not favorable to the production of ideas, and consequently to good judgment, as reasoning power is limited. Lack of courage, firmness, and thought- fulness and oftimes over haste and rashness are possessed. This is of the Physical and Muscular Natures. Fullness in the superciliary ridge (District No. 1, Plate 6) evidences perception and notable fullness in district Nos. 2 and 3 (Plate 6) signify reflective power. HIGH FOREHEAD:—Thirst for knowledge predom- inates; memory, love of literature, beneficience, conscien- tiousness, honesty, patience, religiousness, constancy in habits and routine, non-combativeness, courtesy, and seri- ousness are indicated; but creative ability, aggressiveness, and originality are negative. This is the forehead that ac- cumulates knowledge from books, observation, travel and from other people, and stores it in the brain where it is retained for long periods. Practicality, distinctiveness and individuality are not prominent traits, but in their stead refinement and eagerness for learning exists. Deep reas- oning is less notable than cogitation and thoughtfulness. The ability to gain knowledge and retain it prevails, but there is a tendency to be undemonstrative, and uncommun- icative, in giving knowledge to others, except when the nature is possessed of oratorical ability. Attention is directed to people who are constantly ab- sorbing literature, and frequent the library and other Page 108 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIII places where good reading matter can be procured. A high average of this type of forehead will be noticeable. (Figs. 11 and 12, Plate 1 and Plates E and F) This is of the Men- tal Affirmative and Ultra-Mental Natures. If the forehead is reflective (prominent in districts 2 and 3, Plate 6) it denotes imagination and "day dreams", making plans that are never executed, a lack of energy and slowness in action of thought and movement. Lacking in self-confidence, but possessed of memory, while deep reasoning capacity is not pronounced, (Fig. 3, Plate 1). This is of the Ultra Mental Nature. LOW FOREHEADS:—Memory and reason have pro- portional relationship, and this ratio will usually favor one trait to the detriment of the other. Therefore, if memory is good (Fig. 12, Plate 1) reason is seldom pro- nounced and vice versa (Fig. 11, Plate 5). If the low fore- head is broad then fair reason is denoted; however, if both lowness and narrowness obtain then memory and reason are inadequate; as the quantity of brain substance is deficient in all districts, both frontal and lateral (Plate B) also (Fig. 10, Plate 1). This is of the Ultra-Physical and Physical Muscular Natures. When broadness and fair height prevail, potent, reas- onable, clear mentality is possessed (Fig. 4, Plate 1.) This is of the Mental Muscular Nature. The low, flat, broad forehead is wanting in imagination, benevolence, reverence and comparative powers. Efforts are oftimes misdirected and useless. SMOOTH FOREHEAD:—When wrinkles and creases are not evident on the forehead a self-seeking nature is denoted. Memory and aptness for routine and imitation is possessed, but lack of executive ability and creative thought prevails. This type of forehead oftimes bespeaks of a contented home-loving nature; however, contracted views and narrowness of mental scope is signified (Fig. 6, Plate 1.) It is found in all six Natures. WRINKLED FOREHEAD—The intense choleric na- ture is denoted when wrinkles and creases are evident. Ex- Chapter XIII The Forehead Page 109 citability, forcibleness, temper, irritability and nervous- ness prevail, while energy is pronounced. This is of the Mental Muscular and Mental Affirmative Natures. PROMINENT ANTERIOR UPPER FOREHEAD:— (Plate 6, Fig. 2, district 3.) Denotes love of music, books and general knowledge. A mind interested in affairs of the day; an aptitude for details, good memory and command of language; also conscientious, religious sentiment, high ideals and reflective power, lack of creative ability, indus- try, originality and initiative is evidenced. Talent for the study of philosophy is pronounced; but deficiency for original hypothesis and argument is sig- nified. A pertinacious, resolute, optimistic, hopeful, san- guine nature is indicated. (Fig. 11, Plate 1.) This is of the Mental Affirmative and Ultra-Mental Natures. PROMINENT ANTERIOR CENTRAL FOREHEAD (Plate 6, Fig. 2, district 2.)—The superciliary ridge (Plate 6, Fig. 2, District 1) is seldom pronounced in this type of forehead and therefore ability for intense reasoning, ini- tiative, and execution is mediocre. Lack of self-reliance follows. It is customary in children, (Plate 1, Fig. 8), be- fore the perceptive powers are developed. In adults mem- ory, love of literature and reflective power is betokened, but individuality and creative ability is wanting. This is of the Muscular Mental Nature. When the forehead is concave or hollow in the Anterior Central District, defici- ent mentality is signified (Plate 5, Fig. 17). Of the Ultra- Physical Nature. PROMINENT ANTERIOR LOWER FOREHEAD (Plate 6, Fig. 2, district 1). This is the district of the su- perciliary ridge, where the faculty of perception exists; and through this power observation and memory becomes a productive source of reason and wisdom. Masculine traits are denoted; quick perception, deep reasoning, crea- tive and imitative ability, firm opinions and general forci- bleness of character and aggressiveness is pronounced; prominence in this district forms the heavy brow and deep Page 110 The Forehead Chapter XIII set eyes, (Plate 1, Fig. 1). Developed with boys at the age of puberty. The superciliary ridge is seldom prominent with fe- males, and if so, masculinity and assertiveness together with initiative and executive ability are denoted. Prominence of the superciliary ridge together with fullness of districts 2 and 3 (Fig. 2, Plate 6) also districts 8, 9, 10 (Fig. 1, Plate 6) with fair height of forehead and broadness of head, gives the most potent and desirable men- tality. The well-balanced forehead indicates genius, reason and a perfect combination of qualities; hence, power of intellect, (Plate 1, Fig. 2.) The forehead of muscular power, becoming tense and quickly relaxing; gathering into folds, knots and wrinkles, that wear furrows in the skin, evidences a forceful nature; with ability to originate and create, (Plate 1, Fig. 5). Hollow temples indicate narrowness of comprehension, pessimism, doubt, and is contrary to mentality, (Plate 1, Fig. 7). Foreheads projecting acutely in the upper two-thirds, bespeak weakness of mind, stupidity and bordering on im- becility, pessimism and lack of comprehension prevails, with deficient mentality. (Plate 1, Fig. 9.) Physiognomical Illustrations 4 ^ "*r ^,Tt%* &td 3 ? ^%J £iS* ^ 5 >bte ^. i* /3 |3|.fSF ^p ^^ V^ «*>« ! 1 z* Lfc&Gfc ^kGOND J-MfSLL^JTBManT • OBLIQUE UPWFiBD OBUlflUt "DOW/IW^ CP6h£0 /f_ C.O,TD .FHTl.l} PLATE No. 2 Eyes, Eyebrows and Eyelashes Chapter XIV HUMANOLOGY Page 115 CHAPTER XIV. The Eyes, Eyebrows and Eyelashes Eyes are the windows of the brain, through which we observe the wonders of the world, and of humanity. This visual apparatus consists of the eyeballs, the op- tic nerves, and the nerve centers in the brain. The eyes have accessory organs, namely the eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and muscles of the eyeball. The eyebrows are two thickened ridges of skin covered with hairs, situated on the upper border of the orbits, and protect the eyes from too vivid light. The eyelids are two folds projecting from above and below in front of the eyes, covered externally by the skin, and internally by a mucous membrane. Arranged in a double or triple row at the margin of the lids are the eye- lashes, those of upper lids being more numerous and larg- er than those on the lower. The slit between the edges of the lids is called the palpebral fissure. It is the size of this fissure which causes the appearance of large and small eyes, as the size of the lobe itself, varies but little. The eyelids are obviously provided for the protection of the eyes; they are movable shades which by their closure exclude light, particles of dust and other foreign matter. The iris is a colored, fibro-muscular curtain, hanging in front of the lens. In the middle of the iris is a circular hole called the pupil, through which light is admitted into the eye chamber. The iris and the pupil of the eye, with their relative positions to the eyelids, and the position of the eyelids themselves, are great factors that depict the emotions of the Human Spirit. The eyes are more indicative of feeling than any other features. The gauge where character, mentality and thoughts are registered, and the most uncontrollable of any expressions from the Human Mind. Page 116 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIV The eye observes quickly, just a glance and a decision is flashed across the brain, and the muscular system simul- taneously moves to carry out the decision. Observe persons entering street cars when there are several vacant seats. The eyes make an instantaneous survey of the compart- ment, and if one knows how to observe this action, it is usually a simple matter to read the decision made and to determine which seat has been selected. In governing our movements both in buildings and in streets, just a glance gives us an instant decision to avoid colliding with something. Expressions are the most interesting manifestations of the eyes, and combined with the other features display secrets of temperamentality, moods and thoughts. Firm- ness and acquiescence; humor and sorrow; love and hate; hope and despair; sympathy and scorn; calmness, anxiety, stupidity, brilliancy, joy, grief and many other emotions are plainly written therein. This is the language of the eyes and it is a great part of the only language universally understood. It is more reliable than word of mouth and far more suggestive of truths. Authority is stamped in the autocratic eye and sub- servience is reflected from the eye of the servant; there- fore, social status is revealed by the presence or absence of self-confidence that the eye bespeaks. Virtue, vice, ig- norance and education are four great keynotes of character that the eyes cannot conceal. Classification of Eyes COLOR — DISTANCE BETWEEN — GENERAL SHAPE — COMPARATIVE SIZE — MOVEMENT OR EXPRESSION COLOR:—One of the most distinguishable features of the eyes is color. No other part of the human physical structure is so rich and attractive in coloring as that of the eyes. Blond people have nearly clear white eyeballs, while brunettes usually have bluish white. The iris color- ing is frequently hereditary. The children of blond par- Chapter XIV Eyes, Eyebrows, Eyelashes Page 117 ents are likely to have light eyes, while the reverse ob- tains with children of brunette parents. An intermediate hue usually follows when one parent has light complexion and the other dark. Dark eyes suggest mediocre originality and initiative. They indicate good memory, love of music and luxury, ability to see color, and judge its effects, and a fondness for brilliant colors. Calm, passive affection; keen sense of taste. Creative ability and imagination good, but execu- tive ability only fair. They are of the Muscular and Men- tal Natures. Light eyes and blond coloring denote poor memory, lack of ability to see color, and detect flavors. They be- token creative and executive ability, imagination, original- ity, initiative and a desire to avoid extremes in color, es- pecially for dress. They are of the Mental and Muscular Natures. Grey eyes indicate system, calculation, calmness and self-control. They lack the sympathy of the blue and the zeal of the black, and a tendency toward the austere na- ture. They are of the Mental Nature. Blue eyes with depth of color and transparency in- dicate superior qualities of the Spirit, clearness of intel- lect, sound judgment, good mentality, constancy, devoted affection, shrewdness, originality, energy, reason and con- structive ability; but lack of musical tendencies and poor memory is signified. Light blue eyes refer to blond traits while dark blue more often compare with less pronounced brunette traits. Pale blue eyes do not suggest forcibleness of character in comparison with the darker blue colors. They are of the Mental Natures. Black eyes, so called, are not black, but very dark brown and express calm affection, memory, musical and poetical ability. The extremely brilliant, sparkling black eye is the symbol of aggression and possesses the piercing glance, so commonly used by the villain in the play, while the dull black eyes signify lack of energy and force of character. They are of the Muscular Natures. Page 118 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIV Brown eyes are sanguine, with tendencies similar to black, but with less intensity, as the depth of color sug- gests. Humor, wit and mischief are denoted by the full, open, clear brown eyes with the twinkle (Plate 2, Fig. 10) Reddish brown eyes signify energy, impulsiveness, the chol- eric nature and force of character. They are of the Mus- cular Natures. Green eyes are rare. Deceit and treachery are de- noted, while high intellect and pronounced talent, energy and temper obtain. They are of Mental Natures. Mixed colors are also rare; however, it occasionally occurs that the irises may be different colors. The author has a friend who possesses a brown and a blue eye, while brunette coloring exists in the hair and complexion. Mixed traits are indicated, and calm disposition. Eyes of extreme coloring indicate pronounced traits, while eyes of neutral traits signify competency in general ability, but lack of extreme keenness. Brilliancy and lustre bespeak a sympathetic nature and deeper transparency shows depth of reason and purity of thought. Memory is pronounced, while originality and initiative are negative. Dull, lustreless eyes of any color betoken the inactive dull nature, and if clouded in appearance, a serious, pessi- mistic mind. They are of the Physical Natures. DISTANCE BETWEEN EYES:—Breadth of the brain determines the cranium at all districts; therefore when district 1 (Plate 6) is broad the perceptive brain is broad and when this district is narrow, the eyes are close together. Therefore, breadth between the eyes denotes reason and from reason comes judgment and from judgment comes caution and practicability. Origin- ality, creative ability and a comprehensive view of things in general are indicated, (Plate 2, Fig. 4). When the space between eyes is narrow even if the forehead is broad, negative factors become evident (Plate 2, Fig. 3). Treachery, shyness, lack of reason, narrowness of views, obstinacy, nervousness and a changeable character are betokened. A narrow head necessarily has the eyes Chapter XIV Eyes, Eyebrows and Eyelashes Page 119 rather close together and under this condition traits that apply to narrow brains are expressed, rather than those above enumerated, unless extreme narrowness obtains. A very favorable distance between the eyes is the width of an eye. GENERAL SHAPE OF EYES:—In appearance eyes are LARGE and ROUND, SMALL and STRAIGHT, OBLIQUE UPWARD, OBLIQUE DOWNWARD, OPEN- ED (full) or CLOSED (partly). (Plate 2, Figs. A, B, C, D, E. F). As the difference in the apparent size is due only to the slit between the eyelids, it is evident that the actual size of the human eye is too uniform for distinction; however, the eye shape, as the slit between the eyelids dis- closes, is of paramount importance in signification. Round Eyes:—This appearance is given to eyes when the lids open wide apart; showing a goodly portion of the white eyeball and all of the iris; which gives a spherical, prominent appearance. The common expression "large eyes" then obtains. Fullness beneath the round eye as shown in profile (Plate 2, Fig. 8) betokens superior power of ex- pression. Memory, love of music, literature and travel. Lack of executive ability, poor reason and judgment are implied (see large eyes). If brilliant they are of the Men- tal Natures. Oblique Eyes:—The oblique downward sloping eyes (Plate 2, Fig. D) are the studious variety. Shrewdness, intense concentration and application, also high mentality and pronounced intelligence are denoted. A pessimistic nature often obtains. The prominent dull eye, beneath an arched eyebrow, with smooth, wide drooping upper lid (Plate 2, Fig. 10) shows weak muscular control, lack of confidence, self-consciousness, a sensitive and imaginative Physical Nature. Eyes sloping oblique upward are typical, of oriental people. Ability to handle details and pronounced mem- ory follows. When the brows also slant upward from the nose, with fullness in upper lid overhanging the eye, hid- ing the rim of the lid, (Plate 2, Fig. 1) craftiness, treach- Page 120 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIV ery and chicanery are evidenced. They are of the Muscu- lar Natures. Straight Eyes —Sensibility of reason and moderation are signified when the lids are horizontal (Plate 2, Fig. B and 17) A practical nature with concentration of thought and shrewdness is expressed. They are of the Muscular and Mental Natures. COMPARATIVE SIZE:—In observing the eye size, both frontal and profile views should be taken. Eyeballs are practically the same size in all adults, therefore size refers only to the visible portion of the eye between the eyelids. Small Eyes.—When the palpebral fissure or the slit between the eyelids is short, we have the commonly called "small eyes". The scope of vision is lessened by the short- ness of the palpebral fissure and therefore the mind be- comes more occupied with mental reflection than external impressions and this gives strength to reason, construc- tive ability and original creation. Pronounced perception and comprehension; power of quick accurate decision, an- alysis and synthesis; judgment and precision, but medio- cre memory. They are of the Mental Natures. Very Small Eyes indicate a suspicious nature, shrewd, sly, unreliable and deceptive (Plate 2, Fig. 3); while ex- tremely small, piercing eyes evidence malice, spite, quarrel- someness, treachery, assertiveness, especially if the chol- eric nature is possessed. Small Iris denotes cunning, deceitful pre-meditation, also an unreasonable, obstinate, refractory nature (Plate 2, Fig. 11). They are of the Muscular Nature. The following traits are expressed by small eyes: EAGERNESS — SHREWDNESS — SERIOUSNESS — PLANNING — DETERMINATION — DEBATING — WARY — PRUDENT — OBSERVING — SELFISH — SEIZING — COVETOUS — MISERLY — DEMANDING — PUGNACIOUS — INQUIRING — AGGRESSIVE — SUSPICIOUS — JEALOUS — VINDICTIVE — CRUEL — DECEITFUL — TREACHEROUS — IRRITABLE — REVENGEFUL. Chapter XIV Eyes, Eyebrows, Eyelashes Page 121 Medium Eyes —Large or small eyes denote pronounc- ed, extreme traits of character, while those of medium size signify a more even balance of the mental equilibrium and reason, fearlessness, wisdom and calm calculation are poss- essed to a more pronounced degree. Therefore this type of eye is the most desirable. Memory is but fair, (Plate 2, Fig. 15). They are Mental Natures. Large Eyes:—If one opens the eyes wide and tries to think seriously, considerable difficulty will be experienced, because mental concentration requires a partial closing out of light from the eyes and thereby turns one's vision inward or to the mind. Persons with large, prominent eyes are therefore more observing than reasoning, as it is not natural for them to partly close their eyes and concen- trate mentally. Persons with small eyes do not make any effort to do this, as the natural position of their eyelids is favorable to the proper attitude. Wide open eyes, therefore, denote mediocre reasoning capacity, and a flighty disposition; while memory is pro- nounced from the enhanced visual power. This stamps the objects observed upon the mind. Ocular rather than aural memory predominates. Persons with large eyes appear to be almost continu- ally astonished, which is quite characteristic of them. Prominent eyes signify love of literature and eagerness for knowledge; therefore, an inquiring and inquisitive nature. This leads to a fondness for literature. Lack of caution, however, causes rashness and risk and as large eyes express these traits mistakes often occur. In danger eyes of this variety appear wild, and impulsiveness without reason follows. Receptive, calm affection of the tolerant nature is de- noted, while little enthusiastic, soulful reciprocation is returned. Love is sometimes sought for but it is poorly repaid. Originality and creative ability is lacking, while imita- tive talent is possessed. Inventors and scientists seldom Page 122 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIV possess large eyes. If transparent or brilliant, the Mental Natures are denoted. The following traits are expressed by large eyes:— MEMORY — IMITATION — CAPACITY FOR DETAILS — LOVE OF MUSIC — NON-CREATIVE — FORGET- FUL — FLIGHTY — LACK OF FEELING AND CON- CENTRATION — IMPRACTICAL. EXPRESSION:—Downcast eyes signify self-con- sciousness, modesty, embarrassment, meekness and humil- ity; shyness, lack of aggression and self-esteem. Expres- sion is largely the effect produced by moving the eyelids and the eyeballs. Without the eyelids, however, this ex- pression would be practically meaningless, as the eyeballs are no more distinctive in expression than glass eyes would be. Expression is most pronounced by the slowness or rapidity of eye movements, thus slow moving eyes indicate a slow moving muscular system and in turn signify a sluggish, phlegmatic nature with slow perception; and oft- times a stupid, cautious, fearful and careful Muscular Nature. RAPIDLY MOVING EYES are indicative of the choleric temperament and denote pronounced energy, quick perception, and decision; instant responsiveness, nervous- ness, and excitability. They are of the Mental Natures. FIRM SET EYES, (Plate 2, Fig. 9) that gaze stead- ily as if always in deep concentration, and do not shift, but look one straight in the eyes, betokens firm decision, bold- ness, willfulness, fearlessness and determination. They are of the Muscular Natures. SUSPICIOUSNESS is the keynote of "looking as- kance" or shifting the eyes to the extreme right and left; and timidity, shyness, and shrewdness are expressed, (Plate 2, Fig. 3 and 15). Children often have the habit of looking askance; it is a childish trait and usually signifies timidity. MISCELLANEOUS :—Puffiness below the eyes, at- tending in folds with the lower lid falling away from the Chapter XIV Eyes, Eyebrows, Eyelashes Page 123 eyeball, showing the red mucous membrane, the upper lid drooping, but the brow held back (Plate 2, Fig. 14) de- notes uncontrolled temper, sensual tendencies, and is usu- ally the product of over-indulgence, and dissipation. If the brow is drawn down (Plate 2, Fig. 12), hiding the rim of the upper lid, dissipation of the passion is evidenced. Mental concentration is indicated by drooping upper eyelids over the pupil, diminishing the vision, and denotes mental research; the muscles of the face are drawn down- ward (Plate 2, Fig. 16.) Cold heartedness and cruelty are expressed in the narrow eye with fullness in the upper lid, hiding the rim of the lid; the eyeball drawn downward. When both eyes and brows slope upward irritability and treachery are in- dicated. (Plate 2, Fig. 3.) The favorable eye is full, well rounded, deep set; com- pact eyebrows, and large, sensitive, dilating pupil. The outer corner more deeply set than the inner corner. The brow close to the upper eyelid, which covers about one- fourth of the pupil, denoting concentration. This is the eye of comprehension, and understanding; analysis, synthe- sis, and intensity of thought and observation. Optimism, reason and keen sensibility (Plate 2, Fig. 1). Passion is expressed in the deep-set, brilliant eye, of dark coloring. Fullness appears above the upper lid that overhangs the lid itself. The eyeball drawn upward, show- ing the white of the eye below the iris; the eyebrows heavy and shagged (Plate 2, Fig. 5). Active, quick temper, and irritability and lack of imagination is also denoted. Of the Muscular Natures. Colorless eyes with small pupils, displaying merely a dot of color, seldom dilating, with fixed gaze, express a narrow, mercenary, frigid nature (Plate 2, Fig. 6). Prominent eyes set far apart, with brows arching up- ward from the eyes, small pupil and meaningless expres- sion, with entire rim of upper lid visible, denotes a nature easily imposed upon and gullible. The prominent eye that Page 124 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIV in profile is practically on a line with the brow, evidences a delicate, sickly constitution. (Plate 2, Fig. 7). The drooping eyelid over dull, pale blue eyes, with lack of transparency; thick upper lids and vacant gaze de- notes fruitless contemplation, with no thought of real- ization, and implies the eye of sensuality. The eyes of mentality are clear, deep set, close to the eyebrow, far apart, with full pupil, and of medium size. Eyebrows The hairy ridge above the eyes is for further protec- tion to the eyes, and incidentally gives added expression. Eyebrows are ARCHED — OBLIQUE-UPWARD — OBLIQUE-DOWNWARD — STRAIGHT — IRREGULAR — SHAGGED —COMPACT —THICK and THIN. Some meet at the root of the nose, while others are wide apart; some are high above the eyes, and others are low. When they meet, forming one continuous line across the face, calm affection, lack of constructive ability, lan- guor, musical tendencies and brunette traits are signified. Usually associated with dark complexion. When wide apart the tendencies that apply to eyes of this position apply. (Plate 2, Figure 1). Oblique-upward denotes optimism, memory and abil- ity to handle details, (Plate 2, Fig. 11). Oblique-downward signifies discrimination, pessimism, thoughtfulness and a demanding nature, (Plate 2, Fig. 19). Straight eyebrows denote a practical, imaginative, austere nature. Irregular shagged eyebrows indicate seriousness, pess- imism and absence of cheerful thoughts. (Plate 2, Fig. 18). Acutely arched eyebrows signify the choleric nature and like wide-open eyes are significant of memory, but lack of originality and reasoning capacity. Nervousness, irri- tability and temper are expressed. Thin eyebrows evidence refinement and intellectuality, (Plate 2, Fig. 4), while heavy, thick eyebrows denote rash- Chapter XV The Nose Page 125 ness, irritability, inventive genius and a strong, vigorous personality. High eyebrows above the eyes indicate memory, but lack of good judgment, creative and constructive ability. They usually are associated with large, wide open eyes, and traits applying to that variety of eyes are also express- ed by high eyebrows. Initiative ability and carrying out of orders rather than planning and scheming are possess- ed, (Plate 2, Fig. 6). Very low eyebrows imply a desire to lead, willfulness severity and cold-heartedness. They usually accompany small, piercing eyes. A scheming, pre-meditating, serious, aggressive, uncompromising, austere nature is implied, (Plate 2, Fig. 20); all masculine traits are signified. Men of willful thought who have courage of their convictions have heavy eyebrows. Age develops the heavy brows and adds venerableness to the aged. CHAPTER XV. The Nose The lungs constantly require air, so that oxygen can be delivered to the cells of the body; the entrance of the air is through an organ called the nose which has its root at the base of the forehead, between the brows and its base above the upper lip. The nose is also the special organ of the sense of smell, as well as a passage way for the entrance of air to the respiratory organs. It consists of two parts—the ex- ternal feature and the internal cavities, or the nasal fossae. The external nose is composed of a triangular frame- work of bone and cartilage, covered by skin and lined by mucous membrane. On its under-surface, or base, are two oval shaped openings—the nostrils, which are the external openings of the nasal fossae. The margins of the nortrils are possessed of stiff hairs, which prevent the passage of dust and other foreign matter from being carried into the lungs. Page 126 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XV The internal nose, or nasal fossae are two irregularly wedge-shaped cavities, separated from one another by a partition, called the septum, the curvature of curved noses takes place where the bony ridge ends and the cartilagin- ous structure begins. ADVANTAGES OF NASAL BREATHING:—Under normal conditions breathing should take place through the nose. The arrangement of the bones makes the upper part of the nasal passage very narrow and these are thick- ly lined, and freely supplied with blood vessels, so that even in the coldest weather they can moisten and warm the air before it reaches the lungs. The presence of hairs at the entrance to the nostrils also serve as a filter. The more intelligent classes of humanity have well- formed noses, and as this feature occupies a most con- spicuous area on the face, the form, size, and general pro- portions have a potent effect upon the appearance of hu- man beings. The nose is commented upon more than any other feature, but the old saying, "A large nose evidences a clever person," is by-gone; and like many other famous presumptions, has fallen away in the path of advancement. However, this idiom did great injury to the science of Physiognomy, as people lost faith because of disappoint- ment in this one sign. The modern science has progressed beyond that age of incomprehensive reasoning, and students now realize that one feature alone cannot establish a trait; as there may be many contradictory signs that modify to a great extent some pronounced signification of a certain feature. The Mongolians and Ethiopians have flat, undevelop- ed noses; while the Caucasion race has the high, thin, well developed nose. The typical Caucasion nose is a little less than one-third the height of the frontal facial plane (from the bottom of the chin to the hair line of the fore- head) . The Mongolian and Ethiopian nose occupies a little less than one fourth the height of the frontal facial plane. The nose in extraordinary cases continues to grow and develop for the major portion of a life-time, living Chapter XV The Nose Page 127 habits, and occupation are the cause, providing a diseased condition is not evidenced. An idiot may have a large nose which in itself would suggest ability, but the other features and the conforma- tion of the cranium would establish the mental deficiency, and lack of character and reason, (Plate 1, Fig. 10). Char- acter is strongly depicted by the nose. The bony structure is the portion that proclaims or disavows the possession of energy, leadership, executive ability and intensity of thought. The firmness of the cartilaginous structure and the symmetry and uniformity of the lines are distinctions of great value in interpreting human nature. Classification of Noses The author has classified noses into the following eight types: ROMAN ..............................Plate 3, A-l to A-6-lateral view AQUILINE ........................ SEMETIC .......................... RETROUSSE .....______ GRECIAN __________ COMPOUND AQUILINE COMPOUND SEMETIC. COMPOUND GRECIAN.. C-l to C-6 B-l to B-6 E-l to E-6 D-l to D-6 H-l to H-6 G-l to G-6 F-l to F-6 ROMAN NOSE:—The greatest projection above the facial plane is attained by the convexity of the Roman nose, which has as its distinguishing features the prom- inent ridge bone that curves from root to base, (Plate 3, Fig. 4). It is the nose of the old time aristocrat, and is very frequently found among people of high social stand- ing in present day society. Worry and pessimism are pronounced. A quick, impatient, nervous temperament is indicated, but perseverance, exhaustive efforts and energy, together with the power of leadership, executive and con- structive ability, assertion and dominancy, and a dictatorial nature are signified. Men with pronounced Roman noses, highly and firmly arched and of large proportions, with good Page 128 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XV breadth, are noted for past endeavors in business, politics and war. They demand positions of leadership and power of executive control; wherein they are singu- larly successful. They are more commanding in words than in deeds; as their greatest power lies in the firm- ness of their convictions, which are expressed with force- fulness and animation. They cannot follow the directions and leadership of others with aptitude, and extremely dis- like taking orders. It is a pronounced masculine nose. Intense, clear, sound reasoning is not usual, as impatience follows the Roman nose and this is contrary to compre- hensive judgment. Other traits oftimes counteract this de- ficiency and must be carefully weighed before the conclu- sion is formed. The favorable nose is one with at least a slight crown or convexity to the ridge, for without this, assertiveness and executive ability are usually wanting. The Roman nose can have many different proportions, all of which have certain significance. Study the profiles (Plate 3, A-l to A-6) and note the different shapes and lines. The crushed or low nose denotes thrift, economy, and firmness or stubbornness, (Plate 3, A-3) ; while the medium type, (Plate 3, A-6), expresses aggressiveness and keenness. The very prominent variety, (Plate 3, A-l), evidences inquisitiveness, desire for knowledge, love of lit- erature and society, and the prominent, drooping type, (Plate 3, Fig. 4), denotes pessimism, and a curious nature. The following traits apply, ENERGY — INDEPENDENCE — DOMINEERING — COM- MANDING — ASSERTIVE — AUSTERE — FORCEFUL — PERSEVERING — EGOTISTICAL — NERVOUS — IMPATIENT — GREED — COVETOUSNESS. AQUILINE NOSE:—The Aquiline and Roman noses bear some resemblance, the distinguishing feature being that the ridge of the Roman nose curves outward convex- ly from the root and is especially high, with an angle or acute break at some point near the middle of the ridge, (Plate 3, Fig. 4); while the Aquiline nose has one con- tinuous convex outward curve from root to tip, (Plate 3, Physiognomical Illustrations PLMC t\°3. COhPOUHD GDECiM L^-P U-? ^-v c^v C/^ ^v COttPOU/iD PvQUIL^t- PLATE No. 3 Noses Chapter XV The Nose Page 133 Fig. C-l to C-6, and Fig. 10). Shrewdness, caution, sus- picion, executive ability and energy are denoted. The self- seeker and hard driver. Leadership is not so pronounced as in the Roman nose, while nervousness, irritability and tactlessness are not denoted. The short, narrow type is less forceful than the broad or long variety. The narrow, pointed, drooping type denotes pessimism and discrimina- tion, (Plate 3, Fig. 15)). Of the Mental Natures. The following traits apply,— SHREWD — CAUTIOUS —i SECRETIVE — INQUISITIVE — ARISTOCRATIC — ALERT — ENERGETIC — PERSISTENT — ENVIOUS — SUSPICIOUS — GRASPING — COLD-HEART- ED — PESSIMISTIC. SEMETIC NOSE .-—This variety of nose varies from both the Roman and Aquiline in the fact that it curves downward and bends inward at the base. It is broad, acutely convexly curved, and usually of large proportions. It denotes obstinacy, shrewdness, anal- yzing and synthetical ability. A keen insight to human na- ture. It is the commercial business nose. The bargain- hunter and hard bargain driver and the money seeker. Executive, reasoning, contriving, unscrupulous and force- ful traits are denoted. It is found chiefly among the As- syrians, Arabians, and Hebrews; however, it is quite com- mon in the Mongolian and Ethiopian races, (Plate 3, Figs. B-l to B-6). If short, from root to tip, optimism and light heartedness are denoted, together with good humor, confidence, and pertness, (Plate 3, Fig. B-6 and Fig. 18). If long, from root to tip, projecting downward and droop- ing over the upper lips, (Plate 3, Fig. B-5), a pessimistic, melancholic, willful, selfish, haughty, insolent nature is signified, while clear judgment and reason are possessed. Of the Muscular Natures. The following traits apply,— SHREWDNESS — PLANNING — SCHEMING — CALCU- LATING — MEDITATIVE — ANALYTICAL — AMBITIOUS — ENERGETIC — ASSERTIVE — BOLD — STUBBORN — GREEDY — WILFUL — COMMERCIAL. Page 134 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XV RETROUSSE NOSE—The distinctive feature of this type is a curving inward or concave profile or ridge, from root to top. As convex lines denote strength and concave lines weakness, this variety of nose, therefore, is not force- ful, (Plate 3, Figs. E-l to E-6). Lack of forcibleness leads to timidity and shyness. If the ridge is short from root to tip, with a decided tilt upward, (Plate 3, Fig. E-6), good nature, optimism and a cheerful, playful nature is denoted. Curiosity and impulsiveness, sarcasm, and cut- ting jests, patience, thrift, economy, emotional love, af- fection and the inquisitive nature is signified. The long, thin variety with slight inward curvature of the profile, (Plate 3, Fig. E-2). denotes refinement, cleverness, re- sponsiveness, graciousness, and love of music. When the nostrils roll backward, the line from base to tip slanting upward, coarseness of tendencies and sensibili- ties, and uncontrolled passion are evidenced. This struc- ture places the nostrils in direct view from in front, (Plate 3, Fig. 11.) If drawn in at the root, the tip drawn up- ward, with thickened nostrils and colorless, then, the ravages of catarrh are evident and the entire face is dull and uninteresting; the mentality becomes affected and pessimistic tendencies are noted, (Plate 3, Fig. 1). The well proportioned retrousse nose betokens good memory and love of literature and knowledge, while originality, in- tense reasoning and constructive ability is lacking. This type of nose is feminine and while possessed by some men it denotes female traits and therefore lack of aggression and leadership. However versatility, grace and cleverness are expressed. Of the Mental Natures. The following traits apply,— WIT — HUMOR — GRACIOUS — LOVABLE — CHEER- FUL — LIGHT-HEARTED — VERSATILE — HAUGHTY — SARCASTIC — RESTLESS — CURIOUS — SHY — TIMID — SAUCY — TACTLESS — OBSTINATE — JEALOUS — FRIVO- LOUS. Chapter XV The Nose Page 135 GRECIAN NOSE:—The artistic nose, of ancient por- traiture and sculpture, characteristic of beauty, straight in profile from root to tip, narrow and pointed, (Plate 3, Figs. D-l to D-6 also Fig. 7). Even disposition, calmness, and self control, love of music, art and refinement, ease, luxury and love of literature are denoted. It is the nose of complaisance, and the product of good breeding. The lines are neither constructively strong or weak and therefore imply moderation and reason in all desires and tendencies. Neither aggressiveness nor timidity are expressed, nor the choleric or phlegmatic temperament; hence, placidity, gen- tleness and graciousness reign. The typical Grecian nose has its base at right angles to the facial plane. When pointed upward from the base with extreme length from the tip to the base; then, inquisitiveness and curiosity, and a craving for knowledge obtains; but if in conjunction with narrowness of head and eyes, then news-seeking and in- quisitive trifling are denoted. It is distinctly feminine. however, possessed by many males, especially professional men. Of the Mental Natures. The following traits apply,— PLACIDITY — GRACE — CHARM — REFINEMENT — IN- TELLECTUALITY — EQUITABLE — REASON — SUAVITY — CURIOUS — EASE-LOVING — ARTISTIC — RELIABLE — HONEST — CONSTANT — TRUSTWORTHY — KIND — GENTLE — PRACTICAL. COMPOUND AQUILINE NOSE:—(which has been previously unclassified or named). This type is distinctive, from the aquiline variety in that the outward curve of the ridge does not sweep continuously from root, but be- comes more prominent and acute near the tip. (Plate 3, Figs. H-l to H-2). When the upper part of the ridge is practically straight, both Aquiline and Grecian traits are expressed, (Plate 3, Figs. 9 and 16) ; but when the upper profile is convex with acute break near the tip, both Rom- an and Aquiline traits are denoted. The Compound Aqui- line nose denotes love of ease and repose, especially if combined with the accent. Caution, discretion, mildness Page 136 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XV of temperament, fortitude, good judgment and reason; ability for literary work and details. The Roman accent expresses aggression, assertion, self-esteem, commercial ability, and quick reason; to- gether with irritability, covetousness, greed and thrift. The following traits apply,— HOME-LOVING — DISCRIMINATING — THRIFTY — FIRM — PRUDENT — IMAGINATIVE — IRRITABLE — SLOW — EASE-LOVING — DELIBERATE — QUIET —. PRAC- TICAL — UNBIASED. COMPOUND SEMETIC NOSE:—(Which has been previously unclassed or named). This type is distinctive, from the purely Semetic variety, in that the curve of the ridge is concave, as it leaves the root of the nose and becomes convex, sweeping downward and inward at the tip, (Plate 3, G-l to G-6). When the concave portion of the ridge is pronounced, (Plate 3, Fig. G-3), a combination of both Semetic and Retrousse influence obtains. Thought- ful, Inquisitive, Suave, Thrifty, Affectionate, Stubborn, and Selfish traits are indicated, while, if the ridge is more accented by the convex line, (Plate 3, Fig. G-2), then both Roman and Semetic traits are denoted. Forceful Energetic, Assertive, Tyrannical, Impatient traits are ex- pressed. COMPOUND GRECIAN NOSE:—(Which has been previously unclassified or named). This type is distinctive in that the ridge line beginning at the root is concave, un- dulating, to a convex line near the middle, and again sweeping downward to a concave profile near the tip, (Plate 3, Figs. F-l to F-6 and Fig. 12.) This combines Roman, Aquiline and Grecian traits. It is the nose of music, art and literature, while executive capacity, crea- tive and constructive ability is also possessed. The com- pound Grecian nose while denoting more intensity of thought and action than the purely Grecian variety, does not evidence the forcefulness and aggression of the Roman type; however, assertion, willfulness and resolution are ex- Chapter XV The Nose Page 137 pressed, together with scientific, inventive and good reason- ing power and decision. The following traits apply,— INDEPENDENCE — ENERGY — SERIOUSNESS — PRAC- TICAL — INDUSTRIOUS — ORIGINAL AND IMAGINATIVE — EXECUTIVE — FORCEFUL — SAGACIOUS — KEEN — WILFUL AND ARBITRARY —CAUTIOUS. MISCELLANEOUS:—A favorable length of the nose is about one-third that of the facial plane. Considering the nose length from the root, or where it joins the brow, downward to the septum, or where the base joins the face. The projection from the face outward should be about one sixth that of the facial plane. A broad nose with the tip neither pointed or fleshy, but well formed and defined, with firm, slightly convex ridge, is the nose of the creative genius and forceful personality. It is usually found on well proportioned faces. (Plate 3, Figs. 2 and 13). Great people have well formed noses. Discrimination, is ex- pressed in the long nose drawn down at the tip and creased; which gives breadth and fullness to the base, (Plate 3, Fig. 3). Thought and analysis is denoted when a slight de- pression occurs in the ridge of the nose just before it joins the root or brow, giving the accent near the root and showing a muscular tissue over the sinus cavity; which is the result of mental work, (Plate 3, Figs. 4 and 17). This is the nose that expresses a high degree of in- tensity, executive ability, command, energy, and force. When the accent is near or below the middle of the ridge it is of a cartilaginous foundation and lacks the bony structure of the upper ridge; this bespeaks a weaker degree of the above qualities together with cunning, and sarcastic tendencies. The flat nose with dilated nostrils and straight or concave ridge, (Plate 3, Fig. 6 and Fig. 14), is weak in structure and indicates weak traits; as lack of self-reliance, Page 138 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVI executive ability, and energy obtain; while selfishness and narrow mindedness are expressed. Suspicion and Slyness are signified in the nose with hollow, narrow ridge from root to tip and the base drawn upward from lip to tip. Caution, timidity and lack of stability are expressed (Plate 3, Fig. 8). The practical nature is expressed when tip of nose is broad and firm, with straight upper ridge. A leaning toward the mechanical, constructive and scientific lines is denoted (Plate 3, Fig. 13). CHAPTER XVI. The Ears The auditory apparatus consists of: the EXTERNAL EAR; THE MIDDLE EAR; THE INTERNAL EAR; AND THE AUDITORY NERVE. THE EXTERNAL EAR consists of an expanded portion called the Auricle and Auditory Canal, but known to laymen as the ear, (the part exposed to view at the sides of the head). The auricle except the lower portion con- sists of a frame work of cartilage, containing some fatty tissues and a few muscles. It is covered with skin and joined to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles. It is very irregular in shape, and appears to be formed both for the purpose of providing a receiver of sound for the ear drum and also a pleasing adornment for the sides of the head. The central depression of the external ear is called the concha, it serves to collect the sound waves from the air and conduct them into the auditory canal. THE AUDITORY CANAL is a tubular passage, lead- ing from the concha to the drum-membrane. The exterior portion of the wall of the auditory canal consists of car- tilage, which connects to the auricle; the posterior portion is hollowed out of the temporal bone. It is lined with a prolongation of the skin, which in the outer half of the canal is very thick and not sensitive; while the inner half is highly sensitive. Near the orifice the skin is furnished Chapter XVI The Ears Page 139 with a few hairs, and further inward with modified sweat- glands which secrete a yellow, pasty substance resembling wax. This is thought to be offensive to insects and con- sequently a defense against their intrusion. THE MIDDLE EAR is a small irregular bony cavity, situated in the temporal bone and lined with mucous mem- brane. It is separated from the external auditory canal by the drum-membrane and from the internal ear by a very thin, bony wall in which there are two small openings covered with membrane. The oval middle ear is so small that five or six drops of water completely fill it. THE INTERNAL EAR receives the termination of the auditory nerve, and is therefore the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of a bony labyrinth, which is composed of a series of peculiarly shaped cavities; hollowed out of the temporal bone. THE AUDITORY NERVE is a sensory nerve with two distinct sets of fibres which differ in function and des- tination. One set terminates around the cells of the organ of Corti, while the other set communicates with the brain. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING,—All bodies which pro- duce sound are in a state of vibration, and communicate their vibrations to the air, with which they are in contact. When these air waves, set in motion by sonorous bodies enter the external auditory canal, they cause the drum- membrane to vibrate; as stretched membranes take up vibrations from the air with great readiness. These vi- brations are communicated to the chain of tiny bones stretched across the middle ear, and their oscillations cause the membrane leading into the internal ear to be alternatively pushed in and drawn out; the vibrations are in this way transmitted to the perilymph. The movements of the perilymph are transmitted to the basilar membrane, and set some of the strings in motion. In some unknown way the movements are transmitted to the hair-cells and through them to the nerve-fibres, at their base. By means Page 140 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVI of the nerve-fibres the stimulus is conveyed to the brain and interpreted there, so that it is with the Brain we hear. The Author has given the foregoing anatomical analysis of the ear and physiology of hearing to acquaint the student with the complexity of the sense of hearing and how it is directly connected to the brain; which gives the practical foundation for the logic, of the hypothesis, that hearing not only effects the capabilities of the brain but also reflects upon the personality and nature; there- fore, the size, shape and position of the ears are important indications. The acme of refinement in auricular qualities, is music; and talent and appreciation, of it, is dependent upon the ability of the ears to clearly transmit the sounds to the brain. The large, thin ear with a deep, broad concha, or central depression, has proven to be the most efficient sound interpreter; and it becomes the ear of music. Classification of Ears The ears can be classified as follows: — THICK — THIN — BROAD — NARROW — SMALL — LARGE — PROJECTING — FLAT. THICK EARS are of the Physical and Muscular Na- tures, and accompany the well developed, rugged physique; they are, therefore, coarse and heavy in appearance and lack refinement which is characteristic of these natures. Taken in any of the classifications,—Broad, narrow, small, large, projecting or flat, the thick ear is less sensitive, owing to the rigidity of structure, than thin translucent ears. Shrewdness from the inward proneness of mind, together with reason, practicality, judgment, caution, and creative ability are denoted while, musical appreciation and ability are indifferent, (Plate A-B-C and D). THIN EARS are of the Mental Natures and betoken refinement. Owing to the sensitiveness, of the translu- cent auricle and concha, and the clear transmission of sound waves to the drum-membrane, it becomes possible to Chapter XVI The Ears Page 141 distinguish fine variations of tone and to appreciate deli- cacy of sound and music. The thin ear, in any variety, becomes more efficient for musical attainments, and memory of things heard. The imaginative, dream-like, idealistic temperament is pronounced; while practical crea- tive ability is mediocre, (Plates E and F). BROAD EARS or prominent, well convoluted ears are of practical value for the expansive surface they present in gathering the sound waves and evidence good auditory qualities. This enhances the musical interpretative ability and keenness of hearing. When the broad ear is thin and translucent, then we have the pronounced musical ear with maximum efficiency. Shyness, reserve, timidity, and lack of executive ability are also denoted, (Plate 1, Fig. 13). NARROW EARS do not possess an expansive surface for the accumulation of sound waves, and are not so efficient as broad ears. Narrowness of the auricle causes a contracted concha, both conditions being contrary to good interpretation of sound. Reason and judgment, imagination and literary abil- ity are evidenced, (Plate 1, Fig. 14). SMALL EARS are the least efficient, as their con- tracted form is not productive of auditory keenness, and lack musical aptness; however, if thin and broad and translucent and not too flat, other features being favorable, fair musical appreciation may obtain; but not in com- parison to the broad, large, translucent ear. The small ear expresses refinement, reason, judgment, love of litera- ture, and book knowledge; while memory, musical ability, and idealism are indifferent. LARGE EARS,—The large, expansive, well formed ears, with breadth, and deep convolutions are the most generally efficient receivers of sound and delicate inter- pretation. They present a large surface for accumulation of the waves, and effect clear transmission to the drum- membrane. They foretell love of music and musical abil- ity. The majority of great musicians have possessed large, Page 142 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVI thin ears. Memory, imagination, sense of equilibrium; in- tuition, non-aggressiveness and graciousness are indicated. PROJECTING EARS are most favorable, as the angle of projection places the receiving surface more directly in the path of the sound waves, as they approach. Any variety of ear will be more efficient if it has pronounced projection. FLAT EARS are contrary to high efficiency in sound receiving; the auditory surface does not project sufficiently to make a thorough accumulation of the sound waves as they pass by. Any variety of ear will be reduced in efficiency by flatness of the auricle. POSITION OF THE EARS. Distance from the top of head to orifice of the ear, also distance from forehead, and from back of head is a key to the Mental and Physical or Muscular natures. The base of the brain is located on a line drawn through the head from the orifice of one ear to that of the other. The lower the ear is located below the top of the head, or the upper central area, the higher the brain will be; and, therefore, more powerful. If located near the front or anterior portion of the head, mental capacity will be less pronounced than physical; while, if located near the back or posterior district, physical and muscular ability will out weigh and over-balance mental strength. The favorable position for the ear is about two-thirds distant, from the front, and one-third from the back of head, in lateral view. MISCELLANEOUS. Perfect ears, when considered from all angles, size and shape, are seldom found; how- ever, well formed ears possessing a goodly number of favorable points are frequently observed. Ears sometimes grow and develop through the major space of a lifetime; especially is this true with children who have very small ears. Large ears of children denote superior memory, love of music and brilliancy. Physiognomical Illustrations PLfSTC /IM. 3 a V"' 31 EPiuM. THIN OPPfcR ThicknEAS THICK LOWER PLATS No. 4 Mouth, Teeth and Lips Chapter XVII HUMANOLOGY Page 147 CHAPTER XVII The Mouth, Teeth and Lips The mouth, through which that wonderful power the human voice is made possible, becomes of extreme and vital importance in the analysis of human nature. It is the organ, of many important duties, that give to the Body, continuation of life and to the Mind, expression of thoughts in words. The lips, or edges of the openings into the mouth are lined with mucous membrane and controlled by delicate muscles that are sensitive to the emotions of the Spirit; and continually give expression to the momentary sensa- tion of the mind or intellect. They also assist in the power of speech. The teeth are located on the upper and lower jaws of the mouth and are composed of three substances,— Enamel, dentine, and cement, all harder than bone; enamel being the hardest substance found in the body. They are used for chewing and mixing the food with saliva, before it is taken into the stomach. Their appearance can add much or detract greatly from the personality. The tongue is the special organ of the sense of taste and also assists in speech. It is the lively inmate of the mouth. The power of speech, crying, and laughter; the sense of taste and the ability to consume food and water for the body, are possessed by the mouth and its accessory organs. The central position of this feature, on the face, being pre-eminently conspicuous and the duties it undertakes so important, it reflects nature and temperament to a very readable degree and possesses great physiognomical value. It is second only to the eyes in power of expression. The employment of the mouth to such an extent, in life's daily duties, causes characteristics, moods or manner of action, to become so fixed upon the outlines that it de- velops into a "stamp of nature," and the idiom "Every man maketh his own mouth" obtains. For after characteristic Page 148 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVII expressions have seized the muscles of this great organ, time after time, even into many millions, wearing upon it many traces of particular idiosyncrasies and eccentricities, of Mind and Spirit, then, the tale of nature is told and the science of Humanology is the key that interprets the truths imprinted thereon. Refinement or coarseness of nature is expressed in the shape and general outlines. When the mouth is re- pulsive the personality also reflects the same offense. Innocence, love, and truth are freely expressed as well as vice, hatred and dishonesty. Different kinds of mouths are classified as follows:— GENERAL SIZE—DETAILED SHAPE AND OUTLINES. General Size SMALL MOUTHS:—The smaller the mouth, the less efficient ability it possesses; oratory, vocal, and ennuncia- tory qualifications are inferior. The mouth is a megaphone for the voice and consequently a large mouth has the ad- vantage over a small mouth, that a large megaphone has over the smaller ones; and this circumstance influences the power of assertion. Therefore, leadership, command, forcefulness and influence are not signified; however, memory is denoted but as usual at the expense of reason; hence, reason and judgment are not pronounced. The Fretful, nervous, irritable, querulous disposition, with lack of opinion and definite views, is denoted; (Plate 4, Fig. 1.) while refinement is indicated. This is the feminine mouth. The small mouth drawn up with many vertical wrinkles in the upper lips, evidences willfulness, cold heartedness, severity, craftiness, greed, jealousy, and narrowness of mind and thought; also conceit, ill temper and a miserly, covetous nature, (Plate 4, Fig. 11). MEDIUM MOUTHS.—The medium sized mouth is typical of firmness, decision, and industry. It evidences reason, diplomacy, logic, and creative ability. Seriousness, shrewdness, adaptability for details and commercial in- Chapter XVII Mouth, Teeth, Lips Page 149 tuitiveness apply, (Plate 4, Fig. 2). This is the assertive, aggressive, domineering mouth of leadership. LARGE MOUTHS.—Breadth in features is always an advantageous, favorable indication; hence, large, broad mouths betoken generosity, graciousness, reason, goodness of nature, broad-mindedness, cheer, kindness, versatility, and adaptability. Oratorical, vocal and enunciatory ability are possessed. Talking, smiles, and laughter strengthen and expand the muscles of the mouth; increase the size and mould its outlines; therefore, the broad, well formed mouth is a pro- duct of good nature, mirth, happiness, contentment and a light hearted disposition. Lack of aggression, yielding and proneness for ease and pleasure, together with too little self consideration when imposed upon by others, oftimes obtain, (Plate D) and (Plate 4, Fig. 23). Detailed Shape and Outlines DOWNWARD CURVE.—(Plate 4, Figs. 33 and 16). This is the mouth of sorrow, and pessimism, with droop- ing corners and arched outlines. It bespeaks the troubled heart and the Spirit that lives under a cloud of worry. Lack of keen reasoning, and clearness of mind, together with a narrow outlook upon life is evidenced. STRAIGHT.—(Plate 4, Fig. 35). The mouth of order, firmness, austerity, idealism, ability for details, or- ganization, command, leadership, precision, assertion, zeal- ousness, fervor, eagerness, narrow-mindedness, greed and selfishness. However, if the lips are loose and full, then the traits are modified and even generosity, equity, fair- ness, graciousness, and tolerance are expressed. UPWARD CURVE.—(Plate 4, Figs. 34 and 17). The mouth of mirth, joy, happiness, good nature and generosity, has the corners turned upward; lips bright red and drawn to a point, cheeks inclined to dimple. When smiling or laughing every mouth takes this form and the muscles that serve to express these emotions are brought into play; hence, the upward curve is the product of a Page 150 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVII joyous, light hearted disposition. Memory is more pro- nounced than reason. Ability to make and retain friends predominates; also humor, and optimism, rapid thought and versatility. Lips The real key to the traits, expressed by the mouth, are the lips, and owing to the absolute muscular control, hundreds of emotions are depicted in the movements of these accessory organs. Character becomes stamped upon them, through use, and they take the most natural form; which is readily readable. The firmly set, in-drawn lips betoken rigid firmness. The corners drop in sorrow and worry and turn upward in joy, laughter and happiness. The loose lips express lack of precision and keenness; while, the open lips, that expose the teeth denote coarse- ness, meagre intellectuality and poor breeding. The nerves of animal sensibilities are closely asso- ciated with the lips and the greater expanse of the mem- branous tissue appearing in the roll of the lips, the more nerves are brought into direct action; therefore, the affect of physical contact becomes more enhanced. Thick, full lips are possessed of tendencies toward physical excess. This gives the psychological reason for the desire to kiss, and caress, (Plate 4, Fig. 24). Favorable lips do not protrude or recede from the frontal facial plane. The upper lip should be larger than the lower one and both lips should be even, (one not protruding over the other). The corners of the mouth should center under the eyes. Mental and physical balance are expressed, also good reason, judgment, creative and in- ventive ability, (Plate 4, Fig. 2). A PROJECTING MOUTH.—Thick lips with teeth pressing forward and outward denotes lethargy, love of ease, uncouthness, lack of refinement, greed for food, and enthusiastic affection; also animal tendencies. (Plate 4, Figs. 3 and 25). Chapter XVII Mouth, Teeth, Lips Page 151 LARGE MOUTH, with full, even, loose, lips indicates sensuousness; however, if lips are tightly compressed this trait is practically subdued, and in its stead mastery of temptation and self control are evidenced, (Plate 4, Fig. 4). PARTED LIPS, expressionless, and without the deli- cate muscular control, indicate inferior mentality and are typical of the idiot, with no capacity for thought or con- trol. (Plate 4, Fig. 5). The DRAWN UP LOWER LIPS, in center, giving the appearance of a depression under the lips, with lower center line, curving upward as an inverted crescent, de- note mildness, suavity, discretion, shyness, caution, prudence, and forecast, (Plate 4, Fig. 6). SHORT UPPER LIPS are feminine and when posess- ed by women denote nervousness, excitability, jealousy, narrow-mindedness, and assertion. With men it denotes indecision, feminine traits economy and industry, (Plate 4, Fig. 8). When the LOWER LIPS AND JAWS PROJECT be- yond the upper lips, with prominent chin below, highly arched nose ridge and low forehead, this is the mouth of the criminal, bully, blustering fellow; with a desire to domineer. The following hypothesis explains the reason for these traits:—The exceptionally prominent chin and highly arched nose ridge both depict assertion, aggression, willfulness, and selfishness; while, the low forehead signi- fies lack of reason and judgment; hence, there is no con- trol of the temper and the pronounced traits of boldness and viciousness go unrestrained, (Plate 4, Fig. 7). Malig- nant design, wanton disregard of the rights of others; grudge, pique, and animosity prevail. The CURLED UPPER LIP; one side higher than the other and projecting at the high side as though swollen, (Plate 4, Fig. 15), bespeaks the surly, peevish, cross, spiteful, habitual bad temper. Keen calculation and pre- meditation, slyness and shrewdness are possessed, also malignant design. Page 152 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVII LOOSE PUFFY LIPS MARKED WITH FURROWS, (Plate 4, Figs. 9 and 10), with lower lip drooping forward, oftimes showing more red on one side, giving mouth a swollen appearance, expresses passion, temper, lack of reason and logic; a querulous, fretful and whining fault- finding nature. LONG UPPER LIPS, firmly closed and thin are masculine, (Plate 4, Fig. 18 and Plate F). Firmness is pronounced, while persistence, energy, dry wit and humor, with always a serious countenance, are evidenced. When upper lip arches outward decision of character is betoken- ed, and if it recedes a tolerant, surrendering, considerate nature is expressed. EVEN COMPRESSED LIPS, with thin upper lips and lower drawn up firmly, (Plate 4, Fig. 14), express the intense mental nature, active and resourceful; with ability to accomplish things undertaken. Good reason and judg- ment and thoroughness in calculation and planning. THIN WAVY UPPER LIPS that curl on either side and are angular at center, with lower lip of wavy outline, and deep corners, (Plate 4, Fig. 19), expresses irritability, over sensitiveness, enmity of heart, malice and spite, while intent of purpose, love of literature and knowledge are possessed. A DIP IN THE CENTER OF THE UPPER LIP, with even compressed lips, (Plate 4, Fig. 13). Concentration of thought and purpose, and application are pronounced. Love of music, literature, and knowledge are possessed. FULLNESS IN THE UPPER LIP FROM BASE OF NOSE to the red line, together with puffy lower lips droop- ing at each side, with high, drawn up ball of chin and deep corners to the mouth, all suggesting hard, muscular flesh, (Plate 4, Fig. 20), denote firmness, extreme temper, and tendency for dissipation. Fervid passion, vindictive- ness, irritability and willfulness; however, if this variety of mouth is large the above traits are modified and graciousness, good-will and sociability are possessed. Chapter XVII Mouth, Teeth, Lips Page 153 SHORT UNDER LIP, curling outward; large mouth giving an acute depressed angle between the ball of the chin and lips; together with upper lip drooping at an angle in center, (Plate 4, Fig. 23), foretells well defined purpose, discretion, caution, secretiveness, calm even disposition, inclined toward generosity, and reasonableness. Force- ful, and commanding. OPEN LIPS, (Plate 4, Figs. 5-21 and 32). When lips are naturally a little open, showing teeth; with other features denoting intellectuality, a cruel, heartless nature, with animal instincts is denoted; while, if muscular traits are expressed by other features, then kind-heartedness, and a yielding, affectionate nature is evidenced. Nasal stoppage from catarrh and adenoids oftimes causes the mouth to be held slightly open for breathing purposes, this is a frequent condition with children, and should be given immediate medical attention, as nothing so detracts from the personality as evidences of disease upon the features. Dwarfed mentality is sure to follow if neglected. CRACKED, SWOLLEN LOOSE LIPS heavily furrow- ed, (Plate 4, Fig. 22), evidence passion, sensuality, animal nature, lack of morality and self control. Dissipation and over indulgence are denoted. THIN LIPS, (Plate 4, Fig 27), showing little red suggest precision, firmness, order, sarcasm, self-reliance, thrift, shrewdness, and executive ability. They are of the Mental Natures. Coldness of heart, narrowness of mental scope, selfishness, severity and austerity, penuriousness; unforgiving, unyielding, fault-finding and willfulness are also possessed. THICK LIPS, (Plate 4, Figs. 24 and 25), bespeak good-nature, generosity, kindness, affection, passion, languor, slothfulness, lack of culture; ease loving, and care- free traits, with indifferent mentality. Page 154 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVII RECEDING LIPS, (Plate 4, Fig. 28). Thin and tight- ly drawn, indicate firmness, greed, willfulness, stubborn, uncompromising traits. PROTRUDING LOWER LIP, (Plate 4, Fig. 29), fore- shows obstinacy, willful determination, defiance, and ag- gressiveness. MEDIUM THICKNESS OF LIPS, (Plate 4, Fig. 30), denotes a calm even disposition, with a fair balance be- tween the Mental and Muscular Natures; possessed of general ability and judgment. THIN UPPER, THICK LOWER LIPS, (Plate 4, Fig. 31), express, a combination of mental and muscular traits, firmness is indicated while modified by good nature. Shrewdness is betokened while influenced by frankness and lack of premeditation. Passion is evidenced but sub- dued by self control. COLORLESS LIPS:—Bloodless or bluish indicate anaemia, and a weak heart; low vitality, lack of affection, indifference, cold-heartedness, and lack of enthusiasm. RED LIPS:—Brilliant colored, red, healthy lips, be- speak activity, affection, generosity and goodness of na- ture, and a happy, contented nature. Movement:—Action and quickness of thought are ex- pressed in the lip movement. Rapid movement with good articulation, indicates a willful, stubborn, aggressive, em- phatic, conceited nature; while slow movement betokens a placid, calm, deliberate, discreet, cautious, reasoning nature. The Teeth TEETH are symbols of refinement or coarseness of nature. Animal teeth are long, sturdy and thrust forward; likewise the human teeth of this variety betoken animal sensibilities; while medium size, even, perfect teeth in true alignment bespeak good breeding and ancestry. BROAD TEETH, are of large, square jaws and the Muscular Natures, and denote decisiveness. Narrow teeth Chapter XVII Mouth, Teeth, Lips Page 155 usually accompany narrow jaws; they are of the Mental Natures and indicate refinement and intellectuality. TEETH AND PERSONALITY:—Discolored, decayed, broken and dirty teeth are the product of carelessness, ig- norance, ill-breeding, dissipation and disgraceful neglect. One of the greatest crimes that can be inflicted upon health and physical beauty is to disregard the highly important duty, thorough care of the teeth. One may have well proportioned features, in good out- lines and pleasing symmetry, clear complexion and nice hair, but all this charm and beauty can be marred and obliterated by bad, neglected teeth. Voice, laughter and smiles all issue from the mouth; therefore, the teeth are observed in the most minute detail, especially during conversation. The mouth has for its frontispiece the lips and the lips have, for support and background, the teeth. As the teeth appear so prominently in the delightful, mirthful expressions of the Spirit, they become decided factors in the radiance of personality. There is nothing more beautiful than perfect, well-kept teeth, and antithetically, no condition more deplorable and downright disgusting, and repulsive than bad, neglected teeth. Teeth should be brushed at least twice daily, upon aris- ing in the morning and before retiring at night. The den- tist should be visited at least once in six months and more often if necessary. Page 156 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVIII CHAPTER XVIII Cheeks, Jaws, Chins, Necks, Wrinkles Youth is expressed by round, prominent, red cheeks, that indicate health, activity and an energetic circulation of the blood, (Plate 1, Fig. 8); while the pallid, sunken cheek is typical of old age, indicating poor circulation, low vitality, inactivity and feebleness of constitution. Along the path of life we find among all ages those who possess the youthful cheek and also persons who poss- ess the aged cheek. It is quite obvious that health largely effects this condition, and with health comes vigor and activity of mind and body; while lethargy, inactivity and lack of vigor accompany the pallid, sunken, wan cheek. As a key to nature the cheek is very readable and its analysis gives some definite facts that are necessary in ar- riving at the final conclusion of a trait; for it must be remembered that health greatly effects character and temperament. Cheeks are classified as follows: ROUND — SUNKEN — ANGULAR. ROUND CHEEKS, (Plate 5, Fig. 14), are typical of health, and this means activity, contentment, and a great boon to happiness. When accompanied by a robust, fleshy physique, the good natured, pleasant disposition is expressed, with love for ease and comfort. If round cheeks are firm and hard the Muscular Natures are denoted, (Plate B) and if soft the Physical Nature is signified, (Plate A) and (Plate 5, Fig. 12). SUNKEN CHEEKS, (Plate 5, Fig. 13), if pallid, de- note low vitality, poor circulation, ill health, indigestion and irritability; if the color is ruddy, signifying good blood circulation, then pronounced activity and the choleric temperament is evidenced. This is of the Mental Natures. The flat cheek is typical of tall physiques and betokens athletic ability. ANGULAR CHEEKS:—Prominent and high cheek bones, with lean, definite profile, give the angular shape Chapter XVIII Jaws Page 157 to the face, (Plate D), also, (Plate 5, Fig. 4), and express determination, willfulness, aggression and firm- ness. The Red Skin Indians and Esquimaux have pronounc- ed cheek bones, and obstinacy is foretold. Jaws As in the animal, strength of jaws, which is denoted by squareness and sturdy proportions, and angular prom- inence, is likewise indicated in the human jaw. The right angled jaw, (Plate 5, Fig. 20), is pugnacious and aggres- sive, stubborn and determined. From a lateral observation, the more nearly right angular the profile of the jaw, with well defined outline, the greater will power and determina- tion is expressed. The square, broad jaw, or "lantern jaw," with the sunken cheeks is typical of a direct, willful and decisive nature, not easily influenced or convinced; while the narrow jaw, (Plate 5, Figs. 2 and 11), of the thin face and slender physique, denotes weak will power, lack of force, command and executive ability. As general strength of the bone structure of the human physique may be judged by the size and shape of the jaws, it becomes evident that the broad, heavy jaw is combined with a general sturdy framework. Primitive man, having possessed the large, prominent jaws, was likewise powerful in physique and capable of living under crude, severe conditions. Broad jaws, (Plate 5, Fig. 9), are favorable but should not be greater in breadth than the upper portions of the head; as (Plate A), in which case reason and mentality become less pronounced than physical qualities; therefore, judgment and wisdom are affected by obstinacy and nar- row-mindedness. The square jaw, (Plate 5, Fig. 4) is masculine; while the narrow, (Plate 5, Fig. 13), is feminine. Jaws may be classified as follows:—LANTERN-JAWS — ANGULAR — NARROW — DOUBLE. LANTERN JAWS are the broad, well defined, square variety, usually of the thin cheeks and large bone. When Page 158 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVIII accompanied by ruddy cheeks, not sunken, the forceful, firm, obstinate, aggressive, willful, fearless, unyielding, deter- mined nature is expressed; and if not too extreme in breadth, reason and judgment are denoted. If pallid and sunken cheeks are possessed, irritability, poor physical function, and but moderate mental capacity and energy are betokened. ANGULAR JAWS, Plate 5,( Fig. 3 and 4), are form- ed by the square or high cheek and jaw bones and denote fearlessness, force, activity, persistence, harshness and stubborness. When prominent projection, approaching a right angle, is evidenced at the chin, will power is pro- nounced and reason and judgment over-balanced and weak, (Plate 4, Fig. 7); while, if the angle is acute and sloping upwards the more gracious, lenient and respectful nature is foretold. Constructive, creative and executive ability is evidenced. (Plate 4, Fig. 8). NARROW JAWS are of the less sturdy type of physi- que and usually accompany the Mental Natures; they fore- show weakness and lack of power, force and the aggress- iveness necessary to command, combat or influence others. Energy, determination and perseverance are mediocre and nervousness and excitability are possessed, (Plate 5, Figs. 11 and 13). The above qualifications, therefore, do not signify creative or constructive ability, while memory is denoted, and ability for details and sedentary occupations, where contact with strangers is not too frequent. Chins The mandible or lower jaw bone forms what is com- monly known as the chin, (Plate 5, Fig. 25). It is the larg- est and strongest bone of the face. At birth, it consists of two lateral halves, which join and form one bone during the first or second year. It serves as a foundation for the lower teeth. As the chin is part of the jaw bone and becomes possible by the angle of the bone at its lower ex- tremity, it is obvious that the jaws and chin are closely related. Physiognomical Illustrations PLfSTt As5. PLATE No. 5 Cheeks, Jaws, Chins, Facial Peripheries, Brain and Head Sections Chapter XVIII_________The Chin_____________Page 163 Chins are classified as follows:—ROUND — ANGU- LAR — PROMINENT — FLAT. The ROUND CHIN may be either broad, (Plate 5, Figs. 8 and 14), or narrow, (Plate 5, Fig. 13). If nar- row the precise, cautious, self-conscious nature prevails, with lack of initiative and aggression. If broad and round and accompanied with large mouth, the sagacious, gracious, calm, placid, contented, pleasant and generous nature is in- dicated, (Plate 4, Fig. 23) and (Plate 5, Fig. 8.) The ANGULAR CHIN may be either pointed or broad; if pointed, (Plate 5, Fig. 5), shyness, indifference, lack of force and will power applies. If broad and prom- inent, then we have the chin of the fighter and the force- ful, determined, fearless, pugnacious, domineering nature, bold and resentful. Reason is overbalanced by temper, and therefore judgment and wisdom are weakened, while en- ergy and perseverance are pronounced, (Plate 5, Fig. 3). If not too broad then reason, judgment and force of char- acter are denoted, (Page 5, Fig. 1). PROMINENT CHIN:—(Plate 5, Figs. 7, 15, 19, 20). In any variety, prominence of the chin implies added force and strength of will power and indicates conceit, self- esteem, pugnacity, obstinacy and selfishness, while execu- tive ability, command and energy, love of knowledge and memory are expressed, (Plate 4, Fig. 8). Prominent chins are of feminine type, while often possessed by males. FLAT CHINS:—In any variety imply fairness, con- servatism, generosity and a suave nature; together with reason, judgment and wisdom; however, if extremely flat or receding, then lack of will power and force of character together with fearfulness, shyness and modesty are ex- pressed, (Plate 1, Figs. 9 and 10). THE DOUBLE CHIN is lethargic, generous, and in- dulgent. Love of ease and the sensual nature is expressed, (Plate 5, Fig. 6 and Plate A). Page 164 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XVIII MISCELLANEOUS:—A face that is narrower at the angle of the jaw than" through the head, shows weakness, and a nature lacking in will-power. The extremely receding chin and prominent lips de- note weakness and a tendency, toward lethargy and in- ferior mentality. The Neck The neck usually combines with the physical structure, as to proportions, and is observed as to THICKNESS, HEIGHT and STRUCTURE. The LONG, SLENDER NECK with readily defined lines between head and neck betoken grace and refinement, and is a feminine sign, usually associated with the tall slender, frail physique. It is contrary to strength and vi- tality and therefore indicates lack of aggression, and forci- bleness; however, agility and grace of movement is pro- nounced. It usually accompanies the slender face and high, narrow forehead, indicating memory and therefore indif- ferent reason. Of the Mental Nature. The SHORT, THICK NECK, or the masculine neck, which usually accompanies the sturdy physique and Mus- cular Natures betokens pugnacity, force, energy, aggres- sion, fearlessness, endurance and vitality. It is favorable to oratory and vocal ability. The short, thick neck usually accompanies the broad face and head; which is favorable to reason rather than memory; hence, creative ability, initiative and executive ability are expressed. STRUCTURE OF THE NECK:—The neck structure depends upon muscular, sinewy substance, which gives definite lines and firmness, or fleshy, fatty, adipose tissue that implies the physical phlegmatic nature. Extreme full- ness in the back of the neck extending up to the posterior lower district of the brain and sometimes projecting be- yond the back of the head affirms the sensual nature, caused through dissipation or over indulgence in food and physical excess. This condition evidences lack of keenness of in- Chapter XVIII Wrinkles Page 165 tellect and betokens the dull, inactive, sluggish Physical Nature. Wrinkles Millions of repetitions of muscle movements, caused by certain emotions or particular traits and characteristics, that occur daily in life and expand and relax the facial muscles, eventually form wrinkles, or furrows in the skin. Different thoughts and emotions bring various muscles in- to action and the deeper the resulting wrinkles become the more evident are the traits stamped upon the face. The imprint of wrinkles is dependent upon the texture of the skin and activity of the glandular system; hence, emotions are not so readily stamped upon soft, pliable, oily skin, as upon the dry, coarse, thick skin; therefore, a trait is not always registered by wrinkles. DEEP PARALLEL WRINKLES between eyebrows, (Plate 2, Fig. 18); together with the high, broad forehead betoken the analytical mind, capable of concentration and comprehension; imagination and creative work. LINES RADIATING FROM CORNERS OF EYES in fan shape, imply wit and humor, quick thought and a cheerful, care free nature. MANY SHALLOW WRINKLES BETWEEN EYE- BROWS denote pessimism, anxiety, nervousness, and a worried nature, (Plate 2, Fig. 19.) Short, broken lines on forehead, (Plate D), imply in- tensity of nature, seriousness, determination and reasoning power. LONG LINES UNDER LOWER EYELIDS, running parallel with rim of lids, (Plate 2, Fig. 20), foretell love for dissipation and physical excitement. The muscles that function here are put into action by any excitement of the senses, causing pleasure, amusement, laughter or smiles. Old age and sickness causes lines under eyelids in which case the above traits are not signified. Page 166 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIX STRAIGHT, SHALLOW LINES ACROSS FORE- HEAD, (Plate 1, Fig. 12), bespeak a kind, thoughtful, seri- ous, cogitating mind of accomplishment. LINES EXTENDING FROM BASE OF NOSE, past corners of mouth denote wisdom and judgment, reason, de- termination and caution. They add venerableness to the countenance and suggest the thinker, inventor and creator, (Plate 4, Fig. 20). CHAPTER XIX Hair The hair is a growth of the epidermis, developed in little pits, the hair-follicles, which extend downward into a deeper part of the true skin, or even into the subcuta- neous tissue. The hair grows from the bottom of the lit- tle pit or follicle. The part which lies within the follicle is known as the root, and that portion which projects beyond the surface of the skin is called the shaft or stem. The substance of the hair is composed of coalesced horny cells, arranged in different layers and we usually distinguish three parts in the stem or shaft of the hair. CUTICLE—An outer layer of delicate, scale-like cells. FIBROUS SUBSTANCE—Middle portion, formed of elongated cells. These cells and the intercellular spaces contain a varying amount of pigment, and the color of the hair depends upon the quantity. The gray hair of old age is produced by loss of pigment. MEDULA—The central pith formed of round cells. GROWTH OF HAIR—Hair grows from the bottom of the follicle by multiplication of the soft cells which cover the papilla. These cells become elongated to form the fibres of the fibrous portion, and as they are pushed to the surface, they become flattened and form the cuticle. If the scalp is thick, pliable and moves freely over the skull, it is favorable to the growth of the hair. A thin scalp that is drawn tightly over the skull tends to constrict the blood Chapter XIX The Hair Page 167 vessels, lessen the supply of blood, and cause atrophy of the roots of the hair by pressure. In such cases massage of the head loosens the scalp, improves the circulation of the blood, and usually stimulates the growth of hair. Hair is not smooth, but scaly, as observed under the magnifying glass. There is no blood in the hair and it is slow to decay after death, lasting almost as long as the bones. Hair from the standpoint of Ethnology falls in three great divisions or types, according to the human races. It is closely identified with color of skin, and it is the most tell-tale symbol of ancestry. When the curtain first rises on the stage of the gray dawn of history, as early as 4000 or 3000 B. C, we find the races of mankind. As to distinctiveness in form, color and physiognomy, the human species were divided into three chief types or races, known as follows—1st BLACK (Ethiopian or Negro), 2nd YELLOW (Turanian or Mon- golian) and 3rd WHITE (Caucasian). The three races have very distinctive hair form. If one should take a powerful magnifying glass and look at the cross sections of hairs cut from the heads of persons of the three races, the following conditions would be observed. The section through one of the Black Race hairs would be round, and through the Yellow Race hair would be flat. The section of the White Race hair would be neither round nor flat, but oval; hence, we have the following premier class- ifications of hair— (Curley)—ROUND HAIR—Black (Ethiopian or Ne- gro) race. (Straight)—FLAT HAIR—Yellow (Turanian or Mon- golian) race. (Wavy)—OVAL HAIR—White (Caucasian) race. The Round curly hair of the Ethiopian or Negro is typical of a race that has thus far, in civilization, demon- strated the least mental efficiency, while the straight, flat hair of the Turanians is of a race that is slowly develop- ing into strength of mentality, but only mediocre progress has been made in arts and science. The oval wavy hair Page 168 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XIX of the Caucasians is typical of a race that has made by far the greatest advances in civilization, arts, and sciences and bespeaks possession of the highest mentality, imagination, memory, reason and judgment; also creative, constructive, and executive ability, and therefore, it is readily observa- ble that they are the leaders of the world today. Hair can be further classified as follows—COLOR— FINE—COARSE. COLOR OF HAIR:—Black, red or auburn; brown, yellow, white and grey colors are found in the human hair; all dependent upon the amount of pigment contained in the intercellular space of the elongated cells in the fibrous sub- stance; the more iron in the substance, the darker will be the hair. BLACK HAIR:—Thick, coarse, black hair denotes the vigorous, intense, perceptive nature, often obstinate and inclined to outdoor life; it is of the Muscular Natures. Fine, black hair implies delicate sensibilities, memorizing, musical and detail ability; Southern descent, the phlegma- tic, religious and unaggressive temperament. Love of brilliant colors, and luxury; keen sense of taste and ability in domestic science. Lack of forcibleness and initiative; other brunette traits. Of the Mental Na- tures. The majority of great musicians have had dark hair, eyes and complexion. RED HAIR, usually accompanied by highly colored skin, expresses the choleric, sensitive, aggressive, excita- ble nature; nervous and flushing at every unexpected move- ment. Quick, uncontrolled temper, perception and vivacity. Of course, muscular strength is evidenced. The au- burn, brown and yellow hair is similar to that of the red, but less pronouncement of aggressive and malicious traits is evidenced. LIGHT HAIR is typical of blue eyes and blond com- plexion as found in Northern people. This is evidenced by the descendants of Northern and of Southern Ancestry; the inhabitants of Southern countries have black hair from Chapter XIX The Hair Page 169 youth, while the Northern people have a tendency toward light hair at youth, which becomes darker with age. The medium light hair implies the creative, practical, construc- tive, cogitative, resourceful nature; with force of character and independence of Spirit. Of the Mental Natures. The extreme light hair or decided blond, is of far Northern climates and denotes less mental strength and some leth- argy, which is typical of people in cold atmospheres. Lack of musical tendency is expressed. WHITE AND GRAY HAIR may be the result of ex- citement, worry, lost vitality, mental strain, over work, grief, sorrow, anxiety or old age. Hair turns gray at dif- ferent periods in life, usually according to the degree of health and amount of mental strain experienced. "Tow- heads" are hereditary, while premature grayness is often the result of super-activity of mind, anxiety, worry and nervousness. FINE HAIR characterizes refinement, and delicacy of physique, small bones, and joints; all of which betoken mediocre strength and vitality. It is typically feminine and foretells a nervous, fretful and excitable temperament. Usually of the Mental Natures. COARSE HAIR signifies the sturdy, strong physique and usually accompanies the decided Muscular Nature; with thick bones and large joints, coarse, ruddy skin and pronounced physical vitality. It evidences masculine vigor, energy, aggressiveness, command, leadership and fearless- ness; while refinement and restraint are lacking. MISCELLANEOUS—The bald head is usually the re- sult of super-activity of the brain, and mental application; however, disease oftimes removes the hair. Falling hair is quite customary when memory is pronounced, and baldness when reason and judgment are strong, as excessive mental work generates heat of the brain, which causes dryness and effects the roots of the hair. Thick hair signifies strength of constitution and betokens vitality and animality, endurance and energy. Page 170 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XX CHAPTER XX. PATHOGNOMY A means of knowing expressions of the passions; the science of the signs by which human passions are indicated. From the science of Phrenology we learn of the func- tions of certain districts of the brain and their relation to mental phenomena, and by the science of Physiognomy the student is enabled to interpret certain conformations of the features and associate them in an analogous man- ner with the traits and characteristics of the individual. By the science of Anthropology together with The Human Scale, we learn how to classify fundamental natures and provide the foundation or background upon which to build; while Pathognomy refers to the expression of emotions as betrayed by the muscular excitation of the features, that nervous control or lack of control makes evident. The in- flection of the voice, gestures and impulsive movements bespeak the trend of mental phenomena, in the brain, of a subject under observation. All of these sub-sciences act together and form the master science of Humanology; the complete science of Human Analysis and Psychological Diagnosis. Having as its foundation the Six Pure Natures of The Human Scale, and for detail the other sub-sciences. Builded upoi; the foundation of Natures. The most important use of Pathognomy is to ascertain what the feelings and emotions of a person are at any given moment, and the temperamental attitude toward cer- tain conditions, pleasant or unpleasant. From the other sub-sciences we learn the natural, normal traits and inclin- ations of people, or what they ordinarily are; however, some traits are only in slight evidence and must be clever- ly detected; in which event the expressions of countenance, manner of conduct, impulsiveness, inflection of voice and character of speech are important auxiliaries in analy- sis. Chapter XX Pathognomy Page 171 The following temperamental traits can be observed from the many expressions of the features in pathog- nomical analysis:—ENTHUSIASTIC—AMIABLE—SPIR- ITED — ANIMATED — DEMOCRATIC — JOYOUS — GAY — SANGUINE — OPTIMISTIC — EMOTIONAL — JOCULAR — ENVIOUS — HOPEFUL — IMPATIENT- RESPONSIVE — FRIENDLY — APPRECIATIVE — BUOYANT — GENIAL — TALKATIVE — DRASTIC — ARBITRARY — RECKLESS — ARROGANT — AUTO- CRATIC — EGOTISTICAL — INDISCREET — UN- CIVIL — UNDIPLOMATIC — RETALIATORY — DOM- INEERING — RELENTLESS — RASH — FLIPPANT — AGGRESSIVE — DESPOTIC — DISCOURTEOUS — WAYWARD — INSOLENT — HYSTERICAL — CHANGEABLE — FRIVOLOUS — FANCIFUL — FICK- LE — PESSIMISTIC. Great caution must be exercised in Pathognomical analysis as people are often prone to the veiling of coun- tenance in a false mask of nerve and muscular control, or hypocritical expressions. Such as a smile, when the heart is filled with anguish, or expressions of sincerity when the intent is cynical. Oftimes the "wolf in sheep's clothing" makes the desired impression through ability to deceive in the cunning acts of false expression. The arch-criminal is usually clever in hypocracy of gentleness in speech, and mannerisms, smiles, laughter, expressions of emotion, sor- row and repentance; artificial tears and innocent demean- or ; all for the purpose of deception and to shield the poss- essed traits and characteristics of the nature. It is astonishing to observe the enthusiasm, false sympathy and warm sincerity that many cold-hearted hypo- crites can command in voice, gesture and mannerisms. The brilliant student of analysis is not easily misled, however, as keen observation brings about detection that is hard to foil. Page 172 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XX Pathognomical indications are mostly observed through VOICE — SPEECH — SMILES — LAUGHTER — EXPRESSION — GESTURE and MANNERISMS. VOICE:—The high-pitched feminine voice and the deep masculine voice are analogous as to temperament of the male and female. The deep masculine voice is often assumed to express depth of thought, command or de- fiance ; likewise the high pitched feminine voice. The deep voice commands attention and fear, but it is not friendly, or convincing; and the high pitched, defiant voice betokens the antagonistic Nature. Inflection of voice is readily in- terpreted even by pet animals, who cannot understand the meaning of words. Voice is a most important means of expressing personality. It can be a mental or a muscular voice; refined or coarse, indicating culture or crudeness. If cautious, deep and deliberate, the slow acting brain with power of mentality is inferred; and if shrill, and high-pitched the nervous, flighty, superficial, shallow in- tellectuality is evidenced. The moderate speech of medium pitch is much preferable, denoting suavity of disposition and mental equilibrium. SPEECH:—Incessant talkativeness is a trait that in- dicates the poor listener with lack of concentration. The fluent but shallow person, who derives but little knowledge from others and imparts no real information to them. The tiresome, boring individual who rambles along, almost incoherently at times, thinking out loud; and whose mental phenomena seemingly takes place on edges of the lips. Those who love to talk the most have little patience to lis- ten, and are determined to rudely break in upon your narrative and "take the floor" in spite of courtesy or good manners. This breach of etiquette is one of the gravest errors that the talker can make, as it absolutely destroys respect and causes a feeling of disgust in those who might have been friends. Incessant talkers are more frequent among the female sex, however, the trait is found in both sexes. Chapter XX Pathognomy Page 173 Small, slightly built, impulsive, nervous people are more ad- dicted. Large people are more inclined to the deep, slow, sonorous voice and deliberate, thoughtful speech. The small person thinks, speaks and acts rapidly, as the muscular system is thin and sensitive to irritability; while the muscular system of the large person is antithet- ical to this condition. Fast, continuous talkers consume much energy in con- versation to their own impoverishment, as failure to use it to develop the brain, by thinking, accounts for the unin- teresting and commonplace character of their conversation. The slow, moderate talker is the good listener, who is always learning from others and in return giving knowl- edge. Reasoners are not great talkers, for they exert their energy by thinking and cogitating, and live more within the brain than in front of it. Silent people are the possessors of good memories, therefore, guard well the tongue and be careful what you say to them. The Sphinx-like attitude is possessed and speech seems too much of an effort to be enjoyed. Self- ishness and cunning are expressed, while talkative people are more frank and generous. Dull silence should not be cultivated as it is contrary to geniality and force of character, and oftimes is mistaken for conceited pose. It is better, however, to think without talking than to talk without thinking. The aggressive temperament is denoted by severe speech, while placidity and the even disposition is evidenc- ed by the modified voice. Lack of intensity or animation in speech betokens inferior energy in work. The forceful talker is an energetic individual. SMILES AND LAUGHTER:—"The man worth while is one who can smile when everything goes dead wrong." The smile betokens a delightful cheerful moment in the mental phenomena; good-will, sympathy, kindness, gener- osity, good fellowship, optimism and friendship. "Smile at the world and it will be reflected back to you." The sig- Page 174 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XX nificance of words are altered when accompanied with a smile. There are different kinds of smiles, the sarcastic, supercilious type is annoying, for it savors with the stint of assumed superiority, and denotes the conceited self-will- ed person, without respect for the feeling of others. The true, sympathetic smile comes from the heart of kindness, affection and generosity, and evidences the sincere, solicit- ous and benevolent nature. The joyous, light-hearted smile of mirth implies the cheerful, optimistic spirit, that sees the bright side of life. The smile of the wise is possessed of expression, while that of the foolish is without meaning or reason, as it requires mental control to smile knowingly. The hypocrite uses smiles as falsely as words; smiles that lie and are only on the surface. The genuine smile comes from the Spirit, and observation teaches one to de- tect the true and false smiles. The false face wreathed in smiles of deception can be analyzed by the Humanologist and given the stamp of actuality, making it possible to de- tect ill-temper, pugnacity, and selfishness, beneath the mask of deceit. Intelligence, scorn, truth, confidence, friendship, stu- pidity, suspicion, and assurance can also be expressed by different smiles, all readable and significant. Laughter is a more pronounced emotion. "The smile breaks into laughter." Therefore, it is more readily dis- cernable than the smile. As a key to character it is im- portant. Common, loud, coarse laughter betokens a like nature; while gentle, moderate laughter implies the re- fined disposition. Severe, harsh execution indicates a like temperament. The laugh is as individual as the voice; that of your friend can be discerned among others as far as you can hear it. People of different races laugh as differently as they act. A male and a female laugh is as different as their voices. The excited laughter denotes impulsiveness and hysteri- cal tendencies, while hearty but uncontrolled laughter im- Chapter XX Pathognomy Page 175 plies a sense of humor and joy and light heartedness. The laugh can also be hypocritical, for even though laughter is extremely antithetical to temper, still, merriment, laughter and joyous expressions are often indulged in by those who possess bad temper and irritability. Boisterous, harsh laughter is typical of that disposition which is extreme in all things. This excessiveness is the best key to detection. The ignorant abuse laughter, using it for purposes that are not within the bounds of mirth and cheer. New thoughts and principles, clothes or anything new or strange excite laughter among the possessors of low mentality. This has oftimes retarded important social and civic advance- ment, and held back scientific adaptation of theories and principles. They laughed at Christopher Columbus when he wished to sail across the ocean. Laughter is a great boon to happiness. One cannot but feel the exhileration of cheer and light-heartedness by even forcing laughter. Immediately the mental phenomena changes from serious nerve-straining work to play and re- laxation. Just allow the muscles of the mouth to assume the laughing position and then observe how impossible it is to worry while in this attitude. Laughter indicates health of body and mind. The sal- low complexion dyspeptic seldom smiles and rarely laughs, little realizing what wonders it might do to lessen the con- tinual pessimistic inclination and restore the mind to health and assist the body. Be shy and cautious of those who will not laugh when others are enjoying the contagion of cheerfulness. There is a mental note of inferiority or spiteful, selfish, conceited, designing intent. Cold silence oftimes evidences the stud- ied pose of reserve and seriousness, prompted to imply depth of thought and strength of mentality, over and beyond that possessed by others in the group. Silence of this kind be- comes self-flattery and implies the narrow, conceited men- tal outlook; while hearty laughter is at least democratic and friendly, and modest laughter the music of the soul. Page 176 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XX EXPRESSION:—The glance of the eyes is rich with expression. Deceitfulness of the spoken word may be de- tected in the eyes. Expressions are so rapid and complicat- ed that keen observation is ever necessary to analyze them. The facial and feature expressions betray joy, sorrow, pain, anguish, hope, despair, passion, frankness, wisdom or stu- pidity. The lie cannot be simply spoken, or it would meet with immediate disaster. It must be accompanied with expres- sions of sincerity and conviction. The face is a mirror upon which our character is reflected and no amount of cunning will remove the stamp of reality that is impress- ed thereon. Nature builds the countenance and it requires a direct change in traits, moods, and characteristics to altar this imprint. GESTURE:—Spoken language is a partner to the lan- guage of signs. Conversation with the eyes is oftimes more readily understood than by speech. Gesture is a universal language. Clinch the teeth, grip the fists, half close the eyes, frown, and anyone in any part of the world will know that you are in a temper. The eye is quicker than the ear and more acute. It is hard to deceive by ges- ture; in-so-much that good sleight of hand performers can make a living on the stage just deceiving the eye. People are so accustomed to the contrary condition that they are willing, out of curiosity, to pay for the exception and seem- ing impossibility. Profuse gesture implies emotion, nervousness, excite- ment and hysteria, of the choleric Nature. It is contrary to caution and depth of reason. Humanity is given to the clapping of hands for an expression of mirth or approval or to persuade; while wringing the palms expresses sorrow and anguish. The tightly closed mouth, with lips drawn taut and brows lowered, signifies will-power and firmness. The sidewise glance is sly, and crafty. We nod our heads in the affirmative, and shake them sideways for the negative. A finger to the lips requests silence, a stern Chapter XX Pathognomy Page 177 stiff expression is the cold, frigid demeanor that implies disgust and hatred. Some races are more addicted to gesture than others. This is a trait of temperamental natures. Lip movements without spoken words are a common mode of gesture. The compressed lips are severe, while the loose ones are mild. Broadening the lips gives the smile, while laughter is through the open lips. Animals express their feelings mostly by means of gesture and are keen observers. Oftimes gestures are made in preference to the spoken word, for clearness of explanation. But much gesture in preference to speech and verbal explanation denotes the ordinary mind incapable of finding words to properly ex- press the thought. MANNERISMS:—One must be "to the manner born" and cannot deceive in this particular. The cultivated and refined have innate tendencies in everything they do, that clearly affirms their social standards, while no amount of practice will make the thoroughbred out of the unrefined. One class of people may imitate and study to a nicety the manners of others, but never will they reach the perfection that nature imparts through years of custom. The "would be" gentleman overdoes the part, or his movements are studied, unnatural and too cautious; while the natural gen- tleman acts and speaks in the manner born, and all this by intuition. One word, or move, or inclination may be the means of betraying the imposter, and it requires the most clever actors to properly assume the manners of others; there- fore, a valuable key to human analysis is found in manner- isms; they should be carefully studied. Page 178 HUMANOLOGY Chapter XXI CHAPTER XXI. Ten Golden Rules of Human-Analysis To Be Remembered 1. First concentrate upon the most prominent fea- tures and determine the meaning expressed. 2. Classify the Nature or Natures that you find ex- pressed. Determine whether the Physical, Muscular or Mental Nature predominates. 3. Pay strict attention to the size and shape of the cranium, with special contemplation of the different dis- tricts of the brain. 4. Observe the relative position of the ear as regards the following distances: A—from top of carnium, B—from Anterior area of head. C—from posterior area of head. 5. Take a mental measurement of the general size, height and weight of the person and compare the relative proportion existing between the brain areas and the body. 6. Observe the complexion and texture of the skin; also coarseness and color of the hair. 7. Note especially the expression of the eyes. 8. Analyze the most characteristic and fixed expres- sion of the face and determine the meaning of it. 9. Now study the whole face, considering each fea- ture separately and finally collectively. Compare the fea- tures with the brain areas where certain similar meanings are indicated. Find as many single proofs of a trait as possible and as many contradictions of it as can be found, then, but not until then, draw your conclusion as to the strength of the trait. 10. Study faces and learn to see them in your "mind's eye". Acquire a complete knowledge of the mean- ings of the Six Pure Natures; also of all the features and brain areas. Chapter XXI Human-Analysis Page 179 POST-TENET "The dreamy mist has cleared away, and the ancient myth of life laid bare, upon the sands of knowledge; after manifold ways it has troubled, tossed and turmoiled." THE END I S. Public Health Service Bethesda, Md US Department of Health, Education", and Welfare. Public Health Service Bethesda, Md. US. Department of Health, Education, \TIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE kTlONAl LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BOOKBINDING NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 3NIDI03W io Aavaan tvnouvn r^ ^s 3noio3w jo Aavaan tvnouvn NLM050057294